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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Shen YQ, Chen Q. Thioredoxin (Trx): A redox target and modulator of cellular senescence and aging-related diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103032. [PMID: 38232457 PMCID: PMC10827563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a compact redox-regulatory protein that modulates cellular redox state by reducing oxidized proteins. Trx exhibits dual functionality as an antioxidant and a cofactor for diverse enzymes and transcription factors, thereby exerting influence over their activity and function. Trx has emerged as a pivotal biomarker for various diseases, particularly those associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Recent clinical investigations have underscored the significance of Trx in disease diagnosis, treatment, and mechanistic elucidation. Despite its paramount importance, the intricate interplay between Trx and cellular senescence-a condition characterized by irreversible growth arrest induced by multiple aging stimuli-remains inadequately understood. In this review, our objective is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the structure and function of Trx, its involvement in redox signaling pathways and cellular senescence, its association with aging and age-related diseases, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Our review aims to elucidate the novel and extensive role of Trx in senescence while highlighting its implications for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Shcholok T, Eftekharpour E. Insights into the Multifaceted Roles of Thioredoxin-1 System: Exploring Knockout Murine Models. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:180. [PMID: 38534450 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Redox balance is increasingly identified as a major player in cellular signaling. A fundamentally simple reaction of oxidation and reduction of cysteine residues in cellular proteins is the central concept in this complex regulatory mode of protein function. Oxidation of key cysteine residues occurs at the physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but they are reduced by a supply of thiol antioxidant molecules including glutathione, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin. While these molecules show complex compensatory roles in experimental conditions, transgenic animal models provide a comprehensive picture to pinpoint the role of each antioxidant. In this review, we have specifically focused on the available literature on thioredoxin-1 system transgenic models that include thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase proteins. As the identification of thioredoxin protein targets is technically challenging, the true contribution of this system in maintaining cellular balance remains unidentified, including the role of this system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Shcholok
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 631-BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 631-BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Siwo GH, Singal AG, Waljee AK. Pan-cancer molecular signatures connecting aspartate transaminase (AST) to cancer prognosis, metabolic and immune signatures. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.01.582939. [PMID: 38496547 PMCID: PMC10942358 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.01.582939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Serum aspartate transaminase (sAST) level is used routinely in conjunction with other clinical assays to assess liver health and disease. Increasing evidence suggests that sAST is associated with all-cause mortality and has prognostic value in several cancers, including gastrointestinal and urothelial cancers. Here, we undertake a systems approach to unravel molecular connections between AST and cancer prognosis, metabolism, and immune signatures at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Methods We mined public gene expression data across multiple normal and cancerous tissues using the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEX) resource and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to assess the expression of genes encoding AST isoenzymes (GOT1 and GOT2) and their association with disease prognosis and immune infiltration signatures across multiple tumors. We examined the associations between AST and previously reported pan-cancer molecular subtypes characterized by distinct metabolic and immune signatures. We analyzed human protein-protein interaction networks for interactions between GOT1 and GOT2 with cancer-associated proteins. Using public databases and protein-protein interaction networks, we determined whether the subset of proteins that interact with AST (GOT1 and GOT2 interactomes) are enriched with proteins associated with specific diseases, miRNAs and transcription factors. Results We show that AST transcript isoforms (GOT1 and GOT2) are expressed across a wide range of normal tissues. AST isoforms are upregulated in tumors of the breast, lung, uterus, and thymus relative to normal tissues but downregulated in tumors of the liver, colon, brain, kidney and skeletal sarcomas. At the proteomic level, we find that the expression of AST is associated with distinct pan-cancer molecular subtypes with an enrichment of specific metabolic and immune signatures. Based on human protein-protein interaction data, AST physically interacts with multiple proteins involved in tumor initiation, suppression, progression, and treatment. We find enrichments in the AST interactomes for proteins associated with liver and lung cancer and dermatologic diseases. At the regulatory level, the GOT1 interactome is enriched with the targets of cancer-associated miRNAs, specifically mir34a - a promising cancer therapeutic, while the GOT2 interactome is enriched with proteins that interact with cancer-associated transcription factors. Conclusions Our findings suggest that perturbations in the levels of AST within specific tissues reflect pathophysiological changes beyond tissue damage and have implications for cancer metabolism, immune infiltration, prognosis, and treatment personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX
- Center for Global Health Equity, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Akbar K. Waljee
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX
- Center for Global Health Equity, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Liu X, Yu B, Gao F, Jing P, Zhang P, Zheng G, Zhang X. Chemical immune conization of precancerous cervical lesions awakens immune cells and restores normal HPV negative and abnormal proliferation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1259723. [PMID: 38235142 PMCID: PMC10791839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers in women, which is closely linked to the persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Current treatment of cervical cancer involves radical hysterectomy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy or a combination. Objective We investigated if hapten-enhanced intratumoral chemotherapy (HEIC) was effective in boosting immunity for effective treatment of precancerous cervical lesions and HPV infection. Study design We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to obtain transcriptome profiles of 40,239 cells from biopsies of precancerous cervical lesions from the cervix directly from one patient before the start of HEIC and approximately 1 week after HEIC. The blood samples were taken at the same time as biopsies. We compared the expression characteristics of malignant epithelial cells and immune cells, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, mural cells, T cells, B cells, T and NK neutrophils, mast cells, microparticles (MPs), and platelets, as well as the dynamic changes in cell percentage and cell subtype heterogeneity. Results Intratumoral injection of chemotherapy drug plus hapten induces an acute immune response in precancerous cervical lesions with HPV and further awakens immune cells to prevent the abnormal proliferation of the precancerous cells. Conclusion HEIC provides a potential treatment method for cervical cancer and HPV infection tailored to each patient's condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Liu
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
| | - Baofa Yu
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Baofa Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Core Lab., Immune Oncology Systems, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Jing
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
| | - Peicheng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
| | - Guoqin Zheng
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, TaiMei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong, China
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Khuanjing T, Maneechote C, Ongnok B, Prathumsap N, Arinno A, Chunchai T, Arunsak B, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Vagus nerve stimulation and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil provide cardioprotection against trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115836. [PMID: 37816466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab (Trz) is a targeted anticancer drug for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors, as Trz-induced cardiotoxicity (TIC) is commonly observed in Trz-treated patients. Since cardiac autonomic modulation with electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors exerts cardioprotection against various heart diseases, the comparative effects of electrical VNS and an AChE inhibitor (donepezil) on cardiac and mitochondrial functions and programmed cell death pathways in TIC are not known. VNS devices were implanted in thirty-two male Wistar rats and were divided into 4 groups: (i) Control-Sham (CSham), (ii) Trz-Sham (TSham), (iii) Trz-VNS (TVNS), and (iv) Trz-donepezil (TDPZ). Rats in the Trz-treated groups were intraperitoneally injected with Trz (4 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, while CSham rats were injected with NSS. VNS devices were activated in the TVNS rats during the 7-day Trz treatment, but not in the sham rats. Rats in the TDPZ group received donepezil orally (5 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. At the end, left ventricular (LV) function and heart rate variability were evaluated, and heart tissue was collected for biochemical and histological analysis. Trz rats showed LV dysfunction and cardiac sympathovagal imbalance. In addition, mitochondrial function and dynamics were impaired in TIC rats. Trz also increased cardiomyocyte death by inducing apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Electrical VNS and donepezil had similar efficacy in alleviating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, dynamic imbalances, and cardiomyocyte death, leading to improved LV function. These findings suggested that parasympathetic activation via either VNS or an AChE inhibitor could be a promising therapeutic intervention against TIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawatchai Khuanjing
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayodom Maneechote
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Benjamin Ongnok
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nanthip Prathumsap
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apiwan Arinno
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Busarin Arunsak
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Rius-Pérez S. p53 at the crossroad between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and necroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:183-193. [PMID: 37481144 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
p53 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that can regulate multiple cell death programs through different signaling pathways. In this review, we assess the role of p53 in the regulation of necroptosis, a programmed form of lytic cell death highly involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. In particular, we focus on the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) as essential contributors to modulate necroptosis execution through p53. The enhanced generation of mtROS during necroptosis is critical for the correct interaction between receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and 3 (RIPK3), two key components of the functional necrosome. p53 controls the occurrence of necroptosis by modulating the levels of mitochondrial H2O2 via peroxiredoxin 3 and sulfiredoxin. Furthermore, in response to increased levels of H2O2, p53 upregulates the long non-coding RNA necrosis-related factor, favoring the translation of RIPK1 and RIPK3. In parallel, a fraction of cytosolic p53 migrates into mitochondria, a process notably involved in necroptosis execution via its interaction with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In conclusion, p53 is located at the intersection between mtROS and the necroptosis machinery, making it a key protein to orchestrate redox signaling during necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100, Valencia, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sugandhi S, Rajmane V, Taunk K, Jadhav S, Nema V, Rapole S, Mande SC. The role of thioredoxin proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis probed by proteome-wide target profiling. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101512. [PMID: 37521372 PMCID: PMC10371808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis encounters diverse microenvironments, including oxidative assault (ROS and RNS), when it attempts to establish itself within its human host. Therefore, redox sensory and regulation processes are assumed significant importance, as these are essential processes for M. tuberculosis to survive under these hostile conditions. M. tuberculosis contains thioredoxin system to maintain redox homeostasis, which establish a balance between the thiol/dithiol couple. Still very less is known about it. In the present study, we attempted to capture the targets of all the M. tuberculosis thioredoxin proteins (viz., TrxB and TrxC) and a thioredoxin-like protein, NrdH, under aerobic and hypoxic conditions by performing thioredoxin trapping chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. We found that TrxC captured the maximum number of targets in both the physiological conditions and most of the targets of TrxB and NrdH showing overlap with targets of TrxC, indicating that TrxC acts as main thioredoxin. Further the PANTHER classification system provides involvement of targets in various metabolic processes and Gene Ontology analysis suggests that glutamine biosynthetic process and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are the most enriched processes in the target list of TrxC and TrxB respectively. Also, we suggest that the thioredoxin system might play an important role under hypoxia by targeting those proteins which are responsible to sense and maintain hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, our studies establish a link between TrxB and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in M. tuberculosis. Ultimately, these findings open a new direction to target the thioredoxin system for screening new anti-mycobacterial drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sugandhi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Vyankatesh Rajmane
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Khushman Taunk
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Sushama Jadhav
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Shekhar C. Mande
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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Zhu M, Dagah OMA, Silaa BB, Lu J. Thioredoxin/Glutaredoxin Systems and Gut Microbiota in NAFLD: Interplay, Mechanism, and Therapeutical Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1680. [PMID: 37759983 PMCID: PMC10525532 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common clinical disease, and its pathogenesis is closely linked to oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Recently accumulating evidence indicates that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems, the two thiol-redox dependent antioxidant systems, are the key players in the NAFLD's development and progression. However, the effects of gut microbiota dysbiosis on the liver thiol-redox systems are not well clarified. This review explores the role and mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by bacteria in NAFLD while emphasizing the crucial interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and Trx mediated-redox regulation. The paper explores how dysbiosis affects the production of specific gut microbiota metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amino acids, bile acid, and alcohol. These metabolites, in turn, significantly impact liver inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and cellular damage through thiol-dependent redox signaling. It suggests that comprehensive approaches targeting both gut microbiota dysbiosis and the thiol-redox antioxidant system are essential for effectively preventing and treating NAFLD. Overall, comprehending the intricate relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis and thiol-redox systems in NAFLD holds significant promise in enhancing patient outcomes and fostering the development of innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (M.Z.); (O.M.A.D.); (B.B.S.)
