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De Strooper B, Karran E. New precision medicine avenues to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease from insights into the structure and function of γ-secretases. EMBO J 2024; 43:887-903. [PMID: 38396302 PMCID: PMC10943082 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Two phase-III clinical trials with anti-amyloid peptide antibodies have met their primary goal, i.e. slowing of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, antibody therapy may not be the optimal therapeutic modality for AD prevention, as we will discuss in the context of the earlier small molecules described as "γ-secretase modulators" (GSM). We review here the structure, function, and pathobiology of γ-secretases, with a focus on how mutations in presenilin genes result in early-onset AD. Significant progress has been made in generating compounds that act in a manner opposite to pathogenic presenilin mutations: they stabilize the proteinase-substrate complex, thereby increasing the processivity of substrate cleavage and altering the size spectrum of Aβ peptides produced. We propose the term "γ-secretase allosteric stabilizers" (GSAS) to distinguish these compounds from the rather heterogenous class of GSM. The GSAS represent, in theory, a precision medicine approach to the prevention of amyloid deposition, as they specifically target a discrete aspect in a complex cell biological signalling mechanism that initiates the pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, at the Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 AT, UK.
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Eric Karran
- Cambridge Research Center, AbbVie, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Eccles MK, Main N, Carlessi R, Armstrong AM, Sabale M, Roberts-Mok B, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Agostino M, Groth D, Fraser PE, Verdile G. Quantitative comparison of presenilin protein expression reveals greater activity of PS2-γ-secretase. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23396. [PMID: 38156414 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300954rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
γ-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) has long been of interest in the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its role in the generation of amyloid-β. The catalytic component of the enzyme is the presenilins of which there are two homologues, Presenilin-1 (PS1) and Presenilin-2 (PS2). The field has focussed on the PS1 form of this enzyme, as it is typically considered the more active at APP processing. However, much of this work has been completed without appropriate consideration of the specific levels of protein expression of PS1 and PS2. We propose that expression is an important factor in PS1- and PS2-γ-secretase activity, and that when this is considered, PS1 does not have greater activity than PS2. We developed and validated tools for quantitative assessment of PS1 and PS2 protein expression levels to enable the direct comparison of PS in exogenous and endogenous expression systems, in HEK-293 PS1 and/or PS2 knockout cells. We show that exogenous expression of Myc-PS1-NTF is 5.5-times higher than Myc-PS2-NTF. Quantitating endogenous PS protein levels, using a novel PS1/2 fusion standard we developed, showed similar results. When the marked difference in PS1 and PS2 protein levels is considered, we show that compared to PS1-γ-secretase, PS2-γ-secretase has equal or more activity on APP and Notch1. This study has implications for understanding the PS1- and PS2-specific contributions to substrate processing, and their potential influence in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Eccles
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nathan Main
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ayeisha Milligan Armstrong
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Miheer Sabale
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brigid Roberts-Mok
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Agostino
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Groth
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Dawkins E, Derks RJE, Schifferer M, Trambauer J, Winkler E, Simons M, Paquet D, Giera M, Kamp F, Steiner H. Membrane lipid remodeling modulates γ-secretase processivity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103027. [PMID: 36805335 PMCID: PMC10070668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in the amounts of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) generated by the membrane proteases β- and γ-secretase are considered as a trigger of Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Cell-free studies of γ-secretase have shown that increasing membrane thickness modulates Aβ generation, but it has remained unclear if these effects are translatable to cells. Here we show that the very long chain fatty acid erucic acid (EA) triggers acyl chain remodeling in AD cell models, resulting in substantial lipidome alterations which included increased esterification of EA in membrane lipids. Membrane remodeling enhanced γ-secretase processivity, resulting in the increased production of the potentially beneficial Aβ37 and/or Aβ38 species in multiple cell lines. Unexpectedly, we found that the membrane remodeling stimulated total Aβ secretion by cells expressing WT γ-secretase, but lowered it for cells expressing an aggressive familial AD mutant γ-secretase. We conclude that EA-mediated modulation of membrane composition is accompanied by complex lipid homeostatic changes that can impact amyloidogenic processing in different ways and elicit distinct γ-secretase responses, providing critical implications for lipid-based AD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Dawkins
- Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rico J E Derks
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Trambauer
- Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Edith Winkler
- Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Kamp
- Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
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4
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Feilen LP, Chen SY, Fukumori A, Feederle R, Zacharias M, Steiner H. Active site geometry stabilization of a presenilin homolog by the lipid bilayer promotes intramembrane proteolysis. eLife 2022; 11:76090. [PMID: 35579427 PMCID: PMC9282858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of membrane proteins in the lipid bilayer by intramembrane proteases is crucial for health and disease. Although different lipid environments can potently modulate their activity, how this is linked to their structural dynamics is unclear. Here, we show that the carboxy-peptidase-like activity of the archaeal intramembrane protease PSH, a homolog of the Alzheimer’s disease-associated presenilin/γ-secretase is impaired in micelles and promoted in a lipid bilayer. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations revealed that important elements for substrate binding such as transmembrane domain 6a of PSH are more labile in micelles and stabilized in the lipid bilayer. Moreover, consistent with an enhanced interaction of PSH with a transition-state analog inhibitor, the bilayer promoted the formation of the enzyme’s catalytic active site geometry. Our data indicate that the lipid environment of an intramembrane protease plays a critical role in structural stabilization and active site arrangement of the enzyme-substrate complex thereby promoting intramembrane proteolysis. Cutting proteins into pieces is a crucial process in the cell, allowing several important processes to take place, including cell differentiation (which allows cells to develop into specific types), cell death, protein quality control, or even where in the cell a protein will end up. However, the specialized proteins that carry out this task, known as proteases, can also be involved in the development of disease. For example, in the brain, a protease called γ-secretase cuts up the amyloid-β protein precursor, producing toxic forms of amyloid-β peptides that are widely believed to cause Alzheimer’s disease. Proteases like γ-secretase carry out their role in the membrane, the layer of fats (also known as lipids) that forms the outer boundary of the cell. The environment in this area of the cell can influence the activity of proteases, but it is poorly understood how this happens. One way to address this question would be to compare the activity of γ-secretase in the lipid environment of the membrane to its activity when it is entirely surrounded by different molecules, such as detergent molecules. Unfortunately, γ-secretase is not active when it is removed from its lipid environment by a detergent, making it difficult to perform this comparison. To overcome this issue, Feilen et al. chose to study PSH, a protease similar to γ-secretase that produces the same amyloid-β peptides but remains active in detergent. When Feilen et al. mixed PSH with lipid molecules like those found in the membrane and amyloid-β precursor protein, PSH produced amyloid-β peptides including those that are thought to cause Alzheimer’s. However, when a detergent was substituted for the lipid molecules this led to longer amyloid-β peptides than usual, indicating that PSH was not able to cut proteins as effectively. The change in environment appeared to reduce PSH’s ability to progressively trim small segments from the peptides. Computer modelling of the protease’s structure in lipids versus detergent supported the experimental findings: the model predicted that the areas of PSH important for recognizing and cutting other proteins would be more stable in the membrane compared to the detergent. These results indicate that the cell membrane plays a vital role in the stability of the active regions of proteases that are cleaving in this environment. In the future, this could help to better understand how changes to the lipid molecules in the membrane may contribute to the activity of γ-secretase and its role in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas P Feilen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Shu-Yu Chen
- Physics Department T38, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics II, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Regina Feederle
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Physics Department T38, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Luo JE, Li YM. Turning the tide on Alzheimer's disease: modulation of γ-secretase. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:2. [PMID: 34983641 PMCID: PMC8725520 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques are integral to the "amyloid hypothesis," which states that the accumulation of Aβ peptides triggers a cascade of pathological events leading to neurodegeneration and ultimately AD. While the FDA approved aducanumab, the first Aβ-targeted therapy, multiple safe and effective treatments will be needed to target the complex pathologies of AD. γ-Secretase is an intramembrane aspartyl protease that is critical for the generation of Aβ peptides. Activity and specificity of γ-secretase are regulated by both obligatory subunits and modulatory proteins. Due to its complex structure and function and early clinical failures with pan inhibitors, γ-secretase has been a challenging drug target for AD. γ-secretase modulators, however, have dramatically shifted the approach to targeting γ-secretase. Here we review γ-secretase and small molecule modulators, from the initial characterization of a subset of NSAIDs to the most recent clinical candidates. We also discuss the chemical biology of γ-secretase, in which small molecule probes enabled structural and functional insights into γ-secretase before the emergence of high-resolution structural studies. Finally, we discuss the recent crystal structures of γ-secretase, which have provided valuable perspectives on substrate recognition and molecular mechanisms of small molecules. We conclude that modulation of γ-secretase will be part of a new wave of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Luo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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6
