1
|
Casanova-Sepúlveda G, Sexton JA, Turk BE, Boggon TJ. Autoregulation of the LIM kinases by their PDZ domain. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8441. [PMID: 38114480 PMCID: PMC10730565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM domain kinases (LIMK) are important regulators of actin cytoskeletal remodeling. These protein kinases phosphorylate the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin to suppress filament severing, and are key nodes between Rho GTPase cascades and actin. The two mammalian LIMKs, LIMK1 and LIMK2, contain consecutive LIM domains and a PDZ domain upstream of the C-terminal kinase domain. The roles of the N-terminal regions are not fully understood, and the function of the PDZ domain remains elusive. Here, we determine the 2.0 Å crystal structure of the PDZ domain of LIMK2 and reveal features not previously observed in PDZ domains including a core-facing arginine residue located at the second position of the 'x-Φ-G-Φ' motif, and that the expected peptide binding cleft is shallow and poorly conserved. We find a distal extended surface to be highly conserved, and when LIMK1 was ectopically expressed in yeast we find targeted mutagenesis of this surface decreases growth, implying increased LIMK activity. PDZ domain LIMK1 mutants expressed in yeast are hyperphosphorylated and show elevated activity in vitro. This surface in both LIMK1 and LIMK2 is critical for autoregulation independent of activation loop phosphorylation. Overall, our study demonstrates the functional importance of the PDZ domain to autoregulation of LIMKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel A Sexton
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quadri R, Rotondo G, Sertic S, Pozzi S, dell’Oca MC, Guerrini L, Muzi-Falconi M. A Haspin-ARHGAP11A axis regulates epithelial morphogenesis through Rho-ROCK dependent modulation of LIMK1-Cofilin. iScience 2023; 26:108011. [PMID: 37841592 PMCID: PMC10570125 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout mitosis, a plethora of processes must be efficiently concerted to ensure cell proliferation and tissue functionality. The mitotic spindle does not only mediate chromosome segregation, but also defines the axis of cellular division, thus determining tissue morphology. Functional spindle orientation relies on precise actin dynamics, shaped in mitosis by the LIMK1-Cofilin axis. The kinase Haspin acts as a guardian of faithful chromosome segregation that ensures amphitelic chromosome attachment and prevents unscheduled cohesin cleavage. Here, we report an unprecedented role for Haspin in the determination of spindle orientation in mitosis. We show that, during mitosis, Haspin regulates Rho-ROCK activity through ARHGAP11A, a poorly characterized GAP, and that ROCK is in turn responsible for the mitotic activation of LIMK1 and stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton, thus supporting a functional spindle orientation. By exploiting 3D cell cultures, we show that this pathway is pivotal for the establishment of a morphologically functional tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Quadri
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rotondo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
D’Incal C, Broos J, Torfs T, Kooy RF, Vanden Berghe W. Towards Kinase Inhibitor Therapies for Fragile X Syndrome: Tweaking Twists in the Autism Spectrum Kinase Signaling Network. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081325. [PMID: 35456004 PMCID: PMC9029738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) causes autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, commonly referred to as the Fragile X syndrome. FMRP is a negative regulator of protein translation and is essential for neuronal development and synapse formation. FMRP is a target for several post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and methylation, which tightly regulate its cellular functions. Studies have indicated the involvement of FMRP in a multitude of cellular pathways, and an absence of FMRP was shown to affect several neurotransmitter receptors, for example, the GABA receptor and intracellular signaling molecules such as Akt, ERK, mTOR, and GSK3. Interestingly, many of these molecules function as protein kinases or phosphatases and thus are potentially amendable by pharmacological treatment. Several treatments acting on these kinase-phosphatase systems have been shown to be successful in preclinical models; however, they have failed to convincingly show any improvements in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the different protein kinase and phosphatase studies that have been performed in the Fragile X syndrome. In our opinion, some of the paradoxical study conclusions are potentially due to the lack of insight into integrative kinase signaling networks in the disease. Quantitative proteome analyses have been performed in several models for the FXS to determine global molecular processes in FXS. However, only one phosphoproteomics study has been carried out in Fmr1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and it showed dysfunctional protein kinase and phosphatase signaling hubs in the brain. This suggests that the further use of phosphoproteomics approaches in Fragile X syndrome holds promise for identifying novel targets for kinase inhibitor therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D’Incal
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jitse Broos
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - Thierry Torfs
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0032-(0)-32-652-657
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chatterjee D, Preuss F, Dederer V, Knapp S, Mathea S. Structural Aspects of LIMK Regulation and Pharmacology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010142. [PMID: 35011704 PMCID: PMC8750758 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malfunction of the actin cytoskeleton is linked to numerous human diseases including neurological disorders and cancer. LIMK1 (LIM domain kinase 1) and its paralogue LIMK2 are two closely related kinases that control actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Consequently, they are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of such diseases. In the present review, we describe the LIMK conformational space and its dependence on ligand binding. Furthermore, we explain the unique catalytic mechanism of the kinase, shedding light on substrate recognition and how LIMK activity is regulated. The structural features are evaluated for implications on the drug discovery process. Finally, potential future directions for targeting LIMKs pharmacologically, also beyond just inhibiting the kinase domain, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Chatterjee
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.C.); (F.P.); (V.D.); (S.K.)
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska Preuss
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.C.); (F.P.); (V.D.); (S.K.)
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Verena Dederer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.C.); (F.P.); (V.D.); (S.K.)
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.C.); (F.P.); (V.D.); (S.K.)
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.C.); (F.P.); (V.D.); (S.K.)
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
LIM Kinases in Osteosarcoma Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123542. [PMID: 34944050 PMCID: PMC8699892 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a long-term and multistage process that often leads to the formation of metastases. During this pathological course, two major events appear to be crucial: primary tumour growth and metastatic expansion. In this context, despite research and clinical advances during the past decades, bone cancers remain a leading cause of death worldwide among paediatric cancer patients. Osteosarcomas are the most common malignant bone tumours in children and adolescents. Notwithstanding advances in therapeutic treatments, many patients succumb to these diseases. In particular, less than 30% of patients who demonstrate metastases at diagnosis or are poor responders to chemotherapy survive 5 years after initial diagnosis. LIM kinases (LIMKs), comprising LIMK1 and LIMK2, are common downstream effectors of several signalization pathways, and function as a signalling node that controls cytoskeleton dynamics through the phosphorylation of the cofilin family proteins. In recent decades, several reports have indicated that the functions of LIMKs are mainly implicated in the regulation of actin microfilament and the control of microtubule dynamics. Previous studies have thus identified LIMKs as cancer-promoting regulators in multiple organ cancers, such as breast cancer or prostate cancer. This review updates the current understanding of LIMK involvement in osteosarcoma progression.