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Chaudière J. Biological and Catalytic Properties of Selenoproteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10109. [PMID: 37373256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenocysteine is a catalytic residue at the active site of all selenoenzymes in bacteria and mammals, and it is incorporated into the polypeptide backbone by a co-translational process that relies on the recoding of a UGA termination codon into a serine/selenocysteine codon. The best-characterized selenoproteins from mammalian species and bacteria are discussed with emphasis on their biological function and catalytic mechanisms. A total of 25 genes coding for selenoproteins have been identified in the genome of mammals. Unlike the selenoenzymes of anaerobic bacteria, most mammalian selenoenzymes work as antioxidants and as redox regulators of cell metabolism and functions. Selenoprotein P contains several selenocysteine residues and serves as a selenocysteine reservoir for other selenoproteins in mammals. Although extensively studied, glutathione peroxidases are incompletely understood in terms of local and time-dependent distribution, and regulatory functions. Selenoenzymes take advantage of the nucleophilic reactivity of the selenolate form of selenocysteine. It is used with peroxides and their by-products such as disulfides and sulfoxides, but also with iodine in iodinated phenolic substrates. This results in the formation of Se-X bonds (X = O, S, N, or I) from which a selenenylsulfide intermediate is invariably produced. The initial selenolate group is then recycled by thiol addition. In bacterial glycine reductase and D-proline reductase, an unusual catalytic rupture of selenium-carbon bonds is observed. The exchange of selenium for sulfur in selenoproteins, and information obtained from model reactions, suggest that a generic advantage of selenium compared with sulfur relies on faster kinetics and better reversibility of its oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Chaudière
- CBMN (CNRS, UMR 5248), University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
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Nelson TJ, Xu Y. Sting and p53 DNA repair pathways are compromised in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8304. [PMID: 37221295 PMCID: PMC10206146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. A common finding in AD is DNA damage. Double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) are particularly hazardous to neurons because their post-mitotic state forces neurons to rely on error-prone and potentially mutagenic mechanisms to repair DNA breaks. However, it remains unclear whether DNA damage results from increased DNA damage or failure of DNA repair. Oligomerization of the tumor suppressor protein p53 is an essential part of DSB repair, and p53 phosphorylated on S15 is an indicator of DNA damage. We report that the monomer:dimer ratio of phosphorylated (S15) p53 is increased by 2.86-fold in temporal lobes of AD patients compared to age-matched controls, indicating that p53 oligomerization is compromised in AD. In vitro oxidation of p53 with 100 nM H2O2 produced a similar shift in the monomer:dimer ratio. A COMET test showed a higher level of DNA degradation in AD consistent with double-strand DNA damage or inhibition of repair. Protein carbonylation was also elevated (190% of control), indicating elevated oxidative stress in AD patients. Levels of the DNA repair support protein 14-3-3σ, γ-H2AX, a phosphorylated histone marking double strand DNA breaks, and phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein were all increased. cGAS-STING-interferon signaling was impaired in AD and was accompanied by a depletion of STING protein from Golgi and a failure to elevate interferon despite the presence of DSBs. The results suggest that oxidation of p53 by ROS could inhibit the DDR and decrease its ability to orchestrate DSB repair by altering the oligomerization state of p53. The failure of immune-stimulated DNA repair may contribute to cell loss in AD and suggests new therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25704, USA.
| | - Yunhui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25704, USA
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Abstract
Significance: Thioredoxin (Trx) is a powerful antioxidant that reduces protein disulfides to maintain redox stability in cells and is involved in regulating multiple redox-dependent signaling pathways. Recent Advance: The current accumulation of findings suggests that Trx participates in signaling pathways that interact with various proteins to manipulate their dynamic regulation of structure and function. These network pathways are critical for cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Promising clinical advances have been presented by most anticancer agents targeting such signaling pathways. Critical Issues: We herein link the signaling pathways regulated by the Trx system to potential cancer therapeutic opportunities, focusing on the coordination and strengths of the Trx signaling pathways in apoptosis, ferroptosis, immunomodulation, and drug resistance. We also provide a mechanistic network for the exploitation of therapeutic small molecules targeting the Trx signaling pathways. Future Directions: As research data accumulate, future complex networks of Trx-related signaling pathways will gain in detail. In-depth exploration and establishment of these signaling pathways, including Trx upstream and downstream regulatory proteins, will be critical to advancing novel cancer therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 403-424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengjia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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Zhao HM, He J, Chang YT, Liu LY, Sun F, Lin HW, Yang F. Marine Sponge-Derived Alkaloid Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway against Burkitt's Lymphoma. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:45-51. [PMID: 36524671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) has a particularly extremely poor prognosis and the fastest growth rate among human tumors, and the development of new drugs for the treatment of BL is urgently needed. In this study, the cytotoxic properties of 3,7-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-aaptamine (AP-51), a new semisynthetic alkaloid derived from the marine natural product aapatamine, were investigated using BL cell lines. Our results showed that AP-51 inhibited the proliferation of Daudi and Raji cells with IC50 values of 3.48 and 2.07 μM, respectively. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses showed that AP-51 initiated G0/G1 phase arrest by modulating the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). AP-51 also induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by nuclear fragmentation, downregulation of BCL-XL and Mcl-1, and upregulation of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, and cytochrome c, the markers of apoptosis regulated via the mitochondrial pathway. When it comes to mitochondria, AP-51 treatment also significantly increased the levels of intracellular mitochondrial superoxide, decreased ATP content, and reduced the expression of ATP synthase, as well as the expression of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Finally, AP-51 treatment significantly inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which was shown to be associated with the induction of apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicated that AP-51 initiated cell cycle arrest, induced apoptosis, caused mitochondrial dysfunction, and decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins and the protein levels of C-MYC, suggesting that AP-51 has therapeutic potential as a possible treatment for Burkitt's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Zhao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Ting Chang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yun Liu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Sun
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
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13