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Santiago Á, Guzmán-Ocampo DC, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Dominguez L. Characterizing the Chemical Space of γ-Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2765-2775. [PMID: 34291906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase (GS) is one of the most attractive molecular targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its key role in the final step of amyloid-β peptides generation and its relationship in the cascade of events for disease development have caught the attention of many pharmaceutical groups. Over the past years, different inhibitors and modulators have been evaluated as promising therapeutics against AD. However, despite the great chemical diversity of the reported compounds, a global classification and visual representation of the chemical space for GS inhibitors and modulators remain unavailable. In the present work, we carried out a two-dimensional (2D) chemical space analysis from different classes and subclasses of GS inhibitors and modulators based on their structural similarity. Along with the novel structural information available for GS complexes, our analysis opens the possibility to identify compounds with high molecular similarity, critical to finding new chemical structures through the optimization of existing compounds and relating them with a potential binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Santiago
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Dulce C. Guzmán-Ocampo
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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7
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Kumar D, Sharma A, Sharma L. A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer's Association with Related Proteins: Pathological Role and Therapeutic Significance. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:674-695. [PMID: 32172687 PMCID: PMC7536827 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200203101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's is an insidious, progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disease which causes the devastation of neurons. Alzheimer's possesses complex pathologies of heterogeneous nature counting proteins as one major factor along with enzymes and mutated genes. Proteins such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), presenilin, mortalin, calbindin-D28K, creactive protein, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and prion protein are some of the chief elements in the foremost hypotheses of AD like amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade hypothesis, tau hypothesis, cholinergic neuron damage, etc. Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. On the therapeutic ground, attempts of developing anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anti-tau therapies are on peak, having APP and tau as putative targets. Some proteins, e.g., HSPs, which ameliorate oxidative stress, calpains, which help in regulating synaptic plasticity, and calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) with its neuroprotective role are few promising future targets for developing anti-AD therapies. On diagnostic grounds of AD C-reactive protein, pentraxins, collapsin response mediator protein-2, and growth-associated protein-43 represent the future of new possible biomarkers for diagnosing AD. The last few decades were concentrated over identifying and studying protein targets of AD. Here, we reviewed the physiological/pathological roles and therapeutic significance of nearly all the proteins associated with AD that addresses putative as well as probable targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
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Svedružić ŽM, Vrbnjak K, Martinović M, Miletić V. Structural Analysis of the Simultaneous Activation and Inhibition of γ-Secretase Activity in the Development of Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040514. [PMID: 33917979 PMCID: PMC8068388 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The majority of the drugs which target membrane-embedded protease γ-secretase show an unusual biphasic activation–inhibition dose-response in cells, model animals, and humans. Semagacestat and avagacestat are two biphasic drugs that can facilitate cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Initial mechanistic studies showed that the biphasic drugs, and pathogenic mutations, can produce the same type of changes in γ-secretase activity. Results: DAPT, semagacestat LY-411,575, and avagacestat are four drugs that show different binding constants, and a biphasic activation–inhibition dose-response for amyloid-β-40 products in SH-SY5 cells. Multiscale molecular dynamics studies have shown that all four drugs bind to the most mobile parts in the presenilin structure, at different ends of the 29 Å long active site tunnel. The biphasic dose-response assays are a result of the modulation of γ-secretase activity by the concurrent binding of multiple drug molecules at each end of the active site tunnel. The drugs activate γ-secretase by facilitating the opening of the active site tunnel, when the rate-limiting step is the tunnel opening, and the formation of the enzyme–substrate complex. The drugs inhibit γ-secretase as uncompetitive inhibitors by binding next to the substrate, to dynamic enzyme structures which regulate processive catalysis. The drugs can modulate the production of different amyloid-β catalytic intermediates by penetration into the active site tunnel, to different depths, with different flexibility and different binding affinity. Conclusions: Biphasic drugs and pathogenic mutations can affect the same dynamic protein structures that control processive catalysis. Successful drug-design strategies must incorporate transient changes in the γ-secretase structure in the development of specific modulators of its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko M. Svedružić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory for Medical Biochemistry, Psychiatric Hospital Rab, Kampor 224, 51280 Rab, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Vrbnjak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation (VIB-KU Leuven), ON IV Herestraat—Box 912, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Martinović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Vedran Miletić
- Department of Informatics, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Mehra R, Kepp KP. Computational prediction and molecular mechanism of γ-secretase modulators. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 157:105626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mekala S, Nelson G, Li YM. Recent developments of small molecule γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1003-1022. [PMID: 33479693 PMCID: PMC7513388 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive neurodegenerative disorder, marked by memory loss and a decline in cognitive function. The major hallmarks of AD are the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and extracellular plaques composed of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ). The amyloid (Aβ) cascade hypothesis proposes that the AD pathogenesis is initiated by the accumulation of Aβ peptides in the parenchyma of the brain. An aspartyl intramembranal protease called γ-secretase is responsible for the production of Aβ by the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Clinical studies of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) for AD failed due to the lack of substrate specificity. Therefore, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed as potential disease modifying agents to modulate the γ-secretase cleavage activity towards the production of toxic Aβ42 peptides. Following the first-generation 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug' (NSAID) based GSMs, second-generation GSMs (carboxylic acid based NSAID derivatives and non-NSAID derived heterocyclic analogues), as well as natural product-based GSMs, have been developed. In this review, we focus on the recent developments of small molecule-based GSMs that show potential improvements in terms of drug-like properties as well as their current status in human clinical trials and the future perspectives of GSM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekar Mekala
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , USA . ;
| | - Grady Nelson
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , USA . ;
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , USA . ;
- Pharmacology Graduate Program , Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University , New York , New York 10021 , USA
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11
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Lessard CB, Rodriguez E, Ladd TB, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Miele L, Golde TE, Ran Y. γ-Secretase modulators exhibit selectivity for modulation of APP cleavage but inverse γ-secretase modulators do not. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:61. [PMID: 32430033 PMCID: PMC7236921 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background γ-Secretase is a multiprotein protease that cleaves amyloid protein precursor (APP) and other type I transmembrane proteins. It has two catalytic subunits, presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 and 2). In our previous report, we observed subtle differences in PS1- and PS2-mediated cleavages of select substrates and slightly different potencies of PS1 versus PS2 inhibition for select γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) on various substrates. In this study, we investigated whether γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) and inverse γ-secretase modulators (iGSMs) modulate γ-secretase processivity using multiple different substrates. We next used HEK 293T cell lines in which PSEN1 or PSEN2 was selectively knocked out to investigate processivity and response to GSMs and iGSMs. Methods For cell-free γ-secretase cleavage assay, recombinant substrates were incubated with CHAPSO-solubilized CHO or HEK 293T cell membrane with GSMs or iGSMs in suitable buffer. For cell-based assay, cDNA encoding substrates were transfected into HEK 293T cells. Cells were then treated with GSMs or iGSMs, and conditioned media were collected. Aβ and Aβ-like peptide production from cell-free and cell-based assay were measured by ELISA and mass spectrometry. Result These studies demonstrated that GSMs are highly selective for effects on APP, whereas iGSMs have a more promiscuous effect on many substrates. Surprisingly, iGSMs actually appear to act as like GSIs on select substrates. The data with PSEN1 or PSEN2 knocked out HEK 293T reveal that PS1 has higher processivity and response to GSMs than PS2, but PS2 has higher response to iGSM. Conclusion Collectively, these data indicate that GSMs are likely to have limited target-based toxicity. In addition, they show that iGSMs may act as substrate-selective GSIs providing a potential new route to identify leads for substrate-selective inhibitors of certain γ-secretase-mediated signaling events. With growing concerns that long-term β-secretase inhibitor is limited by target-based toxicities, such data supports continued development of GSMs as AD prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Edgardo Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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12
