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Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang T, Tan Y, Dai X, Yang YG, Zhang X. Advances in the potential roles of Cullin-RING ligases in regulating autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125224. [PMID: 37006236 PMCID: PMC10064048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are the largest class of E3 ubiquitin ligases regulating the stability and subsequent activity of a large number of important proteins responsible for the development and progression of various diseases, including autoimmune diseases (AIDs). However, the detailed mechanisms of the pathogenesis of AIDs are complicated and involve multiple signaling pathways. An in-depth understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of the initiation and progression of AIDs will aid in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. CRLs play critical roles in regulating AIDs, partially by affecting the key inflammation-associated pathways such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and TGF-β. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential roles of CRLs in the inflammatory signaling pathways and pathogenesis of AIDs. Furthermore, advances in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for AIDs through targeting CRLs are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu’e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai, ; Yong-Guang Yang, ; Xiaoling Zhang,
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai, ; Yong-Guang Yang, ; Xiaoling Zhang,
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai, ; Yong-Guang Yang, ; Xiaoling Zhang,
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3
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Liu J, Jin J, Liang T, Feng XH. To Ub or not to Ub: a regulatory question in TGF-β signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:1059-1072. [PMID: 35810076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily controls a wide spectrum of biological processes in metazoans, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell-fate determination, and embryonic development. Deregulation of TGF-β-Smad signaling contributes to developmental anomalies and a variety of disorders and diseases such as tumorigenesis, fibrotic disorders, and immune diseases. In cancer, TGF-β has dual effects through its antiproliferative and prometastatic actions. At the cellular level, TGF-β functions mainly through the canonical Smad-dependent pathway in a cell type-specific and context-dependent manner. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ubiquitination plays a vital role in regulating TGF-β-Smad signaling. We summarize current progress on ubiquitination (Ub) and the ubiquitin ligases that regulate TGF-β-Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianping Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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4
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Structural and Functional Basis of JAMM Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070910. [PMID: 35883466 PMCID: PMC9313428 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are a group of proteases that are important for maintaining cell homeostasis by regulating the balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination. As the only known metalloproteinase family of DUBs, JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzymes (JAMMs) are specifically associated with tumorigenesis and immunological and inflammatory diseases at multiple levels. The far smaller numbers and distinct catalytic mechanism of JAMMs render them attractive drug targets. Currently, several JAMM inhibitors have been successfully developed and have shown promising therapeutic efficacy. To gain greater insight into JAMMs, in this review, we focus on several key proteins in this family, including AMSH, AMSH-LP, BRCC36, Rpn11, and CSN5, and emphatically discuss their structural basis, diverse functions, catalytic mechanism, and current reported inhibitors targeting JAMMs. These advances set the stage for the exploitation of JAMMs as a target for the treatment of various diseases.