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Muri J, Kopf M. The thioredoxin system: Balancing redox responses in immune cells and tumors. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249948. [PMID: 36285367 PMCID: PMC10100330 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (TRX) system is an important contributor to cellular redox balance and regulates cell growth, apoptosis, gene expression, and antioxidant defense in nearly all living cells. Oxidative stress, the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, can lead to cell death and tissue damage, thereby contributing to aging and to the development of several diseases, including cardiovascular and allergic diseases, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Targeting its activity is also considered as a promising strategy in the treatment of cancer. Over the past years, immunologists have established an essential function of TRX for activation, proliferation, and responses in T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Upon activation, immune cells rearrange their redox system and activate the TRX pathway to promote proliferation through sustainment of nucleotide biosynthesis, and to support inflammatory responses in myeloid cells by allowing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome responses. Consequently, targeting the TRX system may therapeutically be exploited to inhibit immune responses in inflammatory conditions. In this review, we summarize recent insights revealing key roles of the TRX pathway in immune cells in health and disease, and lessons learnt for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Zhang S, An X, Gong J, Xu Z, Wang L, Xia X, Zhang Q. Molecular response of Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2 under azo dye stress: An integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129500. [PMID: 35792431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treating azo dye wastewater using thermophilic bacteria is considered a more efficient bioremediation strategy. In this study, a thermophilic bacterial strain, Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2, was regarded as the research target. This strain was characterized at different stages of azo dye degradation by using TMT quantitative proteomic and non-targeted metabolome technology. A total of 165 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 439 differentially metabolites (DMs) were detected in comparisons between bacteria with and without azo dye. It was found that Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2 can degrade azo dye Direct Black G (DBG) through extracellular electron transfer with glucose serving as electron donors. Most proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism, including acetoacetate synthase, and malate synthase G, were overexpressed to provide energy. The bacterium can also self-synthesize riboflavin as a redox mediator of in vitro electron transport. These results lay a theoretical basis for industrial bioremediation of azo dye wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xuejiao An
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jiaming Gong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zihang Xu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xiang Xia
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
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15
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:320-338. [PMID: 35987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with a central role in cellular redox homeostasis, utilizing a highly reactive and solvent-exposed selenocysteine (Sec) residue in its active site. Pharmacological modulation of TrxR can be obtained with several classes of small compounds showing different mechanisms of action, but most often dependent upon interactions with its Sec residue. The clinical implications of TrxR modulation as mediated by small compounds have been studied in diverse diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia to cancer and parasitic infections. The possible involvement of TrxR in these diseases was in some cases serendipitously discovered, by finding that existing clinically used drugs are also TrxR inhibitors. Inhibiting isoforms of human TrxR is, however, not the only strategy for human disease treatment, as some pathogenic parasites also depend upon Sec-containing TrxR variants, including S. mansoni, B. malayi or O. volvulus. Inhibiting parasite TrxR has been shown to selectively kill parasites and can thus become a promising treatment strategy, especially in the context of quickly emerging resistance towards other drugs. Here we have summarized the basis for the targeting of selenoprotein TrxR variants with small molecules for therapeutic purposes in different human disease contexts. We discuss how Sec engagement appears to be an indispensable part of treatment efficacy and how some therapeutically promising compounds have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Several research questions remain before a wider application of selenoprotein TrxR inhibition as a first-line treatment strategy might be developed. These include further mechanistic studies of downstream effects that may mediate treatment efficacy, identification of isoform-specific enzyme inhibition patterns for some given therapeutic compounds, and the further elucidation of cell-specific effects in disease contexts such as in the tumor microenvironment or in host-parasite interactions, and which of these effects may be dependent upon the specific targeting of Sec in distinct TrxR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Ogata FT, Simões Sato AY, Coppo L, Arai RJ, Stern AI, Pequeno Monteiro H. Thiol-Based Antioxidants and the Epithelial/Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1037-1050. [PMID: 34541904 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The epithelial/mesenchymal transition (EMT) is commonly associated with tumor metastasis. Oxidative and nitrosative stress is maintained in cancer cells and is involved in the EMT. Cancer cells are endowed with high levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, which counteract the effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Thiol-based antioxidant systems such as the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (Trx/TrxR) and glutathione/glutaredoxin (GSH/Grx) are continually active in cancer cells, while the thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), the negative regulator of the Trx/TrxR system, is downregulated. Recent Advances: Trx/TrxR and GSH/Grx systems play a major role in maintaining EMT signaling and cancer cell progression. Critical Issues: Enhanced stress conditions stimulated in cancer cells inhibit EMT signaling. The elevated expression levels of the Trx/TrxR and GSH/Grx systems in these cells provide the antioxidant protection necessary to guarantee the occurrence of the EMT. Future Directions: Elevation of the intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide concentrations in cancer cells has been viewed as a promising strategy for elimination of these cells. The development of inhibitors of GSH synthesis and of the Trx/TrxR system together with genetic-based strategies to enhance Txnip levels may provide the necessary means to achieve this goal. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1037-1050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Toshio Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Yuri Simões Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Jun Arai
- Department of Oncology and Radiology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnold Ira Stern
- Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hugo Pequeno Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Fritz-Wolf K, Bathke J, Rahlfs S, Becker K. Crystal structure of plasmoredoxin, a redox-active protein unique for malaria parasites. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:87-95. [PMID: 35434650 PMCID: PMC9006252 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmoredoxin is a 22 kDa thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase involved in cellular redox regulatory processes and antioxidant defense. The 1.6 Å structure of the protein, solved via X-ray crystallography, adopts a modified thioredoxin fold. The structure reveals that plasmoredoxin, unique for malarial parasites, forms a new subgroup of thioredoxin-like proteins together with tryparedoxin, unique for kinetoplastids. Unlike most members of this superfamily, Plrx does not have a proline residue within the CxxC redox motif. In addition, the Plrx structure has a distinct C-terminal domain. Similar to human thioredoxin, plasmoredoxin forms monomers and dimers, which are also structurally similar to the human thioredoxin dimer, and, as in humans, plasmoredoxin is inactive as a dimer. Monomer–dimer equilibrium depends on the surrounding redox conditions, which could support the parasite in reacting to oxidative challenges. Based on structural considerations, the residues of the dimer interface are likely to interact with target proteins. In contrast to human and Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin, however, there is a cluster of positively charged residues at the dimer interface of plasmoredoxin. These intersubunit (lysine) residues might allow binding of the protein to cellular membranes or to plasminogen. Malaria parasites lack catalase and glutathione peroxidase and therefore depend on their other glutathione and thioredoxin-dependent redox relays. Plasmoredoxin could be part of a so far unknown electron transfer system that only occurs in these parasites. Since the surface charge of plasmoredoxin differs significantly from other members of the thioredoxin superfamily, its three-dimensional structure can provide a model for designing selective redox-modulatory inhibitors. Two high resolution X-ray structures – confirmed that Plrx belongs to the thioredoxin superfamily. Structure and surface charge differ from the other members of the thioredoxin superfamily. The highest relationship in terms from sequence and structural fold is found with tryparedoxins. Similar to human thioredoxin, plasmoredoxin forms monomers and dimers. Potential as drug target.