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Funamoto S, Tagami S, Okochi M, Morishima-Kawashima M. Successive cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:64-74. [PMID: 32354467 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multimeric aspartyl protease that cleaves the membrane-spanning region of the β-carboxyl terminal fragment (βCTF) generated from β-amyloid precursor protein. γ-Secretase defines the generated molecular species of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), a critical molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many therapeutic trials for AD have targeted γ-secretase. However, in contrast to the great efforts in drug discovery, the enzymatic features and cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase are poorly understood. Here we review our protein-chemical analyses of the cleavage products generated from βCTF by γ-secretase, which revealed that Aβ was produced by γ-secretase through successive cleavages of βCTF, mainly at three-residue intervals. Two representative product lines were identified. ε-Cleavages occur first at Leu49-Val50 and Thr48-Leu49 of βCTF (in accordance with Aβ numbering). Longer generated Aβs, Aβ49 and Aβ48, are precursors to the majority of Aβ40 and Aβ42, concomitantly releasing the tripeptides, ITL, VIV, and IAT; and VIT and TVI, respectively. A portion of Aβ42 is processed further to Aβ38, releasing a tetrapeptide, VVIA. The presence of additional multiple minor pathways may reflect labile cleavage activities derived from the conformational flexibility of γ-secretase through molecular interactions. Because these peptide byproducts are not secreted and remain within the cells, they may serve as an indicator that reflects γ-secretase activity more directly than secreted Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Tagami
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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13
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Nie P, Vartak A, Li YM. γ-Secretase inhibitors and modulators: Mechanistic insights into the function and regulation of γ-Secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:43-53. [PMID: 32249070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over two decades, γ-secretase has been the target for extensive therapeutic development due to its pivotal role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cancer. However, it has proven to be a challenging task owing to its large set of substrates and our limited understanding of the enzyme's structural and mechanistic features. The scientific community is taking bigger strides towards solving this puzzle with recent advancement in techniques like cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and photo-affinity labelling (PAL). This review highlights the significance of the PAL technique with multiple examples of photo-probes developed from γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators. The binding of these probes into active and/or allosteric sites of the enzyme has provided crucial information on the γ-secretase complex and improved our mechanistic understanding of this protease. Combining the knowledge of function and regulation of γ-secretase will be a decisive factor in developing novel γ-secretase modulators and biological therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Nie
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pharmacology program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Abhishek Vartak
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pharmacology program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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14
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Trambauer J, Fukumori A, Steiner H. Pathogenic Aβ generation in familial Alzheimer’s disease: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 61:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Cai T, Tomita T. Structure-activity relationship of presenilin in γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane cleavage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:102-109. [PMID: 32171519 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic research on familial cases of Alzheimer disease have identified presenilin (PS) as an important membrane protein in the pathomechanism of this disease. PS is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, which is responsible for the generation of amyloid-β peptide deposited in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients. γ-Secretase is an atypical protease composed of four membrane proteins (i.e., presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective-1 (Aph-1), and presenilin enhancer-2 (Pen-2)) and mediates intramembrane proteolysis. Numerous investigations have been conducted toward understanding the structural features of γ-secretase components as well as the cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and activity relationship of the γ-secretase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Cai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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Trambauer J, Rodríguez Sarmiento RM, Fukumori A, Feederle R, Baumann K, Steiner H. Aβ43-producing PS1 FAD mutants cause altered substrate interactions and respond to γ-secretase modulation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e47996. [PMID: 31762188 PMCID: PMC6945062 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal generation of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) 42/43 species due to mutations in the catalytic presenilin 1 (PS1) subunit of γ-secretase is the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Deeper mechanistic insight on the generation of Aβ43 is still lacking, and it is unclear whether γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) can reduce the levels of this Aβ species. By comparing several types of Aβ43-generating FAD mutants, we observe that very high levels of Aβ43 are often produced when presenilin function is severely impaired. Altered interactions of C99, the precursor of Aβ, are found for all mutants and are independent of their particular effect on Aβ production. Furthermore, unlike previously described GSMs, the novel compound RO7019009 can effectively lower Aβ43 production of all mutants. Finally, substrate-binding competition experiments suggest that RO7019009 acts mechanistically after initial C99 binding. We conclude that altered C99 interactions are a common feature of diverse types of PS1 FAD mutants and that also patients with Aβ43-generating FAD mutations could in principle be treated by GSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Trambauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Aging NeurobiologyNational Center for Geriatrics and GerontologyObuJapan
- Department of Mental Health PromotionOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineToyonakaJapan
| | - Regina Feederle
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center MunichGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherbergGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MunichGermany
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltd.BaselSwitzerland
| | - Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MunichGermany
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17
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Mehra R, Dehury B, Kepp KP. Cryo-temperature effects on membrane protein structure and dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5427-5438. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06723j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron structures revolutionize biology, yet cooling effects are unclear. Using a simulation protocol of hot, cold, and rapidly cooled γ-secretase we identify cryo-contraction and modes relevant to Aβ production and cryo-analysis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmankesh Mehra
- DTU Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- DTU Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- DTU Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
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18
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Cam M, Durieu E, Bodin M, Manousopoulou A, Koslowski S, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Hammock BD, Bohl B, Koch P, Omori C, Yamamoto K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Karg F, Gizzi P, Erakovic Haber V, Bencetic Mihaljevic V, Tavcar B, Portelius E, Pannee J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Garbis SD, Auvray P, Gerber H, Fraering J, Fraering PC, Meijer L. Induction of Amyloid-β42 Production by Fipronil and Other Pyrazole Insecticides. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1663-1681. [PMID: 29504531 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) by proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), especially increased production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40, and their aggregation as oligomers and plaques, represent a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In familial AD (FAD), altered Aβ production originates from specific mutations of AβPP or presenilins 1/2 (PS1/PS2), the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase. In sporadic AD, the origin of altered production of Aβs remains unknown. We hypothesize that the 'human chemical exposome' contains products able to favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40 and shorter Aβs. To detect such products, we screened a library of 3500 + compounds in a cell-based assay for enhanced Aβ42/Aβ43 production. Nine pyrazole insecticides were found to induce a β- and γ-secretase-dependent, 3-10-fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines and neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy and FAD patients. Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses showed increased production of Aβs cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and shorter. Strongly supporting a direct effect on γ-secretase activity, pyrazoles shifted the cleavage pattern of another γ-secretase substrate, alcadeinα, and shifted the cleavage of AβPP by highly purified γ-secretase toward Aβ42/Aβ43. Focusing on fipronil, we showed that some of its metabolites, in particular the persistent fipronil sulfone, also favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 in both cell-based and cell-free systems. Fipronil administered orally to mice and rats is known to be metabolized rapidly, mostly to fipronil sulfone, which stably accumulates in adipose tissue and brain. In conclusion, several widely used pyrazole insecticides enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 peptides, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Svenja Koslowski
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/ Medical, Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS and Atlantis Développement SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Patrick Gizzi
- Plate-forme TechMedILL, UMR 7242, ESBS - Pôle API, Illkirch cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pierrick Auvray
- C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Hermeto Gerber
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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19
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γ-Secretase and its modulators: Twenty years and beyond. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:162-169. [PMID: 30763650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, Wolfe, Xia, and Selkoe identified two aspartate residues in Alzheimer's presenilin protein that constitute the active site of the γ-secretase complex. Mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin (PS) cause early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), and sequential cleavages of the APP by β-secretase and γ-secretase/presenilin generate amyloid β protein (Aβ), the major component of pathological hallmark, neuritic plaques, in brains of AD patients. Therapeutic strategies centered on targeting γ-secretase/presenilin to reduce amyloid were implemented and led to several high profile clinical trials. This review article focuses on the studies of γ-secretase and its inhibitors/modulators since the discovery of presenilin as the γ-secretase. While a lack of complete understanding of presenilin biology renders failure of clinical trials, the lessons learned from some γ-secretase modulators, while premature for human testing, provide new directions to develop potential therapeutics. Imbalanced Aβ homeostasis is an upstream event of neurodegenerative processes. Exploration of γ-secretase modulators for their roles in these processes is highly significant, e.g., decreasing neuroinflammation and levels of phosphorylated tau, the component of the other AD pathological hallmark, neurofibrillary tangles. Agents with excellent human pharmacology hold great promise in suppressing neurodegeneration in pre-symptomatic or early stage AD patients.
