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Xu L, Zhu X, Yi F, Liu Y, Sod B, Li M, Chen L, Kang J, Yang Q, Long R. A genome-wide study of the lipoxygenase gene families in Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa reveals that MtLOX24 participates in the methyl jasmonate response. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:195. [PMID: 38373903 PMCID: PMC10875803 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a multifunctional enzyme that is primarily related to plant organ growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and production of flavor-associated metabolites. In higher plants, the LOX family encompasses several isozymes with varying expression patterns between tissues and developmental stages. These affect processes including seed germination, seed storage, seedling growth, fruit ripening, and leaf senescence. LOX family genes have multiple functions in response to hormones such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid. RESULTS In this study, we identified 30 and 95 LOX homologs in Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa, respectively. These genes were characterized with analyses of their basic physical and chemical properties, structures, chromosomal distributions, and phylogenetic relationships to understand structural variations and their physical locations. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for members of the three LOX subfamilies (9-LOX, type I 13-LOX, and type II 13-LOX) in Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max, M. truncatula, and M. sativa. Analysis of predicted promoter elements revealed several relevant cis-acting elements in MtLOX and MsLOX genes, including abscisic acid (ABA) response elements (ABREs), MeJA response elements (CGTCA-motifs), and antioxidant response elements (AREs). Cis-element data combined with transcriptomic data demonstrated that LOX gene family members in these species were most likely related to abiotic stress responses, hormone responses, and plant development. Gene expression patterns were confirmed via quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Several MtLOX genes (namely MtLOX15, MtLOX16, MtLOX20, and MtLOX24) belonging to the type I 13-LOX subfamily and other LOX genes (MtLOX7, MtLOX11, MsLOX23, MsLOX87, MsLOX90, and MsLOX94) showed significantly different expression levels in the flower tissue, suggesting roles in reproductive growth. Type I 13-LOXs (MtLOX16, MtLOX20, MtLOX21, MtLOX24, MsLOX57, MsLOX84, MsLOX85, and MsLOX94) and type II 13-LOXs (MtLOX5, MtLOX6, MtLOX9, MtLOX10, MsLOX18, MsLOX23, and MsLOX30) were MeJA-inducible and were predicted to function in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Furthermore, exogenous MtLOX24 expression in Arabidopsis verified that MtLOX24 was involved in MeJA responses, which may be related to insect-induced abiotic stress. CONCLUSIONS We identified six and four LOX genes specifically expressed in the flowers of M. truncatula and M. sativa, respectively. Eight and seven LOX genes were induced by MeJA in M. truncatula and M. sativa, and the LOX genes identified were mainly distributed in the type I and type II 13-LOX subfamilies. MtLOX24 was up-regulated at 8 h after MeJA induction, and exogenous expression in Arabidopsis demonstrated that MtLOX24 promoted resistance to MeJA-induced stress. This study provides valuable new information regarding the evolutionary history and functions of LOX genes in the genus Medicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengyan Yi
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Yajiao Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bilig Sod
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hamoya T, Tomono S, Miyamoto S, Fujii G, Wakabayashi K, Mutoh M. Theoretical basis validation and oxidative stress markers for cancer prevention clinical trials of aspirin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21883. [PMID: 38072949 PMCID: PMC10711014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been proven effective in a clinical trial of carcinogenesis blockade. However, various modes of action have been reported for these effects. Thus, in this study, we aimed to present reasonable mode of actions as a proof of concept for human trials, especially trials for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Aspirin treatment at 1000 ppm inhibited intestinal tumorigenesis in FAP model Min mice. As a mode of action, aspirin regulated β-catenin signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we examined novel markers predictive of aspirin treatment based on liquid biopsy. Here, we demonstrated that aspirin reduced the levels of reactive carbonyl species in the serum of Min mice. These data are expected to be of use for proof of concept of aspirin human trials and implied for the prediction of aspirin efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamoya
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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Kanter JP, Honold PJ, Luh D, Heiles S, Spengler B, Fraatz MA, Zorn H, Hammer AK. Biocatalytic Production of Odor-Active Fatty Aldehydes from Fungal Lipids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:8112-8120. [PMID: 37196237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Odor-active fatty aldehydes are important compounds for the flavor and fragrance industry. By a coupled enzymatic reaction using an α-dioxygenase (α-DOX) and an aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), scarcely available aldehydes from the biotransformation of margaroleic acid [17:1(9Z)] were characterized and have shown highly interesting odor profiles, including citrus-like, soapy, herbaceous, and savory notes. In particular, (Z)-8-hexadecenal and (Z)-7-pentadecenal exhibited notable meaty odor characteristics. Submerged cultivation of Mortierella hyalina revealed the accumulation of the above-mentioned, naturally uncommon fatty acid 17:1(9Z). Its production was significantly increased by the modulation of culture conditions, whereas the highest accumulation was observed after 4 days at 24 °C and l-isoleucine supplementation. The lipase-, α-DOX-, and FALDH-mediated biotransformation of M. hyalina lipid extract resulted in a complex aldehyde mixture with a high aldehyde yield of ∼50%. The odor qualities of the formed aldehydes were assessed by means of gas chromatography-olfactometry, and several of the obtained fatty aldehydes have been sensorially described for the first time. To assess the aldehyde mixture's potential as a flavor ingredient, a sensory evaluation was conducted. The obtained product exhibited intense citrus-like, green, and soapy odor impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Kanter
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Jakob Honold
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - David Luh
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Heiles
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Lipidomics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marco Alexander Fraatz
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch of Bioresources, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Klaus Hammer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch of Bioresources, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Knieper M, Viehhauser A, Dietz KJ. Oxylipins and Reactive Carbonyls as Regulators of the Plant Redox and Reactive Oxygen Species Network under Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040814. [PMID: 37107189 PMCID: PMC10135161 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and in particular H2O2, serve as essential second messengers at low concentrations. However, excessive ROS accumulation leads to severe and irreversible cell damage. Hence, control of ROS levels is needed, especially under non-optimal growth conditions caused by abiotic or biotic stresses, which at least initially stimulate ROS synthesis. A complex network of thiol-sensitive proteins is instrumental in realizing tight ROS control; this is called the redox regulatory network. It consists of sensors, input elements, transmitters, and targets. Recent evidence revealed that the interplay of the redox network and oxylipins–molecules derived from oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially under high ROS levels–plays a decisive role in coupling ROS generation and subsequent stress defense signaling pathways in plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the current knowledge on the interaction of distinct oxylipins generated enzymatically (12-OPDA, 4-HNE, phytoprostanes) or non-enzymatically (MDA, acrolein) and components of the redox network. Further, recent findings on the contribution of oxylipins to environmental acclimatization will be discussed using flooding, herbivory, and establishment of thermotolerance as prime examples of relevant biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Rodriguez VM, Velasco P, Abilleira R, Cartea E. Metabolomic fingerprint of cabbage resistance to Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:803-810. [PMID: 36259248 PMCID: PMC10092884 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants defend themselves from insect feeding by activating specific metabolic pathways. We performed a metabolomic analysis to compare the metabolome reorganization that occurs in the leaves of two genotypes of cabbage (one partially resistant and one susceptible) when attacked by Mamestra brassicae caterpillars. RESULTS The comparison of the metabolomic reorganization of both genotypes allowed us to identify 43 metabolites that are specifically associated with the insect feeding response in the resistant genotype. Of these, 19% are lipids or lipid-related compounds, most of which are modified fatty acids. These include glycosylated, glycerol-binding and oxidized fatty acids, the majority being associated with the oxylipin pathway. Some of the identified lipids are unlikely to be produced by plants and may be the result of biochemical reactions in the caterpillar oral secretions. A further 16% are phenylpropanoids. Interestingly, some phenylpropanoids were not present in the susceptible genotype, making them possible candidates for specific resistance-related compounds. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that glucosinolates do not have a clear role in the resistance to M. brassicae feeding on cabbage. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we associated the regulation of metabolic pathways related to lipid signalling and phenylpropanoid compounds with the resistance to this pest. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Rodriguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
| | - Rosaura Abilleira
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
| | - Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
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Savchenko T, Degtyaryov E, Radzyukevich Y, Buryak V. Therapeutic Potential of Plant Oxylipins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14627. [PMID: 36498955 PMCID: PMC9741157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For immobile plants, the main means of protection against adverse environmental factors is the biosynthesis of various secondary (specialized) metabolites. The extreme diversity and high biological activity of these metabolites determine the researchers' interest in plants as a source of therapeutic agents. Oxylipins, oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids, are particularly promising in this regard. Plant oxylipins, which are characterized by a diversity of chemical structures, can exert protective and therapeutic properties in animal cells. While the therapeutic potential of some classes of plant oxylipins, such as jasmonates and acetylenic oxylipins, has been analyzed thoroughly, other oxylipins are barely studied in this regard. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of all major classes of plant oxylipins, including derivatives of acetylenic fatty acids, jasmonates, six- and nine-carbon aldehydes, oxy-, epoxy-, and hydroxy-derivatives of fatty acids, as well as spontaneously formed phytoprostanes and phytofurans. The presented analysis will provide an impetus for further research investigating the beneficial properties of these secondary metabolites and bringing them closer to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Evgeny Degtyaryov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Puschchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki st., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Radzyukevich