Collapse
|
6
|
LIM-Kinases in Synaptic Plasticity, Memory, and Brain Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082079. [PMID: 34440848 PMCID: PMC8391678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory require structural and functional modifications of synaptic connections, and synaptic deficits are believed to underlie many brain disorders. The LIM-domain-containing protein kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton by affecting the actin-binding protein, cofilin. In addition, LIMK1 is implicated in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with the cAMP-response element-binding protein. Accumulating evidence indicates that LIMKs are critically involved in brain function and dysfunction. In this paper, we will review studies on the roles and underlying mechanisms of LIMKs in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), the most extensively studied forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity widely regarded as cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. We will also discuss the involvement of LIMKs in the regulation of the dendritic spine, the structural basis of synaptic plasticity, and memory formation. Finally, we will discuss recent progress on investigations of LIMKs in neurological and mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Williams–Beuren syndrome, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang W, Halasz E, Townes-Anderson E. Actin Dynamics, Regulated by RhoA-LIMK-Cofilin Signaling, Mediates Rod Photoreceptor Axonal Retraction After Retinal Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2274-2285. [PMID: 31112612 PMCID: PMC6530517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retraction of the axon terminals of rod photoreceptors after retinal detachment breaks the first synapse in the visual pathway, resulting in visual impairment. Previous work showed that the mechanism of axonal retraction involves RhoA signaling and its downstream effector LIM Kinase (LIMK) activation. We examined the response of the downstream component cofilin, a direct binding protein of actin filaments, as well as the regulation by RhoA-LIMK-Cofilin signaling of actin assembly/disassembly, in the presynaptic ribbon terminal of injured rod cells. Methods Injury was produced by retinal detachment or rod cell isolation. Detached porcine retina was probed for levels and localization of phosphorylated cofilin with Western blots and confocal microscopy, whereas rod cell cultures of dissociated salamander retina were examined for filamentous actin assembly/disassembly with a barbed end assay and phalloidin staining. Results A detachment increased phosphorylation of cofilin in retinal explants; phosphorylation occurred in rod terminals in sections of detached retina. Isolation of rod cells resulted in axon retraction accompanied by an increase in actin barbed ends and a decrease in net filament labeling. All changes were significantly reduced by either Rho kinase (ROCK) or LIMK inhibition, using Y27632 or BMS-5, respectively. Cytochalasin D also reduced retraction and stabilized filaments in isolated rod cells. Conclusions These results indicate that actin depolymerization via activation of RhoA downstream kinases and cofilin contributes to axon retraction. Preventing depolymerization, in addition to actomyosin contraction, may stabilize ribbon synapses after trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Eva Halasz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Ellen Townes-Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weidle UH, Epp A, Birzele F, Brinkmann U. The Functional Role of Prostate Cancer Metastasis-related Micro-RNAs. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:1-19. [PMID: 30587496 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality of patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer can be ascribed to a large degree to metastasis to distant organs, predominantly to the bones. In this review, we discuss the contribution of micro-RNAs (miRs) to the metastatic process of prostate cancer. The criteria for selection of miRs for this review were the availability of preclinical in vivo metastasis-related data in conjunction with prognostic clinical data. Depending on their function in the metastatic process, the corresponding miRs are up- or down-regulated in prostate cancer tissues when compared to matching normal tissues. Up-regulated miRs preferentially target suppressors of cytokine signaling or tumor suppressor-related genes and metastasis-inhibitory transcription factors. Down-regulated miRs promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition or mesenchymal-epithelial transition and diverse pro-metastatic signaling pathways. Some of the discussed miRs exert their function by simultaneously targeting epigenetic pathways as well as cell-cycle-related, anti-apoptotic and signaling-promoting targets. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic options for the treatment of prostate cancer-related metastases by substitution or inhibition of miRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Epp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ou S, Tan MH, Weng T, Li H, Koh CG. LIM kinase1 regulates mitotic centrosome integrity via its activity on dynein light intermediate chains. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.170202. [PMID: 29925632 PMCID: PMC6030115 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal centrosome number and function have been implicated in tumour development. LIM kinase1 (LIMK1), a regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, is found to localize at the mitotic centrosome. However, its role at the centrosome is not fully explored. Here, we report that LIMK1 depletion resulted in multi-polar spindles and defocusing of centrosomes, implicating its involvement in the regulation of mitotic centrosome integrity. LIMK1 could influence centrosome integrity by modulating centrosomal protein localization at the spindle pole. Interestingly, dynein light intermediate chains (LICs) are able to rescue the defects observed in LIMK1-depleted cells. We found that LICs are potential novel interacting partners and substrates of LIMK1 and that LIMK1 phosphorylation regulates cytoplasmic dynein function in centrosomal protein transport, which in turn impacts mitotic spindle pole integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Ou
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Mei-Hua Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ting Weng
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - HoiYeung Li
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Gee Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore .,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Banion CP, Priestman MA, Hughes RM, Herring LE, Capuzzi SJ, Lawrence DS. Design and Profiling of a Subcellular Targeted Optogenetic cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:100-109.e8. [PMID: 29104065 PMCID: PMC5777159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is ubiquitously expressed, it is sequestered at specific subcellular locations throughout the cell, thereby resulting in compartmentalized cellular signaling that triggers site-specific behavioral phenotypes. We developed a three-step engineering strategy to construct an optogenetic PKA (optoPKA) and demonstrated that, upon illumination, optoPKA migrates to specified intracellular sites. Furthermore, we designed intracellular spatially segregated reporters of PKA activity and confirmed that optoPKA phosphorylates these reporters in a light-dependent fashion. Finally, proteomics experiments reveal that light activation of optoPKA results in the phosphorylation of known endogenous PKA substrates as well as potential novel substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin P O'Banion
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melanie A Priestman
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemistry; East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- UNC Proteomics Core, Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen J Capuzzi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David S Lawrence
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiao Y, Ma H, Wan P, Qin D, Wang X, Zhang X, Xiang Y, Liu W, Chen J, Yi Z, Li L. Trp-Asp (WD) Repeat Domain 1 Is Essential for Mouse Peri-implantation Development and Regulates Cofilin Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1438-1448. [PMID: 27994054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trp-Asp (WD) repeat domain 1 (WDR1) is a highly conserved actin-binding protein across all eukaryotes and is involved in numerous actin-based processes by accelerating Cofilin severing actin filament. However, the function and the mechanism of WDR1 in mammalian early development are still largely unclear. We now report that WDR1 is essential for mouse peri-implantation development and regulates Cofilin phosphorylation in mouse cells. The disruption of maternal WDR1 does not obviously affect ovulation and female fertility. However, depletion of zygotic WDR1 results in embryonic lethality at the peri-implantation stage. In WDR1 knock-out cells, we found that WDR1 regulates Cofilin phosphorylation. Interestingly, WDR1 is overdosed to regulate Cofilin phosphorylation in mouse cells. Furthermore, we showed that WDR1 interacts with Lim domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), a well known phosphorylation kinase of Cofilin. Altogether, our results provide new insights into the role and mechanism of WDR1 in physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing.,the Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Haixia Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing.,the Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Ping Wan
- the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, and
| | - Dandan Qin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing.,the Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing.,the Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing
| | - Yunlong Xiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing
| | - Wenbo Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing
| | - Jiong Chen
- the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, and
| | - Zhaohong Yi