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20
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Kamp F, Scheidt HA, Winkler E, Basset G, Heinel H, Hutchison JM, LaPointe LM, Sanders CR, Steiner H, Huster D. Bexarotene Binds to the Amyloid Precursor Protein Transmembrane Domain, Alters Its α-Helical Conformation, and Inhibits γ-Secretase Nonselectively in Liposomes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1702-1713. [PMID: 29717863 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bexarotene is a pleiotropic molecule that has been proposed as an amyloid-β (Aβ)-lowering drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It acts by upregulation of an apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mediated Aβ clearance mechanism. However, whether bexarotene induces removal of Aβ plaques in mouse models of AD has been controversial. Here, we show by NMR and CD spectroscopy that bexarotene directly interacts with and stabilizes the transmembrane domain α-helix of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in a region where cholesterol binds. This effect is not mediated by changes in membrane lipid packing, as bexarotene does not share with cholesterol the property of inducing phospholipid condensation. Bexarotene inhibited the intramembrane cleavage by γ-secretase of the APP C-terminal fragment C99 to release Aβ in cell-free assays of the reconstituted enzyme in liposomes, but not in cells, and only at very high micromolar concentrations. Surprisingly, in vitro, bexarotene also inhibited the cleavage of Notch1, another major γ-secretase substrate, demonstrating that its inhibition of γ-secretase is not substrate specific and not mediated by acting via the cholesterol binding site of C99. Our data suggest that bexarotene is a pleiotropic molecule that interfere with Aβ metabolism through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Holger A. Scheidt
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edith Winkler
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Gabriele Basset
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Hannes Heinel
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - James M. Hutchison
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Loren M. LaPointe
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)−Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Kumar D, Ganeshpurkar A, Kumar D, Modi G, Gupta SK, Singh SK. Secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Long road ahead. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:436-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Johnson DS, Li YM, Pettersson M, St George-Hyslop PH. Structural and Chemical Biology of Presenilin Complexes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024067. [PMID: 28320827 PMCID: PMC5710098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presenilin proteins are the catalytic subunits of a tetrameric complex containing presenilin 1 or 2, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH1), nicastrin, and PEN-2. Other components such as TMP21 may exist in a subset of specialized complexes. The presenilin complex is the founding member of a unique class of aspartyl proteases that catalyze the γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage of the transmembrane domains of Type I membrane proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Here, we detail the structural and chemical biology of this unusual enzyme. Taken together, these studies suggest that the complex exists in several conformations, and subtle long-range (allosteric) shifts in the conformation of the complex underpin substrate access to the catalytic site and the mechanism of action for allosteric inhibitors and modulators. Understanding the mechanics of these shifts will facilitate the design of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) compounds that modulate the relative efficiency of γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage and/or substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter H. St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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23
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Activation of γ-Secretase Trimming Activity by Topological Changes of Transmembrane Domain 1 of Presenilin 1. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12272-12280. [PMID: 29118109 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1628-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane cleaving protease that is responsible for the generation of amyloid-β peptides, which are linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Recently, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been shown to specifically decrease production of the aggregation-prone and toxic longer Aβ species, and concomitantly increase the levels of shorter Aβ. We previously found that phenylimidazole-type GSMs bind to presenilin 1 (PS1), the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase, and allosterically modulate γ-secretase activity. However, the precise conformational alterations in PS1 remained unclear. Here we mapped the amino acid residues in PS1 that is crucial for the binding and pharmacological actions of E2012, a phenylimidazole-type GSM, using photoaffinity labeling and the substituted cysteine accessibility method. We also demonstrated that a piston-like vertical motion of transmembrane domain (TMD) 1 occurs during modulation of Aβ production. Taking these results together, we propose a model for the molecular mechanism of phenylimidazole-type GSMs, in which the trimming activity of γ-secretase is modulated by the position of the TMD1 of PS1 in the lipid bilayer.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reduction of the toxic longer amyloid-β peptide is one of the therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer disease. A subset of small compounds called γ-secretase modulators specifically decreases the longer amyloid-β production, although its mechanistic action remains unclear. Here we found that the modulator compound E2012 targets to the hydrophilic loop 1 of presenilin 1, which is a catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase. Moreover, E2012 triggers the piston movement of the transmembrane domain 1 of presenilin 1, which impacts on the γ-secretase activity. These results illuminate how γ-secretase modulators allosterically affect the proteolytic activity, and highlight the importance of the structural dynamics of presenilin 1 in the complexed process of the intramembrane cleavage.
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24
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Robertson AS, Iben LG, Wei C, Meredith JE, Drexler DM, Banks M, Vite GD, Olson RE, Thompson LA, Albright CF, Ahlijanian MK, Toyn JH. Synergistic inhibition of Aβ production by combinations of γ-secretase modulators. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Dynamic Nature of presenilin1/γ-Secretase: Implication for Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2275-2284. [PMID: 28332150 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) is a catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex, responsible for the intramembraneous cleavage of more than 90 type I transmembrane proteins, including Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related amyloid precursor protein (APP). The γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of the APP C-terminal membrane stub leads to the production of various amyloid β (Aβ) species. The assembly of Aβ into neurotoxic oligomers, which causes synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration, is influenced by the relative ratio of the longer (Aβ42/43) to shorter Aβ (Aβ40) peptides. The ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 depends on the conformation and activity of the PS1/γ-secretase enzymatic complex. The latter exists in a dynamic equilibrium of the so called "closed" and "open" conformational states, as determined by the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based PS1 conformation assay. Here we review several factors that can allosterically influence conformational status of the enzyme, and hence the production of Aβ peptides. These include genetic variations in PS1, APP and other γ-secretase components, environmental stressors implicated in AD pathogenesis and pharmacological agents. Since "closed" PS1 conformation is the common outcome of many AD-related insults, the novel assays monitoring PS1 conformation in live/intact cells in vivo and in vitro might be utilized for diagnostic purposes and for validation of the potential therapeutic approaches.
