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Arioka M, Miura K, Han R, Igawa K, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Sasaguri T. Mammalian target of differentiation-inducing factor-1 is mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase for activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and induction of mitochondrial fission. Life Sci 2024; 351:122807. [PMID: 38852800 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a polyketide produced by Dictyostelium discoideum that inhibits growth and migration, while promoting the differentiation of Dictyostelium stalk cells through unknown mechanisms. DIF-1 localizes in stalk mitochondria. In addition to its effect on Dictyostelium, DIF-1 also inhibits growth and migration, and induces mitochondrial fission followed by mitophagy in mammalian cells, at least in part by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In a previous study, we found that DIF-1 binds to mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH2) and inhibits its activity in HeLa cells. In the present study, we investigated whether MDH2 serves as a pharmacological target of DIF-1 in mammalian cells. MAIN METHODS To examine the enzymatic activity of MDH, mitochondrial morphology, and molecular mechanisms of DIF-1 action, we conducted an MDH reverse reaction assay, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and RNA interference using mammalian cells such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human cervical cancer cells, mouse endothelial cells, and mouse breast cancer cells. KEY FINDINGS DIF-1 inhibited mitochondrial but not cytoplasmic MDH activity. Similar to DIF-1, LW6, an authentic MDH2 inhibitor, induced phosphorylation of AMPK, resulting in the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the dephosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase with approximately the same potency. DIF-1 and LW6 induced mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, MDH2 knockdown using siRNA reproduced the DIF-1 action on the AMPK signaling and mitochondrial morphology. Conversely, an AMPK inhibitor prevented DIF-1-induced mitochondrial fission. SIGNIFICANCE We propose that MDH2 is a mammalian target of DIF-1 for the activation of AMPK and induction of mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Arioka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Koichi Miura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ruzhe Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Sasaguri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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2
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André-Lévigne D, Pignel R, Boet S, Jaquet V, Kalbermatten DF, Madduri S. Role of Oxygen and Its Radicals in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: From Hypoxia to Physoxia to Hyperoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2030. [PMID: 38396709 PMCID: PMC10888612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is compulsory for mitochondrial function and energy supply, but it has numerous more nuanced roles. The different roles of oxygen in peripheral nerve regeneration range from energy supply, inflammation, phagocytosis, and oxidative cell destruction in the context of reperfusion injury to crucial redox signaling cascades that are necessary for effective axonal outgrowth. A fine balance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant activity draws the line between physiological and pathological nerve regeneration. There is compelling evidence that redox signaling mediated by the Nox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Further research is needed to better characterize the role of Nox in physiological and pathological circumstances, but the available data suggest that the modulation of Nox activity fosters great therapeutic potential. One of the promising approaches to enhance nerve regeneration by modulating the redox environment is hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, we highlight the influence of various oxygenation states, i.e., hypoxia, physoxia, and hyperoxia, on peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. We summarize the currently available data and knowledge on the effectiveness of using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat nerve injuries and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik André-Lévigne
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigue Pignel
- Subaquatic and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Boet
- Subaquatic and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- READS Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Kalbermatten
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Urrutia PJ, González-Billault C. A Role for Second Messengers in Axodendritic Neuronal Polarity. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2037-2052. [PMID: 36948585 PMCID: PMC10039749 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1065-19.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarization is a complex molecular process regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Nerve cells integrate multiple extracellular cues to generate intracellular messengers that ultimately control cell morphology, metabolism, and gene expression. Therefore, second messengers' local concentration and temporal regulation are crucial elements for acquiring a polarized morphology in neurons. This review article summarizes the main findings and current understanding of how Ca2+, IP3, cAMP, cGMP, and hydrogen peroxide control different aspects of neuronal polarization, and highlights questions that still need to be resolved to fully understand the fascinating cellular processes involved in axodendritic polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 7800003
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile 7510157
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 7800003
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 8380453
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile 7800003
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
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4
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Ryan AK, Rich W, Reilly MA. Oxidative stress in the brain and retina after traumatic injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1021152. [PMID: 36816125 PMCID: PMC9935939 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1021152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain and the retina share many physiological similarities, which allows the retina to serve as a model of CNS disease and disorder. In instances of trauma, the eye can even indicate damage to the brain via abnormalities observed such as irregularities in pupillary reflexes in suspected traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been observed in neurodegenerative disorders and in both traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) and in TBI. In a healthy system, ROS play a pivotal role in cellular communication, but in neurodegenerative diseases and post-trauma instances, ROS elevation can exacerbate neurodegeneration in both the brain and the retina. Increased ROS can overwhelm the inherent antioxidant systems which are regulated via mitochondrial processes. The overabundance of ROS can lead to protein, DNA, and other forms of cellular damage which ultimately result in apoptosis. Even though elevated ROS have been observed to be a major cause in the neurodegeneration observed after TON and TBI, many antioxidants therapeutic strategies fail. In order to understand why these therapeutic approaches fail further research into the direct injury cascades must be conducted. Additional therapeutic approaches such as therapeutics capable of anti-inflammatory properties and suppression of other neurodegenerative processes may be needed for the treatment of TON, TBI, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie K. Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wade Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew A. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew A. Reilly,
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5
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Sobrido-Cameán D, Oswald MCW, Bailey DMD, Mukherjee A, Landgraf M. Activity-regulated growth of motoneurons at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by NADPH oxidases. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1106593. [PMID: 36713781 PMCID: PMC9880070 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1106593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons respond to changes in the levels of activity they experience in a variety of ways, including structural changes at pre- and postsynaptic terminals. An essential plasticity signal required for such activity-regulated structural adjustments are reactive oxygen species (ROS). To identify sources of activity-regulated ROS required for structural plasticity in vivo we used the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction as a highly tractable experimental model system. For adjustments of presynaptic motor terminals, we found a requirement for both NADPH oxidases, Nox and dual oxidase (Duox), that are encoded in the Drosophila genome. This contrasts with the postsynaptic dendrites from which Nox is excluded. NADPH oxidases generate ROS to the extracellular space. Here, we show that two aquaporins, Bib and Drip, are necessary ROS conduits in the presynaptic motoneuron for activity regulated, NADPH oxidase dependent changes in presynaptic motoneuron terminal growth. Our data further suggest that different aspects of neuronal activity-regulated structural changes might be regulated by different ROS sources: changes in bouton number require both NADPH oxidases, while activity-regulated changes in the number of active zones might be modulated by other sources of ROS. Overall, our results show NADPH oxidases as important enzymes for mediating activity-regulated plasticity adjustments in neurons.