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18
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Zavileyskiy L, Bunik V. Regulation of p53 Function by Formation of Non-Nuclear Heterologous Protein Complexes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020327. [PMID: 35204825 PMCID: PMC8869670 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A transcription factor p53 is activated upon cellular exposure to endogenous and exogenous stresses, triggering either homeostatic correction or cell death. Depending on the stress level, often measurable as DNA damage, the dual outcome is supported by p53 binding to a number of regulatory and metabolic proteins. Apart from the nucleus, p53 localizes to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. We consider non-nuclear heterologous protein complexes of p53, their structural determinants, regulatory post-translational modifications and the role in intricate p53 functions. The p53 heterologous complexes regulate the folding, trafficking and/or action of interacting partners in cellular compartments. Some of them mainly sequester p53 (HSP proteins, G6PD, LONP1) or its partners (RRM2B, PRKN) in specific locations. Formation of other complexes (with ATP2A2, ATP5PO, BAX, BCL2L1, CHCHD4, PPIF, POLG, SOD2, SSBP1, TFAM) depends on p53 upregulation according to the stress level. The p53 complexes with SIRT2, MUL1, USP7, TXN, PIN1 and PPIF control regulation of p53 function through post-translational modifications, such as lysine acetylation or ubiquitination, cysteine/cystine redox transformation and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. Redox sensitivity of p53 functions is supported by (i) thioredoxin-dependent reduction of p53 disulfides, (ii) inhibition of the thioredoxin-dependent deoxyribonucleotide synthesis by p53 binding to RRM2B and (iii) changed intracellular distribution of p53 through its oxidation by CHCHD4 in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Increasing knowledge on the structure, function and (patho)physiological significance of the p53 heterologous complexes will enable a fine tuning of the settings-dependent p53 programs, using small molecule regulators of specific protein–protein interactions of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Zavileyskiy
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria Bunik
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Biokinetics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Lee YJ, Kim Y, Choi BB, Kim JR, Ko HM, Suh KH, Lee JS. The blood level of thioredoxin 1 as a supporting biomarker in the detection of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 34979986 PMCID: PMC8722095 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-09055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a long-time unmet need for a means to detect breast cancer (BC) using blood. Although mammography is accepted as the gold standard for screening, a blood-based diagnostic can complement mammography and assist in the accurate detection of BC in the diagnostic process period of early diagnosis. We have previously reported the possible use of thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) in serum as a novel means to detect BC. In the present study, we validated the clinical utility of Trx1 to identify BC by testing sera from biopsy-confirmed cancer patients and women without cancer. METHODS We have generated monoclonal antibodies against Trx1 and developed an ELISA kit that can quantitate Trx1 in sera. The level of Trx1 was determined in each serum from women without cancer (n = 114), as well as in serum from patients with BC (n = 106) and other types of cancers (n = 74), including cervical, lung, stomach, colorectal, and thyroid cancer. The sera from BC patients were collected and classified by the subjects' age and cancer stage. In addition to the Trx1 levels of BC patients, several pathological and molecular aspects of BC were analyzed. Test results were retrospectively compared to those from mammography. Each test was duplicated, and test results were analyzed by ROC analysis, one-way ANOVA tests, and unpaired t-tests. RESULTS The mean level of Trx1 from women without cancer was 5.45 ± 4.16 (±SD) ng/ml, that of the other malignant cancer patient group was 2.70 ± 2.01 ng/ml, and that from the BC group was 21.96 ± 6.79 ng/ml. The difference among these values was large enough to distinguish BC sera from non-BC control sera with a sensitivity of 97.17% and specificity of 94.15% (AUC 0.990, p < 0.0001). Most Trx1 levels from BC patients' sera were higher than the cut-off value of 11.4 ng/ml regardless of age, stage, histological grade, type, and specific receptors' expression profile of BC. The level of Trx1 could rescue women from most cases of misread or incomplete mammography diagnoses. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the blood level of Trx1 could be an effective and accurate means to assist the detection of BC during the early diagnosis period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20, Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Young Kim
- E&S Healthcare, 11-3, Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsan-no, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Bae Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Je Ryong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Surgery and Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, 266, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Mi Ko
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Surgery and Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, 266, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Suh
- E&S Healthcare, 11-3, Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Pai Chai University, 11-3, Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Sun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
- Department of Surgery and Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, 266, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
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20
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Diesing K, Ribback S, Winter S, Gellert M, Oster AM, Stühler V, Gläser E, Adler F, Hartwig C, Scharpf M, Bedke J, Burchardt M, Schwab M, Lillig CH, Kroeger N. p53 is functionally inhibited in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC): a mechanistic and correlative investigation into genetic and molecular characteristics. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3565-3576. [PMID: 34499221 PMCID: PMC8557161 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Although p53 is rarely mutated in ccRCC, its overexpression has been linked to poor prognosis. The current study sought to elucidate the unique role of p53 in ccRCC with genomic, proteomic, and functional analyses. Materials and methods Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were evaluated for genomic and proteomic characteristics of p53; a tissue micro array (TMA) study was carried out to evaluate the association of p53 and phosphorylated p53 (pp53) with clinical outcome. Mechanistic in vitro experiments were performed to confirm a pro-apoptotic loss of p53 in ccRCC and p53 isoforms as well as posttranslational modifications of p53 where assessed to provide possible reasons for a functional inhibition of p53 in ccRCC. Results A low somatic mutation rate of p53 could be confirmed. Although mRNA levels were correlated with poor prognosis and clinicopathological features, there was no monotonous association of mRNA levels with survival outcome. Higher p53 protein levels could be confirmed as poor prognostic features. In vitro, irradiation of ccRCC cell lines markedly induced levels of p53 and of activated (phosphorylated) p53. However, irradiated ccRCC cells demonstrated similar proliferation, migration, and p53 transcriptional activity like non-irradiated controls indicating a functional inhibition of p53. p53 isoforms and could not be correlated with clinical outcome of ccRCC patients. Conclusions p53 is rarely mutated but the wildtype p53 is functionally inhibited in ccRCC. To investigate mechanisms that underlie functional inhibition of p53 may provide attractive therapeutic targets in ccRCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03786-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Diesing
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, E17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silvia Ribback
- The Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- The Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Gellert
- The Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antonia M Oster
- The Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Viktoria Stühler
- The Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva Gläser
- The Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Adler
- The Institute of Radiation Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Hartwig
- The Institute of Radiation Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Scharpf
- The Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- The Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Burchardt
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, E17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- The Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher H Lillig
- The Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nils Kroeger
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, E17475, Greifswald, Germany. .,The Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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21
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Redox Regulation in Aging Lungs and Therapeutic Implications of Antioxidants in COPD. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091429. [PMID: 34573061 PMCID: PMC8470212 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals, including humans, are aerobic organisms with a mature respiratory system to intake oxygen as a vital source of cellular energy. Despite the essentiality of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts of aerobic metabolism for cellular homeostasis, excessive ROS contribute to the development of a wide spectrum of pathological conditions, including chronic lung diseases such as COPD. In particular, epithelial cells in the respiratory system are directly exposed to and challenged by exogenous ROS, including ozone and cigarette smoke, which results in detrimental oxidative stress in the lungs. In addition, the dysfunction of redox regulation due to cellular aging accelerates COPD pathogenesis, such as inflammation, protease anti-protease imbalance and cellular apoptosis. Therefore, various drugs targeting oxidative stress-associated pathways, such as thioredoxin and N-acetylcysteine, have been developed for COPD treatment to precisely regulate the redox system. In this review, we present the current understanding of the roles of redox regulation in the respiratory system and COPD pathogenesis. We address the insufficiency of current COPD treatment as antioxidants and discuss future directions in COPD therapeutics targeting oxidative stress while avoiding side effects such as tumorigenesis.
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22
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Abstract
The cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, TXNRD1), and to some extent mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2), can be inhibited by a wide range of electrophilic compounds. Many such compounds also yield cytotoxicity toward cancer cells in culture or in mouse models, and most compounds are likely to irreversibly modify the easily accessible selenocysteine residue in TrxR1, thereby inhibiting its normal activity to reduce cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx1, TXN) and other substrates of the enzyme. This leads to an oxidative challenge. In some cases, the inhibited forms of TrxR1 are not catalytically inert and are instead converted to prooxidant NADPH oxidases, named SecTRAPs, thus further aggravating the oxidative stress, particularly in cells expressing higher levels of the enzyme. In this review, the possible molecular and cellular consequences of these effects are discussed in relation to cancer therapy, with a focus on outstanding questions that should be addressed if targeted TrxR1 inhibition is to be further developed for therapeutic use. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
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23
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Andreadou I, Efentakis P, Frenis K, Daiber A, Schulz R. Thiol-based redox-active proteins as cardioprotective therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:44. [PMID: 34275052 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox compounds, namely thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs), stand as a pivotal group of proteins involved in antioxidant processes and redox signaling. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are considered as one of the major families of proteins involved in redox regulation by removal of S-glutathionylation and thereby reactivation of other enzymes with thiol-dependent activity. Grxs are also coupled to Trxs and Prxs recycling and thereby indirectly contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of peroxidases, which play an essential role in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic and aromatic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. The Trxs, Grxs and Prxs systems, which reversibly induce thiol modifications, regulate redox signaling involved in various biological events in the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the role of Trxs, Grxs and Prxs on cardiovascular pathologies and especially in cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure as well as in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome. Further studies on the roles of thiol-dependent redox systems in the cardiovascular system will support the development of novel protective and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katie Frenis
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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24
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Gentilin E, Cani A, Simoni E, Chicca M, Di Paolo ML, Martini A, Astolfi L. Hydrogen peroxide toxicity on auditory cells: An in vitro study. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109575. [PMID: 34228970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, interest has increased in the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in health and disease. The ROS are key causative factors in several hearing loss pathologies including ototoxicity, noise trauma, cochlear ageing and ischemic injury. In order to investigate ROS effects on inner ear cells and counteract them, we developed an in vitro model of oxidative stress by exposing the inner ear cell line OC-k3 to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations able to affect in vivo cellular components but allowing cell survival. The treatment with high concentrations (20 and 30 μM) resulted in reduction of cell viability, activation of apoptosis/necrosis and alteration of morphology, cell cycle progression and antioxidant defences. The ROS effects in inner ear cells are difficult to assess in vivo. Organocultures may provide preservation of tissue architecture but involve ethical issues and can be used only for a limited time. An in vitro model that could be commercially available and easy to handle is necessary to investigate inner ear oxidative stress and the ways to counteract it. The OC-k3 line is a suitable in vitro model to study ROS effects on inner ear cells because the observed cell alterations and damages were similar to those reported in studies investigating ROS effects of ototoxic drugs, noise trauma and cochlear ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gentilin
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alice Cani
- Department of Woman and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Edi Simoni
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Milvia Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandro Martini
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre "I-APPROVE - International Auditory Processing Project in Venice", University of Padua, Santi Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, ULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy.
| | - Laura Astolfi
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre "I-APPROVE - International Auditory Processing Project in Venice", University of Padua, Santi Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, ULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy.
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25
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Antitumor Effects of a Sesquiterpene Derivative from Marine Sponge in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050244. [PMID: 33925873 PMCID: PMC8144972 DOI: 10.3390/md19050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-proliferative effect of ilimaquinone, a sesquiterpene derivative from the marine sponge, in breast cancer cells was investigated. Ilimaquinone inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 10.6 μM and 13.5 μM, respectively. Non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cells were less sensitive to ilimaquinone than breast cancer cells. Flow cytometric and Western blot analysis showed that ilimaquinone induced S-phase arrest by modulating the expression of p-CDC-2 and p21. Ilimaquinone induces apoptosis, which is accompanied by multiple biological biomarkers, including the downregulation of Akt, ERK, and Bax, upregulation of p38, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased reactive oxygen species generation, and induced autophagy. Collectively, these findings suggest that ilimaquinone causes cell cycle arrest as well as induces apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells.