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Verhelst SHL. Intramembrane proteases as drug targets. FEBS J 2017; 284:1489-1502. [PMID: 27889944 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are considered attractive drug targets. Various drugs targeting classical, soluble proteases have been approved for treatment of human disease. Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) are a more recently discovered group of proteolytic enzymes. They are embedded in lipid bilayers and their active sites are located in the plane of a membrane. All four mechanistic families of IMPs have been linked to disease, but currently, no drugs against IMPs have entered the market. In this review, I will outline the function of IMPs with a focus on the ones involved in human disease, which includes Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and infectious diseases by microorganisms. Inhibitors of IMPs are known for all mechanistic classes, but are not yet very potent or selective - aside from those targeting γ-secretase. I will here describe the different features of IMP inhibitors and discuss a list of issues that need attention in the near future in order to improve the drug development for IMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium.,AG Chemical Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
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γ-Secretase Modulators as Aβ42-Lowering Pharmacological Agents to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Trambauer J, Fukumori A, Kretner B, Steiner H. Analyzing Amyloid-β Peptide Modulation Profiles and Binding Sites of γ-Secretase Modulators. Methods Enzymol 2017; 584:157-183. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dormán G, Nakamura H, Pulsipher A, Prestwich GD. The Life of Pi Star: Exploring the Exciting and Forbidden Worlds of the Benzophenone Photophore. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15284-15398. [PMID: 27983805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of benzophenone (BP) photochemistry in biological chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and material science have been prominent in both academic and industrial research. BP photophores have unique photochemical properties: upon n-π* excitation at 365 nm, a biradicaloid triplet state is formed reversibly, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from accessible C-H bonds; the radicals subsequently recombine, creating a stable covalent C-C bond. This light-directed covalent attachment process is exploited in many different ways: (i) binding/contact site mapping of ligand (or protein)-protein interactions; (ii) identification of molecular targets and interactome mapping; (iii) proteome profiling; (iv) bioconjugation and site-directed modification of biopolymers; (v) surface grafting and immobilization. BP photochemistry also has many practical advantages, including low reactivity toward water, stability in ambient light, and the convenient excitation at 365 nm. In addition, several BP-containing building blocks and reagents are commercially available. In this review, we explore the "forbidden" (transitions) and excitation-activated world of photoinduced covalent attachment of BP photophores by touring a colorful palette of recent examples. In this exploration, we will see the pros and cons of using BP photophores, and we hope that both novice and expert photolabelers will enjoy and be inspired by the breadth and depth of possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Dormán
- Targetex llc , Dunakeszi H-2120, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged , Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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Yonemura Y, Futai E, Yagishita S, Kaether C, Ishiura S. Specific combinations of presenilins and Aph1s affect the substrate specificity and activity of γ-secretase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1751-7. [PMID: 27608597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The γ-secretase complex comprises presenilin (PS), nicastrin (NCT), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (Aph1), and presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2). PS has two homologues, PS1 and PS2. Aph1 has two isoforms, Aph1a and Aph1b, with the former existing as two splice variants Aph1aL and Aph1aS. Each complex consists of one subunit each, resulting in six different γ-secretases. To better understand the functional differences among the γ-secretases, we reconstituted them using a yeast system and compared Notch1-cleavage and amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleavage activities. Intriguingly, PS2/Aph1b had a clear substrate specificity: APP-Gal4, but not Notch-Gal4, was cleaved. In HEK cell lines expressing defined γ-secretase subunits, we showed that PS1/Aph1b, PS2/Aph1aL, PS2/Aph1aS and PS2/Aph1b γ-secretase produced amyloid β peptide (Aβ) with a higher Aβ42+Aβ43-to-Aβ40 (Aβ42(43)/Aβ40) ratio than the other γ-secretases. In addition, PS2/Aph1aS γ-secretase produced less Notch intracellular domain (NICD) than did the other 5 γ-secretases. Considering that the Aβ42(43)/Aβ40 ratio is relevant in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that inhibition of Notch cleavage causes severe side effect, these results suggest that the PS2/Aph1aS γ-secretase complex is a potential therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Yonemura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Leibniz Institute on Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Eugene Futai
- Departmentof Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Sosuke Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Christoph Kaether
- Leibniz Institute on Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Shoichi Ishiura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Crump CJ, Murrey HE, Ballard TE, am Ende CW, Wu X, Gertsik N, Johnson DS, Li YM. Development of Sulfonamide Photoaffinity Inhibitors for Probing Cellular γ-Secretase. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1166-73. [PMID: 27253220 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multiprotein complex that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis associated with Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Here, we have developed potent sulfonamide clickable photoaffinity probes that target γ-secretase in vitro and in cells by incorporating various photoreactive groups and walking the clickable alkyne handle to different positions around the molecule. We found that benzophenone is preferred over diazirine as a photoreactive group within the sulfonamide scaffold for labeling γ-secretase. Intriguingly, the placement of the alkyne at different positions has little effect on probe potency but has a significant impact on the efficiency of labeling of γ-secretase. Moreover, the optimized clickable photoprobe, 163-BP3, was utilized as a cellular probe to effectively assess the target engagement of inhibitors with γ-secretase in primary neuronal cells. In addition, biotinylated 163-BP3 probes were developed and used to capture the native γ-secretase complex in the 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPSO) solubilized state. Taken together, these next generation clickable and biotinylated sulfonamide probes offer new tools to study γ-secretase in biochemical and cellular systems. Finally, the data provide insights into structural features of the sulfonamide inhibitor binding site in relation to the active site and into the design of clickable photoaffinity probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Crump
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Heather E. Murrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T. Eric Ballard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Natalya Gertsik
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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32
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Toyn JH, Boy KM, Raybon J, Meredith JE, Robertson AS, Guss V, Hoque N, Sweeney F, Zhuo X, Clarke W, Snow K, Denton RR, Zuev D, Thompson LA, Morrison J, Grace J, Berisha F, Furlong M, Wang JS, Lentz KA, Padmanabha R, Cook L, Wei C, Drexler DM, Macor JE, Albright CF, Gasior M, Olson RE, Hong Q, Soares HD, AbuTarif M, Ahlijanian MK. Robust Translation of γ-Secretase Modulator Pharmacology across Preclinical Species and Human Subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:125-37. [PMID: 27189974 PMCID: PMC4931879 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)—in particular, the 42–amino acid form, Aβ1-42—is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, several therapeutic modalities aiming to inhibit Aβ synthesis or increase the clearance of Aβ have entered clinical trials, including γ-secretase inhibitors, anti-Aβ antibodies, and amyloid-β precursor protein cleaving enzyme inhibitors. A unique class of small molecules, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs), selectively reduce Aβ1-42 production, and may also decrease Aβ1-40 while simultaneously increasing one or more shorter Aβ peptides, such as Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-37. GSMs are particularly attractive because they do not alter the total amount of Aβ peptides produced by γ-secretase activity; they spare the processing of other γ-secretase substrates, such as Notch; and they do not cause accumulation of the potentially toxic processing intermediate, β-C-terminal fragment. This report describes the translation of pharmacological activity across species for two novel GSMs, (S)-7-(4-fluorophenyl)-N2-(3-methoxy-4-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-N4-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (BMS-932481) and (S,Z)-17-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-34-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-16,17-dihydro-15H-4-oxa-2,9-diaza-1(2,4)-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidina-3(1,3)-benzenacyclononaphan-6-ene (BMS-986133). These GSMs are highly potent in vitro, exhibit dose- and time-dependent activity in vivo, and have consistent levels of pharmacological effect across rats, dogs, monkeys, and human subjects. In rats, the two GSMs exhibit similar pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. In all species, GSM treatment decreased Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels while increasing Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-37 by a corresponding amount. Thus, the GSM mechanism and central activity translate across preclinical species and humans, thereby validating this therapeutic modality for potential utility in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Toyn
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Kenneth M Boy
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Jere E Meredith
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Alan S Robertson
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Valerie Guss
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Nina Hoque
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Francis Sweeney
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Wendy Clarke
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Kimberly Snow
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - R Rex Denton
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Lorin A Thompson
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - John Morrison
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - James Grace
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Flora Berisha
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Michael Furlong
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Kimberly A Lentz
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Ramesh Padmanabha
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Lynda Cook
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Cong Wei
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Dieter M Drexler
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - John E Macor
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Charlie F Albright
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Maciej Gasior
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Richard E Olson
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Quan Hong
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Holly D Soares
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Malaz AbuTarif
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
| | - Michael K Ahlijanian
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (J.H.T.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (K.M.B, J.R., Je.E.M., A.S.R., V.G., N.H., F.S., X.Z., W.C., K.S., R.R.D., L.A.T., J.M., J.G., K.A.L., R.P., L.C., D.M.D., C.F.A., R.E.O., M.K.A.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S., C.W.); Cantor Colburn LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (D.Z.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.F.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (Jo.E.M., H.D.S., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); and Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.)