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5
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Zheng ZM, Wang YY, Chen M, Yang HL, Lai ZZ, Li MQ, Shao J. FBXO17 Inhibits the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Proliferation of Ishikawa Cells. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1430-1441. [PMID: 36035375 PMCID: PMC9413558 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is one of the most common types of cancer in women, and the incidence is rapidly increasing. Studies have shown that various signaling pathways serve crucial roles in the tumorigenesis of UCEC, amongst which the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is of great interest due to its crucial role in cell proliferation and the huge potential as a therapeutic target. In the present study, it was shown that FBXO17, which is a member of the F-box family, is abnormally downregulated in UCEC tissues compared with non-tumor endometrial tissues, and this was significantly associated with the clinical histological grade, as well as the abnormal proliferation of the UCEC cell line, Ishikawa, both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, the results suggested that FBXO17 may inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and influence the expression of adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin and N-cadherin in Ishikawa cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that FBXO17 is a novel inhibitor of endometrial tumor development and it likely exerts effects via regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Meng Zheng
- Insitute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang 262500, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Insitute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- Insitute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lai
- Insitute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Insitute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shao
- Insitute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
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6
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Takemoto Y, Kadota S, Minami I, Otsuka S, Okuda S, Abo M, Punzalan LL, Shen Y, Shiba Y, Uesugi M. Chemical Genetics Reveals a Role of Squalene Synthase in TGFβ Signaling and Cardiomyogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Takemoto
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shin Kadota
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences Shinshu University Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621 Japan
| | - Itsunari Minami
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shinya Otsuka
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Masahiro Abo
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Louvy Lynn Punzalan
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yan Shen
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yuji Shiba
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences Shinshu University Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621 Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- School of Pharmacy Fudan University Shanghai 201203 China
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7
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Takemoto Y, Kadota S, Minami I, Otsuka S, Okuda S, Abo M, Punzalan LL, Shen Y, Shiba Y, Uesugi M. Chemical Genetics Reveals a Role of Squalene Synthase in TGFβ Signaling and Cardiomyogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21824-21831. [PMID: 34374184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
KY02111 is a widely used small molecule that boosts cardiomyogenesis of the mesoderm cells derived from pluripotent stem cells, yet its molecular mechanism of action remains elusive. The present study resolves the initially perplexing effects of KY02111 on Wnt signaling and subsequently identifies squalene synthase (SQS) as a molecular target of KY02111 and its optimized version, KY-I. By disrupting the interaction of SQS with cardiac ER-membrane protein TMEM43, KY02111 impairs TGFβ signaling, but not Wnt signaling, and thereby recapitulates the clinical mutation of TMEM43 that causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), an inherited heart disease that involves a substitution of myocardium with fatty tissue. These findings reveal a heretofore undescribed role of SQS in TGFβ signaling and cardiomyogenesis. KY02111 may find its use in ARVC modeling as well as serve as a chemical tool for studying TGFβ/SMAD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Takemoto
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shin Kadota
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Itsunari Minami
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Otsuka
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abo
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Louvy Lynn Punzalan
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yan Shen
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiba
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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8
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Liu J, Yuan B, Cao J, Luo H, Gu S, Zhang M, Ding R, Zhang L, Zhou F, Hung MC, Xu P, Lin X, Jin J, Feng XH. AMBRA1 promotes TGF-β signaling via non-proteolytic polyubiquitylation of Smad4. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5007-5020. [PMID: 34362797 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is pro-metastatic in advanced cancers and its biological activities are mainly mediated by the Smad family of proteins. Smad4 is the central signal transducer and transcription factor in the TGF-β pathway, yet the underlying mechanisms that govern transcriptional activities of Smad4 are not fully understood. Here, we show that AMBRA1, a member of the DDB1 and CUL4-associated factor (DCAF) family of proteins, serves as the substrate receptor for Smad4 in the CUL4-RING (CRL4) ubiquitin ligase complex. The CRL4-AMBRA1 ubiquitin ligase mediates non-proteolytic polyubiquitylation of Smad4 to enhance its transcriptional functions. Consequently, AMBRA1 potentiated TGF-β signaling and critically promoted TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Mouse models of breast cancer demonstrated that AMBRA1 promotes metastasis. Collectively, these results show that CRL4-AMBRA1 facilitates TGF-β-driven metastasis by increasing Smad4 polyubiquitylation, suggesting AMBRA1 may serve as a new therapeutic target in metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Bo Yuan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University