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26
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Ceder S, Eriksson SE, Cheteh EH, Dawar S, Corrales Benitez M, Bykov VJN, Fujihara KM, Grandin M, Li X, Ramm S, Behrenbruch C, Simpson KJ, Hollande F, Abrahmsen L, Clemons NJ, Wiman KG. A thiol-bound drug reservoir enhances APR-246-induced mutant p53 tumor cell death. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e10852. [PMID: 33314700 PMCID: PMC7863383 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. The compound APR-246 (PRIMA-1Met/Eprenetapopt) is converted to methylene quinuclidinone (MQ) that targets mutant p53 protein and perturbs cellular antioxidant balance. APR-246 is currently tested in a phase III clinical trial in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). By in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we show that combined treatment with APR-246 and inhibitors of efflux pump MRP1/ABCC1 results in synergistic tumor cell death, which is more pronounced in TP53 mutant cells. This is associated with altered cellular thiol status and increased intracellular glutathione-conjugated MQ (GS-MQ). Due to the reversibility of MQ conjugation, GS-MQ forms an intracellular drug reservoir that increases availability of MQ for targeting mutant p53. Our study shows that redox homeostasis is a critical determinant of the response to mutant p53-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ceder
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sofi E Eriksson
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Swati Dawar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVic.Australia
| | | | | | - Kenji M Fujihara
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVic.Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Mélodie Grandin
- Department of Clinical PathologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer CentreUniversity of Melbourne Centre for Cancer ResearchMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Xiaodun Li
- MRC Cancer UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Susanne Ramm
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreVictorian Centre for Functional GenomicsMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Corina Behrenbruch
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of Clinical PathologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreVictorian Centre for Functional GenomicsMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical PathologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer CentreUniversity of Melbourne Centre for Cancer ResearchMelbourneVic.Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVic.Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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27
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Eriksson SE, Ceder S, Bykov VJN, Wiman KG. p53 as a hub in cellular redox regulation and therapeutic target in cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:330-341. [PMID: 30892598 PMCID: PMC6734141 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates multiple cellular processes including cell growth and cell death. The ability of p53 to bind to DNA and activate transcription is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications and is dependent on a reducing cellular environment. Some p53 transcriptional target genes are involved in regulation of the cellular redox homeostasis, e.g. TIGAR and GLS2. A large fraction of human tumors carry TP53 mutations, most commonly missense mutations that lead to single amino acid substitutions in the core domain. Mutant p53 proteins can acquire so called gain-of-function activities and influence the cellular redox balance in various ways, for instance by binding of the Nrf2 transcription factor, a major regulator of cellular redox state. The DNA-binding core domain of p53 has 10 cysteine residues, three of which participate in holding a zinc atom that is critical for p53 structure and function. Several novel compounds that refold and reactivate missense mutant p53 bind to specific p53 cysteine residues. These compounds can also react with other thiols and target components of the cellular redox system, such as glutathione. Dual targeting of mutant p53 and redox homeostasis may allow more efficient treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi E Eriksson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Ceder
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir J N Bykov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Rajapakse A, Suraweera A, Boucher D, Naqi A, O'Byrne K, Richard DJ, Croft LV. Redox Regulation in the Base Excision Repair Pathway: Old and New Players as Cancer Therapeutic Targets. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1901-1921. [PMID: 31258058 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190430092732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are by-products of normal cellular metabolic processes, such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. While low levels of ROS are important signalling molecules, high levels of ROS can damage proteins, lipids and DNA. Indeed, oxidative DNA damage is the most frequent type of damage in the mammalian genome and is linked to human pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Although oxidative DNA damage is cleared predominantly through the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway, recent evidence suggests that additional pathways such as Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and Mismatch Repair (MMR) can also participate in clearance of these lesions. One of the most common forms of oxidative DNA damage is the base damage 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which if left unrepaired may result in G:C to A:T transversions during replication, a common mutagenic feature that can lead to cellular transformation. OBJECTIVE Repair of oxidative DNA damage, including 8-oxoG base damage, involves the functional interplay between a number of proteins in a series of enzymatic reactions. This review describes the role and the redox regulation of key proteins involved in the initial stages of BER of 8-oxoG damage, namely Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1), human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (hOGG1) and human single-stranded DNA binding protein 1 (hSSB1). Moreover, the therapeutic potential and modalities of targeting these key proteins in cancer are discussed. CONCLUSION It is becoming increasingly apparent that some DNA repair proteins function in multiple repair pathways. Inhibiting these factors would provide attractive strategies for the development of more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rajapakse
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Didier Boucher
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Naqi
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura V Croft
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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29
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Panner Selvam MK, Agarwal A, Henkel R, Finelli R, Robert KA, Iovine C, Baskaran S. The effect of oxidative and reductive stress on semen parameters and functions of physiologically normal human spermatozoa. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:375-385. [PMID: 32165282 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both oxidative stress (OS) and reductive stress (RS) are the two extreme facets of redox imbalance that can have deleterious effects on sperm function. However, there is a lack of information on the physiological range of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of OS and RS on functions and associated molecular changes in normal spermatozoa in order to establish the physiological range of ORP. In the current study, total and progressive motility remained unchanged in spermatozoa exposed to ORP values 0.33 and 0.72 mV/106 sperm/mL. However, a significant (P < 0.05) decline in total and progressive motility were observed at ORP values 1.48, 2.75, -11.24, -9.76 and -9.35 mV/106 sperm/mL. Sperm vitality also decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) at 2.75, -11.24 and -9.76 mV/106 sperm/mL. Spermatozoa exposed to ORP levels 2.75 and -11.24 mV/106 sperm/mL showed a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) production increased (P < 0.05) in spermatozoa exposed to ORP levels of 1.48 and 2.75 mV/106 sperm/mL, while iROS decreased (P < 0.05) at ORP levels -9.76 and -11.24 mV/106 sperm/mL. No significant change in sperm DNA fragmentation was noted in sperm exposed to OS/RS and the values were below the reference range (<19.25%). Western blot analysis revealed decreased expression of CV-ATPA, CIII-UQCRC2 and CIV-MTCO1 proteins at 60 and 120 min (P < 0.05) in both OS and RS conditions. This is the first study to report physiological range of ORP (between -9.76 and 1.48 mV/106 sperm/mL) and to elucidate the role of altered expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes proteins in mediating detrimental effects of oxidative and reductive conditions on sperm functions. A decreased expression of OXPHOS proteins and associated mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to decreased sperm motility and vitality under oxidative and reductive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Ralf Henkel
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Renata Finelli
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Amy Robert
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Concetta Iovine
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Saradha Baskaran
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Cordani M, Butera G, Pacchiana R, Masetto F, Mullappilly N, Riganti C, Donadelli M. Mutant p53-Associated Molecular Mechanisms of ROS Regulation in Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030361. [PMID: 32111081 PMCID: PMC7175157 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene is the most frequently altered gene in tumors and an increasing number of studies highlight that mutant p53 proteins can acquire oncogenic properties, referred to as gain-of-function (GOF). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play critical roles as intracellular messengers, regulating numerous signaling pathways linked to metabolism and cell growth. Tumor cells frequently display higher ROS levels compared to healthy cells as a result of their increased metabolism as well as serving as an oncogenic agent because of its damaging and mutational properties. Several studies reported that in contrast with the wild type protein, mutant p53 isoforms fail to exert antioxidant activities and rather increase intracellular ROS, driving a pro-tumorigenic survival. These pro-oxidant oncogenic abilities of GOF mutant p53 include signaling and metabolic rewiring, as well as the modulation of critical ROS-related transcription factors and antioxidant systems, which lead ROS unbalance linked to tumor progression. The studies summarized here highlight that GOF mutant p53 isoforms might constitute major targets for selective therapeutic intervention against several types of tumors and that ROS enhancement driven by mutant p53 might represent an “Achilles heel” of cancer cells, suggesting pro-oxidant drugs as a therapeutic approach for cancer patients bearing the mutant TP53 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Giovanna Butera
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Raffaella Pacchiana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Francesca Masetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Nidula Mullappilly
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-8027281; Fax: +39-045-8027170
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31