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Bursavich MG, Harrison BA, Blain JF. Gamma Secretase Modulators: New Alzheimer's Drugs on the Horizon? J Med Chem 2016; 59:7389-409. [PMID: 27007185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly aging population desperately requires new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Despite years of pharmaceutical research, limited clinical success has been realized, with several failed disease modification therapies in recent years. On the basis of compelling genetic evidence, the pharmaceutical industry has put a large emphasis on brain beta amyloid (Aβ) either through its removal via antibodies or by targeting the proteases responsible for its production. In this Perspective, we focus on the development of small molecules that improve the activity of one such protease, gamma secretase, through an allosteric binding site to preferentially increase the concentration of the shorter non-amyloidogenic Aβ species. After a few early failures due to poor drug-like properties, the industry is now on the cusp of delivering gamma secretase modulators for clinical proof-of-mechanism studies that combine potency and efficacy with improved drug-like properties such as lower cLogP, high central nervous system multiparameter optimization scores, and high sp(3) character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bursavich
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Bryce A Harrison
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jean-François Blain
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Sjödin S, Andersson KKA, Mercken M, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Blennow K, Portelius E. APLP1 as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for γ-secretase modulator treatment. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:77. [PMID: 26689589 PMCID: PMC4687145 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease brains are characterized by extracellular plaques containing the aggregated amyloid β42 (Aβ42) peptide and intraneuronal tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ42 is produced by sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase followed by γ-secretase. Substantial efforts have been put into developing pharmaceuticals preventing the production or increasing the clearance of Aβ42. However, treatments inhibiting γ-secretase have proven disappointing due to off-target effects. To circumvent these effects, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed, which rather than inhibiting γ-secretase shift its preference into producing less aggregation-prone shorter Aβ peptides. Belonging to the same family of proteins as APP, amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP1) is also a substrate for γ-secretase. Herein we investigated whether the GSM E2012 affects APLP1 processing in the central nervous system by measuring APLP1 peptide levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after E2012 treatment in dogs. METHODS An in-house monoclonal APLP1 antibody, AP1, was produced and utilized for immunopurification of APLP1 from human and dog CSF in a hybrid immuno-affinity mass spectrometric method. Seven dogs received a single dose of 20 or 80 mg/kg of E2012 in a randomized cross-over design and CSF was collected prior to and 4, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. RESULTS We have identified 14 CSF APLP1 peptides in humans and 12 CSF APLP1 peptides in dogs. Of these, seven were reproducibly detectable in dogs who received E2012. We found a dose-dependent relative increase of the CSF peptides APLP1β17, 1β18 and 1β28 accompanied with a decrease of 1β25 and 1β27 in response to E2012 treatment. All peptides reverted to baseline over the time of sample collection. CONCLUSION We show an in vivo effect of the GSM E2012 on the processing of APLP1 which is measurable in CSF. These data suggest that APLP1 peptides may be used as biomarkers to monitor drug effects of GSMs on γ-secretase processing in clinical trials. However, this requires further investigation in larger cohorts, including studies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sjödin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin K A Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden. .,UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
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Lessard CB, Cottrell BA, Maruyama H, Suresh S, Golde TE, Koo EH. γ-Secretase Modulators and APH1 Isoforms Modulate γ-Secretase Cleavage but Not Position of ε-Cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144758. [PMID: 26678856 PMCID: PMC4683055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative increase in Aβ42 peptides from familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) linked APP and PSEN mutations can be related to changes in both ε-cleavage site utilization and subsequent step-wise cleavage. Cleavage at the ε-site releases the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD), and perturbations in the position of ε-cleavage are closely associated with changes in the profile of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) species that are produced and secreted. The mechanisms by which γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) or FAD mutations affect the various γ-secretase cleavages to alter the generation of Aβ peptides have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggested that GSMs do not modulate ε-cleavage of APP, but the data were derived principally from recombinant truncated epitope tagged APP substrate. Here, using full length APP from transfected cells, we investigated whether GSMs modify the ε-cleavage of APP under more native conditions. Our results confirmed the previous findings that ε-cleavage is insensitive to GSMs. In addition, fenofibrate, an inverse GSM (iGSM), did not alter the position or kinetics of ε-cleavage position in vitro. APH1A and APH1B, a subunit of the γ-secretase complex, also modulated Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio without any alterations in ε-cleavage, a result in contrast to what has been observed with PS1 and APP FAD mutations. Consequently, GSMs and APH1 appear to modulate γ-secretase activity and Aβ42 generation by altering processivity but not ε-cleavage site utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Lessard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Cottrell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Maruyama
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Suraj Suresh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen MTN, Kersavond TV, Verhelst SHL. Chemical Tools for the Study of Intramembrane Proteases. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2423-34. [PMID: 26473325 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) reside inside lipid bilayers and perform peptide hydrolysis in transmembrane or juxtamembrane regions of their substrates. Many IMPs are involved in crucial regulatory pathways and human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes. In the past, chemical tools have been instrumental in the study of soluble proteases, enabling biochemical and biomedical research in complex environments such as tissue lysates or living cells. However, IMPs place special challenges on probe design and applications, and progress has been much slower than for soluble proteases. In this review, we will give an overview of the available chemical tools for IMPs, including activity-based probes, affinity-based probes, and synthetic substrates. We will discuss how these have been used to increase our structural and functional understanding of this fascinating group of enzymes, and how they might be applied to address future questions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh T. N. Nguyen
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tim Van Kersavond
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven H. L. Verhelst
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- KU Leuven − University of Leuven, Department
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestr. 49 Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Brendel M, Jaworska A, Herms J, Trambauer J, Rötzer C, Gildehaus FJ, Carlsen J, Cumming P, Bylund J, Luebbers T, Bartenstein P, Steiner H, Haass C, Baumann K, Rominger A. Amyloid-PET predicts inhibition of de novo plaque formation upon chronic γ-secretase modulator treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1179-87. [PMID: 26055427 PMCID: PMC4759098 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In a positron-emission tomography (PET) study with the β-amyloid (Aβ) tracer [(18)F]-florbetaben, we previously showed that Aβ deposition in transgenic mice expressing Swedish mutant APP (APP-Swe) mice can be tracked in vivo. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are promising therapeutic agents by reducing generation of the aggregation prone Aβ42 species without blocking general γ-secretase activity. We now aimed to investigate the effects of a novel GSM [8-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-yl]-[1-(3-methyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine (RO5506284) displaying high potency in vitro and in vivo on amyloid plaque burden and used longitudinal Aβ-microPET to trace individual animals. Female transgenic (TG) APP-Swe mice aged 12 months (m) were assigned to vehicle (TG-VEH, n=12) and treatment groups (TG-GSM, n=12), which received daily RO5506284 (30 mg kg(-1)) treatment for 6 months. A total of 131 Aβ-PET recordings were acquired at baseline (12 months), follow-up 1 (16 months) and follow-up 2 (18 months, termination scan), whereupon histological and biochemical analyses of Aβ were performed. We analyzed the PET data as VOI-based cortical standard-uptake-value ratios (SUVR), using cerebellum as reference region. Individual plaque load assessed by PET remained nearly constant in the TG-GSM group during 6 months of RO5506284 treatment, whereas it increased progressively in the TG-VEH group. Baseline SUVR in TG-GSM mice correlated with Δ%-SUVR, indicating individual response prediction. Insoluble Aβ42 was reduced by 56% in the TG-GSM versus the TG-VEH group relative to the individual baseline plaque load estimates. Furthermore, plaque size histograms showed differing distribution between groups of TG mice, with fewer small plaques in TG-GSM animals. Taken together, in the first Aβ-PET study monitoring prolonged treatment with a potent GSM in an AD mouse model, we found clear attenuation of de novo amyloidogenesis. Moreover, longitudinal PET allows non-invasive assessment of individual plaque-load kinetics, thereby accommodating inter-animal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Jaworska