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vlada Buryak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, str. 51, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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7
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Kanter JP, Honold PJ, Lüke D, Heiles S, Spengler B, Fraatz MA, Harms C, Ley JP, Zorn H, Hammer AK. An enzymatic tandem reaction to produce odor-active fatty aldehydes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6095-6107. [PMID: 36040487 PMCID: PMC9468042 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aldehydes represent a versatile and favored class of flavoring substances. A biocatalytic access to odor-active aldehydes was developed by conversion of fatty acids with two enzymes of the α-dioxygenase pathway. The recombinant enzymes α-dioxygenase (α-DOX) originating from Crocosphaera subtropica and fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) from Vibrio harveyi were heterologously expressed in E. coli, purified, and applied in a coupled (tandem) repetitive reaction. The concept was optimized in terms of number of reaction cycles and production yields. Up to five cycles and aldehyde yields of up to 26% were achieved. Afterward, the approach was applied to sea buckthorn pulp oil as raw material for the enzyme catalyzed production of flavoring/fragrance ingredients based on complex aldehyde mixtures. The most abundant fatty acids in sea buckthorn pulp oil, namely palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acid, were used as substrates for further biotransformation experiments. Various aldehydes were identified, semi-quantified, and sensorially characterized by means of headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS–O). Structural validation of unsaturated aldehydes in terms of double-bond positions was performed by multidimensional high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments of their Paternò–Büchi (PB) photoproducts. Retention indices and odor impressions of inter alia (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadienal (Z,Z)-6,9-pentadecadienal, (Z)-8-pentadecenal, (Z)-4-tridecenal, (Z)-6-pentadecenal, and (Z)-8-heptadecenal were determined for the first time. Key points • Coupled reaction of Csα-DOX and VhFALDH yields chain-shortened fatty aldehydes. • Odors of several Z-unsaturated fatty aldehydes are described for the first time. • Potential for industrial production of aldehyde-based odorants from natural sources. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12134-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Kanter
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Jakob Honold
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - David Lüke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marco Alexander Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstrasse 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Jakob Peter Ley
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstrasse 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Klaus Hammer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Kim IJ, Bayer T, Terholsen H, Bornscheuer U. α-Dioxygenases (α-DOXs): Promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly production of aroma compounds. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100693. [PMID: 35107200 PMCID: PMC9305512 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes (FALs) can be derived from fatty acids (FAs) and related compounds and are frequently used as flavors and fragrances. Although chemical methods have been conventionally used, their selective biotechnological production aiming at more efficient and eco‐friendly synthetic routes is in demand. α‐Dioxygenases (α‐DOXs) are heme‐dependent oxidative enzymes biologically involved in the initial step of plant FA α‐oxidation during which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the Cα‐position of a FA (Cn) to generate the intermediate FA hydroperoxide, which is subsequently converted into the shortened corresponding FAL (Cn‐1). α‐DOXs are promising biocatalysts for the flavor and fragrance industries, they do not require NAD(P)H as cofactors or redox partner proteins, and they have a broad substrate scope. Here, we highlight recent advances in the biocatalytic utilization of α‐DOXs with emphasis on newly discovered cyanobacterial α‐DOXs as well as analytical methods to measure α‐DOX activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Bayer
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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Molina J, Nikolic D, Jeevarathanam JR, Abzalimov R, Park EJ, Pedales R, Mojica ERE, Tandang D, McLaughlin W, Wallick K, Adams J, Novy A, Pell SK, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM. Living with a giant, flowering parasite: metabolic differences between Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. (Vitaceae) shoots uninfected and infected with Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) and potential applications for propagation. PLANTA 2021; 255:4. [PMID: 34841446 PMCID: PMC8627921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites in Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma were compared which may have applications in Rafflesia propagation. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, here reported for the first time in Vitaceae, were abundant in non-infected shoots and may be a form of defense. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxylipins, which mediate immune response, were elevated. Endemic to the forests of Southeast Asia, Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) is a genus of holoparasitic plants producing the largest flowers in the world, yet completely dependent on its host, the tropical grape vine, Tetrastigma. Rafflesia species are threatened with extinction, making them an iconic symbol of plant conservation. Thus far, propagation has proved challenging, greatly decreasing efficacy of conservation efforts. This study compared the metabolites in the shoots of Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma loheri to examine how Rafflesia infection affects host metabolomics and elucidate the Rafflesia infection process. Results from LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis showed benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were naturally more abundant in non-infected shoots and are here reported for the first time in the genus Tetrastigma, and in the grape family, Vitaceae. These metabolites have been implicated in plant defense mechanisms and may prevent a Rafflesia infection. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, and a flavonoid, previously shown involved in plant immune response, were significantly elevated. This study provides a preliminary assessment of metabolites that differ between Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma hosts and may have applications in Rafflesia propagation to meet conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmaire Molina
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rinat Abzalimov
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Facility, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ronniel Pedales
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Elmer-Rico E Mojica
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danilo Tandang
- Philippine National Herbarium (PNH), Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- Academia Sinica, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Kyle Wallick
- United States Botanic Garden, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Adams
- United States Botanic Garden, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ari Novy
- San Diego Botanic Garden, Encinitas, CA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan K Pell
- United States Botanic Garden, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John M Pezzuto
- College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
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10
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Metabolomics analysis of grains of wheat infected and noninfected with Tilletia controversa Kühn. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18876. [PMID: 34556726 PMCID: PMC8460654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwarf bunt caused by the pathogen Tilletia controversa Kühn is one of the most serious quarantine diseases of winter wheat. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue levels of plants. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was used to investigate the changes in the grain metabolomics of infected and noninfected with T. controversa samples. PCA suggested that T. controversa-infected and noninfected samples were separated during the interaction. LC/MS analysis showed that 62 different metabolites were recorded in the grains, among which a total of 34 metabolites were upregulated and 28 metabolites were downregulated. Prostaglandins (PGs) and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9-HODEs) are fungal toxin-related substances, and their expression significantly increased in T. controversa-infected grains. Additionally, the concentrations of cucurbic acid and octadecatrienoic acid changed significantly after pathogen infection, which play a large role in plant defense. The eight different metabolic pathways activated during T. controversa and wheat plant interactions included phenylalanine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, we found differences in the metabolic profiles of wheat grains after T. controversa infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the metabolites in wheat grains after T. controversa infection.
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The Combination of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Synergistically Increases Reactive Carbonyl Species in Human Male Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169043. [PMID: 34445749 PMCID: PMC8396601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are major risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases. Although it has been reported that the combination of these habits worsens risks, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) cause chemical modifications of biological molecules, leading to alterations in cellular signaling pathways, and total RCS levels have been used as a lipid peroxidation marker linked to lifestyle-related diseases. In this study, at least 41 types of RCS were identified in the lipophilic fraction of plasma samples from 40 subjects using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Higher levels of 10 alkanals, 5 trans-2-alkenals, 1 cis-4-alkenal, and 3 alkadienals were detected in the smoking/drinking group (N = 10) as compared to those with either habit (N = 10 each) or without both habits (N = 10) in the analysis of covariances adjusted for age and BMI. The levels of 3 alkanals, 1 trans-2-alkenal, 1 alkadienal, and 1 4-hydroxy-2-alkenal in the smoking/drinking group were significantly higher than those in the no-smoking/drinking and no-smoking/no-drinking groups. These results strongly indicate that the combination of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking synergistically increases the level and variety of RCS in the circulating blood, and may further jeopardize cellular function.