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Koga T, Ito H, Iwaoka Y, Noshita T, Tai A. Neurite Outgrowth-Promoting Compounds from the Petals of Paeonia lactiflora in PC12 Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227670. [PMID: 36431771 PMCID: PMC9692541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and astragalin, flavonol glucosides, were isolated from the petals of Paeonia lactiflora as neurite outgrowth-promoting compounds. Isoquercitrin, formed by demethylating the B ring of isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside or by adding a hydroxyl group to the B ring of astragalin, was evaluated for neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and was compared with the activities of isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and astragalin. The activities of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, aglycones corresponding to isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, respectively, were also evaluated. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and astragalin showed much stronger neurite outgrowth-promoting activities than the activities of the other tested flavonoids. They exhibited relatively weak anti-oxidant activities and moderate AChE inhibitory activities compared to the activities of the other tested flavonoids. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and astragalin promoted morphological neurite outgrowth and the expression of neurofilaments induced by NGF in PC12 cells. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and astragalin might be candidate compounds as neural differentiation agents in peripheral nerves and functional food ingredients preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Koga
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwaoka
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiro Noshita
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka-cho, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0293, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka-cho, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
- Correspondence:
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7
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Eid SA, Savelieff MG, Eid AA, Feldman EL. Nox, Nox, Are You There? The Role of NADPH Oxidases in the Peripheral Nervous System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:613-630. [PMID: 34861780 PMCID: PMC9634986 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to multiple aspects of peripheral nervous system (PNS) biology ranging from physiological processes (e.g., axonal outgrowth and regeneration) to pathophysiology (e.g., nerve degeneration). Although ROS are derived from multiple sources, NADPH oxidase (Nox) family members are dedicated to ROS generation. Noxs are expressed in the PNS, and their overexpression is associated with detrimental effects on nerve function and contributes, at least in part, to peripheral neuropathies. Recent Advances: Of the seven members, studies mostly focused on Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4, which are expressed in the PNS in a cell-specific manner. We have also recently identified human Nox5 in sural nerve biopsies. When maintained at homeostatic levels, Noxs regulate several aspects of peripheral nerve health, most notably neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration following nerve lesion. While Nox2 and Nox4 dysregulation is a major source of oxidative stress in PNS disorders, including neuropathic pain and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, recent evidence also implicates Nox1 and Nox5. Critical Issues: Although there is compelling evidence for a direct role of Noxs on nerve function, little is known about their subcellular localization, intercellular regulation, and interaction. These, together with redox signaling, are considered crucial components of nerve redox status. In addition, the lack of isoform-specific inhibitors limits conclusions about the physiological role of Noxs in the PNS and their therapeutic potential in peripheral neuropathies. Future Directions: Future research using isoform-specific genetic and pharmacological approaches are therefore needed to better understand the significance of Nox enzymes in PNS (patho) physiology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 613-630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie A. Eid
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurology, NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- Department of Neurology, NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Assaad A. Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurology, NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as regulators of key processes supporting neuronal growth, function, and plasticity across lifespan. At normal physiological levels, ROS perform important roles as secondary messengers in diverse molecular processes such as regulating neuronal differentiation, polarization, synapse maturation, and neurotransmission. In contrast, high levels of ROS are toxic and can ultimately lead to cell death. Excitable cells, such as neurons, often require high levels of metabolic activity to perform their functions. As a consequence, these cells are more likely to produce high levels of ROS, potentially enhancing their susceptibility to oxidative damage. In addition, because neurons are generally post-mitotic, they may be subject to accumulating oxidative damage. Thus, maintaining tight control over ROS concentration in the nervous system is essential for proper neuronal development and function. We are developing a more complete understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for control of ROS in these processes. This review focuses on ROS regulation of the developmental and functional properties of neurons, highlighting recent in vivo studies. We also discuss the current evidence linking oxidative damage to pathological conditions associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Topaloglu N, Bakay E. Mechanistic Approaches to the Light-Induced Neural Cell Differentiation: Photobiomodulation vs Low-Dose Photodynamic Therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102702. [PMID: 34954387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are the results of irreversible damages in the neuronal cells by affecting vital functions temporarily or even permanently. The use of light for the treatment of these diseases is an emerging promising innovative method. Photobiomodulation (PBM) and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) are the modalities that have a wide range of use in medicine and have opposite purposes, biostimulation and cell death respectively. METHODS In this study, we aimed to compare these two modalities (PDT and PBM) at low-level intensities and create a stimulatory effect on the differentiation of PC12 cells. Three different energy densities (1, 3, and 5 J/cm2) were used in PBM and Chlorin e6-mediated PDT applications upon irradiation with 655-nm laser light. The light-induced differentiation profile of PC12 cells was analyzed by morphological examinations, qRT-PCR, cell viability assay, and some mechanistic approaches such as; the analysis of intracellular ROS production, NO release, and mitochondrial membrane potential change. RESULTS It has been observed that both of these modalities were successful at neural cell differentiation. PBM at 1 J/cm2 and low-dose PDT at 3 J/cm2 energy densities provided the best differentiation profiles which were proved by the over-expressions of SYN-1 and GAP43 genes. It was also observed that intracellular ROS production and NO release had pivotal roles in these mechanisms with more cell differentiation obtained especially in low-dose PDT application. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that light-induced mechanisms with properly optimized light parameters have the capacity for neural cell regeneration and thus, can be a successful treatment for incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Topaloglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, 35620 Turkey.
| | - Emel Bakay
- Department of Biomedical Technologies, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, 35620 Turkey.
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10
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Villegas L, Nørremølle A, Freude K, Vilhardt F. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases Are Everywhere in Brain Disease, but Not in Huntington's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736734. [PMID: 34803655 PMCID: PMC8602359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and tissue atrophy mainly in the striatum and cortex. In the early stages of the disease, impairment of neuronal function, synaptic dysfunction and white matter loss precedes neuronal death itself. Relative to other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, where the effects of either microglia or NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are recognized as important contributors to disease pathogenesis and progression, there is a pronounced lack of information in HD. This information void contrasts with evidence from human HD patients where blood monocytes and microglia are activated well before HD clinical symptoms (PET scans), and the clear signs of oxidative stress and inflammation in post mortem HD brain. Habitually, NOX activity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) are equated with microglia, but research of the last two decades has carved out important roles for NOX enzyme function in neurons. Here, we will convey recent information about the function of NOX enzymes in neurons, and contemplate on putative roles of neuronal NOX in HD. We will focus on NOX-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as redox signaling molecules in/among neurons, and the specific roles of NOXs in important processes such as neurogenesis and lineage specification, neurite outgrowth and growth cone dynamics, and synaptic plasticity where NMDAR-dependent signaling, and long-term depression/potentiation are redox-regulated phenomena. HD animal models and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) studies have made it clear that the very same physiological processes are also affected in HD, and we will speculate on possible roles for NOX in the pathogenesis and development of disease. Finally, we also take into account the limited information on microglia in HD and relate this to any contribution of NOX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Villegas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shimoda A, Tanabe T, Sato T, Nedachi T. Hydrogen peroxide induces progranulin expression to control neurite outgrowth in HT22 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2103-2112. [PMID: 34289035 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor expressed in central nervous system. Although PGRN expression is regulated by various stressors, its precise role(s) and regulatory mechanism(s) remain elusive. In this study, we used HT22 cells to investigate the physiological implications of oxidative stress-induced PGRN expression and the regulation of PGRN expression by oxidative stress. We observed that p38 MAP kinase was activated upon the addition of H2O2, and a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, attenuated PGRN induction by H2O2. To explore the physiological role(s) of the PGRN induction, we first confirmed H2O2-dependent responses of HT22 cells and found that the length and number of neurites were increased by H2O2. Pgrn knockdown experiments suggested these changes were mediated by H2O2-induced PGRN expression, at least in part. Overall, the results suggested that an increase in oxidative stress in HT22 cells induced PGRN expression via p38 MAP kinase pathway, thereby controlling neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Shimoda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Takemi Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Taku Nedachi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