| | - Jin Cao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Hongjie Luo
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Shuchen Gu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University
| | - Ran Ding
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University
| | | | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University
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9
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Tang C, Mo X, Niu Q, Wahafu A, Yang X, Qui M, Ivanov AA, Du Y, Fu H. Hypomorph mutation-directed small-molecule protein-protein interaction inducers to restore mutant SMAD4-suppressed TGF-β signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:636-647.e5. [PMID: 33326750 PMCID: PMC10053325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes represent a major class of oncogenic drivers. However, direct targeting of loss-of-function tumor suppressors remains challenging. To address this gap, we explored a variant-directed chemical biology approach to reverse the lost function of tumor suppressors using SMAD4 as an example. SMAD4, a central mediator of the TGF-β pathway, is recurrently mutated in many tumors. Here, we report the development of a TR-FRET technology that recapitulated the dynamic differential interaction of SMAD4 and SMAD4R361H with SMAD3 and identified Ro-31-8220, a bisindolylmaleimide derivative, as a SMAD4R361H/SMAD3 interaction inducer. Ro-31-8220 reactivated the dormant SMAD4R361H-mediated transcriptional activity and restored TGF-β-induced tumor suppression activity in SMAD4 mutant cancer cells. Thus, demonstration of Ro-31-8220 as a SMAD4R361H/SMAD3 interaction inducer illustrates a general strategy to reverse the lost function of tumor suppressors with hypomorph mutations and supports a systematic approach to develop small-molecule protein-protein interaction (PPI) molecular glues for biological insights and therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Qiankun Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alafate Wahafu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Min Qui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrey A Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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10
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Zhang X, Meng T, Cui S, Feng L, Liu D, Pang Q, Wang P. Ubiquitination of Nonhistone Proteins in Cancer Development and Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 10:621294. [PMID: 33643919 PMCID: PMC7905169 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.621294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, a crucial post-translation modification, regulates the localization and stability of the substrate proteins including nonhistone proteins. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) on nonhistone proteins plays a critical role in many cellular processes such as DNA repair, transcription, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Its dysregulation induces various diseases including cancer, and the identification of this process may provide potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the regulatory roles of key UPS members on major nonhistone substrates in cancer-related processes, such as cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, inflammation, and T cell dysfunction in cancer. In addition, we also highlight novel therapeutic interventions targeting the UPS members (E1s, E2s, E3s, proteasomes, and deubiquitinating enzymes). Furthermore, we discuss the application of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy in modulating protein target levels with the aid of UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Tong Meng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ling Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Dongwu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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11
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Sinha A, Iyengar PV, ten Dijke P. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Key Regulators of TGFβ Signaling in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E476. [PMID: 33418880 PMCID: PMC7825147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that influences vital cellular processes like proliferation, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis. Regulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway is of key importance to maintain tissue homeostasis. Perturbation of this signaling pathway has been implicated in a plethora of diseases, including cancer. The effect of TGFβ is dependent on cellular context, and TGFβ can perform both anti- and pro-oncogenic roles. TGFβ acts by binding to specific cell surface TGFβ type I and type II transmembrane receptors that are endowed with serine/threonine kinase activity. Upon ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation, SMAD proteins and other intracellular effectors become activated and mediate biological responses. The levels, localization, and function of TGFβ signaling mediators, regulators, and effectors are highly dynamic and regulated by a myriad of post-translational modifications. One such crucial modification is ubiquitination. The ubiquitin modification is also a mechanism by which crosstalk with other signaling pathways is achieved. Crucial effector components of the ubiquitination cascade include the very diverse family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. This review summarizes the diverse roles of E3 ligases that act on TGFβ receptor and intracellular signaling components. E3 ligases regulate TGFβ signaling both positively and negatively by regulating degradation of receptors and various signaling intermediates. We also highlight the function of E3 ligases in connection with TGFβ's dual role during tumorigenesis. We conclude with a perspective on the emerging possibility of defining E3 ligases as drug targets and how they may be used to selectively target TGFβ-induced pro-oncogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (P.V.I.)