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Izquierdo Y, Muñiz L, Vicente J, Kulasekaran S, Aguilera V, López Sánchez A, Martínez-Ayala A, López B, Cascón T, Castresana C. Oxylipins From Different Pathways Trigger Mitochondrial Stress Signaling Through Respiratory Complex III. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:705373. [PMID: 34394161 PMCID: PMC8358658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.705373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins are signaling molecules produced from fatty acids by oxidative pathways, mainly initiated by 9- and 13-lipoxygenases (9-LOX and 13-LOX), alpha-dioxygenases or non-enzymatic oxidation. Oxylipins from the 9-LOX pathway induce oxidative stress and control root development and plant defense. These activities have been associated with mitochondrial processes, but precise cellular targets and pathways remain unknown. In order to study oxylipin signaling, we previously generated a collection of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that were insensitive to the 9-LOX products 9(S)-hydroxy-10,12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HOT) and its ketone derivative 9-KOT (noxy mutants). Here, we describe noxy1, noxy3, noxy5, noxy23, and noxy54 mutants, all affected in nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins, and use them to study the role of mitochondria in oxylipin signaling. Functional and phenotypic analyses showed that noxy plants displayed mitochondrial aggregation, reduced respiration rates and resistance to the complex III inhibitor Antimycin A (AA), thus indicating a close similarity of the oxylipin signaling and mitochondrial stress. Application of 9-HOT and 9-KOT protected plants against subsequent mitochondrial stress, whereas they boosted root growth reduction when applied in combination with complex III inhibitors but did not with inhibitors of other respiratory complexes. A similar effect was caused by linear-chain oxylipins from 13-LOX or non-enzymatic pathways having α,β-unsaturated hydroxyl or keto groups in their structure. Studies to investigate 9-HOT and 9-KOT activity indicated that they do not reduce respiration rates, but their action is primarily associated with enhanced ROS responses. This was supported by the results showing that 9-HOT or 9-KOT combined with AA amplified the expression of oxylipin- and ROS-responding genes but not of the AA marker AOX1a, thus implying the activation of a specific mitochondria retrograde signaling pathway. Our results implicate mitochondrial complex III as a hub in the signaling activity of multiple oxylipin pathways and point at downstream ROS responses as components of oxylipin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovanny Izquierdo
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Muñiz
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Vicente
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Satish Kulasekaran
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Aguilera
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López Sánchez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ada Martínez-Ayala
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bran López
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Jain P, Singh S, Arya A. A student centric method for calculation of fatty acid energetics: Integrated formula and web tool. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 49:492-499. [PMID: 33427394 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial beta-oxidation is one of the most common modes of fatty acids' oxidation in most organisms, particularly mammals. Biochemistry undergraduate curriculum often contains the description of the process, with emphasis on ATP calculations for various types of fatty acids. During our decade long teaching experience in biochemistry, we observed the difficulty faced by students in calculating energetics of several fatty acids beyond palmitic acid. We developed a canonical formula by mathematical transformations and logical derivation to aid the calculation in a much simpler manner to ease both teaching and learning experience. ATP yield of even-numbered fatty acids may be calculated using a formula [(7C - 6 - 1.5 D) - 2(D-2)], andadenosine triphosphate (ATP) yield for odd-numbered fatty acids can be calculated using [(7C - 19 - 1.5 D) - 2(D-2)], where C is the number of carbon atoms in fatty acids, D is the number of double bonds. The unbold part of the formulae is limited to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we integrated these formulae into an HTML based web-interface for handily calculations, which is likely to augment fatty acids oxidation learning-teaching processes easier. This tool has been recently tested in our classroom programs on biochemistry and received an excellent feedback from the learners. Also, the mathematical formula is ready for being incorporated into standard biochemistry textbooks. The webtool as an opensource biochemical calculator can be effectively used in classrooms by both instructors and students while solving comprehension based questions on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Jain
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sneha Singh
- Amazing Biotech Pvt Ltd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aditya Arya
- Amazing Biotech Pvt Ltd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Cook R, Lupette J, Benning C. The Role of Chloroplast Membrane Lipid Metabolism in Plant Environmental Responses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030706. [PMID: 33806748 PMCID: PMC8005216 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are nonmotile life forms that are constantly exposed to changing environmental conditions during the course of their life cycle. Fluctuations in environmental conditions can be drastic during both day–night and seasonal cycles, as well as in the long term as the climate changes. Plants are naturally adapted to face these environmental challenges, and it has become increasingly apparent that membranes and their lipid composition are an important component of this adaptive response. Plants can remodel their membranes to change the abundance of different lipid classes, and they can release fatty acids that give rise to signaling compounds in response to environmental cues. Chloroplasts harbor the photosynthetic apparatus of plants embedded into one of the most extensive membrane systems found in nature. In part one of this review, we focus on changes in chloroplast membrane lipid class composition in response to environmental changes, and in part two, we will detail chloroplast lipid-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Cook
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
| | - Josselin Lupette
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
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15
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Hammer AK, Albrecht F, Hahne F, Jordan P, Fraatz MA, Ley J, Geissler T, Schrader J, Zorn H, Buchhaupt M. Biotechnological Production of Odor-Active Methyl-Branched Aldehydes by a Novel α-Dioxygenase from Crocosphaera subtropica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10432-10440. [PMID: 32396373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a result of their pleasant odor qualities and low odor thresholds, iso- and anteiso-fatty aldehydes represent promising candidates for applications in flavoring preparations. A novel cyanobacterial α-dioxygenase from Crocosphaera subtropica was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and applied for the biotechnological production of C12-C15 branched-chain fatty aldehydes. The enzyme has a sequence identity of less than 40% to well-investigated α-dioxygenase from rice. Contrary to the latter, it efficiently transformed short-chained fatty acids. The kinetic parameters of α-dioxygenase toward unbranched and iso-branched-chain substrates were studied by means of an oxygen-depletion assay. The transformation products (C12-C15 iso- and anteiso-aldehydes) were extensively characterized, including their sensory properties. The aldehydes exhibited green-soapy, sweety odors with partial citrus-like, metallic, peppery, and savory-tallowy nuances. Moreover, the two C14 isomers showed particularly low odor threshold values of 0.2 and 0.3 ng/L in air as determined by means of gas chromatography-olfactometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas K Hammer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Albrecht
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Friederike Hahne
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Paulina Jordan
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco A Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Straße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jakob Ley
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | | | - Jens Schrader
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Straße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Gläser P, Dawid C, Meister S, Bader-Mittermaier S, Schott M, Eisner P, Hofmann T. Molecularization of Bitter Off-Taste Compounds in Pea-Protein Isolates ( Pisum sativum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10374-10387. [PMID: 31896259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionations, combined with taste dilution analyses (TDA), were performed to locate the key compounds contributing to the bitter off-taste of pea-protein isolates (Pisum sativum L.). Purification of the compounds perceived with the highest sensory impact, followed by 1D/2D-NMR, (LC-)MS/MS, LC-TOF-MS, and MSE experiments, led to the identification of 14 lipids and lipid oxidation products, namely, 9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid, 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acid, 9,10,11-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic, 11,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid, (10E,12E)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, (9E,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, 1-linoleoyl glycerol, α-linolenic acid, 2-hydroxypalmitic acid, 2-hydroxyoleic acid, linoleic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-oxooctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, and octacosa-6,9,19,22-tetraen. Herein, we present the isolation, structure determination, and sensory activity of these molecules. Depending on their structure, the isolated compounds showed human bitter recognition thresholds between 0.06 and 0.99 mmol/L in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gläser
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meister
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bader-Mittermaier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Schott
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Eisner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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17
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Fernández-Santos R, Izquierdo Y, López A, Muñiz L, Martínez M, Cascón T, Hamberg M, Castresana C. Protein Profiles of Lipid Droplets during the Hypersensitive Defense Response of Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas Infection. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1144-1157. [PMID: 32219438 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have classically been viewed as seed storage particles, yet they are now emerging as dynamic organelles associated with developmental and stress responses. Nevertheless, their involvement in plant immunity has still been little studied. Here, we found LD accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves that induced a hypersensitive response (HR) after Pseudomonas infection. We established a protocol to reproducibly isolate LDs and to analyze their protein content. The expression of GFP fusion proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana and in transgenic Arabidopsis lines validated the LD localization of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4) and 8 (GPAT8), required for cutin biosynthesis. Similarly, we showed LD localization of α-dioxygenase1 (α-DOX1) and caleosin3 (CLO3), involved in the synthesis of fatty acid derivatives, and that of phytoalexin-deficient 3 (PAD3), which is involved in camalexin synthesis. We found evidence suggesting the existence of different populations of LDs, with varying protein contents and distributions. GPAT4 and GPAT8 were associated with LDs inside stomata and surrounding cells of untreated leaves, yet they were mainly confined to LDs in guard cells after bacterial inoculation. By contrast, α-DOX1 and PAD3 were associated with LDs in the epidermal cells of HR-responding leaves, with PAD3 mostly restricted to cells near dead tissue, while CLO3 had a more ubiquitous distribution. As such, the nature of the proteins identified, together with the phenotypic examination of selected mutants, suggests that LDs participate in lipid changes and in the production and transport of defense components affecting the interaction of plants with invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yovanny Izquierdo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Muñiz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Kurokawa Y, Fujii G, Tomono S, Miyamoto S, Hamoya T, Takahashi M, Narita T, Komiya M, Kobayashi M, Higami Y, Mutoh M. The Radical Scavenger NZ-419 Suppresses Intestinal Polyp Development in Apc-Mutant Mice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010270. [PMID: 31963747 PMCID: PMC7019572 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and it is important to establish effective methods for preventing colorectal cancer. One effective prevention strategy could be the use of antioxidants. However, the role of the direct antioxidative function of antioxidants against carcinogenesis has not been clarified. Thus, we aimed to determine whether the direct removal of reactive oxygen species by a hydroxyl radical scavenger, NZ-419, could inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. NZ-419 is a creatinine metabolite that has been shown to be safe and to inhibit the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats, and it is now under clinical development. In the present study, we demonstrated that NZ-419 eliminated reactive oxygen species production in HCT116 cells after H2O2 stimulation and suppressed H2O2-induced Nrf2 promoter transcriptional activity. The administration of 500 ppm NZ-419 to Apc-mutant Min mice for 8 weeks resulted in a decrease in the number of polyps in the middle segment of the small intestine to 62.4% of the value in the untreated control (p < 0.05 vs. control group). As expected, NZ-419 treatment affected the levels of reactive carbonyl species, which are oxidative stress markers in the serum of Min mice. Suppression of the mRNA levels of the proliferation-associated factor c-Myc was observed in intestinal polyps of Min mice after NZ-419 treatment, with a weak suppression of epithelial cell proliferation assessed by proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining in the intestinal polyps. This study demonstrated that NZ-419 suppress the development of intestinal polyps in Min mice, suggesting the utility of radical scavenger/antioxidants as a cancer chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Kurokawa
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Gen Fujii
- Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center Research, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan;
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hamoya
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Maiko Takahashi
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Takumi Narita
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Masami Komiya
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.H.)