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Maraldi T, Angeloni C, Prata C, Hrelia S. NADPH Oxidases: Redox Regulators of Stem Cell Fate and Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:973. [PMID: 34204425 PMCID: PMC8234808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within stem cells is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes (NOXs), which are critical determinants of the redox state beside antioxidant defense mechanisms. This balance is involved in another one that regulates stem cell fate: indeed, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation are decisive steps for stem cells during embryo development, adult tissue renovation, and cell therapy application. Ex vivo culture-expanded stem cells are being investigated for tissue repair and immune modulation, but events such as aging, senescence, and oxidative stress reduce their ex vivo proliferation, which is crucial for their clinical applications. Here, we review the role of NOX-derived ROS in stem cell biology and functions, focusing on positive and negative effects triggered by the activity of different NOX isoforms. We report recent findings on downstream molecular targets of NOX-ROS signaling that can modulate stem cell homeostasis and lineage commitment and discuss the implications in ex vivo expansion and in vivo engraftment, function, and longevity. This review highlights the role of NOX as a pivotal regulator of several stem cell populations, and we conclude that these aspects have important implications in the clinical utility of stem cells, but further studies on the effects of pharmacological modulation of NOX in human stem cells are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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Solabre Valois L, Shi V(H, Bishop P, Zhu B, Nakamura Y, Wilkinson KA, Henley JM. Neurotrophic effects of Botulinum neurotoxin type A in hippocampal neurons involve activation of Rac1 by the non-catalytic heavy chain (HC C/A). IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:196-207. [PMID: 34041508 PMCID: PMC8143998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely potent naturally occurring poisons that act by silencing neurotransmission. Intriguingly, in addition to preventing presynaptic vesicle fusion, BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) can also promote axonal regeneration in preclinical models. Here we report that the non-toxic C-terminal region of the receptor-binding domain of heavy chain BoNT/A (HCC/A) activates the small GTPase Rac1 and ERK pathway to potentiate axonal outgrowth, dendritic protrusion formation and synaptic vesicle release in hippocampal neurons. These data are consistent with HCC/A exerting neurotrophic properties, at least in part, independent of any BoNT catalytic activity or toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Solabre Valois
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Vanilla (Hua) Shi
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul Bishop
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Bangfu Zhu
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Yasuko Nakamura
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kevin A. Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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14
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Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and NADPH Oxidase: Implications in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7086512. [PMID: 33953837 PMCID: PMC8068554 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7086512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase as an important source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) has gained enormous importance over the years, and the detailed structures of all the isoenzymes of the NADPH oxidase family and their regulation have been well explored. The enzyme has been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. The present brief review examines the body of evidence that links NADPH oxidase with the genesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In short, evidence suggests that microglial activation and inflammatory response in the AD brain is associated with increased production of ROS by microglial NADPH oxidase. Along with other inflammatory mediators, ROS take part in neuronal degeneration and enhance the microglial activation process. The review also evaluates the current state of NADPH oxidase inhibitors as potential disease-modifying agents for AD.
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15
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Richards LA, Schonhoff CM. Nitric oxide and sex differences in dendritic branching and arborization. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1390-1400. [PMID: 33538046 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule with many functions in the nervous system. Derived from the enzymatic conversion of arginine by several nitric oxide synthases (NOS), NO plays significant roles in neuronal developmental events such as the establishment of dendritic branching or arbors. A brief summary of the discovery, molecular biology, and chemistry of NO, and a description of important NO-mediated signal transduction pathways with emphasis on the role for NO in the development of dendritic branching during neurodevelopment are presented. Important sex differences in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression during neuronal development are considered. Finally, a survey of endogenous and exogenous substances that disrupt dendritic patterning is presented with particular emphasis on how these molecules may drive NO-mediated sex differences in dendritic branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Richards
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Schonhoff
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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16
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Nischarin downregulation attenuates cell injury induced by oxidative stress via Wnt signaling. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1199-1207. [PMID: 33075003 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nischarin (NISCH) is a key protein functioning as a molecular scaffold and thereby hosting interactions with several protein partners. Here, we aimed to investigate whether NISCH downregulation could protect rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells against oxidative stress-induced injury using a model of cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis rate was evaluated using flow cytometry. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and NISCH were examined via Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining analyses. The expressions of NISCH, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and T-cell factor-1 (TCF-1) were examined using Western blot analysis. The results showed that incubation of H2O2 for 48 h significantly decreased the cell viability, increased the cell apoptosis rate and the NISCH expression in PC12 cells, whereas NISCH downregulation blocked the effects of H2O2 on cells. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly reduced, and the expression of Bax and caspase-3 were significantly increased by H2O2 treatment. However, these effects were partially inhibited by the downregulation of NISCH. Furthermore, H2O2 significantly weakened the transduction of Wnt signaling, including the increases of GSK-3β and TCF-1 expressions and the decrease of β-catenin expression, while NISCH downregulation attenuated the effect of H2O2 on Wnt signaling. Moreover, inhibition of the Wnt pathway further decreased the cell viability and promoted the cell apoptosis induced by H2O2 in PC12 cells. Our results suggest that NISCH downregulation may protect cells against oxidative stress-induced injury through regulating the transduction of Wnt signaling.
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17
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Terzi A, Roeder H, Weaver CJ, Suter DM. Neuronal NADPH oxidase 2 regulates growth cone guidance downstream of slit2/robo2. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:3-21. [PMID: 33191581 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are membrane-bound multi-subunit protein complexes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that regulate many cellular processes. Emerging evidence suggests that Nox-derived ROS also control neuronal development and axonal outgrowth. However, whether Nox act downstream of receptors for axonal growth and guidance cues is presently unknown. To answer this question, we cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) derived from zebrafish embryos and exposed these neurons to netrin-1, slit2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). To test the role of Nox in cue-mediated growth and guidance, we either pharmacologically inhibited Nox or investigated neurons from mutant fish that are deficient in Nox2. We found that slit2-mediated growth cone collapse, and axonal retraction were eliminated by Nox inhibition. Though we did not see an effect of either BDNF or netrin-1 on growth rates, growth in the presence of netrin-1 was reduced by Nox inhibition. Furthermore, attractive and repulsive growth cone turning in response to gradients of BDNF, netrin-1, and slit2, respectively, were eliminated when Nox was inhibited in vitro. ROS biosensor imaging showed that slit2 treatment increased growth cone hydrogen peroxide levels via mechanisms involving Nox2 activation. We also investigated the possible relationship between Nox2 and slit2/Robo2 signaling in vivo. astray/nox2 double heterozygote larvae exhibited decreased area of tectal innervation as compared to individual heterozygotes, suggesting both Nox2 and Robo2 are required for establishment of retinotectal connections. Our results provide evidence that Nox2 acts downstream of slit2/Robo2 by mediating growth and guidance of developing zebrafish RGC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haley Roeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cory J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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18
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Qu W, Suazo KF, Liu W, Cheng S, Jeong A, Hottman D, Yuan LL, Distefano MD, Li L. Neuronal Protein Farnesylation Regulates Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Function. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1128-1144. [PMID: 33098528 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a post-translational lipid modification that governs a variety of important cellular signaling pathways, including those regulating synaptic functions and cognition in the nervous system. Two enzymes, farnesyltransferase (FT) and geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGT), are essential for the prenylation process. Genetic reduction of FT or GGT ameliorates neuropathology but only FT haplodeficiency rescues cognitive function in transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease. A follow-up study showed that systemic or forebrain neuron-specific deficiency of GGT leads to synaptic and cognitive deficits under physiological conditions. Whether FT plays different roles in shaping neuronal functions and cognition remains elusive. This study shows that in contrast to the detrimental effects of GGT reduction, systemic haplodeficiency of FT has little to no impact on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognition. However, forebrain neuron-specific FT deletion also leads to reduced synaptic plasticity, memory retention, and hippocampal dendritic spine density. Furthermore, a novel prenylomic analysis identifies distinct pools of prenylated proteins that are affected in the brain of forebrain neuron-specific FT and GGT knockout mice, respectively. Taken together, this study uncovers that physiological levels of FT and GGT in neurons are essential for normal synaptic/cognitive functions and that the prenylation status of specific signaling molecules regulates neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility (MTRF) 4-208, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility (MTRF) 4-208, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Angela Jeong