- DZNE—German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany,Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Herms
- DZNE—German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - J Trambauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Rötzer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F-J Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - P Cumming
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Bylund
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Luebbers
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Small Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - H Steiner
- DZNE—German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany,Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Haass
- DZNE—German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Baumann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich 81377, Germany. E-mail:
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Potent benzoazepinone γ-secretase modulators with improved bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jung JI, Price AR, Ladd TB, Ran Y, Park HJ, Ceballos-Diaz C, Smithson LA, Hochhaus G, Tang Y, Akula R, Ba S, Koo EH, Shapiro G, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE. Cholestenoic acid, an endogenous cholesterol metabolite, is a potent γ-secretase modulator. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:29. [PMID: 26169917 PMCID: PMC4501119 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) 42 has been implicated as the initiating molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, therapeutic strategies that target Aβ42 are of great interest. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are small molecules that selectively decrease Aβ42. We have previously reported that many acidic steroids are GSMs with potencies ranging in the low to mid micromolar concentration with 5β-cholanic acid being the most potent steroid identified GSM with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 5.7 μM. RESULTS We find that the endogenous cholesterol metabolite, 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (CA), is a steroid GSM with enhanced potency (EC50 of 250 nM) relative to 5β-cholanic acid. CA i) is found in human plasma at ~100-300 nM concentrations ii) has the typical acidic GSM signature of decreasing Aβ42 and increasing Aβ38 levels iii) is active in in vitro γ-secretase assay iv) is made in the brain. To test if CA acts as an endogenous GSM, we used Cyp27a1 knockout (Cyp27a1-/-) and Cyp7b1 knockout (Cyp7b1-/-) mice to investigate if manipulation of cholesterol metabolism pathways relevant to CA formation would affect brain Aβ42 levels. Our data show that Cyp27a1-/- had increased brain Aβ42, whereas Cyp7b1-/- mice had decreased brain Aβ42 levels; however, peripheral dosing of up to 100 mg/kg CA did not affect brain Aβ levels. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with multiple known and novel CA analogs studies failed to reveal CA analogs with increased potency. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CA may act as an endogenous GSM within the brain. Although it is conceptually attractive to try and increase the levels of CA in the brain for prevention of AD, our data suggest that this will not be easily accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ashleigh R Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Lisa A Smithson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Günther Hochhaus
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yufei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Saritha Ba
- SAI Life Sciences Ltd., Turkapally, AP500078, India.
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | | | - Kevin M Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Natural Product and Natural Product-Derived Gamma Secretase Modulators from Actaea Racemosa Extracts. MEDICINES 2015; 2:127-140. [PMID: 28930205 PMCID: PMC5456218 DOI: 10.3390/medicines2030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathogenic oligomerization, aggregation, and deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), resulting in severe neuronal toxicity and associated cognitive dysfunction. In particular, increases in the absolute or relative level of the major long form of Aβ, Aβ42, are associated with increased cellular toxicity and rapidity of disease progression. As a result of this observation, screening to identify potential drugs to reduce the level of Aβ42 have been undertaken by way of modulating the proteolytic activity of the gamma secretase complex without compromising its action on other essential substrates such as Notch. In this review we summarize results from a program that sought to develop such gamma secretase modulators based on novel natural products identified in the extract of Actaea racemosa, the well-known botanical black cohosh. Following isolation of compound 1 (SPI-014), an extensive medicinal chemistry effort was undertaken to define the SAR of 1 and related semisynthetic compounds. Major metabolic and physicochemical liabilities in 1 were overcome including replacement of both the sugar and acetate moieties with more stable alternatives that improved drug-like properties and resulted in development candidate 25 (SPI-1865). Unanticipated off-target adrenal toxicity, however, precluded advancement of this series of compounds into clinical development.
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De Strooper B, Chávez Gutiérrez L. Learning by Failing: Ideas and Concepts to Tackle γ-Secretases in Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 55:419-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
| | - Lucía Chávez Gutiérrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
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42
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Jung JI, Premraj S, Cruz PE, Ladd TB, Kwak Y, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE, Ran Y. Independent relationship between amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerization and γ-secretase processivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111553. [PMID: 25350374 PMCID: PMC4211736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered production of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP has a number of homo- and hetero-dimerizing domains, and studies have suggested that dimerization of β-secretase derived APP carboxyl terminal fragment (CTFβ, C99) impairs processive cleavage by γ-secretase increasing production of long Aβs (e.g., Aβ1-42, 43). Other studies report that APP CTFβ dimers are not γ-secretase substrates. We revisited this issue due to observations made with an artificial APP mutant referred to as 3xK-APP, which contains three lysine residues at the border of the APP ectodomain and transmembrane domain (TMD). This mutant, which dramatically increases production of long Aβ, was found to form SDS-stable APP dimers, once again suggesting a mechanistic link between dimerization and increased production of long Aβ. To further evaluate how multimerization of substrate affects both initial γ-secretase cleavage and subsequent processivity, we generated recombinant wild type- (WT) and 3xK-C100 substrates, isolated monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms of these proteins, and evaluated both ε-cleavage site utilization and Aβ production. These show that multimerization significantly impedes γ-secretase cleavage, irrespective of substrate sequence. Further, the monomeric form of the 3xK-C100 mutant increased long Aβ production without altering the initial ε-cleavage utilization. These data confirm and extend previous studies showing that dimeric substrates are not efficient γ-secretase substrates, and demonstrate that primary sequence determinants within APP substrate alter γ-secretase processivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sasha Premraj
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pedro E. Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yewon Kwak
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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43
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Urban S, Moin SM. A subset of membrane-altering agents and γ-secretase modulators provoke nonsubstrate cleavage by rhomboid proteases. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1241-7. [PMID: 25159145 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhomboid proteases are integral membrane enzymes that regulate cell signaling, adhesion, and organelle homeostasis pathways, making substrate specificity a key feature of their function. Interestingly, we found that perturbing the membrane pharmacologically in living cells had little effect on substrate processing but induced inappropriate cleavage of nonsubstrates by rhomboid proteases. A subclass of drugs known to modulate γ-secretase activity acted on the membrane directly and induced nonsubstrate cleavage by rhomboid proteases but left true substrate cleavage sites unaltered. These observations highlight an active role for the membrane in guiding rhomboid selectivity and caution that membrane-targeted drugs should be evaluated for cross-activity against membrane-resident enzymes that are otherwise unrelated to the intended drug target. Furthermore, some γ-secretase-modulating activity or toxicity could partly result from global membrane effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Urban
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Syed M Moin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Allosteric regulation of γ-secretase activity by a phenylimidazole-type γ-secretase modulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10544-9. [PMID: 25009180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402171111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease responsible for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recently, a series of compounds called γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) has been shown to decrease the levels of long toxic Aβ species (i.e., Aβ42), with a concomitant elevation of the production of shorter Aβ species. In this study, we show that a phenylimidazole-type GSM allosterically induces conformational changes in the catalytic site of γ-secretase to augment the proteolytic activity. Analyses using the photoaffinity labeling technique and systematic mutational studies revealed that the phenylimidazole-type GSM targets a previously unidentified extracellular binding pocket within the N-terminal fragment of presenilin (PS). Collectively, we provide a model for the mechanism of action of the phenylimidazole-type GSM in which binding at the luminal side of PS induces a conformational change in the catalytic center of γ-secretase to modulate Aβ production.