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.H.)
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-03-3542-2511 (ext. 3337)
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19
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Liu D, Shi S, Hao Z, Xiong W, Luo M. OsbZIP81, A Homologue of Arabidopsis VIP1, May Positively Regulate JA Levels by Directly Targetting the Genes in JA Signaling and Metabolism Pathway in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092360. [PMID: 31086007 PMCID: PMC6539606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. In plants, jasmonic acid (JA) plays essential roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. As one of the largest transcription factors (TFs), basic region/leucine zipper motif (bZIP) TFs play pivotal roles through the whole life of plant growth. However, the relationship between JA and bZIP TFs were rarely reported, especially in rice. In this study, we found two rice homologues of Arabidopsis VIP1 (VirE2-interacting protein 1), OsbZIP81, and OsbZIP84. OsbZIP81 has at least two alternative transcripts, OsbZIP81.1 and OsbZIP81.2. OsbZIP81.1 and OsbZIP84 are typical bZIP TFs, while OsbZIP81.2 is not. OsbZIP81.1 can directly bind OsPIOX and activate its expression. In OsbZIP81.1 overexpression transgenic rice plant, JA (Jasmonic Acid) and SA (Salicylic acid) were up-regulated, while ABA (Abscisic acid) was down-regulated. Moreover, Agrobacterium, Methyl Jasmonic Acid (MeJA), and PEG6000 can largely induce OsbZIP81. Based on ChIP-Seq and Random DNA Binding Selection Assay (RDSA), we identified a novel cis-element OVRE (Oryza VIP1 response element). Combining ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, we obtained 1332 targeted genes that were categorized in biotic and abiotic responses, including α-linolenic acid metabolism and fatty acid degradation. Together, these results suggest that OsbZIP81 may positively regulate JA levels by directly targeting the genes in JA signaling and metabolism pathway in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shaopeng Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhijun Hao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wentao Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meizhong Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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20
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Oliw EH. Polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids derivatized with Gly and Ile as an additional tool for studies of the catalytic evolution of fungal 8- and 9-dioxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1378-1387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Oliw EH. Product specificity of fungal 8R- and 9S-dioxygenases of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily with amino acid derivatized polyenoic fatty acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 640:93-101. [PMID: 29352967 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi express fatty acid dioxygenases (DOX) fused to cytochromes P450 with diol or allene oxide synthase activities. The orientation of the fatty acids in the active sites of DOX was investigated with amino acid conjugates of 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6. 9S-DOX-allene oxide synthase (AOS) oxidized the Gly, Ile, and Trp derivatives at C-9, which suggests that these conjugates enter the substrate recognition site with the omega end in analogy with fatty acids bound to cyclooxygenases and coral 8R-lipoxygenase (8R-LOX). In contrast, 7,8-diol synthases (7,8-LDS), 5,8-LDS, and 8R-DOX-AOS oxidized the Gly conjugates in most case only to small amounts of metabolites, but with retention of hydrogen abstraction at C-8 and relatively minor hydrogen abstraction at C-11. The Ile and Trp conjugates were not oxidized at C-8, and often insignificantly at C-9/C-13. The 8-DOX domains of these enzymes likely position the carboxyl group of substrates at the end of the active site in analogy with plant α-DOX and 9-LOX. Tyr radicals of the 9S-DOX and 8R-DOX domains catalyze antarafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion in 18:3n-3. This occurs by abstraction of the proR and proS hydrogens at C-11 and C-8, respectively, in agreement with different "head to tail" orientation in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Onuma W, Asai D, Tomono S, Miyamoto S, Fujii G, Hamoya T, Nagano A, Takahashi S, Masumori S, Miyoshi N, Wakabayashi K, Mutoh M. Anticarcinogenic Effects of Dried Citrus Peel in Colon Carcinogenesis Due to Inhibition of Oxidative Stress. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:855-861. [PMID: 28718722 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1339096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Reactive oxygen species produce oxidative stress and contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. Because dietary citrus has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, we investigated the effects of citrus peel extract at dilutions of 1/200-1/500 on the activity of oxidative-stress-related transcription factors, including AP-1, NF-κB, NRF2, p53, and STAT3, in human colon cancer cell line HCT116 cells using a luciferase reporter gene assay. NRF2 transcriptional activities were 1.8- to 2.0-fold higher than the untreated control value. In addition, NF-κB, p53, and STAT3 transcriptional activities were 12-26% lower than the untreated control value. Administration of dried citrus peel in the diet of F344 rats at a dose of 1,000 ppm prevented the formation of azoxymethane-induced precancerous aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon. The total number of ACF in rats fed with dried citrus peel was reduced to 75% of the control value. Moreover, the levels of oxidative-stress-related markers, reactive carbonyl species, in the serum of F344 rats were significantly reduced following the administration of dried citrus peel. These data suggest that citrus peel possesses an ability to suppress cellular oxidative stress through induction of NRF2, thereby preventing azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Onuma
- a Epidemiology and Prevention Division , Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Daichi Asai
- a Epidemiology and Prevention Division , Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- c Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- a Epidemiology and Prevention Division , Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- d Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention , National Cancer Center Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takahiro Hamoya
- a Epidemiology and Prevention Division , Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Aya Nagano
- a Epidemiology and Prevention Division , Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- b Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | | | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- c Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- c Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- a Epidemiology and Prevention Division , Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center , Tokyo , Japan.,d Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention , National Cancer Center Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
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23
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Hamoya T, Miyamoto S, Tomono S, Fujii G, Nakanishi R, Komiya M, Tamura S, Fujimoto K, Toshima J, Wakabayashi K, Mutoh M. Chemopreventive effects of a low-side-effect antibiotic drug, erythromycin, on mouse intestinal tumors. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 60:199-207. [PMID: 28584401 PMCID: PMC5453017 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to establish effective methods for preventing colorectal cancer because the number of colorectal cancer deaths is increasing. Erythromycin one of the macrolide antibiotics, has been shown to exert pleiotropic effects, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, on mammalian cells. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of erythromycin on intestinal carcinogenesis. We first confirmed that erythromycin suppresses the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 and the expression of its downstream targets, interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human colon cancer cells. Next, we fed 5-week-old male Apc mutant Min mice with diets containing 500 ppm erythromycin for 15 weeks. Erythromycin treatment significantly reduced the number of proximal intestinal polyps to 70.9% of the untreated control value. Moreover, erythromycin reduced the levels of interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in intestinal polyps. Although the levels of hepatic NADPH oxidase mRNA were decreased, erythromycin treatment did not affect the levels of oxidative stress markers, reactive carbonyl species, in the liver of Min mice. Our results suggest that erythromycin suppresses intestinal polyp development in Min mice, in part by attenuating local inflammation, and indicate that erythromycin is useful as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamoya
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ruri Nakanishi
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Komiya
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shuya Tamura
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujimoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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24
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Hong CE, Ha YI, Choi H, Moon JY, Lee J, Shin AY, Park CJ, Yoon GM, Kwon SY, Jo IH, Park JM. Silencing of an α-dioxygenase gene, Ca-DOX, retards growth and suppresses basal disease resistance responses in Capsicum annum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:497-509. [PMID: 28004240 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-dioxygenases (α-DOX) catalyzing the primary oxygenation of fatty acids to oxylipins were recently found in plants. Here, the biological roles of the pepper α-DOX (Ca-DOX) gene, which is strongly induced during non-host pathogen infection in chili pepper, were examined. Virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that down-regulation of Ca-DOX enhanced susceptibility to bacterial pathogens and suppressed the hypersensitive response via the suppression of pathogenesis-related genes such as PR4, proteinase inhibitor II and lipid transfer protein (PR14). Ca-DOX-silenced pepper plants also exhibited more retarded growth with lower epidermal cell numbers and reduced cell wall thickness than control plants. To better understand regulation of Ca-DOX, transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven from a putative Ca-DOX promoter were generated. GUS expression was significantly induced upon avirulent pathogen infection in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves, whereas GUS induction was relatively weak upon virulent pathogen treatment. After treatment with plant hormones, early and strong GUS expression was seen after treatment of salicylic acid, whereas ethylene and methyl jasmonate treatments produced relatively weak and late GUS signals. These results will enable us to further understand the role of α-DOX, which is important in lipid metabolism, defense responses, and growth development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Eun Hong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, South Korea
| | - Young-Im Ha
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyoju Choi
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, South Korea
| | - Ah-Young Shin
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Chang Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Mee Yoon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Suk-Yoon Kwon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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25