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility (MTRF) 4-208, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David Hottman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility (MTRF) 4-208, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Li-Lian Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility (MTRF) 4-208, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Graduate Program in Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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19
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Y-27632 Induces Neurite Outgrowth by Activating the NOX1-Mediated AKT and PAK1 Phosphorylation Cascades in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207679. [PMID: 33081375 PMCID: PMC7589331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-27632 is known as a selective Rho-associated coiled coil-forming kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. Y-27632 has been shown to induce neurite outgrowth in several neuronal cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms linking neurite outgrowth to Y-27632 are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the ability of Y-27632 to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and evaluated the signaling cascade. The effect of Y-27632 on the neurite outgrowth was inhibited by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and trolox. Furthermore, Y-27632-induced neurite outgrowth was not triggered by NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) knockdown or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a NOX inhibitor. Suppression of the Rho-family GTPase Rac1, which is under the negative control of ROCK, with expression of the dominant negative Rac1 mutant (Rac1N17) prevented Y-27632-induced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 prevented Y-27632-induced AKT and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) activation. AKT inhibition with MK2206 suppressed Y-27632-induced PAK1 phosphorylation and neurite outgrowth. In conclusion, our results suggest that Rac1/NOX1-dependent ROS generation and subsequent activation of the AKT/PAK1 cascade contribute to Y-27632-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
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20
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Liu J, Li Y, Chen S, Lin Y, Lai H, Chen B, Chen T. Biomedical Application of Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Nanocarriers in Cancer, Inflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Chem 2020; 8:838. [PMID: 33062637 PMCID: PMC7530259 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, are accompanied by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This makes ROS vital flagging molecules in disease pathology. ROS-responsive drug delivery platforms have been developed. Nanotechnology has been broadly applied in the field of biomedicine leading to the progress of ROS-responsive nanoparticles. In this review, we focused on the production and physiological/pathophysiological impact of ROS. Particular emphasis is put on the mechanisms and effects of abnormal ROS levels on oxidative stress diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we summarized the potential biomedical applications of ROS-responsive nanocarriers in these oxidative stress diseases. We provide insights that will help in the designing of new ROS-responsive nanocarriers for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Chen
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongpeng Lin
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoqiang Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolai Chen
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Zhang Z, Jørgensen ML, Wang Z, Amagat J, Wang Y, Li Q, Dong M, Chen M. 3D anisotropic photocatalytic architectures as bioactive nerve guidance conduits for peripheral neural regeneration. Biomaterials 2020; 253:120108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Terzi A, Suter DM. The role of NADPH oxidases in neuronal development. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:33-47. [PMID: 32370993 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function when produced in physiological ranges. Important sources of cellular ROS include NADPH oxidases (Nox), which are evolutionary conserved multi-subunit transmembrane proteins. Nox-mediated ROS regulate variety of biological processes including hormone synthesis, calcium signaling, cell migration, and immunity. ROS participate in intracellular signaling by introducing post-translational modifications to proteins and thereby altering their functions. The central nervous system (CNS) expresses different Nox isoforms during both development and adulthood. Here, we review the role of Nox-mediated ROS during CNS development. Specifically, we focus on how individual Nox isoforms contribute to signaling in neural stem cell maintenance and neuronal differentiation, as well as neurite outgrowth and guidance. We also discuss how ROS regulates the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the neuronal growth cone. Finally, we review recent evidence that Nox-derived ROS modulate axonal regeneration upon nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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23
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Ballance WC, Qin EC, Chung HJ, Gillette MU, Kong H. Reactive oxygen species-responsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119292. [PMID: 31279098 PMCID: PMC7081518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and disorders seriously impact memory and cognition and can become life-threatening. Current medical techniques attempt to combat these detrimental effects mainly through the administration of neuromedicine. However, drug efficacy is limited by rapid dispersal of the drugs to off-target sites while the site of administration is prone to overdose. Many neuropathological conditions are accompanied by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the inflammatory response. Accordingly, ROS-responsive drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution. To guide intelligent and comprehensive design of ROS-responsive drug delivery systems, this review article discusses the two following topics: (1) the biology of ROS in both healthy and diseased nervous systems and (2) recent developments in ROS-responsive, drug delivery system design. Overall, this review article would assist efforts to make better decisions about designing ROS-responsive, neural drug delivery systems, including the selection of ROS-responsive functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Ballance
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ellen C Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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24
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Kim Y, Vadodaria KC, Lenkei Z, Kato T, Gage FH, Marchetto MC, Santos R. Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Redox Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:275-317. [PMID: 30585734 PMCID: PMC6602118 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms causing psychiatric disorders is modest, but genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are central to the etiology of these conditions. Autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder show genetic gene risk overlap and share symptoms and metabolic comorbidities. The identification of such common features may provide insights into the development of these disorders. Recent Advances: Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that brain energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions and redox balance are impaired to various degrees in psychiatric disorders. Since mitochondrial metabolism and redox signaling can integrate genetic and environmental environmental factors affecting the brain, it is possible that they are implicated in the etiology and progression of psychiatric disorders. Critical Issue: Evidence for direct links between cellular mitochondrial dysfunction and disease features are missing. Future Directions: A better understanding of the mitochondrial biology and its intracellular connections to the nuclear genome, the endoplasmic reticulum and signaling pathways, as well as its role in intercellular communication in the organism, is still needed. This review focuses on the findings that implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, the resultant metabolic changes and oxidative stress as important etiological factors in the context of psychiatric disorders. We also propose a model where specific pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders depend on circuit-specific impairments of mitochondrial dysfunction and redox signaling at specific developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni Kim
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea.,2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Krishna C Vadodaria
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Zsolt Lenkei
- 3 Laboratory of Dynamic of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (UMR_S1266 INSERM, University Paris Descartes), Paris, France
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- 4 Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Fred H Gage
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Renata Santos
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.,3 Laboratory of Dynamic of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (UMR_S1266 INSERM, University Paris Descartes), Paris, France
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25
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Kang YH, Shivakumar SB, Son YB, Bharti D, Jang SJ, Heo KS, Park WU, Byun JH, Park BW, Rho GJ. Comparative analysis of three different protocols for cholinergic neuron differentiation in vitro using mesenchymal stem cells from human dental pulp. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:275-287. [PMID: 31489249 PMCID: PMC6711138 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1626280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis in the cholinergic neurons cause neurological disorders involving a decline in cognitive abilities, such as Alzheimer's disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used as an efficient therapeutic agents due to their neuronal differentiation potential. Different source derived MSCs may have different differentiation potential under different inductions. Various in vitro protocols have been developed to differentiate MSCs into specific neurons but the comparative effect of different protocols utilizing same source derived MSCs, is not known. To address this issue, dental pulp derived MSCs (DPSCs) were differentiated into cholinergic neurons using three different protocols. In protocol I, DPSCs were pre-induced with serum-free ADMEM containing 1 mM of β-mercaptoethanol for 24 h and then incubated with 100 ng/ml nerve growth factor (NGF) for 6 days. Under protocol II, DPSCs were cultured in serum-free ADMEM containing 15 µg/ml of D609 (tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate) for 4 days. Under protocol III, the DPSCs were cultured in serum-free ADMEM containing 10 ng/ml of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 50 µM of forskolin, 250 ng/ml of sonic hedgehog (SHH), and 0.5 µM of retinoic acid (RA) for 7 days. The DPSCs were successfully trans-differentiated under all the protocols, exhibited neuron-like morphologies with upregulated cholinergic neuron-specific markers such as ChAT, HB9, ISL1, BETA-3, and MAP2 both at mRNA and protein levels in comparison to untreated cells. However, protocol III-induced cells showed the highest expression of the cholinergic markers and secreted the highest level of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Kang