- the Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, .,the Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang W, Townes-Anderson E. LIM Kinase, a Newly Identified Regulator of Presynaptic Remodeling by Rod Photoreceptors After Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7847-58. [PMID: 26658506 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rod photoreceptors retract their axon terminals and develop neuritic sprouts in response to retinal detachment and reattachment, respectively. This study examines the role of LIM kinase (LIMK), a component of RhoA and Rac pathways, in the presynaptic structural remodeling of rod photoreceptors. METHODS Phosphorylated LIMK (p-LIMK), the active form of LIMK, was examined in salamander retina with Western blot and confocal microscopy. Axon length within the first 7 hours and process growth after 3 days of culture were assessed in isolated rod photoreceptors treated with inhibitors of upstream regulators ROCK and p21-activated kinase (Pak) (Y27632 and IPA-3) and a direct LIMK inhibitor (BMS-5). Porcine retinal explants were also treated with BMS-5 and analyzed 24 hours after detachment. Because Ca2+ influx contributes to axonal retraction, L-type channels were blocked in some experiments with nicardipine. RESULTS Phosphorylated LIMK is present in rod terminals during retraction and in newly formed processes. Axonal retraction over 7 hours was significantly reduced by inhibition of LIMK or its regulators, ROCK and Pak. Process growth was reduced by LIMK or Pak inhibition especially at the basal (axon-bearing) region of the rod cells. Combining Ca2+ channel and LIMK inhibition had no additional effect on retraction but did further inhibit sprouting after 3 days. In detached porcine retina, LIMK inhibition reduced rod axonal retraction and improved retinal morphology. CONCLUSIONS Thus structural remodeling, in the form of either axonal retraction or neuritic growth, requires LIMK activity. LIM kinase inhibition may have therapeutic potential for reducing pathologic rod terminal plasticity after retinal injury.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cai S, Chen R, Li X, Cai Y, Ye Z, Li S, Li J, Huang H, Peng S, Wang J, Tao Y, Huang H, Wen X, Mo J, Deng Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Gao X, Wen X. Downregulation of microRNA-23a suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by targeting the PAK6-LIMK1 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3904-17. [PMID: 25714010 PMCID: PMC4414162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we found that levels of miR-23a were decreased in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. These low levels were associated with poor patients' prognosis. MiR-23a inhibited migration and invasion of prostate cancer in vivo and in orthotopic prostate cancer mice model. MiR-23a decreased levels of p21-activated kinase 6 (PAK6). Expression of miR-23a inhibited phosphorylation of LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and cofilin, in turn suppressing formation of stress fibers and actin filaments, which was required for cell motility and invasion. PAK6 bound to LIMK1 and activated it via phosphorylation at Thr-508. Also, PAK6 and LIMK1 were colocalized in the cytoplasma. Thus, miR-23a regulated cytoskeleton by affecting LIMK1 and cofilin. In summary, we have identified the miR-23a-PAK6-LIMK1 pathway of prostate cancer metastasis. Potential therapeutic approach by targeting miR-23 is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songwang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ye
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shigeng Li
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaiqiu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubin Peng
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinglai Wen
- Department of Urology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Mo
- Department of Urology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhupeng Deng
- Department of Urology, Taishan People's Hospital, Taishan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingqiao Wen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cuberos H, Vallée B, Vourc'h P, Tastet J, Andres CR, Bénédetti H. Roles of LIM kinases in central nervous system function and dysfunction. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3795-806. [PMID: 26545494 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) regulate actin dynamics by phosphorylating cofilin. In this review, we outline studies that have shown an involvement of LIMKs in neuronal function and we detail some of the pathways and molecular mechanisms involving LIMKs in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. We also review the involvement of LIMKs in neuronal diseases and emphasize the differences in the regulation of LIMKs expression and mode of action. We finally present the existence of a cofilin-independent pathway also involved in neuronal function. A better understanding of the differences between both LIMKs and of the precise molecular mechanisms involved in their mode of action and regulation is now required to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of the neuronal diseases associated with LIMKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Cuberos
- CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France; UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - B Vallée
- CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France
| | - P Vourc'h
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - J Tastet
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C R Andres
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bruntz RC, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D signaling pathways and phosphatidic acid as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1033-79. [PMID: 25244928 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D is a ubiquitous class of enzymes that generates phosphatidic acid as an intracellular signaling species. The phospholipase D superfamily plays a central role in a variety of functions in prokaryotes, viruses, yeast, fungi, plants, and eukaryotic species. In mammalian cells, the pathways modulating catalytic activity involve a variety of cellular signaling components, including G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, polyphosphatidylinositol lipids, Ras/Rho/ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases, and conventional isoforms of protein kinase C, among others. Recent findings have shown that phosphatidic acid generated by phospholipase D plays roles in numerous essential cellular functions, such as vesicular trafficking, exocytosis, autophagy, regulation of cellular metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Many of these cellular events are modulated by the actions of phosphatidic acid, and identification of two targets (mammalian target of rapamycin and Akt kinase) has especially highlighted a role for phospholipase D in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Phospholipase D is a regulator of intercellular signaling and metabolic pathways, particularly in cells that are under stress conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulation of phospholipase D activity and its modulation of cellular signaling pathways and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Bruntz
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
You T, Gao W, Wei J, Jin X, Zhao Z, Wang C, Li Y. Overexpression of LIMK1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 69:96-101. [PMID: 25661344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in Asia. Despite improvement of therapies, the outcome in patients remains extremely poor because of metastasis. In the present study, we found that LIMK1 is overexpressed in gastric cancer, and its expression level correlate with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Knockdown of LIMK1 expression could inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, as well as suppress the activation of FAK/paxillin pathway. Moreover, knockdown of LIMK1 expression retarded tumor growth and peritoneal ametastasis in vivo. This highlights that LIMK1 might be used as a potential target in the treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiangeng You
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Congjun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO. 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Hu F, Chen HJ, Du YJ, Xie ZY, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Y. LIMK-Dependent Actin Polymerization in Primary Sensory Neurons Promotes the Development of Inflammatory Heat Hyperalgesia in Rats. Sci Signal 2014; 7. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced sensitivity to pain could be reduced by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton in primary sensory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hai-Jing Chen
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Juan Du
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Xie
- Beijing Huijia Private School, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prudent R, Vassal-Stermann E, Nguyen CH, Pillet C, Martinez A, Prunier C, Barette C, Soleilhac E, Filhol O, Beghin A, Valdameri G, Honoré S, Aci-Sèche S, Grierson D, Antonipillai J, Li R, Di Pietro A, Dumontet C, Braguer D, Florent JC, Knapp S, Bernard O, Lafanechère L. Pharmacological inhibition of LIM kinase stabilizes microtubules and inhibits neoplastic growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4429-39. [PMID: 22761334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of tumor resistance to conventional microtubule-targeting drugs restricts their clinical use. Using a cell-based assay that recognizes microtubule polymerization status to screen for chemicals that interact with regulators of microtubule dynamics, we identified Pyr1, a cell permeable inhibitor of LIM kinase, which is the enzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin. Pyr1 reversibly stabilized microtubules, blocked actin microfilament dynamics, inhibited cell motility in vitro and showed anticancer properties in vivo, in the absence of major side effects. Pyr1 inhibition of LIM kinase caused a microtubule-stabilizing effect, which was independent of any direct effects on the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, Pyr1 retained its activity in multidrug-resistant cancer cells that were resistant to conventional microtubule-targeting agents. Our findings suggest that LIM kinase functions as a signaling node that controls both actin and microtubule dynamics. LIM kinase may therefore represent a targetable enzyme for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Prudent
- Institut Albert Bonniot, CRI INSERM/UJF U823, Team 3 Polarity, Development and Cancer, Rond-point de la Chantourne, La Tronche Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Franco SJ, Martinez-Garay I, Gil-Sanz C, Harkins-Perry SR, Müller U. Reelin regulates cadherin function via Dab1/Rap1 to control neuronal migration and lamination in the neocortex. Neuron 2011; 69:482-97. [PMID: 21315259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration is critical for establishing neocortical cell layers and migration defects can cause neurological and psychiatric diseases. Recent studies show that radially migrating neocortical neurons use glia-dependent and glia-independent modes of migration, but the signaling pathways that control different migration modes and the transitions between them are poorly defined. Here, we show that Dab1, an essential component of the reelin pathway, is required in radially migrating neurons for glia-independent somal translocation, but not for glia-guided locomotion. During migration, Dab1 acts in translocating neurons to stabilize their leading processes in a Rap1-dependent manner. Rap1, in turn, controls cadherin function to regulate somal translocation. Furthermore, cell-autonomous neuronal deficits in somal translocation are sufficient to cause severe neocortical lamination defects. Thus, we define the cellular mechanism of reelin function during radial migration, elucidate the molecular pathway downstream of Dab1 during somal translocation, and establish the importance of glia-independent motility in neocortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santos J Franco