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Onuma W, Tomono S, Miyamoto S, Fujii G, Hamoya T, Fujimoto K, Miyoshi N, Fukai F, Wakabayashi K, Mutoh M. Irsogladine maleate, a gastric mucosal protectant, suppresses intestinal polyp development in Apc-mutant mice. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8640-52. [PMID: 26840084 PMCID: PMC4890993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify gastric mucosal protectants that suppress intestinal tumorigenesis in a mouse model. We chose six gastric mucosal protectants (ecabet sodium hydrate, irsogladine maleate, rebamipide, sofalcone, teprenone and troxipide) and examined their effects on the activity of oxidative stress-related transcriptional factors, including AP-1, NF-jB, NRF2, p53 and STAT3, in Caco-2 cells using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Among the six protectants, irsogladine maleate clearly inhibited NF-jB and AP-1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the chemopreventive property of irsogladine maleate was examined in a Min mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Treatment with irsogladine maleate at doses of 5 and 50 ppm significantly reduced the number of intestinal polyps to 69% and 66% of the untreated control value, respectively. In these polyps, mRNA levels of the downstream targets of NF-jB, such as IL-1β and IL-6, were decreased by irsogladine maleate treatment. Moreover, the levels of oxidative stress-related markers, reactive carbonyl species, in the livers of Min mice were clearly decreased following the administration of irsogladine maleate. This study demonstrated that irsogladine maleate suppresses intestinal polyp formation in Min mice partly through the NF-jB signaling pathway, thus reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Onuma
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinngo Miyamoto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hamoya
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujimoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Fukai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Hanano A, Almousally I, Shaban M, Moursel N, Shahadeh A, Alhajji E. Differential tissue accumulation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in Arabidopsis thaliana affects plant chronology, lipid metabolism and seed yield. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:193. [PMID: 26260741 PMCID: PMC4531507 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioxins are one of the most toxic groups of persistent organic pollutants. Their biotransmission through the food chain constitutes a potential risk for human health. Plants as principal actors in the food chain can play a determinant role in removing dioxins from the environment. Due to the lack of data on dioxin/plant research, this study sets out to determine few responsive reactions adopted by Arabidopsis plant towards 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic congener of dioxins. RESULTS Using a high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis plant uptakes TCDD by the roots and accumulates it in the vegetative parts in a tissue-specific manner. TCDD mainly accumulated in rosette leaves and mature seeds and less in stem, flowers and immature siliques. Moreover, we observed that plants exposed to high doses of TCDD exhibited a delay in flowering and yielded fewer seeds of a reduced oil content with a low vitality. A particular focus on the plant fatty acid metabolism showed that TCDD caused a significant reduction in C18-unsaturated fatty acid level in plant tissues. Simultaneously, TCDD induced the expression of 9-LOX and 13-LOX genes and the formation of their corresponding hydroperoxides, 9- and 13-HPOD as well as 9- or 13-HPOT, derived from linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current work highlights a side of toxicological effects resulting in the administration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the Arabidopsis plant. Similarly to animals, it seems that plants may accumulate TCDD in their lipids by involving few of the FA-metabolizing enzymes for sculpting a specific oxylipins "signature" typified to plant TCDD-tolerance. Together, our results uncover novel responses of Arabidopsis to dioxin, possibly emerging to overcome its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), B.P. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Ibrahem Almousally
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), B.P. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Mouhnad Shaban
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), B.P. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Nour Moursel
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), B.P. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - AbdAlbaset Shahadeh
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), B.P. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Eskander Alhajji
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), B.P. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
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Shimada TL, Hara-Nishimura I. Leaf oil bodies are subcellular factories producing antifungal oxylipins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:145-50. [PMID: 26051035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil bodies act as lipid storage compartments in plant cells. In seeds they supply energy for germination and early seedling growth. Oil bodies are also present in the leaves of many vascular plants, but their function in leaves has been poorly understood. Recent studies with oil bodies from senescent Arabidopsis thaliana leaves identified two enzymes, peroxygenase (CLO3) and α-dioxygenase (α-DOX), which together catalyze a coupling reaction to produce an antifungal compound (2-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid) from α-linolenic acid. Leaf oil bodies also have other enzymes including lipoxygenases, phospholipases, and triacylglycerol lipases. Hence, leaf oil bodies might function as intracellular factories to efficiently produce stable compounds via unstable intermediates by concentrating the enzymes and hydrophobic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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29
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Machado L, Castro A, Hamberg M, Bannenberg G, Gaggero C, Castresana C, de León IP. The Physcomitrella patens unique alpha-dioxygenase participates in both developmental processes and defense responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 25848849 PMCID: PMC4334559 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant α-dioxygenases catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to the formation of oxylipins. In flowering plants, two main groups of α-DOXs have been described. While the α-DOX1 isoforms are mainly involved in defense responses against microbial infection and herbivores, the α-DOX2 isoforms are mostly related to development. To gain insight into the roles played by these enzymes during land plant evolution, we performed biochemical, genetic and molecular analyses to examine the function of the single copy moss Physcomitrella patens α-DOX (Ppα-DOX) in development and defense against pathogens. RESULTS Recombinant Ppα-DOX protein catalyzed the conversion of fatty acids into 2-hydroperoxy derivatives with a substrate preference for α-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Ppα-DOX is expressed during development in tips of young protonemal filaments with maximum expression levels in mitotically active undifferentiated apical cells. In leafy gametophores, Ppα-DOX is expressed in auxin producing tissues, including rhizoid and axillary hairs. Ppα-DOX transcript levels and Ppα-DOX activity increased in moss tissues infected with Botrytis cinerea or treated with Pectobacterium carotovorum elicitors. In B. cinerea infected leaves, Ppα-DOX-GUS proteins accumulated in cells surrounding infected cells, suggesting a protective mechanism. Targeted disruption of Ppα-DOX did not cause a visible developmental alteration and did not compromise the defense response. However, overexpressing Ppα-DOX, or incubating wild-type tissues with Ppα-DOX-derived oxylipins, principally the aldehyde heptadecatrienal, resulted in smaller moss colonies with less protonemal tissues, due to a reduction of caulonemal filament growth and a reduction of chloronemal cell size compared with normal tissues. In addition, Ppα-DOX overexpression and treatments with Ppα-DOX-derived oxylipins reduced cellular damage caused by elicitors of P. carotovorum. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the unique α-DOX of the primitive land plant P. patens, although apparently not crucial, participates both in development and in the defense response against pathogens, suggesting that α-DOXs from flowering plants could have originated by duplication and successive functional diversification after the divergence from bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucina Machado
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Castro
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
- />Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mats Hamberg
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard Bannenberg
- />Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carina Gaggero
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Castresana
- />Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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30
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Hanano A, Bessoule JJ, Heitz T, Blée E. Involvement of the caleosin/peroxygenase RD20 in the control of cell death during Arabidopsis responses to pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e991574. [PMID: 25830533 PMCID: PMC4622875 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.991574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Caleosins, mostly found in lipid droplets of seeds and leaves, are believed to play physiological roles through their enzymatic capacities to produce oxylipins. We recently identified the caleosin RD20 as a peroxygenase reducing endogenous fatty acid hydroperoxides into their corresponding alcohols. Such oxylipins confer tolerance to oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species accumulation and by minimizing cell death. RD20 expression being induced by pathogens, we have examined the mode of action of this caleosin in response to biotic stress. Plants overexpressing RD20 exhibited an alteration of their leaf cuticle wax components and an increased resistance to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Conversely, silencing RD20 led to an enhanced propagation of the fungus and to reduced severity of the damages caused by the inoculation of the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. We discuss these findings and propose that the major function of RD20 is to generate oxylipins modulating oxidative status and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Atomic Energy Commission of Syria; Damascus, Syria
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire; Unité Mixte de Recherche Center National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux; Institut de la Recherche Agronomique; Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Heitz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Unité Propre de Recherche Center National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Elizabeth Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Unité Propre de Recherche Center National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence to: Elizabeth Blée;
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de León IP, Hamberg M, Castresana C. Oxylipins in moss development and defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:483. [PMID: 26191067 PMCID: PMC4490225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated fatty acids that participate in plant development and defense against pathogen infection, insects, and wounding. Initial oxygenation of substrate fatty acids is mainly catalyzed by lipoxygenases (LOXs) and α-dioxygenases but can also take place non-enzymatically by autoxidation or singlet oxygen-dependent reactions. The resulting hydroperoxides are further metabolized by secondary enzymes to produce a large variety of compounds, including the hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and short-chain green leaf volatiles. In flowering plants, which lack arachidonic acid, oxylipins are produced mainly from oxidation of polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids, notably linolenic and linoleic acids. Algae and mosses in addition possess polyunsaturated C20 fatty acids including arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids, which can also be oxidized by LOXs and transformed into bioactive compounds. Mosses are phylogenetically placed between unicellular green algae and flowering plants, allowing evolutionary studies of the different oxylipin pathways. During the last years the moss Physcomitrella patens has become an attractive model plant for understanding oxylipin biosynthesis and diversity. In addition to the advantageous evolutionary position, functional studies of the different oxylipin-forming enzymes can be performed in this moss by targeted gene disruption or single point mutations by means of homologous recombination. Biochemical characterization of several oxylipin-producing enzymes and oxylipin profiling in P. patens reveal the presence of a wider range of oxylipins compared to flowering plants, including C18 as well as C20-derived oxylipins. Surprisingly, one of the most active oxylipins in plants, JA, is not synthesized in this moss. In this review, we present an overview of oxylipins produced in mosses and discuss the current knowledge related to the involvement of oxylipin-producing enzymes and their products in moss development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Inés Ponce de León, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay,