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharath Belame Shivakumar
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bum Son
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Bharti
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Jung Jang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Sun Heo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Uk Park
- Department of Dental Technology, Jinju Health College, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Ho Byun
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Wook Park
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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26
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Jing W, Zhang Y, Cai Q, Chen G, Wang L, Yang X, Zhong W. Study of Electrical Stimulation with Different Electric-Field Intensities in the Regulation of the Differentiation of PC12 Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:348-357. [PMID: 30212623 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of using electrical stimulation (ES) to promote the neural differentiation and regeneration of injured nerves is proven feasible. Study of the possible molecular mechanisms in relation to this ES promotion effect should be helpful for understanding the phenomenon. In this study, it was identified that the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was enhanced when the electric field intensity was in the range of 30-80 mV/mm, and a lower or higher electric-field intensity displayed inferior effects. Under ES, however, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and expression of TREK-1 were measured as being gradually increasing alongside higher electric-field intensity. In trying to understand the relationship between the ES enhancement on differentiation and these variations in cell activities, parallel experiments were conducted by introducing exogeneous H2O2 into culture systems at different concentrations. Similarly, the effects of H2O2 concentration on the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels, and TREK-1 expression were systematically characterized. In comparative studies, it was found in two cases that ES of 50 mV/mm for 2 h/day and H2O2 of 5 μM in culture medium shared comparable results for intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels and TREK-1 expression. Higher H2O2 concentrations (e.g., 10 and 20 μM) demonstrated adverse effects on cell differentiation and caused DNA damage. A stronger ES (e.g., 100 mV/mm), being associated with a higher intracellular ROS level, also resulted in weaker enhancement of the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. These facts suggested that the intracellular ROS generated under ES might be an intermediate signal transducer involved in cascade reactions relative to cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Colangelo AM, Cirillo G, Alberghina L, Papa M, Westerhoff HV. Neural plasticity and adult neurogenesis: the deep biology perspective. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:201-205. [PMID: 30530998 PMCID: PMC6301164 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition that neurogenesis does not stop with adolescence has spun off research towards the reduction of brain disorders by enhancing brain regeneration. Adult neurogenesis is one of the tougher problems of developmental biology as it requires the generation of complex intracellular and pericellular anatomies, amidst the danger of neuroinflammation. We here review how a multitude of regulatory pathways optimized for early neurogenesis has to be revamped into a new choreography of time dependencies. Distinct pathways need to be regulated, ranging from neural growth factor induced differentiation to mitochondrial bioenergetics, reactive oxygen metabolism, and apoptosis. Requiring much Gibbs energy consumption, brain depends on aerobic energy metabolism, hence on mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial fission and fusion, movement and perhaps even mitoptosis, thereby come into play. All these network processes are interlinked and involve a plethora of molecules. We recommend a deep thinking approach to adult neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Dept. of Biotechnology and Biosciences; SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, University of Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, and Infrastructure Systems Biology at NL (ISBE.NL), Amsterdam, NL, and Systems Biology, School for Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, UK
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28
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Fahmy HM, Saad EAEMS, Sabra NM, El-Gohary AA, Mohamed FF, Gaber MH. Treatment merits of Latanoprost/Thymoquinone - Encapsulated liposome for glaucomatus rabbits. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:597-608. [PMID: 29997042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP) is recognized as a risk factor for glaucoma development. Latanoprost (LAT) is a prostaglandin analog used to reduce the (IOP). Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major bioactive ingredient of Nigella sativa. The aim of this study was to develop novel liposomal drug carriers for ocular delivery of LAT, TQ and a mixture of them to investigate their IOP lowering efficacy upon subconjunctival injection in glaucoma-induced rabbit's eye. The aim of the present work extends also to study the effect of the different liposome formulations on the aqueous humor oxidative stress. Liposome samples were prepared using thin film hydration method. The physiochemical properties of the prepared drugs were characterized. The IOP was recorded for 70 rabbits using Schiotz-tonometer. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant activity of the aqueous humor were estimated. Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetric studies confirmed the interaction between the drug and the vesicles, which resulted in high drug encapsulation efficiency ≥88%. The size of the prepared liposomes was less than 10 μm which make them suitable in ophthalmic applications. The sustained effect was achieved by liposome samples of Lip (LAT) and Lip (LAT + TQ) which were able to reduce the IOP significantly up to 84 h. Morever, the treatment of glaucomatous rabbits with liposome formulations containing TQ in their preparation [Lip (TQ) and Lip (LAT + TQ)] greatly improved the ocular tissue-induced histopathological lesions. None of the prepared liposome formulations succeeded to improve the glaucoma-induced oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amal Ahmed El-Gohary
- Physiological Optics Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Hassaneen Gaber
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt; Basic Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, British University in Egypt, El Shourouk City, Misr Ismalia Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Numerous studies have demonstrated the actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as regulators of several physiological processes. In this study, we discuss how redox signaling mechanisms operate to control different processes such as neuronal differentiation, oligodendrocyte differentiation, dendritic growth, and axonal growth. Recent Advances: Redox homeostasis regulates the physiology of neural stem cells (NSCs). Notably, the neuronal differentiation process of NSCs is determined by a change toward oxidative metabolism, increased levels of mitochondrial ROS, increased activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes, decreased levels of Nrf2, and differential regulation of different redoxins. Furthermore, during the neuronal maturation processes, NOX and MICAL produce ROS to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, which control the dendritic and axonal growth, as well as the axonal guidance. CRITICAL ISSUES The redox homeostasis changes are, in part, attributed to cell metabolism and compartmentalized production of ROS, which is regulated, sensed, and transduced by different molecules such as thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins, and nucleoredoxin to control different signaling pathways in different subcellular regions. The study of how these elements cooperatively act is essential for the understanding of nervous system development, as well as the application of regenerative therapies that recapitulate these processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The information about these topics in the last two decades leads us to the conclusion that the role of ROS signaling in development of the nervous system is more important than it was previously believed and makes clear the importance of exploring in more detail the mechanisms of redox signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1603-1625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julio Morán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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30
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Martorana F, Gaglio D, Bianco MR, Aprea F, Virtuoso A, Bonanomi M, Alberghina L, Papa M, Colangelo AM. Differentiation by nerve growth factor (NGF) involves mechanisms of crosstalk between energy homeostasis and mitochondrial remodeling. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29523844 PMCID: PMC5844953 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation involves extensive modification of biochemical and morphological properties to meet novel functional requirements. Reorganization of the mitochondrial network to match the higher energy demand plays a pivotal role in this process. Mechanisms of neuronal differentiation in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) have been largely characterized in terms of signaling, however, little is known about its impact on mitochondrial remodeling and metabolic function. In this work, we show that NGF-induced differentiation requires the activation of autophagy mediated by Atg9b and Ambra1, as it is disrupted by their genetic knockdown and by autophagy blockers. NGF differentiation involves the induction of P-AMPK and P-CaMK, and is prevented by their pharmacological inhibition. These molecular events correlate with modifications of energy and redox homeostasis, as determined by ATP and NADPH changes, higher oxygen consumption (OCR) and ROS production. Our data indicate that autophagy aims to clear out exhausted mitochondria, as determined by enhanced localization of p62 and Lysotracker-red to mitochondria. In addition, we newly demonstrate that NGF differentiation is accompanied by increased mitochondrial remodeling involving higher levels of fission (P-Drp1) and fusion proteins (Opa1 and Mfn2), as well as induction of Sirt3 and the transcription factors mtTFA and PPARγ, which regulate mitochondria biogenesis and metabolism to sustain increased mitochondrial mass, potential, and bioenergetics. Overall, our data indicate a new NGF-dependent mechanism involving mitophagy and extensive mitochondrial remodeling, which plays a key role in both neurogenesis and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martorana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Gaglio
- SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Bianco
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Aprea