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Murray D, Mirzayans R. Nonlinearities in the cellular response to ionizing radiation and the role of p53 therein. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:1088-1098. [PMID: 31986075 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1721602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of the cellular response to agents such as ionizing radiation that cause genotoxic and/or oxidative stress exhibit a nonlinear relationship to the applied stress level. These include elements of the antioxidant response and of the damage-signaling pathways that determine cell fate decisions. The wild-type p53 protein, which is mutated in many cancers, coordinates these responses and is a key determinant of this nonlinearity. Indeed, p53 has been referred to as a 'cellular rheostat' that favors antioxidant/cytoprotective functions at low stress levels while switching to a pro-oxidant/cytotoxic role under high-stress conditions. For solid tumor-derived cell lines, moderate doses of radiation, typical of those used to generate clonogenic survival curves (i.e. ≤10 Gy), predominantly invoke a dose-dependent cytostatic response. For cancer cell lines with wild-type p53, cytostasis is primarily associated with features of senescence, whereas cancer cells with aberrant p53 primarily undergo endopolyploidization and enlargement. In line with a commentary by Meyn et al. [Int J Radiat Biol. 2009, 85:107-115] concluding that apoptosis is not the primary cause of radiation-induced loss of clonogenicity in solid tumor-derived cell lines, significant levels of apoptosis are typically seen only after higher doses (≥5 Gy) and this is almost all of the delayed (rather than primary) type. Nonlinearity of the oxidative/genotoxic stress response is already apparent in the early antioxidant events activated by transcription factors such as p53 and Nrf2 and the Ref1 transcription coactivator. These cytoprotective pathways serve to minimize damage to important cellular targets caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other electrophiles. After high/supra-lethal levels of stress these inducible antioxidant pathways can be deactivated in a manner that would reinforce the establishment of the pro-oxidant state, resulting in elevated ROS levels and to cytostasis or apoptosis. Understanding the complex regulation of these damage-signaling pathways in relation to the stress levels is important for the optimal utilization of radiation therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murray
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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32
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Sustained DDB-2 and TRX transcriptional response of quercetin-treated lymphocytes exposed to Co-60 radiation. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Mohammadi F, Soltani A, Ghahremanloo A, Javid H, Hashemy SI. The thioredoxin system and cancer therapy: a review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:925-935. [PMID: 31367788 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH are key members of the Trx system that is involved in redox regulation and antioxidant defense. In recent years, several researchers have provided information about the roles of the Trx system in cancer development and progression. These reports indicated that many tumor cells express high levels of Trx and TrxR, which can be responsible for drug resistance in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of the Trx system may thus contribute to cancer therapy and improving chemotherapeutic agents. There are now a number of effective natural and synthetic inhibitors with chemotherapy applications possessing antitumor activity ranging from oxidative stress induction to apoptosis. In this article, we first described the features and functions of the Trx system and then reviewed briefly its correlations with cancer. Finally, we summarized the present knowledge about the Trx/TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ghahremanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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34
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Zhang L, He Y, Wu X, Zhao G, Zhang K, Yang CS, Reiter RJ, Zhang J. Melatonin and (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate: Partners in Fighting Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070745. [PMID: 31331008 PMCID: PMC6678710 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that melatonin attenuates hepatotoxicity triggered by high doses of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in mice. The current work investigated the influence of melatonin on the oncostatic activity of EGCG in two cancer cell lines, wherein melatonin induced an opposite response of p21. In human tongue cancer TCA8113 cells, melatonin-induced p21 and EGCG-mediated formation of quinoproteins were positively associated with the oncostatic effects of melatonin and EGCG. Melatonin-stimulated an increase in p21 which was correlated with a pronounced nuclear translocation of thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin reductase 1, both of which are known to induce p21 via promoting p53 trans-activation. Melatonin did not influence the EGCG-mediated increase of quinoprotein formation nor did EGCG impair melatonin-induced p21 up-regulation. Co-treatment with both agents enhanced the cell-killing effect as well as the inhibitory activities against cell migration and colony formation. It is known that p21 also plays a powerful anti-apoptotic role in some cancer cells and confers these cells with a survival advantage, making it a target for therapeutic suppression. In human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, melatonin suppressed p21 along with the induction of pro-survival proteins, PI3K and COX-2. However, EGCG prevented against melatonin-induced PI3K and COX-2, and melatonin probably sensitized HepG2 cells to EGCG cytotoxicity via down-regulating p21, Moreover, COX-2 and HO-1 were significantly reduced only by the co-treatment, and melatonin aided EGCG to achieve an increased inhibition on Bcl2 and NFκB. These events occurring in the co-treatment collectively resulted in an enhanced cytotoxicity. In addition, the co-treatment also enhanced the inhibitory activities against cell migration and colony formation. Overall, the results gathered from these two cancer cell lines with a divergent p21 response to melatonin show that the various oncostatic activities of melatonin and EGCG together are more robust than each agent alone, suggesting that they may be useful partners in fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhang
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Ximing Wu
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China.
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Jeong KH, Lee HJ, Park TS, Shim SM. Catechins Controlled Bioavailability of Benzo[a]pyrene (B[α]P) from the Gastrointestinal Tract to the Brain towards Reducing Brain Toxicity Using the In Vitro Bio-Mimic System Coupled with Sequential Co-Cultures. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112175. [PMID: 31185615 PMCID: PMC6600685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine the preventive effect of green tea catechins on the transport of Benzo[a]pyrene (B[α]P) into the brain using an in vitro bio-mimic system coupled with sequential co-cultures. When 72 μM of catechins was pre-treated, cellular cytotoxicity induced by IC50 of B[α]P in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) was reduced by 27% and 26%, respectively. The cellular integrity measured in HBMECs, which was exposed to IC50 of B[α]P, slowly decreased. However, the pre-treatment of catechins retained cellular integrity that was 1.14 times higher than with the absence of catechins. Co-consumption of catechins reduced not only the bio-accessibility of B[α]P in digestive fluid, but it also decreased absorption of B[α]P in human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) with a HepG2 co-culture system. It was found that approximately a two times lower amount of B[α]P was transported via the blood-brain barrier (BBB) compared to only the B[α]P intake. These results are taken in conjunction with each other support that catechins could be able to prevent brain toxicity induced by B[α]P in the human body by limiting the bio-availability of B[α]P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Bokjung-dong, Sujung-gu, Sungnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
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36
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Dabiri Y, Abu El Maaty MA, Chan HY, Wölker J, Ott I, Wölfl S, Cheng X. p53-Dependent Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects of a Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complex in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:438. [PMID: 31231607 PMCID: PMC6558413 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 has a diverse mutational profile in human malignancies, which is known to influence the potency of various chemotherapeutics, such as platins and anti-metabolites. However, the impact of the mutations in the TP53 gene (coding for p53) on the anti-cancer efficacy of gold complexes remains incompletely understood. We therefore investigated the anti-tumor properties of a gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex-termed MC3-in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines encompassing three different p53 variations: HCT116 wild-type (WT), HCT116 p53-/-, and HT-29 (mutant; R273H). MC3 treatment induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and p21 expression, leading to cell cycle arrest in all cell lines, regardless of their p53 status. The pro-apoptotic response, however, was found to occur in a p53-dependent manner, with WT p53 harboring cells showing the highest responsiveness. Additionally, p73, which was speculated to substitute p53 in p53-deficient cells, was found to be markedly reduced with MC3 treatment in all the cell lines and knocking down its levels did not impact MC3's anti-tumor effects in HCT116 p53-/- cells. Collectively, our results suggest that this small molecule has anti-cancer properties in the context of deficient or mutant p53 and may therefore have chemotherapeutic potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Dabiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Abu El Maaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hoi Yin Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Wölker
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Recombinant Aflatoxin-Degrading F 420H 2-Dependent Reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis Protects Mammalian Cells from Aflatoxin Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050259. [PMID: 31072027 PMCID: PMC6563500 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate many staple crops and foods. Aflatoxin contamination is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries, posing health hazards, e.g., causing aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and even death. Biological solutions for aflatoxin detoxification are environmentally friendly and a cheaper alternative than chemical methods. The aims of the current study were to investigate: (1) the ability of MSMEG_5998, an aflatoxin-degrading F420H2-dependent reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis, to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and reduce AFB1-caused damage in HepG2 cell culture model; and (2) whether a thioredoxin (Trx) linkage of MSMEG_5998 enhanced the enzyme activity. We show that Trx-linked MSMEG_5998 degraded 63% AFB1 and native MSMEG_5998 degraded 31% after 4 h at 22 °C, indicating that the Trx-linked enzyme had a better AFB1-degrading ability. In a HepG2 cell culture model, Trx-linked MSMEG_5998 reduced DNA damage and p53-mediated apoptosis caused by AFB1 to a greater extent than the native enzyme. These findings suggest that Trx-linked MSMEG_5998 could potentially be developed to protect the liver from AFB1 damage, or as a candidate protein to reduce AFB1-related toxicity in animals.