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Blée E, Boachon B, Burcklen M, Le Guédard M, Hanano A, Heintz D, Ehlting J, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Bessoule JJ. The reductase activity of the Arabidopsis caleosin RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION20 mediates gibberellin-dependent flowering time, abscisic acid sensitivity, and tolerance to oxidative stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:109-24. [PMID: 25056921 PMCID: PMC4149700 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contrasting with the wealth of information available on the multiple roles of jasmonates in plant development and defense, knowledge about the functions and the biosynthesis of hydroxylated oxylipins remains scarce. By expressing the caleosin RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION20 (RD20) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that the recombinant protein possesses an unusual peroxygenase activity with restricted specificity toward hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acid. Accordingly, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing RD20 accumulate the product 13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid, a linolenate-derived hydroxide. These plants exhibit elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with early gibberellin-dependent flowering and abscisic acid hypersensitivity at seed germination. These phenotypes are dependent on the presence of active RD20, since they are abolished in the rd20 null mutant and in lines overexpressing RD20, in which peroxygenase was inactivated by a point mutation of a catalytic histidine residue. RD20 also confers tolerance against stress induced by Paraquat, Rose Bengal, heavy metal, and the synthetic auxins 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Under oxidative stress, 13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid still accumulates in RD20-overexpressing lines, but this lipid oxidation is associated with reduced ROS levels, minor cell death, and delayed floral transition. A model is discussed where the interplay between fatty acid hydroxides generated by RD20 and ROS is counteracted by ethylene during development in unstressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Michel Burcklen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Marina Le Guédard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
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Nguyen PT, Bui TTL, Chau ND, Bui HT, Kim EJ, Kang HK, Lee SH, Jang HD, Nguyen TC, Nguyen VT, Nguyen XC, Nguyen HN, Chau VM, Kim YH. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of constituents of the mangrove Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:446-55. [PMID: 25001899 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study performed phytochemical and bioactive assessments of the mangrove Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. leaves. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extracts led to the identification of thirty-six compounds (1-36), their structures were elucidated using detailed NMR spectroscopic and MS analysis. The extracts, fractions, and the isolated compounds were screened for potential antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Antioxidant assays were performed using peroxyl radical-scavenging and reducing assays, whereas cytotoxicity was measured using MTT assays in HL-60 and Hel-299 cell lines. The methanolic extract, CH2Cl2 and n-BuOH fractions (10.0 μg/mL) exhibited potent antioxidant activity, with Trolox equivalent (TE) values of 24.94 ± 0.59, 28.34 ± 0.20, and 27.09 ± 0.37 (μM), respectively. In addition, the isolated compounds exerted cytotoxic effects in a dose-dependent manner; compounds 1 and 14 exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells, with IC50 values of 0.15 ± 0.29 and 0.60 ± 0.16 μM, respectively. To clarify the mechanism(s) behind these cytotoxic effects, we measured the time-dependent changes in apoptotic markers including the condensation and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin, and the downregulation of p-ERK1/2, p-AKT, and c-Myc levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Brash AR, Niraula NP, Boeglin WE, Mashhadi Z. An ancient relative of cyclooxygenase in cyanobacteria is a linoleate 10S-dioxygenase that works in tandem with a catalase-related protein with specific 10S-hydroperoxide lyase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13101-11. [PMID: 24659780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of exploring the scope of catalase-related hemoprotein reactivity toward fatty acid hydroperoxides, we detected a novel candidate in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102. The immediate neighboring upstream gene, annotated as "cyclooxygenase-2," appeared to be a potential fatty acid heme dioxygenase. We cloned both genes and expressed the cDNAs in Escherichia coli, confirming their hemoprotein character. Oxygen electrode recordings demonstrated a rapid (>100 turnovers/s) reaction of the heme dioxygenase with oleic and linoleic acids. HPLC, including chiral column analysis, UV, and GC-MS of the oxygenated products, identified a novel 10S-dioxygenase activity. The catalase-related hemoprotein reacted rapidly and specifically with linoleate 10S-hydroperoxide (>2,500 turnovers/s) with a hydroperoxide lyase activity specific for the 10S-hydroperoxy enantiomer. The products were identified by NMR as (8E)10-oxo-decenoic acid and the C8 fragments, 1-octen-3-ol and 2Z-octen-1-ol, in ∼3:1 ratio. Chiral HPLC analysis established strict enzymatic control in formation of the 3R alcohol configuration (99% enantiomeric excess) and contrasted with racemic 1-octen-3-ol formed in reaction of linoleate 10S-hydroperoxide with hematin or ferrous ions. The Nostoc linoleate 10S-dioxygenase, the sequence of which contains the signature catalytic sequence of cyclooxygenases and fungal linoleate dioxygenases (YRWH), appears to be a heme dioxygenase ancestor. The novel activity of the lyase expands the known reactions of catalase-related proteins and functions in Nostoc in specific transformation of the 10S-hydroperoxylinoleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Brash
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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35
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Zhu G, Koszelak-Rosenblum M, Malkowski MG. Crystal structures of α-dioxygenase from Oryza sativa: insights into substrate binding and activation by hydrogen peroxide. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1432-8. [PMID: 23934749 PMCID: PMC3795501 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Dioxygenases (α-DOX) are heme-containing enzymes found predominantly in plants and fungi, where they generate oxylipins in response to pathogen attack. α-DOX oxygenate a variety of 14-20 carbon fatty acids containing up to three unsaturated bonds through stereoselective removal of the pro-R hydrogen from the α-carbon by a tyrosyl radical generated via the oxidation of the heme moiety by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). We determined the X-ray crystal structures of wild type α-DOX from Oryza sativa, the wild type enzyme in complex with H2 O2 , and the catalytically inactive Y379F mutant in complex with the fatty acid palmitic acid (PA). PA binds within the active site cleft of α-DOX such that the carboxylate forms ionic interactions with His-311 and Arg-559. Thr-316 aids in the positioning of carbon-2 for hydrogen abstraction. Twenty-five of the twenty eight contacts made between PA and residues lining the active site occur within the carboxylate and first eight carbons, indicating that interactions within this region of the substrate are responsible for governing selectivity. Comparison of the wild type and H2 O2 structures provides insight into enzyme activation. The binding of H2 O2 at the distal face of the heme displaces residues His-157, Asp-158, and Trp-159 ≈ 2.5 Å from their positions in the wild type structure. As a result, the Oδ2 atom of Asp-158 interacts with the Ca atom in the calcium binding loop, the side chains of Trp-159 and Trp-213 reorient, and the guanidinium group of Arg-559 is repositioned near Tyr-379, poised to interact with the carboxylate group of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhu
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research InstituteBuffalo, New York
| | | | - Michael G Malkowski
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research InstituteBuffalo, New York
- Department of Structural Biology, The State University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, New York, 14203
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Aragüez I, Valpuesta V. Metabolic engineering of aroma components in fruits. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1144-58. [PMID: 24019257 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants have the ability to produce a diversity of volatile metabolites, which attract pollinators and seed dispersers and strengthen plant defense responses. Selection by plant breeders of traits such as rapid growth and yield leads, in many cases, to the loss of flavor and aroma quality in crops. How the aroma can be improved without affecting other fruit attributes is a major unsolved issue. Significant advances in metabolic engineering directed at improving the set of volatiles that the fruits emit has been aided by the characterization of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of flavor and aroma compounds in some fruits. However, before this technology can be successfully applied to modulate the production of volatiles in different crops, further basic research is needed on the mechanisms that lead to the production of these compounds in plants. Here we review the biosynthesis and function of volatile compounds in plants, and the attempts that have been made to manipulate fruit aroma biosynthesis by metabolic engineering. In addition, we discuss the possibilities that molecular breeding offers for aroma enhancement and the implications of the latest advances in biotechnological modification of fruit flavor and aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Aragüez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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Avila CA, Arevalo-Soliz LM, Lorence A, Goggin FL. Expression of α-DIOXYGENASE 1 in tomato and Arabidopsis contributes to plant defenses against aphids. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:977-86. [PMID: 23634839 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-13-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant α-dioxygenases (α-DOX) are fatty acid-hydroperoxidases that contribute to the synthesis of oxylipins, a diverse group of compounds primarily generated through oxidation of linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA). Oxylipins are implicated in plant signaling against biotic and abiotic stresses. We report here that the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) induces Slα-DOX1 but not Slα-DOX2 expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Slα-DOX1 upregulation by aphids does not require either jasmonic acid (JA) or salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, since tomato mutants deficient in JA (spr2, acx1) or SA accumulation (NahG) still show Slα-DOX1 induction. Virus-induced gene silencing of Slα-DOX1 enhanced aphid population growth in wild-type (WT) plants, revealing that Slα-DOX1 contributes to basal resistance to aphids. Moreover, an even higher percent increase in aphid numbers occurred when Slα-DOX1 was silenced in spr2, a mutant line characterized by elevated LA levels, decreased LNA, and enhanced aphid resistance as compared with WT. These results suggest that aphid reproduction is influenced by oxylipins synthesized from LA by Slα-DOX1. In agreement with our experiments in tomato, two independent α-dox1 T-DNA insertion mutant lines in Arabidopsis thaliana also showed increased susceptibility to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), indicating that the role α-DOX is conserved in other plant-aphid interactions.