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonanomi
- SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy. .,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. .,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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31
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Oswald MCW, Garnham N, Sweeney ST, Landgraf M. Regulation of neuronal development and function by ROS. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:679-691. [PMID: 29323696 PMCID: PMC5888200 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been studied as destructive agents in the context of nervous system ageing, disease and degeneration. Their roles as signalling molecules under normal physiological conditions is less well understood. Recent studies have provided ample evidence of ROS-regulating neuronal development and function, from the establishment of neuronal polarity to growth cone pathfinding; from the regulation of connectivity and synaptic transmission to the tuning of neuronal networks. Appreciation of the varied processes that are subject to regulation by ROS might help us understand how changes in ROS metabolism and buffering could progressively impact on neuronal networks with age and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Garnham
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslington YorkUK
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32
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Shinsuke K, Junya K, Tomonobu U, Yoshiko K, Izumo N, Takahiko S. Chronic irradiation with low-dose-rate 137Cs-γ rays inhibits NGF-induced neurite extension of PC12 cells via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2017; 58:809-815. [PMID: 29106600 PMCID: PMC5710646 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic irradiation with low-dose-rate 137Cs-γ rays inhibits the differentiation of human neural progenitor cells and influences the expression of proteins associated with several cellular functions. We aimed to determine whether such chronic irradiation influences the expression of proteins associated with PC12 cells. Chronic irradiation at 0.027 mGy/min resulted in inhibition of NGF-induced neurite extension. Furthermore, irradiation enhanced the nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but did not affect the phosphorylation of NGF receptors, suggesting that irradiation influences pathways unassociated with the activation of ERK. We then examined whether irradiation influenced the Akt-Rac1 pathway, which is unaffected by ERK activation. Chronic irradiation also enhanced the NGF-induced increase in Akt phosphorylation, but markedly inhibited the NGF-induced increase in Rac1 activity that is associated with neurite extension. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of irradiation on neurite extension influences pathways unassociated with Akt activation. As Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is known to inhibit the NGF-induced neurite extension in PC12 cells, independent of ERK and Akt activation, we next examined the effects of irradiation on CaMKII activation. Chronic irradiation induced CaMKII activation, while application of KN-62 (a specific inhibitor of CaMKII), attenuated increases in CaMKII activation and recovered neurite extension and NGF-induced increases in Rac1 activity that was inhibited by irradiation. Our results suggest that chronic irradiation with low-dose-rate γ-rays inhibits Rac1 activity via CaMKII activation, thereby inhibiting NGF-induced neurite extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katoh Shinsuke
- Research Center for Radiation Science, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kobayashi Junya
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Umeda Tomonobu
- Research Center for Radiation Science, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kobayashi Yoshiko
- Research Center for Radiation Science, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Suzuki Takahiko
- Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi 173-8605, Japan
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33
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Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates acute neuroinflammation and long-term cognitive impairment after polymicrobial sepsis. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:436-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Meda F, Rampon C, Dupont E, Gauron C, Mourton A, Queguiner I, Thauvin M, Volovitch M, Joliot A, Vriz S. Nerves, H 2O 2 and Shh: Three players in the game of regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:65-73. [PMID: 28797840 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels is required during regeneration. H2O2 in particular assumes clear signalling functions at different steps in this process. Injured nerves induce high levels of H2O2 through the activation of the Hedgehog (Shh) pathway, providing an environment that promotes cell plasticity, progenitor recruitment and blastema formation. In turn, high H2O2 levels contribute to growing axon attraction. Once re-innervation is completed, nerves subsequently downregulate H2O2 levels to their original state. A similar regulatory loop between H2O2 levels and nerves also exists during development. This suggests that redox signalling is a major actor in cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Meda
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Christine Rampon
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Edmond Dupont
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Carole Gauron
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Mourton
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France; UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Queguiner
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marion Thauvin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michel Volovitch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; École Normale Supérieure, Institute of Biology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alain Joliot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vriz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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35
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Lee HM, Seo JH, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Methylglyoxal upregulates Dictyostelium discoideum slug migration by triggering glutathione reductase and methylglyoxal reductase activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 90:81-92. [PMID: 28760625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH)-deprived Dictyostelium discoideum accumulates methylglyoxal (MG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during vegetative growth. However, the reciprocal effects of the production and regulation of these metabolites on differentiation and cell motility are unclear. Based on the inhibitory effects of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gcsA) disruption and GSH reductase (gsr) overexpression on aggregation and culmination, respectively, we overexpressed GSH-related genes encoding superoxide dismutase (Sod2), catalase (CatA), and Gcs, in D. discoideum. Wild-type KAx3 and gcsA-overexpressing (gcsAOE) slugs maintained GSH levels at levels of approximately 2.1-fold less than the reference GSH synthetase-overexpressing mutant; their GSH levels did not correlate with slug migration ability. Through prolonged KAx3 migration by treatment with MG and H2O2, we found that MG increased after the mound stage in this strain, with a 2.6-fold increase compared to early developmental stages; in contrast, ROS were maintained at high levels throughout development. While the migration-defective sod2- and catA-overexpressing mutant slugs (sod2OE and catAOE) decreased ROS levels by 50% and 53%, respectively, these slugs showed moderately decreased MG levels (36.2±5.8 and 40.7±1.6nmolg-1 cells wet weight, P<0.05) compared to the parental strain (54.2±3.5nmolg-1). Importantly, defects in the migration of gcsAOE slugs decreased MG considerably (13.8±4.2nmolg-1, P<0.01) along with a slight decrease in ROS. In contrast to the increase observed in migrating sod2OE and catAOE slugs by treatment with MG and H2O2, the migration of gcsAOE slugs appeared unaffected. This behavior was caused by MG-triggered Gsr and NADPH-linked aldolase reductase activity, suggesting that GSH biosynthesis in gcsAOE slugs is specifically used for MG-scavenging activity. This is the first report showing that MG upregulates slug migration via MG-scavenging-mediated differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hui Seo
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Almeida AS, Vieira HLA. Role of Cell Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function During Adult Neurogenesis. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1787-1794. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Beckhauser TF, Francis-Oliveira J, De Pasquale R. Reactive Oxygen Species: Physiological and Physiopathological Effects on Synaptic Plasticity. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:23-48. [PMID: 27625575 PMCID: PMC5012454 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s39887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is counterbalanced by antioxidant defenses. When large amounts of ROS accumulate, antioxidant mechanisms become overwhelmed and oxidative cellular stress may occur. Therefore, ROS are typically characterized as toxic molecules, oxidizing membrane lipids, changing the conformation of proteins, damaging nucleic acids, and causing deficits in synaptic plasticity. High ROS concentrations are associated with a decline in cognitive functions, as observed in some neurodegenerative disorders and age-dependent decay of neuroplasticity. Nevertheless, controlled ROS production provides the optimal redox state for the activation of transductional pathways involved in synaptic changes. Since ROS may regulate neuronal activity and elicit negative effects at the same time, the distinction between beneficial and deleterious consequences is unclear. In this regard, this review assesses current research and describes the main sources of ROS in neurons, specifying their involvement in synaptic plasticity and distinguishing between physiological and pathological processes implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Fernando Beckhauser
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Francis-Oliveira
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate T Cell Immune Response in the Tumor Microenvironment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1580967. [PMID: 27547291 PMCID: PMC4980531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1580967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cellular metabolism play an important role as signaling messengers in immune system. ROS elevated in the tumor microenvironment are associated with tumor-induced immunosuppression. T cell-based therapy has been recently approved to be effective for cancer treatment. However, T cells often become dysfunctional after reaching the tumor site. It has been reported that ROS participate extensively in T cells activation, apoptosis, and hyporesponsiveness. The sensitivity of T cells to ROS varies among different subsets. ROS can be regulated by cytokines, amino acid metabolism, and enzymatic activity. Immunosuppressive cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment and induce apoptosis and functional suppression of T cells by producing ROS. Thus, modulating the level of ROS may be important to prolong survival of T cells and enhance their antitumor function. Combining T cell-based therapy with antioxidant treatment such as administration of ROS scavenger should be considered as a promising strategy in cancer treatment, aiming to improve antitumor T cells immunity.