- Dorris Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim HY, Davidson LA. Punctuated actin contractions during convergent extension and their permissive regulation by the non-canonical Wnt-signaling pathway. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:635-46. [PMID: 21266466 PMCID: PMC3031374 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.067579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin networks linked to the micro-environment through the plasma membrane are thought to be key players in regulating cell behaviors within multicellular tissues, such as converging and extending mesoderm. Here, we observe the dynamics of actin contractions called 'punctuated actin contractions' in the mid-cell body of embryonic mesenchymal cells in the mesoderm. These contraction dynamics are a common feature of Xenopus embryonic tissues and are important for cell shape changes during morphogenesis. Quantitative morphological analysis of these F-actin dynamics indicates that frequent and aligned movements of multiple actin contractions accompany mesoderm cells as they intercalate and elongate. Using inhibitors combined with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, we find that the dynamics of actin contractions are regulated by both myosin contractility and F-actin polymerization. Furthermore, we find that the non-canonical Wnt-signaling pathway permissively regulates levels of punctuated actin contractions. Overexpression of Xfz7 (Fzd7) can induce early maturation of actin contractions in mesoderm and produce mesoderm-like actin contractions in ectoderm cells. By contrast, expression of the dominant-negative Xenopus disheveled construct Xdd1 blocks the progression of actin contractions into their late mesoderm dynamics but has no effect in ectoderm. Our study reveals punctuated actin contractions within converging and extending mesoderm and uncovers a permissive role for non-canonical Wnt-signaling, myosin contractility and F-actin polymerization in regulating these dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Manetti F. LIM kinases are attractive targets with many macromolecular partners and only a few small molecule regulators. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:968-98. [PMID: 22886629 DOI: 10.1002/med.20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The LIM kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are dual specificity (serine/threonine and tyrosine) kinases. Although they show significant structural similarity, LIMK1 and LIMK2 show different expression, subcellular localization, and functions. They are involved in many cellular functions, such as migration, cycle, and neuronal differentiation and also have a role in pathological processes, such as cancer cell invasion and metastatis, as well as in neurodevelopmental disorders (namely, the William's syndrome). LIM kinases have a relevant number of known partners that are able to induce or limit the ability of LIMK1 and LIMK2 to phosphorylate and inactivate their major substrate, cofilin. On the contrary, only a limited number of small molecules that interact with the two proteins to modulate their kinase activity have been identified. In this review, the most important partners of LIM kinases and their modulating activity toward LIMKs are described. The small compounds identified as LIMK1 and LIMK2 modulators are also reported, as well as their role as possible therapeutic agents for LIMK-induced diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tapia T, Ottman R, Chakrabarti R. LIM kinase1 modulates function of membrane type matrix metalloproteinase 1: implication in invasion of prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:6. [PMID: 21219645 PMCID: PMC3027192 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) is an actin and microtubule cytoskeleton modulatory protein that is overexpressed in a number of cancerous tissues and cells and also promotes invasion and metastasis of prostate and breast cancer cells. Membrane type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP) is a critical modulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover through pericellular proteolysis and thus plays crucial roles in neoplastic cell invasion and metastasis. MT1-MMP and its substrates pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 are often overexpressed in a variety of cancers including prostate cancer and the expression levels correlate with the grade of malignancy in prostate cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to determine any functional relation between LIMK1 and MT1-MMP and its implication in cell invasion. Results Our results showed that treatment with the hydroxamate inhibitor of MT1-MMP, MMP-2 and MMP-9 ilomastat inhibited LIMK1-induced invasion of benign prostate epithelial cells. Over expression of LIMK1 resulted in increased collagenolytic activity of MMP-2, and secretion of pro-MMP2 and pro-MMP-9. Cells over expressing LIMK1 also exhibited increased expression of MT1-MMP, transcriptional activation and its localization to the plasma membrane. LIMK1 physically associates with MT1-MMP and is colocalized with it to the Golgi vesicles. We also noted increased expression of both MT1-MMP and LIMK1 in prostate tumor tissues. Conclusion Our results provide new information on regulation of MT1-MMP function by LIMK1 and showed for the first time, involvement of MMPs in LIMK1 induced cell invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenekua Tapia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim SR, Kim SH, Lee HW, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM. Increased expression of p21-activated kinase in adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
24
|
Yamazaki T, Masuda J, Omori T, Usui R, Akiyama H, Maru Y. EphA1 interacts with integrin-linked kinase and regulates cell morphology and motility. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:243-55. [PMID: 19118217 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.036467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph-ephrin receptor-ligand system is implicated in cell behavior and morphology. EphA1 is the founding member of the Eph receptors, but little is known about its function. Here, we show that activation of EphA1 kinase inhibits cell spreading and migration in a RhoA-ROCK-dependent manner. We also describe a novel interaction between EphA1 and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a mediator of interactions between integrin and the actin cytoskeleton. The C-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain of EphA1 is required and the ankyrin region of ILK is sufficient for the interaction between EphA1 and ILK. The interaction is independent of EphA1 kinase activity but dependent on stimulation of the EphA1 ligand ephrin-A1. Activation of EphA1 kinase resulted in a decrease of ILK activity. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of a kinase-active form of ILK (S343D) rescued the EphA1-mediated spreading defect, and attenuated RhoA activation. These results suggest that EphA1 regulates cell morphology and motility through the ILK-RhoA-ROCK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Campos SB, Ashworth SL, Wean S, Hosford M, Sandoval RM, Hallett MA, Atkinson SJ, Molitoris BA. Cytokine-induced F-actin reorganization in endothelial cells involves RhoA activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F487-95. [PMID: 19144696 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00112.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic kidney injury results in marked increases in local and systemic cytokine levels. IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha orchestrate various inflammatory reactions influencing endothelial permeability by altering cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix attachments. To explore the role of actin and the regulatory proteins RhoA and cofilin in this process, microvascular endothelial cells (MS1) were exposed to individual cytokines or a cytokine cocktail. Within minutes, a marked, time-dependent redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton occurred with the formation of long, dense F-actin basal stress fibers. The concentration of F-actin, normalized to nuclear staining, significantly increased compared with untreated cells (up 20%, P < or = 0.05). Western blot analysis of MS1 lysates incubated with the cytokine cocktail for 4 h showed an increase in phosphorylated/inactive cofilin (up 25 +/- 15%, P < or = 0.05) and RhoA activation (up to 227 +/- 26% increase, P < or = 0.05) compared with untreated cells. Decreasing RhoA levels using small interfering RNA blocked the effect of cytokines on stress fiber organization. Treatment with Y-27632, an inhibitor of the RhoA effector p160-ROCK, decreased levels of phosphorylated cofilin and reduced stress fiber fluorescence by 22%. In cells treated with Y-27632 followed by treatment with the cytokine cocktail, stress fiber levels were similar to control cells and cofilin phosphorylation was 55% of control levels. Taken together, these studies demonstrate cytokine stimulation of RhoA, which in turn leads to cofilin phosphorylation and formation of numerous basal actin stress fibers. These results suggest cytokines signal through the Rho-ROCK pathway, but also through another pathway to affect actin dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia B Campos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Distinct effects of contraction agonists on the phosphorylation state of cofilin in pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2007; 2008:362741. [PMID: 21188136 PMCID: PMC3005805 DOI: 10.1155/2008/362741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that agonist-induced contraction correlates with the phospho-cofilin/cofilin (P-CF/CF) ratio in pulmonary artery (PA) rings and cultured smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). PA rings were used for isometric contractions and along with PASMCs for assay of P-CF/CF by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. The P-CF/CF measured 22.5% in PA and differentiated PASMCs, but only 14.8% in undifferentiated PASMCs. With comparable contraction responses in PA, endothelin-1 (100 nM) and norepinephrine (1 μM) induced a 2-fold increase of P-CF/CF, while angiotensin II (1 μM) induced none. All agonists activated Rho-kinase and LIMK2, and activation was eliminated by inhibition of Rho-kinase. Microcystin LF (20 nM) potentiated the angiotensin II, but not the 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 μM)-mediated increase of P-CF/CF. In conclusion, all tested agonists activate the Rho-kinase-LIMK pathway and increase P-CF/CF. Angiotensin II activates PP2A and counteracts the LIMK-mediated CF phosphorylation. CF phosphorylation stabilizes peripheral actin structures and may contribute to the maximal contraction of PA.