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Kim KR, Oh DK. Production of hydroxy fatty acids by microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1473-85. [PMID: 23860413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are widely used in chemical, food, and cosmetic industries as starting materials for the synthesis of polymers and as additives for the manufacture of lubricants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. They have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities and therefore can be applied for medicinal uses. Microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, including P450, lipoxygenase, hydratase, 12-hydroxylase, and diol synthase, synthesize regio-specific hydroxy fatty acids. In this article, microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, with a focus on region-specificity and diversity, are summarized and the production of mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids is introduced. Finally, the production methods of regio-specific and diverse hydroxy fatty acids, such as gene screening, protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and combinatory biosynthesis, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Goulah CC, Zhu G, Koszelak-Rosenblum M, Malkowski MG. The crystal structure of α-Dioxygenase provides insight into diversity in the cyclooxygenase-peroxidase superfamily. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1364-72. [PMID: 23373518 PMCID: PMC3589821 DOI: 10.1021/bi400013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Dioxygenases (α-DOX) oxygenate fatty acids into 2(R)-hydroperoxides. Despite the low level of sequence identity, α-DOX share common catalytic features with cyclooxygenases (COX), including the use of a tyrosyl radical during catalysis. We determined the X-ray crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana α-DOX to 1.5 Å resolution. The α-DOX structure is monomeric, predominantly α-helical, and comprised of two domains. The base domain exhibits a low degree of structural homology with the membrane-binding domain of COX but lies in a similar position with respect to the catalytic domain. The catalytic domain shows the highest degree of similarity with the COX catalytic domain, where 21 of the 22 α-helical elements are conserved. Helices H2, H6, H8, and H17 form the heme binding cleft and walls of the active site channel. His-318, Thr-323, and Arg-566 are located near the catalytic tyrosine, Tyr-386, at the apex of the channel, where they interact with a chloride ion. Substitutions at these positions coupled with kinetic analyses confirm previous hypotheses that implicate these residues as being involved in binding and orienting the carboxylate group of the fatty acid for optimal catalysis. Unique to α-DOX is the presence of two extended inserts on the surface of the enzyme that restrict access to the distal face of the heme, providing an explanation for the observed reduced peroxidase activity of the enzyme. The α-DOX structure represents the first member of the α-DOX subfamily to be structurally characterized within the cyclooxygenase-peroxidase family of heme-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Mary Koszelak-Rosenblum
- Department of Structural Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Michael G. Malkowski
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14203,Department of Structural Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Michael G. Malkowski, Ph.D., Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203. Tel: (716) 898-8624; Fax: (716) 898-8660;
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Gruner K, Griebel T, Návarová H, Attaran E, Zeier J. Reprogramming of plants during systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:252. [PMID: 23874348 PMCID: PMC3711057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide microarray analyses revealed that during biological activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis, the transcript levels of several hundred plant genes were consistently up- (SAR(+) genes) or down-regulated (SAR(-) genes) in systemic, non-inoculated leaf tissue. This transcriptional reprogramming fully depended on the SAR regulator FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1). Functional gene categorization showed that genes associated with salicylic acid (SA)-associated defenses, signal transduction, transport, and the secretory machinery are overrepresented in the group of SAR(+) genes, and that the group of SAR(-) genes is enriched in genes activated via the jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET)-defense pathway, as well as in genes associated with cell wall remodeling and biosynthesis of constitutively produced secondary metabolites. This suggests that SAR-induced plants reallocate part of their physiological activity from vegetative growth towards SA-related defense activation. Alignment of the SAR expression data with other microarray information allowed us to define three clusters of SAR(+) genes. Cluster I consists of genes tightly regulated by SA. Cluster II genes can be expressed independently of SA, and this group is moderately enriched in H2O2- and abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes. The expression of the cluster III SAR(+) genes is partly SA-dependent. We propose that SA-independent signaling events in early stages of SAR activation enable the biosynthesis of SA and thus initiate SA-dependent SAR signaling. Both SA-independent and SA-dependent events tightly co-operate to realize SAR. SAR(+) genes function in the establishment of diverse resistance layers, in the direct execution of resistance against different (hemi-)biotrophic pathogen types, in suppression of the JA- and ABA-signaling pathways, in redox homeostasis, and in the containment of defense response activation. Our data further indicated that SAR-associated defense priming can be realized by partial pre-activation of particular defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gruner
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebel
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Hana Návarová
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elham Attaran
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Zeier, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany e-mail:
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König S, Feussner K, Schwarz M, Kaever A, Iven T, Landesfeind M, Ternes P, Karlovsky P, Lipka V, Feussner I. Arabidopsis mutants of sphingolipid fatty acid α-hydroxylases accumulate ceramides and salicylates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:1086-1097. [PMID: 23025549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the fatty acid moiety of sphingolipids is mainly α-hydroxylated. The consequences of a reduction in this modification were analysed. Mutants of both Fatty Acid Hydroxylase genes (AtFAH1 and AtFAH2) were analysed for sphingolipid profiles. To elucidate further consequences of the mutations, metabolic analyses were performed and the influence on pathogen defence was determined. Ceramide and glucosylceramide profiles of double-mutant plants showed a reduction in sphingolipids with α-hydroxylated fatty acid moieties, and an accumulation of sphingolipids without these moieties. In addition, the free trihydroxylated long-chain bases and ceramides were increased by five- and ten-fold, respectively, whereas the amount of glucosylceramides was decreased by 25%. Metabolite analysis of the double mutant revealed salicylates as enriched metabolites. Infection experiments supported the metabolic changes, as the double mutant showed an enhanced disease-resistant phenotype for infection with the obligate biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. In summary, these results suggest that fatty acid hydroxylation of ceramides is important for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids. Its absence leads to the accumulation of long-chain bases and ceramides as their precursors. This increases salicylate levels and resistance towards obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens, confirming a role of sphingolipids in salicylic acid-dependent defence reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie König
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marnie Schwarz
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ternes
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Department of Crop Sciences, Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Group, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Gaquerel E, Steppuhn A, Baldwin IT. Nicotiana attenuata α-DIOXYGENASE1 through its production of 2-hydroxylinolenic acid is required for intact plant defense expression against attack from Manduca sexta larvae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:574-585. [PMID: 22937952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata α-DIOXYGENASE1 (α-DOX1) is an oxylipin-forming gene elicited during herbivory by fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs) contained in oral secretions of Manduca sexta. To understand the roles of Naα-DOX1 and its major product, 2-hydroxylinolenic acid (2-hydroxylinolenic acid), in N. attenuata's anti-herbivore defenses, we used a transgenic line specifically silenced in Naα-DOX1 expression (ir-α-dox1) and monitored 2-HOT production in M. sexta-damaged tissues and its role in influencing the production of direct defense compounds and resistance to this insect. Attack by M. sexta larvae amplified 2-HOT formation at the feeding sites; a reaction probably facilitated by Naα-DOX1's high pH optimum which allows 2-HOT formation to occur in the more alkaline conditions at the feeding sites or potentially in the insect mouth parts after the leaf tissue is ingested. Manduca sexta larvae performed better on ir-α-dox1 plants than on wild-type (WT) plants as a result of attenuated herbivory-specific JA and 2-HOT bursts as well as JA-inducible well-established defenses (nicotine, caffeoylputrescine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors). Repeated applications of 2-HOT to wounds before insect feeding partly amplified JA-controlled defenses and restored the resistance of ir-α-dox1 plants. We conclude that 2-HOT, produced by attack-activated α-DOX1 activity, participates in defense activation during insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Strasse 9, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Guelette BS, Benning UF, Hoffmann-Benning S. Identification of lipids and lipid-binding proteins in phloem exudates from Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3603-16. [PMID: 22442409 PMCID: PMC3388829 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The phloem plays a crucial role in assimilate and nutrient transport, pathogen response, and plant growth and development. Yet, few species have yielded pure phloem exudate and, if proteins need to be analysed, those species may not have sequenced genomes, making identification difficult. The enrichment of Arabidopsis thaliana phloem exudate in amounts large enough to allow for metabolite and protein analysis is described. Using this method, it was possible to identify 65 proteins present in the Arabidopsis phloem exudate. The majority of these proteins could be grouped by response to pathogens, stress, or hormones, carbon metabolism, protein interaction, modification, and turnover, and transcription factors. It was also possible to detect 11 proteins that play a role in lipid/fatty acid metabolism (aspartic protease, putative 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, UDP-sulphoquinovose synthase/SQD1, lipase, PIG-P-like protein: phosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase), storage (glycine-rich protein), binding (annexin, lipid-associated family protein, GRP17/oleosin), and/or signalling (annexin, putative lipase, PIG-P-like protein). Along with putative lipid-binding proteins, several lipids and fatty acids could be identified. Only a few examples exist of lipids (jasmonic acid, oxylipins) or lipid-binding proteins (DIR1, acyl-CoA-binding protein) in the phloem. Finding hydrophobic compounds in an aqueous environment is not without precedence in biological systems: human blood contains a variety of lipids, many of which play a significant role in human health. In blood, lipids are transported while bound to proteins. The present findings of lipids and lipid-binding proteins in phloem exudates suggest that a similar long-distance lipid signalling exists in plants and may play an important role in plant growth and development.