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Turk E, Kandemir FM, Yildirim S, Caglayan C, Kucukler S, Kuzu M. Protective Effect of Hesperidin on Sodium Arsenite-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:95-108. [PMID: 30066062 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of hesperidin (HSP) against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups as follows: control, HSP, SA, SA + HSP 100, and SA + HSP 200. Rats were orally gavaged with SA (10 mg/kg body weight) and HSP (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. SA increased oxidative damage by decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) level and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the kidney and liver tissues. In addition, it increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and serum urea and creatinine levels. Furthermore, SA caused inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative DNA damage by increasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3 (caspase-3), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the kidney and liver tissues and by increasing liver p53 and kidney interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions. In other words, HSP administration reduced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and oxidative DNA damage significantly in SA-induced kidney and liver tissues depending on dose. In this study, it was seen that HSP showed a protective effect against SA-induced kidney and liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinç Turk
- Department of Pharmacy Professional Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100, Ağrı, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Caglayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muslum Kuzu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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Frisch J, Angenendt A, Hoth M, Prates Roma L, Lis A. STIM-Orai Channels and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E457. [PMID: 30935064 PMCID: PMC6520831 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by cancer and noncancerous cells, the extracellular matrix, soluble factors, and blood vessels. Interactions between the cells, matrix, soluble factors, and blood vessels generate this complex heterogeneous microenvironment. The TME may be metabolically beneficial or unbeneficial for tumor growth, it may favor or not favor a productive immune response against tumor cells, or it may even favor conditions suited to hijacking the immune system for benefitting tumor growth. Soluble factors relevant for TME include oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, Ca2+, H⁺, growth factors, or cytokines. Ca2+ plays a prominent role in the TME because its concentration is directly linked to cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, or migration but also to immune cell function. Stromal-interaction molecules (STIM)-activated Orai channels are major Ca2+ entry channels in cancer cells and immune cells, they are upregulated in many tumors, and they are strongly regulated by ROS. Thus, STIM and Orai are interesting candidates to regulate cancer cell fate in the TME. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the function of ROS and STIM/Orai in cancer cells; discuss their interdependencies; and propose new hypotheses how TME, ROS, and Orai channels influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Adrian Angenendt
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Leticia Prates Roma
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Lis
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Zuo H, Yuan J, Yang L, Zheng J, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Identification of the thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa (TRP14) from Litopenaeus vannamei and its role in immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:514-520. [PMID: 29964195 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system plays essential roles in maintenance and regulation of the redox state of cysteine residues in cellular proteins. The thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa (TRP14) is an important member of the TRX superfamily which acts on various substrate proteins, some of which are not overlapped with those of thioredoxin. The knowledge on the function of TRP14 in invertebrates is limited to date. In this study, a TRP14 gene was identified from Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (LvTRP14) and its role in immune responses was investigated. We demonstrated that the expression level of LvTRP14 was high in hepatopancreas and intestine, low in eyestalk, and medium in other tissues of healthy shrimp. The transcription of LvTRP14 in vivo was significantly down-regulated in Relish-silencing shrimp but up-regulated in STAT-silencing shrimp, indicating a complex regulation of LvTRP14 expression. Although the LvTRP14 expression showed little change after immune stimulation with different type of pathogens, knockdown of LvTRP14 expression using RNAi strategy could significantly facilitate the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp. Dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that LvTRP14 enhanced the transcription factor activity of Relish but attenuated that of Dorsal. Furthermore, silencing of LvTRP14 in vivo had opposite effects on expression of different type of antimicrobial peptides. These suggested that LvTRP14 could play a complex role in shrimp immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Linwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiefu Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Haffo L, Lu J, Bykov VJN, Martin SS, Ren X, Coppo L, Wiman KG, Holmgren A. Inhibition of the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems and ribonucleotide reductase by mutant p53-targeting compound APR-246. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12671. [PMID: 30140002 PMCID: PMC6107631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is commonly inactivated in human tumors, allowing evasion of p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor progression. The small molecule APR-246 (PRIMA-1Met) can reactive mutant p53 in tumor cells and trigger cell death by apoptosis. The thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) systems are important as antioxidants for maintaining cellular redox balance and providing electrons for thiol-dependent reactions like those catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase and peroxiredoxins (Prxs). We show here that the Michael acceptor methylene quinuclidinone (MQ), the active form of APR-246, is a potent direct inhibitor of Trx1 and Grx1 by reacting with sulfhydryl groups in the enzymes. The inhibition of Trx1 and Grx1 by APR-246/MQ is reversible and the inhibitory efficiency is dependent on the presence of glutathione. APR-246/MQ also inhibits Trxs in mutant p53-expressing Saos-2 His-273 cells, showing modification of Trx1 and mitochondrial Trx2. Inhibition of the Trx and Grx systems leads to insufficient reducing power to deoxyribonucleotide production for DNA replication and repair and peroxiredoxin for removal of ROS. We also demonstrate that APR-246 and MQ inhibit ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) in vitro and in living cells. Our results suggest that APR-246 induces tumor cell death through both reactivations of mutant p53 and inhibition of cellular thiol-dependent redox systems, providing a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Haffo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Vladimir J N Bykov
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastin S Martin
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyuan Ren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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A Quantitative Chemoproteomic Platform to Monitor Selenocysteine Reactivity within a Complex Proteome. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1157-1167.e4. [PMID: 29983274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian selenocysteine (Sec)-containing proteins, selenoproteins, are important to (patho)physiological processes, including redox homeostasis. Sec residues have been recalcitrant to mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomic methods that enrich for reactive cysteine (Cys) residues with electrophilic chemical probes, despite confirmed reactivity of Sec with these electrophiles. Highly abundant Cys peptides likely suppress low-abundant Sec peptides. By exploiting the decreased pKa of Sec relative to Cys, we have developed a chemoproteomic platform that relies on low pH (pH 5.75) electrophile labeling, reducing Cys reactivity and enhancing identification of Sec-containing peptides across mouse tissues and cell lines. The utility of this Sec-profiling platform is underscored by evaluation of the selectivity of auranofin, an inhibitor of the selenoprotein, thioredoxin reductase, against both reactive Cys- and Sec-containing proteins. Platform limitations pertain to the non-physiological low-pH conditions that could perturb protein structure and function. Future work necessitates the discovery of Sec-selective electrophiles that function at physiological pH.
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The thioredoxin-1 system is essential for fueling DNA synthesis during T-cell metabolic reprogramming and proliferation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1851. [PMID: 29749372 PMCID: PMC5945637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) system is an important contributor to cellular redox balance and is a sensor of energy and glucose metabolism. Here we show critical c-Myc-dependent activation of the Trx1 system during thymocyte and peripheral T-cell proliferation, but repression during T-cell quiescence. Deletion of thioredoxin reductase-1 (Txnrd1) prevents expansion the CD4−CD8− thymocyte population, whereas Txnrd1 deletion in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes does not affect further maturation and peripheral homeostasis of αβT cells. However, Txnrd1 is critical for expansion of the activated T-cell population during viral and parasite infection. Metabolomics show that TrxR1 is essential for the last step of nucleotide biosynthesis by donating reducing equivalents to ribonucleotide reductase. Impaired availability of 2′-deoxyribonucleotides induces the DNA damage response and cell cycle arrest of Txnrd1-deficient T cells. These results uncover a pivotal function of the Trx1 system in metabolic reprogramming of thymic and peripheral T cells and provide a rationale for targeting Txnrd1 in T-cell leukemia. Thioredoxin (Trx), Trx reductase, Txnip and NADPH together comprise the Trx system. Here the authors make a T cell-specific thioredoxin reductase-1 knockout mouse to show how this system reprograms cellular metabolism to enable T cell development, proliferation and responses.
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44
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Raninga PV, Di Trapani G, Tonissen KF. The Multifaceted Roles of DJ-1 as an Antioxidant. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1037:67-87. [PMID: 29147904 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6583-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The DJ-1 protein was originally linked with Parkinson's disease and is now known to have antioxidant functions. The protein has three redox-sensitive cysteine residues, which are involved in its dimerisation and functional properties. A mildly oxidised form of DJ-1 is the most active form and protects cells from oxidative stress conditions. DJ-1 functions as an antioxidant through a variety of mechanisms, including a weak direct antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species. DJ-1 also regulates a number of signalling pathways, including the inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-induced apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions. Other proteins regulated by DJ-1 include enzymes, chaperones, the 20S proteasome and transcription factors, including Nrf2. Once activated by oxidative stress, Nrf2 upregulates antioxidant gene expression including members of the thioredoxin and glutathione pathways, which in turn mediate an antioxidant protective function. Crosstalk between DJ-1 and both the thioredoxin and glutathione systems has also been identified. Thioredoxin reduces a cysteine residue on DJ-1 to modulate its activity, while glutaredoxin1 de-glutathionylates DJ-1, preventing degradation of DJ-1 and resulting in its accumulation. DJ-1 also regulates the activity of glutamate cysteine ligase, which is the rate-limiting step for glutathione synthesis. These antioxidant functions of DJ-1 are key to its role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and are hypothesised to protect the brain from the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and to protect cardiac tissues from ischaemic-reperfusion injury. However, DJ-1, as an antioxidant, also protects cancer cells from undergoing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahlad V Raninga
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Giovanna Di Trapani
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Kathryn F Tonissen
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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45
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Redox control in cancer development and progression. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 63:88-98. [PMID: 29501614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. This has been the case for the last few decades despite there being an increase in the number of cancer treatments. One reason for the apparent lack of drug effectiveness might be, at least in part, due to unspecificity for tumors; which often leads to substantial side effects. One way to improve the treatment of cancer is to increase the specificity of the treatment in accordance with the concept of individualized medicine. This will help to prevent further progression of an existing cancer or even to reduce the tumor burden. Alternatively it would be much more attractive and efficient to prevent the development of cancer in the first place. Therefore, it is important to understand the risk factors and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in detail. One such risk factor, often associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression, is an increased abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from an imbalance of ROS-producing and -eliminating components. A surplus of ROS can induce oxidative damage of macromolecules including proteins, lipids and DNA. In contrast, ROS are essential for an adequate signal transduction and are known to regulate crucial cellular processes like cellular quiescence, differentiation and even apoptosis. Therefore, regulated ROS-formation at physiological levels can inhibit tumor formation and progression. With this review we provide an overview on the current knowledge of redox control in cancer development and progression.