Collapse
|
27
|
Han L, Stope MB, de Jesús ML, Oude Weernink PA, Urban M, Wieland T, Rosskopf D, Mizuno K, Jakobs KH, Schmidt M. Direct stimulation of receptor-controlled phospholipase D1 by phospho-cofilin. EMBO J 2007; 26:4189-202. [PMID: 17853892 PMCID: PMC2230846 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity state of cofilin, which controls actin dynamics, is driven by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle. Phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM-kinases results in its inactivation, a process supported by 14-3-3zeta and reversed by dephosphorylation by slingshot phosphatases. Here we report on a novel cellular function for the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle of cofilin. We demonstrate that muscarinic receptor-mediated stimulation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is controlled by LIM-kinase, slingshot phosphatase as well as 14-3-3zeta, and requires phosphorylatable cofilin. Cofilin directly and specifically interacts with PLD1 and upon phosphorylation by LIM-kinase1, stimulates PLD1 activity, an effect mimicked by phosphorylation-mimic cofilin mutants. The interaction of cofilin with PLD1 is under receptor control and encompasses a PLD1-specific fragment (aa 585-712). Expression of this fragment suppresses receptor-induced cofilin-PLD1 interaction as well as PLD stimulation and actin stress fiber formation. These data indicate that till now designated inactive phospho-cofilin exhibits an active cellular function, and suggest that phospho-cofilin by its stimulatory effect on PLD1 may control a large variety of cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Martina Urban
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dieter Rosskopf
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Karl H Jakobs
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 50 363 3322; Fax: +31 50 363 6908; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ott EB, Te Velthuis AJW, Bagowski CP. Comparative analysis of splice form-specific expression of LIM Kinases during zebrafish development. Gene Expr Patterns 2007; 7:620-9. [PMID: 17300993 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LIM Kinases (LIMK) are genes encoding multi-domain proteins that can contain up to two LIM domains, a single PDZ domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. Alternative splicing is a source for different combinations of these domains. Two family members, LIMK1 and LIMK2 have been described in mammals and are important for organization of the actin cytoskeleton. We have cloned LIMK1 and LIMK2 from zebrafish and characterized their domain specific expression patterns during embryogenesis. The results on temporal and spatial expression of the LIM Kinases during embryogenesis indicate overlapping and distinct expression domains for LMK1 and LIMK2. Differences in expression during embryogenesis were observed for PDZ and LIM encoding splice forms for both LIM Kinases. To better understand the transcriptional regulation of LIM Kinases, we searched for conserved regulatory elements. We identified evolutionary conserved smad binding sites for LIMK2. In summary, we present here the splice-form specific temporal and spatial expression patterns for both LIMK1 and LIMK2 during zebrafish embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth B Ott
- Institute of Biology, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Leiden, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scott RW, Olson MF. LIM kinases: function, regulation and association with human disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:555-68. [PMID: 17294230 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The LIM kinase family consists of just two members: LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2). With uniquely organised signalling domains, LIM kinases are regulated by several upstream signalling pathways, principally acting downstream of Rho GTPases to influence the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2 and destrin. Although the LIM kinases are very homologous, particularly when comparing kinase domains, there is emerging evidence that each may be subject to different regulatory pathways and may contribute to both distinct and overlapping cellular and developmental functions. Normal central nervous system development is reliant upon the presence of LIMK1, and its deletion has been implicated in the development of the human genetic disorder Williams syndrome. Normal testis development, on the other hand, is disrupted by the deletion of LIMK2. In addition, the possible involvement of each kinase in cardiovascular disorders as well as cancer has recently emerged. The LIM kinases have been proposed to play an important role in tumour-cell invasion and metastasis; fine-tuning the balance between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated cofilin may be a significant determinant of tumour-cell metastatic potential. In this review, we outline the structure, regulation and function of LIM kinases and their functions at cellular and organismal levels, as well as their possible contributions to human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca W Scott
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bernard O. Lim kinases, regulators of actin dynamics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1071-6. [PMID: 17188549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The members of the LIM kinase (LIMK) family, which include LIMK 1 and 2, are serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of actin polymerisation and microtubule disassembly. Their activity is regulated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop of the kinase by p21-activated kinases 1 and 4 and by Rho kinase. LIMKs phosphorylate and inactivate the actin depolymerising factors ADF/cofilin resulting in net increase in the cellular filamentous actin. Hsp90 regulates the levels of the LIM kinase proteins by promoting their homo-dimerisation and trans-phosphorylation. Rnf6 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for LIMK degradation in neurons. The activity of LIMK1 is also required for microtubule disassembly in endothelial cells. While LIMK1 localizes mainly at focal adhesions, LIMK2 is found in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that they may have different cellular functions. LIMK1 was shown to be involved in cancer metastasis, while LIMK2 activation promotes cells cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ora Bernard
- St. Vincent Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Swan LE, Schmidt M, Schwarz T, Ponimaskin E, Prange U, Boeckers T, Thomas U, Sigrist SJ. Complex interaction of Drosophila GRIP PDZ domains and Echinoid during muscle morphogenesis. EMBO J 2006; 25:3640-51. [PMID: 16858411 PMCID: PMC1538559 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP) homologues, initially characterized in synaptic glutamate receptor trafficking, consist of seven PDZ domains (PDZDs), whose conserved arrangement is of unknown significance. The Drosophila GRIP homologue (DGrip) is needed for proper guidance of embryonic somatic muscles towards epidermal attachment sites, with both excessive and reduced DGrip activity producing specific phenotypes in separate muscle groups. These phenotypes were utilized to analyze the molecular architecture underlying DGrip signaling function in vivo. Surprisingly, removing PDZDs 1-3 (DGripDelta1-3) or deleting ligand binding in PDZDs 1 or 2 convert DGrip to excessive in vivo activity mediated by ligand binding to PDZD 7. Yeast two-hybrid screening identifies the cell adhesion protein Echinoid's (Ed) type II PDZD-interaction motif as binding PDZDs 1, 2 and 7 of DGrip. ed loss-of-function alleles exhibit muscle defects, enhance defects caused by reduced DGrip activity and suppress the dominant DGripDelta1-3 effect during embryonic muscle formation. We propose that Ed and DGrip form a signaling complex, where competition between N-terminal and the C-terminal PDZDs of DGrip for Ed binding controls signaling function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Swan
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Tel.: +1 203 737 4473; Fax: +1 203 737 1762; E-mail:
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neural and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Department of Neural and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Prange
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Thomas
- Federal Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan J Sigrist
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie und Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- European Neuroscience Institute, Griesbachstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Tel.: +49 551 391 2350; Fax: +49 551 391 2346; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Blair A, Tomlinson A, Pham H, Gunsalus KC, Goldberg ML, Laski FA. Twinstar, the Drosophila homolog of cofilin/ADF, is required for planar cell polarity patterning. Development 2006; 133:1789-97. [PMID: 16571634 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a level of tissue organization in which cells adopt a uniform orientation within the plane of an epithelium. The process of tissue polarization is likely to be initiated by an extracellular gradient. Thus, determining how cells decode and convert this graded information into subcellular asymmetries is key to determining how cells direct the reorganization of the cytoskeleton to produce uniformly oriented structures. Twinstar (Tsr), the Drosophila homolog of Cofilin/ADF (actin depolymerization factor), is a component of the cytoskeleton that regulates actin dynamics. We show here that various alleles of tsr produce PCP defects in the wing, eye and several other epithelia. In wings mutant for tsr, Frizzled (Fz) and Flamingo (Fmi) proteins do not properly localize to the proximodistal boundaries of cells. The correct asymmetric localization of these proteins instructs the actin cytoskeleton to produce one actin-rich wing hair at the distal-most vertex of each cell. These results argue that actin remodeling is not only required in the manufacture of wing hairs, but also in the PCP read-out that directs where a wing hair will be secreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Blair