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45
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Toyn JH, Thompson LA, Lentz KA, Meredith JE, Burton CR, Sankaranararyanan S, Guss V, Hall T, Iben LG, Krause CM, Krause R, Lin XA, Pierdomenico M, Polson C, Robertson AS, Denton RR, Grace JE, Morrison J, Raybon J, Zhuo X, Snow K, Padmanabha R, Agler M, Esposito K, Harden D, Prack M, Varma S, Wong V, Zhu Y, Zvyaga T, Gerritz S, Marcin LR, Higgins MA, Shi J, Wei C, Cantone JL, Drexler DM, Macor JE, Olson RE, Ahlijanian MK, Albright CF. Identification and Preclinical Pharmacology of the γ-Secretase Modulator BMS-869780. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:431858. [PMID: 25097793 PMCID: PMC4109680 DOI: 10.1155/2014/431858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent cause of dementia and is associated with accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), particularly the 42-amino acid Aβ1-42, in the brain. Aβ1-42 levels can be decreased by γ-secretase modulators (GSM), which are small molecules that modulate γ-secretase, an enzyme essential for Aβ production. BMS-869780 is a potent GSM that decreased Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 and increased Aβ1-37 and Aβ1-38, without inhibiting overall levels of Aβ peptides or other APP processing intermediates. BMS-869780 also did not inhibit Notch processing by γ-secretase and lowered brain Aβ1-42 without evidence of Notch-related side effects in rats. Human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were predicted through allometric scaling of PK in rat, dog, and monkey and were combined with the rat pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters to predict the relationship between BMS-869780 dose, exposure and Aβ1-42 levels in human. Off-target and safety margins were then based on comparisons to the predicted exposure required for robust Aβ1-42 lowering. Because of insufficient safety predictions and the relatively high predicted human daily dose of 700 mg, further evaluation of BMS-869780 as a potential clinical candidate was discontinued. Nevertheless, BMS-869780 demonstrates the potential of the GSM approach for robust lowering of brain Aβ1-42 without Notch-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H. Toyn
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Lorin A. Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Kimberley A. Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jere E. Meredith
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Catherine R. Burton
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sethu Sankaranararyanan
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Valerie Guss
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tracey Hall
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Preclinical Sciences, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, CT 06410, USA
| | - Lawrence G. Iben
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Carol M. Krause
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Rudy Krause
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xu-Alan Lin
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Craig Polson
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alan S. Robertson
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - R. Rex Denton
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - James E. Grace
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John Morrison
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Kimberly Snow
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ramesh Padmanabha
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michele Agler
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- High Throughput Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Kim Esposito
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - David Harden
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Margaret Prack
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sam Varma
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Stratford High School, 45 North Parade, Stratford, CT 06615, USA
| | - Victoria Wong
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- External Research Solutions, WWMC, Pfizer World Wide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Arvinas Inc, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Samuel Gerritz
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Lawrence R. Marcin
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mendi A. Higgins
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jianliang Shi
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Joseph L. Cantone
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dieter M. Drexler
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E. Macor
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Richard E. Olson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michael K. Ahlijanian
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Charles F. Albright
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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46
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Potent γ-secretase inhibitors/modulators interact with amyloid-β fibrils but do not inhibit fibrillation: A high-resolution NMR study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:590-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Jung JI, Ran Y, Cruz PE, Rosario AM, Ladd TB, Kukar TL, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE. Complex relationships between substrate sequence and sensitivity to alterations in γ-secretase processivity induced by γ-secretase modulators. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1947-57. [PMID: 24620716 PMCID: PMC3985764 DOI: 10.1021/bi401521t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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γ-Secretase
catalyzes the final cleavage of the amyloid precursor
protein (APP), resulting in the production of amyloid-β (Aβ)
peptides with different carboxyl termini. Presenilin (PSEN) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations
linked to early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease modify the
profile of Aβ isoforms generated, by altering both the initial
γ-secretase cleavage site and subsequent processivity in a manner
that leads to increased levels of the more amyloidogenic Aβ42
and in some circumstances Aβ43. Compounds termed γ-secretase
modulators (GSMs) and inverse GSMs (iGSMs) can decrease and increase
levels of Aβ42, respectively. As GSMs lower the level of production
of pathogenic forms of long Aβ isoforms, they are of great interest
as potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. The factors
that regulate GSM modulation are not fully understood; however, there
is a growing body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that GSM
activity is influenced by the amino acid sequence of the γ-secretase
substrate. We have evaluated whether mutations near the luminal border
of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of APP alter the ability of both
acidic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-derived carboxylate and
nonacidic,
phenylimidazole-derived classes of GSMs and iGSMs to modulate γ-secretase
cleavage. Our data show that point mutations can dramatically reduce
the sensitivity to modulation of cleavage by GSMs but have weaker
effects on iGSM activity. These studies support the concept that the
effect of GSMs may be substrate selective; for APP, it is dependent
on the amino acid sequence of the substrate near the junction of the
extracellular domain and luminal segment of the TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
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48
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Wagner SL, Zhang C, Cheng S, Nguyen P, Zhang X, Rynearson K, Wang R, Li Y, Sisodia SS, Mobley WC, Tanzi RE. Soluble γ-secretase modulators selectively inhibit the production of the 42-amino acid amyloid β peptide variant and augment the production of multiple carboxy-truncated amyloid β species. Biochemistry 2014; 53:702-13. [PMID: 24401146 PMCID: PMC3929337 DOI: 10.1021/bi401537v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by an abundance of extracellular neuritic plaques composed primarily of the 42-amino acid amyloid β peptide variant (Aβ42). In the majority of familial AD (FAD) cases, e.g., those harboring mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1), there is a relative increase in the levels of Aβ42 compared to the levels of Aβ40. We previously reported the characterization of a series of aminothiazole-bridged aromates termed aryl aminothiazole γ-secretase modulators or AGSMs [Kounnas, M. Z., et al. (2010) Neuron 67, 769-780] and showed their potential for use in the treatment of FAD [Wagner, S. L., et al. (2012) Arch. Neurol. 69, 1255-1258]. Here we describe a series of GSMs with physicochemical properties improved compared to those of AGSMs. Specific heterocycle replacements of the phenyl rings in AGSMs provided potent molecules with improved aqueous solubilities. A number of these soluble γ-secretase modulators (SGSMs) potently lowered Aβ42 levels without inhibiting proteolysis of Notch or causing accumulation of amyloid precursor protein carboxy-terminal fragments, even at concentrations approximately 1000-fold greater than their IC50 values for reducing Aβ42 levels. The effects of one potent SGSM on Aβ peptide production were verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, showing enhanced production of a number of carboxy-truncated Aβ species. This SGSM also inhibited Aβ42 peptide production in a highly purified reconstituted γ-secretase in vitro assay system and retained the ability to modulate γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis in a stably transfected cell culture model overexpressing a human PS1 mutation validating the potential for use in FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Wagner
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics
and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Soan Cheng
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Xulun Zhang
- The
Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
| | - Kevin
D. Rynearson
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- Department
of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn
Institute, New York, New York 10029, United
States
| | - Yueming Li
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sangram S. Sisodia
- The
Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics
and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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49
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Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Subramanyam C, Bales KR, am Ende CW, Fish BA, Green ME, Kauffman GW, Mullins PB, Navaratnam T, Sakya SM, Stiff CM, Tran TP, Xie L, Zhang L, Pustilnik LR, Vetelino BC, Wood KM, Pozdnyakov N, Verhoest PR, O’Donnell CJ. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1046-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Fish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael E. Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory W. Kauffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick B. Mullins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thayalan Navaratnam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subas M. Sakya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cory M. Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Liming Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leslie R. Pustilnik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth C. Vetelino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolay Pozdnyakov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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50
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Hall A, Patel TR. γ-Secretase modulators: current status and future directions. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 53:101-45. [PMID: 24418609 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63380-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current status of γ-secretase modulators, highlighting key compounds by each company involved in the area. The review focuses on the three main chemotypes: acids, imidazoles and related derivatives and natural products. A section on chemical biology and ligand-binding site elucidation studies is also included. The primary source of information is drawn from peer reviewed literature as this permits analysis of PK-PD relationships and subsequent comment. Discussion of the patent literature is included for completeness. From this analysis, the key issues and challenges in the area are highlighted. The review concludes with a summary of the clinical development status and comment on future prospects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Toshal R Patel
- Department of BioPharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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