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Moradi MN, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Amiri I, Karami M, Saidijam M, Vatannejad A, Tavilani H. Evaluation of the p53 and Thioredoxin reductase in sperm from asthenozoospermic males in comparison to normozoospermic males. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:123-128. [PMID: 29305108 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thioredoxin (Trx) system has a defensive role against the harmful effect of oxidative stress in sperm. p53 is an important regulator of apoptosis and normal process of spermatogenesis. Regulation of p53 by redox state of the cell and Thioredoxin system has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ROS level, Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and p53 protein levels in sperm of asthenozoospermic and normozoospermic males. Semen samples from 80 donors were divided into asthenozoospermic (n = 40) and normozoospermic (n = 40) groups using the WHO criteria. DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay) of spermatozoa was identified·H2O2 and O2•- were determined by flow cytometry. p53 protein levels and TrxR activity were measured in sperm cell lysate by appropriate kit. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiol groups in seminal plasma were measured spectrophotometery. MDA content in seminal plasma was determined fluorometrically. RESULTS The percentage of cells with H2O2, O2•- and DNA fragmentation was higher in asthenozoospermic compared to normozoospermic groups (p < 0.05). The p53 protein level was significantly higher in asthenozoospermic group (P < 0.001). TrxR activity in normozoospermic was significantly higher than asthenozoospermic group (P < 0.001). Total thiol groups and TAC levels were significantly higher in normozoospermic samples (P < 0.05). A significantly high negative correlation was seen between p53 protein levels with TrxR activity (r = - 0.49, P < 0.001), total motility (r = - 0.65, P < 0.001). p53 and ROS levels were increased in asthenozoospermic males while the TrxR activity was decreased. These changes lead to an increase in apoptotic, immotile and immature spermatozoa in the ejaculatory semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad-Nabi Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Vatannejad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran, University of Medical Science Tehran Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Urology & Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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47
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Dagnell M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. The A to Z of modulated cell patterning by mammalian thioredoxin reductases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:484-496. [PMID: 29278740 PMCID: PMC5771652 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins) that propel a large number of functions through reduction of several substrates including the active site disulfide of thioredoxins (Trxs). Well-known enzymatic systems that in turn are supported by Trxs and TrxRs include deoxyribonucleotide synthesis through ribonucleotide reductase, antioxidant defense through peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, and redox modulation of a number of transcription factors. Although these functions may be essential for cells due to crucial roles in maintenance of cell viability and proliferation, findings during the last decade reveal that mammals have major redundancy in their cellular reductive systems. The synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and reductive functions of GSH-dependent pathways typically act in parallel with Trx-dependent pathways, with only one of these systems often being sufficient to support viability. Importantly, this does not imply that a modulation of the Trx system will remain without consequences, even when GSH-dependent pathways remain functional. As suggested by several recent findings, the Trx system in general and the TrxRs in particular, function as key regulators of signaling pathways. In this review article we will discuss findings that collectively suggest that modulation in mammalian systems of cytosolic TrxR1 (TXNRD1) or mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2) influence cell patterning and cellular stress responses. Effects of lower activities include increased adipogenesis, insulin responsiveness, glycogen accumulation, hyperproliferation, and distorted embryonic development, while increased activities correlate with decreased proliferation and extended lifespan, as well as worse cancer prognosis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these diverse effects, involving regulation of protein phosphorylation cascades and of key transcription factors that guide cellular differentiation pathways, will be discussed. We conclude that the selenium-dependent oxidoreductases TrxR1 and TrxR2 should be considered as key components of signaling pathways that control cell differentiation and cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dagnell
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Kekulandara DN, Nagi S, Seo H, Chow CS, Ahn YH. Redox-Inactive Peptide Disrupting Trx1-Ask1 Interaction for Selective Activation of Stress Signaling. Biochemistry 2018; 57:772-780. [PMID: 29261301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) are two ubiquitous redox enzymes that are central for redox homeostasis but also are implicated in many other processes, including stress sensing, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition to their enzymatic redox activity, a growing body of evidence shows that Trx1 and Grx1 play regulatory roles via protein-protein interactions with specific proteins, including Ask1. The currently available inhibitors of Trx1 and Grx1 are thiol-reactive electrophiles or disulfides that may suffer from low selectivity because of their thiol reactivity. In this report, we used a phage peptide library to identify a 7-mer peptide, 2GTP1, that binds to both Trx1 and Grx1. We further showed that a cell-permeable derivative of 2GTP1, TAT-2GTP1, disrupts the Trx1-Ask1 interaction, which induces Ask1 phosphorylation with subsequent activation of JNK, stabilization of p53, and reduced viability of cancer cells. Notably, as opposed to a disulfide-derived Trx1 inhibitor (PX-12), TAT-2GTP1 was selective for activating the Ask1 pathway without affecting other stress signaling pathways, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and AMPK activation. Overall, 2GTP1 will serve as a useful probe for investigating protein interactions of Trx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilini N Kekulandara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shima Nagi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hyosuk Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christine S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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49
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Meijles DN, Sahoo S, Al Ghouleh I, Amaral JH, Bienes-Martinez R, Knupp HE, Attaran S, Sembrat JC, Nouraie SM, Rojas MM, Novelli EM, Gladwin MT, Isenberg JS, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Pagano PJ. The matricellular protein TSP1 promotes human and mouse endothelial cell senescence through CD47 and Nox1. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaaj1784. [PMID: 29042481 PMCID: PMC5679204 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaj1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells withdraw from the cell cycle and do not proliferate. The prevalence of senescent compared to normally functioning parenchymal cells increases with age, impairing tissue and organ homeostasis. A contentious principle governing this process has been the redox theory of aging. We linked matricellular protein thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) and its receptor CD47 to the activation of NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), but not of the other closely related Nox isoforms, and associated oxidative stress, and to senescence in human cells and aged tissue. In human endothelial cells, TSP1 promoted senescence and attenuated cell cycle progression and proliferation. At the molecular level, TSP1 increased Nox1-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the increased abundance of the transcription factor p53. p53 mediated a DNA damage response that led to senescence through Rb and p21cip, both of which inhibit cell cycle progression. Nox1 inhibition blocked the ability of TSP1 to increase p53 nuclear localization and p21cip abundance and its ability to promote senescence. Mice lacking TSP1 showed decreases in ROS production, p21cip expression, p53 activity, and aging-induced senescence. Conversely, lung tissue from aging humans displayed increases in the abundance of vascular TSP1, Nox1, p53, and p21cip Finally, genetic ablation or pharmacological blockade of Nox1 in human endothelial cells attenuated TSP1-mediated ROS generation, restored cell cycle progression, and protected against senescence. Together, our results provide insights into the functional interplay between TSP1 and Nox1 in the regulation of endothelial senescence and suggest potential targets for controlling the aging process at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Meijles
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Sahoo
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Imad Al Ghouleh
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jefferson H Amaral
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Raquel Bienes-Martinez
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Heather E Knupp
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shireen Attaran
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John C Sembrat
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Seyed M Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mauricio M Rojas
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Enrico M Novelli
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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50
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Yuan CL, He F, Ye JZ, Wu HN, Zhang JY, Liu ZH, Li YQ, Luo XL, Lin Y, Liang R. APE1 overexpression is associated with poor survival in patients with solid tumors: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59720-59728. [PMID: 28938675 PMCID: PMC5601771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is known as a key mediator of DNA damage repair pathways, and its clinical significance in different types of cancer is well studied. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the association of APE1 expression and survival in different types of solid cancer. We searched all eligible publications in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase platforms from inception to January 2017 and found 15 relevant manuscripts. Overall survival (OS), 12- and 36-month survival rates, and hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted and analyzed. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. A subgroup analysis of the different subcellular locations of APE1 was also conducted. Patients with higher APE1 levels demonstrated lower 12- and 36-month survival rates than those with low APE1 levels (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.33–3.00, P = 0.0009; HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.19–2.84, P = 0.006). Importantly, the pooled analysis showed that high levels of APE1 predict shorter OS (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.13–1.83, P = 0.003). Subgroup analysis revealed that both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression levels of APE1 are important indicators of poor prognosis in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Yuan
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Fan He
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Jia-Zhou Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ni Wu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Liu
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Luo
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Rong Liang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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