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dai YP, Bongalon S, Tian H, Parks SD, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN, Yamboliev IA. Upregulation of profilin, cofilin-2 and LIMK2 in cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and in pulmonary arteries of monocrotaline-treated rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:275-82. [PMID: 16524786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is associated with remodeling of the smooth muscle layer of pulmonary arteries, manifested by reduced smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractility and enhanced motility and growth. These responses are underlied by increased dynamics of the peripheral actin network. Thus, we hypothesized that pulmonary hypertension is associated with upregulation of two proteins that regulate the dynamics of peripheral actin filaments, i.e., profilin and cofilin. We also analyzed the expression of LIMK2, which regulates the actin remodeling capacity of cofilin by phosphorylation. Experimental inflammation was induced by incubation of cultured pulmonary artery SMCs (PASMCs) with inflammatory mediators in vitro, and by subcutaneous administration of monocrotaline to Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, protein levels and phosphorylation were analyzed by immunoblotting. Immune and Masson trichrome stained lung cryosections were analyzed by microscopy. PDGF, IL-1beta, ET-1 and TNFalpha upregulated the profilin, cofilin-2 and LIMK2 mRNA in cultured pulmonary artery SMCs (PASMCs). Along with the development of rat pulmonary artery and right ventricular hypertrophy, monocrotaline treatment also induced the mRNA and protein contents of profilin, cofilin-2 and LIMK2 in PASMCs. The cofilin upregulation was paralleled by a relative decrease of the phospho-cofilin content. The upregulation of profilin, cofilin and LIMK2 in experimental inflammation suggests that by intensifying the remodeling of subcortical actin filaments these proteins may contribute to the enhanced invasiveness and growth of SMCs, and to the development of increased vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cofilin 2/biosynthesis
- Cofilin 2/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/pharmacology
- Lim Kinases
- Monocrotaline/administration & dosage
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Profilins/biosynthesis
- Profilins/genetics
- Protein Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0270, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Suurna MV, Ashworth SL, Hosford M, Sandoval RM, Wean SE, Shah BM, Bamburg JR, Molitoris BA. Cofilin mediates ATP depletion-induced endothelial cell actin alterations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F1398-407. [PMID: 16434575 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00194.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia and sepsis lead to endothelial cell damage, resulting in compromised microvascular flow in many organs. Much remains to be determined regarding the intracellular structural events that lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. To investigate potential actin cytoskeletal-related mechanisms, ATP depletion was induced in mouse pancreatic microvascular endothelial cells (MS1). Fluorescent imaging and biochemical studies demonstrated a rapid and progressive increase in F-actin along with a decrease in G-actin at 60 min. Confocal microscopic analysis showed ATP depletion resulted in destruction of actin stress fibers and accumulation of F-actin aggregates. We hypothesized these actin alterations were secondary to dephosphorylation/activation of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins. Cofilin, the predominant isoform expressed in MS1 cells, was rapidly dephosphorylated/activated during ATP depletion. To directly investigate the role of cofilin activation on the actin cytoskeleton during ischemia, MS1 cells were infected with adenoviruses containing the cDNAs for wild-type Xenopus laevis ADF/cofilin green fluorescent protein [XAC(wt)-GFP], GFP, and the constitutively active and inactive isoforms XAC(S3A)-GFP and XAC(S3E)-GFP. The rate and extent of cortical actin destruction and actin aggregate formation were increased in ATP-depleted XAC(wt)-GFP- and XAC(S3A)-GFP-expressing cells, whereas increased actin stress fibers were observed in XAC(S3E)-GFP-expressing cells. To investigate the upstream signaling pathway of ADF/cofilin, LIM kinase 1-GFP (LIMK1-GFP) was expressed in MS1 cells. Cells expressing LIMK1-GFP protein had higher levels of phosphorylated ADF/cofilin, increased stress fibers, and delayed F-actin cytoskeleton destruction during ATP depletion. These results strongly support the importance of cofilin regulation in ischemia-induced endothelial cell actin cytoskeleton alterations leading to cell damage and microvascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Suurna
- Div. of Nephrology, Indiana Univ. School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5116, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Goyal P, Pandey D, Behring A, Siess W. Inhibition of nuclear import of LIMK2 in endothelial cells by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-283. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27569-77. [PMID: 15923181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504448200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM kinases (LIMKs) are mainly in the cytoplasm and regulate actin dynamics through cofilin phosphorylation. Recently, it has been reported that nuclear localization of LIMKs can mediate suppression of cyclin D1 expression. Using immunofluorescence monitoring of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged LIMK2 in combination with photobleaching techniques and leptomycin B treatment, we demonstrate that LIMK2 shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus in endothelial cells. Sequence analysis predicted two PKC phosphorylation sites in LIMK2 but not in LIMK1. One site at Ser-283 is present between the PDZ and the kinase domain, and the other site at Thr-494 is within the kinase domain. Activation of PKC by phorbol ester treatment of endothelial cells stimulated LIMK2 phosphorylation at Ser-283 and inhibited nuclear import of LIMK2 and the PDZ kinase construct of LIMK2 (amino acids 142-638) but not of LIMK1. The PKC-delta isoform phosphorylated LIMK2 at Ser-283 in vitro. Mutational analysis indicated that LIMK2 phosphorylation at Ser-283 but not Thr-494 was functional. Serum stimulation of endothelial cells also inhibited nuclear import of PDZK-LIMK2 by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-283. Our study shows that phorbol ester and serum stimulation of endothelial cells inhibit nuclear import of LIMK2 but not LIMK1. This effect was dependent on PKC-delta-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-283. Since phorbol ester enhanced cyclin D1 expression and subsequent G1-to-S-phase transition of endothelial cells, we suggest that the PKC-mediated exclusion of LIMK2 from the nucleus might be a mechanism to relieve suppression of cyclin D1 expression by LIMK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Goyal
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Munich, 80336 München, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Soosairajah J, Maiti S, Wiggan O, Sarmiere P, Moussi N, Sarcevic B, Sampath R, Bamburg JR, Bernard O. Interplay between components of a novel LIM kinase-slingshot phosphatase complex regulates cofilin. EMBO J 2005; 24:473-86. [PMID: 15660133 PMCID: PMC548651 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Slingshot (SSH) phosphatases and LIM kinases (LIMK) regulate actin dynamics via a reversible phosphorylation (inactivation) of serine 3 in actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin. Here we demonstrate that a multi-protein complex consisting of SSH-1L, LIMK1, actin, and the scaffolding protein, 14-3-3zeta, is involved, along with the kinase, PAK4, in the regulation of ADF/cofilin activity. Endogenous LIMK1 and SSH-1L interact in vitro and co-localize in vivo, and this interaction results in dephosphorylation and downregulation of LIMK1 activity. We also show that the phosphatase activity of purified SSH-1L is F-actin dependent and is negatively regulated via phosphorylation by PAK4. 14-3-3zeta binds to phosphorylated slingshot, decreases the amount of slingshot that co-sediments with F-actin, but does not alter slingshot activity. Here we define a novel ADF/cofilin phosphoregulatory complex and suggest a new mechanism for the regulation of ADF/cofilin activity in mediating changes to the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Soosairajah
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to the results presented in this manuscript
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the results presented in this manuscript
| | - O'Neil Wiggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patrick Sarmiere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nathalie Moussi
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boris Sarcevic
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Rashmi Sampath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Senior authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, 235 MRB, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA. Tel.: +1 970 491 6096; Fax: +1 970 491 0494; E-mail:
| | - Ora Bernard
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Senior authors contributed equally to this work
- Walter and Eliza Hall Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia. Tel.: +61 39 345 2555; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee-Hoeflich ST, Causing CG, Podkowa M, Zhao X, Wrana JL, Attisano L. Activation of LIMK1 by binding to the BMP receptor, BMPRII, regulates BMP-dependent dendritogenesis. EMBO J 2004; 23:4792-801. [PMID: 15538389 PMCID: PMC535083 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and morphological differentiation of dendrites are critical events in the establishment of proper neuronal connectivity and neural function. One extrinsic factor, BMP7, has been shown to specifically affect dendritic morphogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Here we show that LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), a key downstream effector of Rho GTPases, colocalizes with the BMP receptor, BMPRII, in the tips of neurites and binds to BMPRII. This interaction is required for BMP-dependent induction of the dendritic arbor in cortical neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the physical interaction of LIMK1 with BMPRII synergizes with the Rho GTPase, Cdc42, to activate LIMK1 catalytic activity. These studies thus define a Smad-independent pathway that directly links the BMP receptor to regulation of actin dynamics and provides insights into how extracellular signals modulate LIMK1 activity to permit fine spatial control over cytoskeletal remodelling during dendritogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie G Causing
- Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monika Podkowa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6336, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8. Tel.: +1 416 946 3129; Fax: +1 416 978 8548; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen GC, Gajowniczek P, Settleman J. Rho-LIM kinase signaling regulates ecdysone-induced gene expression and morphogenesis during Drosophila metamorphosis. Curr Biol 2004; 14:309-13. [PMID: 14972681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) is the key regulator of postembryonic developmental transitions in insects and controls metamorphosis by triggering the morphogenesis of adult tissues from larvae. The Rho GTPase, which mediates cell shape change and migration, is also an essential regulator of tissue morphogenesis during development. Rho activity can modulate gene expression, in part, by activating LIM kinase (LIMK) and consequently affecting actin-induced SRF transcriptional activity. We have established a link between Rho-LIMK-SRF signaling and the ecdysone-induced transcriptional response during Drosophila development. Specifically, we determined that the Rho GTPase, via LIMK, regulates the expression of several ecdysone-responsive genes, including those encoding the ecdysone receptor itself, a downstream transcription factor (Br-C), and Stubble, a transmembrane protease required for proper leg formation. Stubble and Br-C mutants exhibit strong genetic interactions with several Rho pathway components in the formation of adult structures, but not with Rac or Cdc42. In cultured SL2 cells, inhibition of Rho, F-actin assembly, or SRF blocks the transcriptional response to ecdysone. Together, these findings indicate a link between Rho-LIMK signaling and steroid hormone-induced gene expression in the context of metamorphosis and thereby establish a novel role for the Rho GTPase in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Chao Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vadlamudi RK, Bagheri-Yarmand R, Yang Z, Balasenthil S, Nguyen D, Sahin AA, den Hollander P, Kumar R. Dynein light chain 1, a p21-activated kinase 1-interacting substrate, promotes cancerous phenotypes. Cancer Cell 2004; 5:575-85. [PMID: 15193260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We identified dynein light chain 1 (DLC1) as a physiologic substrate of p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1). Pak1-DLC1 interaction plays an essential role in cell survival, which depends on Pak1's phosphorylation of DLC1 on Ser88. Pak1 associates with the complex of DLC1 and BimL, a proapoptotic BH3-only protein, and phosphorylates both proteins. Phosphorylation of BimL by Pak1 prevents it from interacting with and inactivation of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. Overexpression of DLC1 but not DLC1-Ser88Ala mutant promotes cancerous properties of breast cancer cells. DLC1 protein level is elevated in more than 90% of human breast tumors. The regulation of cell survival functions by Pak1-DLC1 interaction represents a novel mechanism by which a signaling kinase might regulate the cancerous phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang EJ, Yoon JH, Min DS, Chung KC. LIM Kinase 1 Activates cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein during the Neuronal Differentiation of Immortalized Hippocampal Progenitor Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:8903-10. [PMID: 14684741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311913200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), a novel member of a subclass of the protein-serine/threonine kinases, is known to play a role in the development and maintenance of neuronal circuits that mediate cognitive function. Genetic studies have implicated a mutation of LIMK1 as a causative factor in the impairment of visuospatial cognition in a neurodevelopmental disorder, Williams syndrome. A transcriptional factor, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), is thought to be involved in the formation of many types of synaptic plasticity involving learning and memory. In the present study we show that the LIMK1 activity is markedly induced during the differentiation of immortalized hippocampal progenitor (H19-7) cells. We found that the addition of neurogenic growth factor to H19-7 cells induces specific binding between LIMK1 and active CREB, that LIMK1 directly phosphorylates CREB, and that this leads to the stimulation of subsequent cAMP-responsive element-mediated gene transcription during H19-7 cell neuronal differentiation. In addition, we also found that LIMK1 activation occurs through Rac/Cdc42- and p21-activated kinase-mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, when the plasmid encoding kinase-inactive LIMK1 was transfected to block the activation of endogenous LIMK1, the neuronal differentiation of H19-7 cells was significantly suppressed. These findings suggest that LIMK1 activation and subsequent CREB phosphorylation are important in the neuronal differentiation of central nervous system hippocampal progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Davila M, Frost AR, Grizzle WE, Chakrabarti R. LIM kinase 1 is essential for the invasive growth of prostate epithelial cells: implications in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36868-75. [PMID: 12821664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306196200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) is involved in reorganization of actin cytoskeleton through inactivating phosphorylation of the ADF family protein cofilin, which depolymerizes actin filaments. Maintenance of the actin dynamics in an ordered fashion is essential for stabilization of cell shape or promotion of cell motility depending on the cell type. These are the two key phenomena that may become altered during acquisition of the metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Here we show that LIMK1 is overexpressed in prostate tumors and in prostate cancer cell lines, that the concentration of phosphorylated cofilin is higher in metastatic prostate cancer cells, and that a partial reduction of LIMK1 altered cell proliferation by arresting cells at G2/M, changed cell shape, and abolished the invasiveness of metastatic prostate cancer cells. We also show that the ectopic expression of LIMK1 promotes acquisition of invasive phenotype by the benign prostate epithelial cells. Our data provide evidence of a novel role of LIMK1 in regulating cell division and invasive property of prostate cancer cells and indicate that the effect is not mediated by phosphorylation of cofilin. Our study correlates with the recent observations showing a metastasis-associated chromosomal gain on 7q11.2 in prostate cancer, suggesting a possible gain in LIMK1 DNA (7q11.23).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Davila
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tojima T, Takahashi M, Ito E. Dual regulation of LIM kinase 1 expression by cyclic AMP and calcium determines cofilin phosphorylation states during neuritogenesis in NG108-15 cells. Brain Res 2003; 985:43-55. [PMID: 12957367 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuritogenesis in differentiating neurons. For this purpose, we used pharmacological and immunochemical techniques to determine the intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate actin dynamics during neuritogenesis. We confirmed that a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration stimulated cells to increase their neurite numbers, and that this increase of neurites was suppressed by activation of calcineurin induced by a Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Expression of a specific cofilin kinase (LIM kinase 1) was increased and decreased by cAMP and Ca2+ cascades, respectively. The phosphorylation state, but not the level of expression, of a potent regulator of actin dynamics (cofilin) was strongly correlated with the expression level of LIM kinase 1. Our results suggest that polymerization and depolymerization of actin by cofilin phosphorylation is necessary for neuritogenesis in differentiating neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nakano S, Kanamori T, Suzuki M, Titani K. Detection and characterization of a rat parotid gland protein kinase that catalyzes phosphorylation of matured destrin at Ser-2. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:649-61. [PMID: 12888000 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Destrin, an actin-binding protein, is partly phosphorylated at Ser-2 (numbering on the matured form) in the resting rat parotid gland, and beta-adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation of this gland induces its dephosphorylation. In this study, we searched for the protein kinase involved in phosphorylation of destrin. We developed an assay method for the kinase, using an antibody specific to destrin phosphorylated at Ser-2, and detected the kinase in the rat parotid homogenate. This enzyme was predominantly (93%) present in the soluble fraction, and the enzyme in this fraction was characterized. It had an optimum pH at 6.8 and required 3-5 mM Mg2+ for its maximum activity. Ca2+ (1 mM) had no effect whereas Mn2+ (5 mM) inhibited the enzyme activity by 75%. The apparent Km values for destrin and ATP were 92 microg/ml and 170 microM, respectively. GTP was an inefficient phosphate donor, and cAMP had no effect. Heat-denatured destrin was poorly phosphorylated. Two-dimensional PAGE analysis of destrin phosphorylated with the soluble fraction indicated that it was exclusively phosphorylated at Ser-2. None of the protein kinase inhibitors tested here was specific to this enzyme. At 1 mM, ML-7, Y-27632, KN-93, HA-1077, H-7, and H-8 inhibited the activity by 88, 61, 58, 49, 46, and 42%, respectively. Staurosporine (2 microM) and H-89 (50 microM) inhibited the activity by 48 and 33%, respectively. Heparin (30 microg/ml) had no effect. These results suggest that the rat parotid gland contains a novel, constitutively active, soluble protein kinase catalyzing specific phosphorylation of destrin at Ser-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