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39
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RAGE Expression and ROS Generation in Neurons: Differentiation versus Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9348651. [PMID: 27313835 PMCID: PMC4897723 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9348651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RAGE is a multiligand receptor able to bind advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), amphoterin, calgranulins, and amyloid-beta peptides, identified in many tissues and cells, including neurons. RAGE stimulation induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly through the activity of NADPH oxidases. In neuronal cells, RAGE-induced ROS generation is able to favor cell survival and differentiation or to induce death through the imbalance of redox state. The dual nature of RAGE signaling in neurons depends not only on the intensity of RAGE activation but also on the ability of RAGE-bearing cells to adapt to ROS generation. In this review we highlight these aspects of RAGE signaling regulation in neuronal cells.
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Bórquez DA, Urrutia PJ, Wilson C, van Zundert B, Núñez MT, González-Billault C. Dissecting the role of redox signaling in neuronal development. J Neurochem 2016; 137:506-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bórquez
- Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica; Universidad Diego Portales; Santiago Chile
| | | | - Carlos Wilson
- Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | | | | | - Christian González-Billault
- Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism; Santiago Chile
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NADPH Oxidase: A Potential Target for Treatment of Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5026984. [PMID: 26941888 PMCID: PMC4752995 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5026984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is thought to be the main cause of oxidative stress. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have recently been identified and studied as important producers of ROS in brain tissues after stroke. Several reports have shown that knockout or deletion of NOX exerts a neuroprotective effect in three major experimental stroke models. Recent studies also confirmed that NOX inhibitors ameliorate brain injury and improve neurological outcome after stroke. However, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NOX enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) are not known well. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding about expression and physiological function of NOX enzymes in the CNS and its pathophysiological roles in the three major types of stroke: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Gandhi D, Tarale P, Naoghare PK, Bafana A, Kannan K, Sivanesan S. Integrative genomic and proteomic profiling of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells reveals signatures of endosulfan exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:187-194. [PMID: 26722802 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is known to induce multiple disorders/abnormalities including neuro-degenerative disorders in many animal species. However, the molecular mechanism of endosulfan induced neuronal alterations is still not well understood. In the present study, the effect of sub-lethal concentration of endosulfan (3 μM) on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was investigated using genomic and proteomic approaches. Microarray and 2D-PAGE followed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed differential expression of 831 transcripts and 16 proteins in exposed cells. A gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes and proteins were involved in variety of cellular events such as neuronal developmental pathway, immune response, cell differentiation, apoptosis, transmission of nerve impulse, axonogenesis, etc. The present study attempted to explore the possible molecular mechanism of endosulfan induced neuronal alterations in SH-SY5Y cells using an integrated genomic and proteomic approach. Based on the gene and protein profile possible mechanisms underlying endosulfan neurotoxicity were predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Gandhi
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Prashant Tarale
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Pravin K Naoghare
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Amit Bafana
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Krishnamurthi Kannan
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.
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Silvis AM, McCormick ML, Spitz DR, Kiningham KK. Redox balance influences differentiation status of neuroblastoma in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid. Redox Biol 2015; 7:88-96. [PMID: 26678800 PMCID: PMC4683430 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in childhood; and patients in stage IV of the disease have a high propensity for tumor recurrence. Retinoid therapy has been utilized as a means to induce differentiation of tumor cells and to inhibit relapse. In this study, the expression of a common neuronal differentiation marker [neurofilament M (NF-M)] in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells treated with 10 μM all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) showed significantly increased expression in accordance with reduced cell number. This was accompanied by an increase in MitoSOX and DCFH2 oxidation that could be indicative of increased steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2•− and H2O2, which correlated with increased levels of MnSOD activity and immuno-reactive protein. Furthermore PEG-catalase inhibited the DCFH2 oxidation signal to a greater extent in the ATRA-treated cells (relative to controls) at 96 h indicating that as the cells became more differentiated, steady-state levels of H2O2 increased in the absence of increases in peroxide-scavenging antioxidants (i.e., glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). In addition, ATRA-induced stimulation of NF-M at 48 and 72 h was enhanced by decreasing SOD activity using siRNA directed at MnSOD. Finally, treatment with ATRA for 96 h in the presence of MnSOD siRNA or PEG-catalase inhibited ATRA induced increases in NF-M expression. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that changes in steady-state levels of O2•− and H2O2 significantly contribute to the process of ATRA-induced differentiation in neuroblastoma, and suggest that retinoid therapy for neuroblastoma could potentially be enhanced by redox-based manipulations of superoxide metabolism to improve patient outcome. A role for ROS is proposed for retinoid-differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide coordinate with increased MnSOD activity. Hydrogen peroxide is a potential signaling molecule to promote differentiation. Preventing H2O2 degradation may improve retinoid based neuroblastoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Silvis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Michael L McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - Kinsley K Kiningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Belmont University College of Pharmacy, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Pirotte N, Leynen N, Artois T, Smeets K. Do you have the nerves to regenerate? The importance of neural signalling in the regeneration process. Dev Biol 2015; 409:4-15. [PMID: 26586202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of nerve-derived signalling for correct regeneration has been the topic of research for more than a hundred years, but we are just beginning to identify the underlying molecular pathways of this process. Within the current review, we attempt to provide an extensive overview of the neural influences during early and late phases of both vertebrate and invertebrate regeneration. In general, denervation impairs limb regeneration, but the presence of nerves is not essential for the regeneration of aneurogenic extremities. This observation led to the "neurotrophic factor(s) hypothesis", which states that certain trophic factors produced by the nerves are necessary for proper regeneration. Possible neuron-derived factors which regulate regeneration as well as the denervation-affected processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Pirotte
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Leynen
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Chandrasekaran V, Lea C, Sosa JC, Higgins D, Lein PJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in BMP-induced dendritic growth in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 67:116-25. [PMID: 26079955 PMCID: PMC4550485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) promote dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons; however, the downstream signaling molecules that mediate the dendrite promoting activity of BMPs are not well characterized. Here we test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling links BMP receptor activation to dendritic growth. In cultured rat sympathetic neurons, exposure to any of the three mechanistically distinct antioxidants, diphenylene iodinium (DPI), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NGA) or desferroxamine (DFO), blocked de novo BMP-induced dendritic growth. Addition of DPI to cultures previously induced with BMP to extend dendrites caused dendritic retraction while DFO and NGA prevented further growth of dendrites. The inhibition of the dendrite promoting activity of BMPs by antioxidants was concentration-dependent and occurred without altering axonal growth or neuronal cell survival. Antioxidant treatment did not block BMP activation of SMAD 1,5 as determined by nuclear localization of these SMADs. While BMP treatment did not cause a detectable increase in intracellular ROS in cultured sympathetic neurons as assessed using fluorescent indicator dyes, BMP treatment increased the oxygen consumption rate in cultured sympathetic neurons as determined using the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer, suggesting increased mitochondrial activity. In addition, BMPs upregulated expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and either pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of NOX2 significantly decreased BMP-7 induced dendritic growth. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that ROS are involved in the downstream signaling events that mediate BMP7-induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons, and suggest that ROS-mediated signaling positively modulates dendritic complexity in peripheral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Lea
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA, USA
| | - Jose Carlo Sosa
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Higgins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Planarian Regeneration: An Upstream Necessity for Correct Patterning and Brain Formation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:392476. [PMID: 26180588 PMCID: PMC4477255 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research highlighted the impact of ROS as upstream regulators of tissue regeneration. We investigated their role and targeted processes during the regeneration of different body structures using the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, an organism capable of regenerating its entire body, including its brain. The amputation of head and tail compartments induces a ROS burst at the wound site independently of the orientation. Inhibition of ROS production by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) or apocynin (APO) causes regeneration defaults at both the anterior and posterior wound sites, resulting in reduced regeneration sites (blastemas) and improper tissue homeostasis. ROS signaling is necessary for early differentiation and inhibition of the ROS burst results in defects on the regeneration of the nervous system and on the patterning process. Stem cell proliferation was not affected, as indicated by histone H3-P immunostaining, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), in situ hybridization of smedwi-1, and transcript levels of proliferation-related genes. We showed for the first time that ROS modulate both anterior and posterior regeneration in a context where regeneration is not limited to certain body structures. Our results indicate that ROS are key players in neuroregeneration through interference with the differentiation and patterning processes.