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Benning UF, Tamot B, Guelette BS, Hoffmann-Benning S. New aspects of Phloem-mediated long-distance lipid signaling in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:53. [PMID: 22639651 PMCID: PMC3355628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile and cannot move to appropriate hiding places or feeding grounds to escape adverse conditions. As a consequence, they evolved mechanisms to detect changes in their environment, communicate these to different organs, and adjust development accordingly. These adaptations include two long-distance transport systems which are essential in plants: the xylem and the phloem. The phloem serves as a major trafficking pathway for assimilates, viruses, RNA, plant hormones, metabolites, and proteins with functions ranging from synthesis to metabolism to signaling. The study of signaling compounds within the phloem is essential for our understanding of plant communication of environmental cues. Determining the nature of signals and the mechanisms by which they are communicated through the phloem will lead to a more complete understanding of plant development and plant responses to stress. In our analysis of Arabidopsis phloem exudates, we had identified several lipid-binding proteins as well as fatty acids and lipids. The latter are not typically expected in the aqueous environment of sieve elements. Hence, lipid transport in the phloem has been given little attention until now. Long-distance transport of hydrophobic compounds in an aqueous system is not without precedence in biological systems: a variety of lipids is found in human blood and is often bound to proteins. Some lipid-protein complexes are transported to other tissues for storage, use, modification, or degradation; others serve as messengers and modulate transcription factor activity. By simple analogy it raises the possibility that lipids and the respective lipid-binding proteins in the phloem serve similar functions in plants and play an important role in stress and developmental signaling. Here, we introduce the lipid-binding proteins and the lipids we found in the phloem and discuss the possibility that they may play an important role in developmental and stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Florian Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Banita Tamot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brandon Scott Guelette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Susanne Hoffmann-Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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Huff GS, Doncheva IS, Brinkley DW, Angeles-Boza AM, Mukherjee A, Cramer CJ, Roth JP. Experimental and Computational Investigations of Oxygen Reactivity in a Heme and Tyrosyl Radical-Containing Fatty Acid α-(Di)oxygenase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7375-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Huff
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Irina S. Doncheva
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David W. Brinkley
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Justine P. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Kaehne F, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J. A recombinant α-dioxygenase from rice to produce fatty aldehydes using E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:989-95. [PMID: 21347727 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes are an important group of fragrance and flavor compounds that are found in different fruits and flowers. A biotechnological synthesis of fatty aldehydes based on Escherichia coli cells expressing an α-dioxygenase (αDOX) from Oryza sativa (rice) is presented. α-Dioxygenases are the initial enzymes of α-oxidation in plants and oxidize long and medium-chain C(n) fatty acids to 2-hydroperoxy fatty acids. The latter are converted to C(n-1) fatty aldehydes by spontaneous decarboxylation. Successful expression of αDOX in E. coli was proven by an in vitro luciferase assay. Using resting cells of this recombinant E. coli strain, conversion of different fatty acids to the respective fatty aldehydes shortened by one carbon atom was demonstrated. The usage of Triton X 100 improves the conversion rate up to 1 g aldehyde per liter per hour. Easy reuse of the cells was demonstrated by performing a second biotransformation without any loss of biocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Kaehne
- DECHEMA e.V. Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Biochemical Engineering, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Steppuhn A, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT. The two alpha-dox genes of Nicotiana attenuata: overlapping but distinct functions in development and stress responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:171. [PMID: 20701756 PMCID: PMC3017789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant fatty acid alpha-dioxygenases (alpha-DOX) are oxylipin-forming enzymes induced by biotic and abiotic stresses, which also participate in developmental processes. In Nicotiana attenuata, herbivory strongly induces the expression of an alpha-dox1 gene. To determine its role, we silenced its expression using Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation with an inverted repeat construct. More than half of the transformed lines showed a severe dwarf growth phenotype that was very similar to the phenotype of tomato plants mutated at a second alpha-dox isoform. This led us to identify the corresponding alpha-dox2 gene in N. attenuata and examine the regulation of both alpha-dox genes as well as the consequences of their silencing in plant development and anti-herbivore defense. RESULTS The transformed lines exhibiting a dwarf growth phenotype are co-silenced for both alpha-dox genes resulting in a nearly complete suppression of alpha-DOX activity, which is associated with increases in ABA, JA and anthocyanin levels, all metabolic signatures of oxidative stress. The other lines, only silenced for alpha-dox1, developed similarly to wild-type plants, exhibited a 40% reduction of alpha-DOX activity resulting in a 50% reduction of its main product in planta (2-HOT) and showed no signs of oxidative stress. In contrast to alpha-dox1, the expression of alpha-dox2 gene is not induced by wounding or elicitors in the oral secretions of Manduca sexta. Instead, alpha-dox2 is expressed in roots and flowers which lack alpha-dox1 expression, but both genes are equally regulated during leaf maturation. We transiently silenced alpha-dox gene copies with gene-specific constructs using virus induced gene silencing and determined the consequences for plant development and phytohormone and 2-HOT levels. While individual silencing of alpha-dox1 or alpha-dox2 had no effects on plant growth, the co-suppression of both alpha-dox genes decreased plant growth. Plants transiently silenced for both alpha-dox genes had increased constitutive levels of JA and ABA but silencing alpha-dox1 alone resulted in lower M. sexta-induced levels of JA, 2-HOT and ABA. CONCLUSIONS Thus, both alpha-dox isoforms function in the development of N. attenuata. In leaf maturation, the two alpha-dox genes have overlapping functions, but only alpha-dox2 is involved in root and flower development and only alpha-dox1 functions in anti-herbivore defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology Department/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute for Biology/Free University of Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, Berlin 12163, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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Graichen FHM, Warden AC, Kyi S, O'Shea MS. Synthesis of Diyne Substituted 2-Hydroxy Acids, Esters, and Amides. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of diyne substituted 2-hydroxy acids and derivatives have been prepared and characterized. Alkylation of butane-2,3-diacetal protected glycolic acid with haloalkyl substituted diyne compounds gave the corresponding diacetal protected diyne substituted 2-hydroxy acids. Diacetal deprotection through acid mediated hydrolysis, transesterification, or aminolysis afforded the 2-hydroxy-diyne acid, ester, or amide derivatives, respectively. A novel class of polydiacetylenes was produced through topochemical polymerization of a 2-hydroxy diyne acid and compared with the polymerization of non-hydroxylated diyne acids.
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Poirier Y, Brumbley SM. Metabolic Engineering of Plants for the Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanaotes. MICROBIOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03287-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ring MW, Schwär G, Bode HB. Biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy and iso-even fatty acids is connected to sphingolipid formation in myxobacteria. Chembiochem 2009; 10:2003-10. [PMID: 19575369 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy fatty acids can be found in several different organisms, including bacteria. In this study, we have studied the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy fatty acids in the myxobacteria Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca, resulting in the identification of a family of stereospecific fatty acid alpha-hydroxylases. Although the stereospecificities of the hydroxylases differ between these two species, they share a common function in supporting fatty acid alpha-oxidation; that is, the oxidative shortening of fatty acids. Whereas in S. aurantiaca this process takes place during normal vegetative growth, in M. xanthus it takes place only under developmental conditions. We were also able to identify serine palmitoyltransferase encoding genes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis as well as sphingolipids themselves in both types of myxobacteria, and were able to show that the alpha-hydroxylation reaction is in fact dependent on the presence of fatty acids bound to sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Ring
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken (Germany)
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