dos Remedios CG, Chhabra D, Kekic M, Dedova IV, Tsubakihara M, Berry DA, Nosworthy NJ. Actin binding proteins: regulation of cytoskeletal microfilaments. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:433-73. [PMID: 12663865 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a complex structure that performs a wide range of cellular functions. In 2001, significant advances were made to our understanding of the structure and function of actin monomers. Many of these are likely to help us understand and distinguish between the structural models of actin microfilaments. In particular, 1) the structure of actin was resolved from crystals in the absence of cocrystallized actin binding proteins (ABPs), 2) the prokaryotic ancestral gene of actin was crystallized and its function as a bacterial cytoskeleton was revealed, and 3) the structure of the Arp2/3 complex was described for the first time. In this review we selected several ABPs (ADF/cofilin, profilin, gelsolin, thymosin beta4, DNase I, CapZ, tropomodulin, and Arp2/3) that regulate actin-driven assembly, i.e., movement that is independent of motor proteins. They were chosen because 1) they represent a family of related proteins, 2) they are widely distributed in nature, 3) an atomic structure (or at least a plausible model) is available for each of them, and 4) each is expressed in significant quantities in cells. These ABPs perform the following cellular functions: 1) they maintain the population of unassembled but assembly-ready actin monomers (profilin), 2) they regulate the state of polymerization of filaments (ADF/cofilin, profilin), 3) they bind to and block the growing ends of actin filaments (gelsolin), 4) they nucleate actin assembly (gelsolin, Arp2/3, cofilin), 5) they sever actin filaments (gelsolin, ADF/cofilin), 6) they bind to the sides of actin filaments (gelsolin, Arp2/3), and 7) they cross-link actin filaments (Arp2/3). Some of these ABPs are essential, whereas others may form regulatory ternary complexes. Some play crucial roles in human disorders, and for all of them, there are good reasons why investigations into their structures and functions should continue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G dos Remedios
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Muscle Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
To migrate, normally a cell must establish morphological polarity and continuously protrude a single lamellipodium, polarized in the direction of migration. We have previously shown that actin filament disassembly is necessary for protrusion of the lamellipodium during fibroblast migration. As ADF/cofilin (AC) proteins are essential for the catalysis of filament disassembly in cells, we assessed their role in polarized lamellipodium protrusion in migrating fibroblasts. We compared the spatial distribution of AC and the inactive, phosphorylated AC (pAC) in migrating cells. AC, but not pAC, localized to the lamellipodium. To investigate a role for AC in cell polarity, we increased the proportion of pAC in migrating fibroblasts by overexpressing constitutively active (CA) LIM kinase 1. In 87% of cells expressing CA LIM kinase, cell polarity was abolished. In such cells, the single polarized lamellipodium was replaced by multiple nonpolarized lamellipodia, which, in contrast to nonexpressing migrating cells, stained for pAC. Cell polarity was rescued by coexpressing an active, nonphosphorylatable Xenopus AC (CA XAC) with the CA LIMK. Furthermore, overexpressing a pseudophosphorylated (less active) XAC by itself also abolished cell polarity. We conclude that locally maintaining ADF/cofilin in the active, nonphosphorylated state within the lamellipodium is necessary to maintain polarized protrusion during cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Dawe
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Birkenfeld J, Betz H, Roth D. Identification of cofilin and LIM-domain-containing protein kinase 1 as novel interaction partners of 14-3-3 zeta. Biochem J 2003; 369:45-54. [PMID: 12323073 PMCID: PMC1223062 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 09/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the 14-3-3 family have been implicated in various physiological processes, and are thought to function as adaptors in various signal transduction pathways. In addition, 14-3-3 proteins may contribute to the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton by interacting with as yet unidentified actin-binding proteins. Here we show that the 14-3-3 zeta isoform interacts with both the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin and its regulatory kinase, LIM (Lin-11/Isl-1/Mec-3)-domain-containing protein kinase 1 (LIMK1). In both yeast two-hybrid assays and glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments, these proteins bound efficiently to 14-3-3 zeta. Deletion analysis revealed consensus 14-3-3 binding sites on both cofilin and LIMK1. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of 14-3-3 zeta inhibited the binding of cofilin to actin in co-sedimentation experiments. Upon co-transfection into COS-7 cells, 14-3-3 zeta-specific immunoreactivity was redistributed into characteristic LIMK1-induced actin aggregations. Our data are consistent with 14-3-3-protein-induced changes to the actin cytoskeleton resulting from interactions with cofilin and/or LIMK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Birkenfeld
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
García‐García E, Rosales C. Signal transduction during Fc receptor‐mediated phagocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.6.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erick García‐García
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The functionality of the actin cytoskeleton depends on a dynamic equilibrium between filamentous and monomeric actin. Proteins of the ADF/cofilin family are essential for the high rates of actin filament turnover observed in motile cells through regulation of actin polymerization/depolymerization cycles. Rho GTPases act through p21-activated kinase-1 (Pak-1) and Rho kinase to inhibit cofilin activity via the LIM kinase (LIMK)-mediated phosphorylation of cofilin on Ser3. We report the identification of 14-3-3zeta as a novel phosphocofilin binding protein involved in the maintenance of the cellular phosphocofilin pool. A Ser3 phosphocofilin binding protein was purified from bovine brain and was identified as 14-3-3zeta by mass spectrometry. The phosphorylation-dependent interaction between cofilin and 14-3-3zeta was confirmed in pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Both Ser3 phosphorylation and a 14-3-3 recognition motif in cofilin are necessary for 14-3-3 binding. The expression of 14-3-3zeta increases phosphocofilin levels, and the coexpression of 14-3-3zeta with LIMK further elevates phosphocofilin levels and potentiates LIMK-dependent effects on the actin cytoskeleton. This potentiation of cofilin action appears to be a result of the protection of phosphocofilin from phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation at Ser3 by bound 14-3-3zeta. Taken together, these results suggest that 14-3-3zeta proteins may play a dynamic role in the regulation of cellular actin structures through the maintenance of phosphocofilin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gohla
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Amano T, Kaji N, Ohashi K, Mizuno K. Mitosis-specific activation of LIM motif-containing protein kinase and roles of cofilin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in mitosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22093-102. [PMID: 11925442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201444200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filament dynamics play a critical role in mitosis and cytokinesis. LIM motif-containing protein kinase 1 (LIMK1) regulates actin reorganization by phosphorylating and inactivating cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing and -severing protein. To examine the role of LIMK1 and cofilin during the cell cycle, we measured cell cycle-associated changes in the kinase activity of LIMK1 and in the level of cofilin phosphorylation. Using synchronized HeLa cells, we found that LIMK1 became hyperphosphorylated and activated in prometaphase and metaphase, then gradually returned to the basal level as cells entered into telophase and cytokinesis. Although Rho-associated kinase and p21-activated protein kinase phosphorylate and activate LIMK1, they are not likely to be involved in mitosis-specific activation and phosphorylation of LIMK1. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses using an anti-phosphocofilin-specific antibody revealed that the level of cofilin phosphorylation, similar to levels of LIMK1 activity, increased during prometaphase and metaphase then gradually declined in telophase and cytokinesis. Ectopic expression of LIMK1 increased the level of cofilin phosphorylation throughout the cell cycle and induced the formation of multinucleate cells. These results suggest that LIMK1 is involved principally in control of mitosis-specific cofilin phosphorylation and that dephosphorylation and reactivation of cofilin at later stages of mitosis play a critical role in cytokinesis of mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Amano
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miagi 980-8578, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Geneste O, Copeland JW, Treisman R. LIM kinase and Diaphanous cooperate to regulate serum response factor and actin dynamics. J Cell Biol 2002; 157:831-8. [PMID: 12034774 PMCID: PMC2173419 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200203126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA controls activity of serum response factor (SRF) by inducing changes in actin dynamics. We show that in PC12 cells, activation of SRF after serum stimulation is RhoA dependent, requiring both actin polymerization and the Rho kinase (ROCK)-LIM kinase (LIMK)-cofilin signaling pathway, previously shown to control F-actin turnover. Activation of SRF by overexpression of wild-type LIMK or ROCK-insensitive LIMK mutants also requires functional RhoA, indicating that a second RhoA-dependent signal is involved. This is provided by the RhoA effector mDia: dominant interfering mDia1 derivatives inhibit both serum- and LIMK-induced SRF activation and reduce the ability of LIMK to induce F-actin accumulation. These results demonstrate a role for LIMK in SRF activation, and functional cooperation between RhoA-controlled LIMK and mDia effector pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Geneste
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, WC2A 3PX, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|