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Olguín-Albuerne M, Morán J. ROS produced by NOX2 control in vitro development of cerebellar granule neurons development. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/2/1759091415578712. [PMID: 25873309 PMCID: PMC4720178 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415578712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules that regulate nervous system physiology. ROS have been related to neural differentiation, neuritogenesis, and programmed cell death. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of ROS during neuronal development. In this study, we evaluated the mechanisms by which ROS are regulated during neuronal development and the implications of these molecules in this process. Primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) were used to address these issues. Our results show that during the first 3 days of CGN development in vitro (days in vitro; DIV), the levels of ROS increased, reaching a peak at 2 and 3 DIV under depolarizing (25 mM KCl) and nondepolarizing (5 mM KCl) conditions. Subsequently, under depolarizing conditions, the ROS levels markedly decreased, but in nondepolarizing conditions, the ROS levels increased gradually. This correlated with the extent of CGN maturation. Also, antioxidants and NADPH-oxidases (NOX) inhibitors reduced the expression of Tau and MAP2. On the other hand, the levels of glutathione markedly increased at 1 DIV. We inferred that the ROS increase at this time is critical for cell survival because glutathione depletion leads to axonal degeneration and CGN death only at 2 DIV. During the first 3 DIV, NOX2 was upregulated and expressed in filopodia and growth cones, which correlated with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) distribution in the cell. Finally, NOX2 KO CGN showed shorter neurites than wild-type CGN. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulation of ROS is critical during the early stages of CGN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Julio Morán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Gundimeda U, McNeill TH, Barseghian BA, Tzeng WS, Rayudu DV, Cadenas E, Gopalakrishna R. Polyphenols from green tea prevent antineuritogenic action of Nogo-A via 67-kDa laminin receptor and hydrogen peroxide. J Neurochem 2015; 132:70-84. [PMID: 25314656 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Axonal regeneration after injury to the CNS is hampered by myelin-derived inhibitors, such as Nogo-A. Natural products, such as green tea, which are neuroprotective and safe for long-term therapy, would complement ongoing various pharmacological approaches. In this study, using nerve growth factor-differentiated neuronal-like Neuroscreen-1 cells, we show that extremely low concentrations of unfractionated green tea polyphenol mixture (GTPP) and its active ingredient, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), prevent both the neurite outgrowth-inhibiting activity and growth cone-collapsing activity of Nogo-66 (C-terminal domain of Nogo-A). Furthermore, a synergistic interaction was observed among GTPP constituents. This preventive effect was dependent on 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) to which EGCG binds with high affinity. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and cell-permeable catalase abolished this preventive effect of GTPP and EGCG, suggesting the involvement of sublethal levels of H2 O2 in this process. Accordingly, exogenous sublethal concentrations of H2 O2 , added as a bolus dose (5 μM) or more effectively through a steady-state generation (1-2 μM), mimicked GTPP in counteracting the action of Nogo-66. Exogenous H2 O2 mediated this action by bypassing the requirement of 67LR. Taken together, these results show for the first time that GTPP and EGCG, acting through 67LR and elevating intracellular sublethal levels of H2 O2 , inhibit the antineuritogenic action of Nogo-A. Currently, several agents are being evaluated for overcoming axonal growth inhibitors to promote functional recovery after stroke and spinal cord injury. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), present in green tea polyphenol mixture (GTPP), prevents antineuritogenic activity of Nogo-A, a myelin-derived axonal growth inhibitor. The preventive action of EGCG involves the cell-surface-associated 67-kDa laminin receptor and H2 O2 . GTPP may complement ongoing efforts to treat neuronal injuries.>
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Gundimeda
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Henningham A, Döhrmann S, Nizet V, Cole JN. Mechanisms of group A Streptococcus resistance to reactive oxygen species. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:488-508. [PMID: 25670736 PMCID: PMC4487405 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), is an exclusively human Gram-positive bacterial pathogen ranked among the ‘top 10’ causes of infection-related deaths worldwide. GAS commonly causes benign and self-limiting epithelial infections (pharyngitis and impetigo), and less frequent severe invasive diseases (bacteremia, toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis). Annually, GAS causes 700 million infections, including 1.8 million invasive infections with a mortality rate of 25%. In order to establish an infection, GAS must counteract the oxidative stress conditions generated by the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the infection site by host immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes. ROS are the highly reactive and toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2•−), hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and singlet oxygen (O2*), which can damage bacterial nucleic acids, proteins and cell membranes. This review summarizes the enzymatic and regulatory mechanisms utilized by GAS to thwart ROS and survive under conditions of oxidative stress. This review discusses the mechanisms utilized by the bacterial pathogen group A Streptococcus to detoxify reactive oxygen species and survive in the human host under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia The Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon Döhrmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Jason N Cole
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia The Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Prozorovski T, Schneider R, Berndt C, Hartung HP, Aktas O. Redox-regulated fate of neural stem progenitor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1543-54. [PMID: 25662818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated data indicate that self-renewal, multipotency, and differentiation of neural stem cells are under an intrinsic control mediated by alterations in the redox homeostasis. These dynamic redox changes not only reflect and support the ongoing metabolic and energetic processes, but also serve to coordinate redox-signaling cascades. Controlling particular redox couples seems to have a relevant impact on cell fate decision during development, adult neurogenesis and regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Our own research provided initial evidence for the importance of NAD+-dependent enzymes in neural stem cell fate decision. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the active role of reactive oxygen species, redox couples and redox-signaling mechanisms on plasticity and function of neural stem and progenitor cells focusing on NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H-mediated processes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The compartmentalized subcellular sources and availability of oxidizing/reducing molecules in particular microenvironment define the specificity of redox regulation in modulating the delicate balance between stemness and differentiation of neural progenitors. The generalization of "reactive oxygen species" as well as the ambiguity of their origin might explain the diametrically-opposed findings in the field of redox-dependent cell fate reflected by the literature. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Increasing knowledge of temporary and spatially defined redox regulation is of high relevance for the development of novel approaches in the field of cell-based regeneration of nervous tissue in various pathological states. This article is part of a special issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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