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12
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Wu N, Jiang M, Liu H, Chu Y, Wang D, Cao J, Wang Z, Xie X, Han Y, Xu B. LINC00941 promotes CRC metastasis through preventing SMAD4 protein degradation and activating the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:219-232. [PMID: 32737443 PMCID: PMC7853066 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRICT LINC00941 is a novel lncRNA that has been found to exhibit protumorigenic and prometastatic behaviors during tumorigenesis. However, its role in metastatic CRC remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the functions and mechanisms of LINC00941 in CRC metastasis. LINC00941 was shown to be upregulated in CRC, and upregulated LINC00941 was associated with poor prognosis. Functionally, LINC00941 promoted migratory and invasive capacities and accelerated lung metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, LINC00941 activated EMT in CRC cells, as indicated by the increased expression of key molecular markers of cell invasion and metastasis (Vimentin, Fibronectin, and Twist1) and simultaneous decreased expression of the main invasion suppressors E-cadherin and ZO-1. LINC00941 was found to activate EMT by directly binding the SMAD4 protein MH2 domain and competing with β-TrCP to prevent SMAD4 protein degradation, thus activating the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Our data reveal the essential role of LINC00941 in metastatic CRC via activation of the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 axis, which provides new insight into the mechanism of metastatic CRC and a novel potential therapeutic target for advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mingzuo Jiang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Haiming Liu
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yi Chu
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jiayi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuying Han
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Yu T, Zhang F, Yang F, Huang Y, Ma D, Liu G, Shao Z, Li D. Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 9 acts as both a transcriptional target and a regulator of the canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling to drive breast cancer progression. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e245. [PMID: 33377651 PMCID: PMC7733318 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 9 (PSG9) is a placental glycoprotein essential for the maintenance of normal gestation in mammals. Bioinformatics analysis of multiple publicly available datasets revealed aberrant PSG9 expression in breast tumors, but its functional and mechanistic role in breast cancer remains unexplored. Here, we report that PSG9 expression levels were elevated in tumor tissues and plasma specimens from breast cancer patients, and were associated with poor prognosis. Gain- or loss-of-function studies demonstrated that PSG9 promoted breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasionin vitro, and enhanced tumor growth and lung colonization in vivo. Mechanistically, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) transcriptionally activated PSG9 expression through enhancing the enrichment of Smad3 and Smad4 onto PSG9 promoter regions containing two putative Smad-binding elements (SBEs). Mutation of both SBEs in the PSG9 promoter, or knockdown of TGF-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1), TGFBR2, Smad3, or Smad4 impaired the ability of TGF-β1 to induce PSG9 expression. Consequently, PSG9 contributed to TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Moreover, PSG9 enhanced the stability of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 proteins by blocking their proteasomal degradation, and regulated the expression of TGF-β1 target genes involved in EMT and breast cancer progression, thus further amplifying the canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling in breast cancer cells. Collectively, these findings establish PSG9 as a novel player in breast cancer progressionvia hijacking the canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling, and identify PSG9 as a potential plasma biomarker for the early detection of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ying Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Sa Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tian‐Jian Yu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fang‐Lin Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fan Yang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yan‐Ni Huang
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guang‐Yu Liu
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhi‐Ming Shao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast CancerShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Da‐Qiang Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast CancerShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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14
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O-GlcNAc stabilizes SMAD4 by inhibiting GSK-3β-mediated proteasomal degradation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19908. [PMID: 33199824 PMCID: PMC7670456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification which occurs on the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. It has been reported that the presence of this single sugar motif regulates various biological events by altering the fate of target proteins, such as their function, localization, and degradation. This study identified SMAD4 as a novel O-GlcNAc-modified protein. SMAD4 is a component of the SMAD transcriptional complex, a major regulator of the signaling pathway for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). TGF-β is a powerful promoter of cancer EMT and metastasis. This study showed that the amount of SMAD4 proteins changes according to cellular O-GlcNAc levels in human lung cancer cells. This observation was made based on the prolonged half-life of SMAD4 proteins. The mechanism behind this interaction was that O-GlcNAc impeded interactions between SMAD4 and GSK-3β which promote proteasomal degradation of SMAD4. In addition, O-GlcNAc modification on SMAD4 Thr63 was responsible for stabilization. As a result, defects in O-GlcNAcylation on SMAD4 Thr63 attenuated the reporter activity of luciferase, the TGF-β-responsive SMAD binding element (SBE). This study’s findings imply that cellular O-GlcNAc may regulate the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway by stabilizing SMAD4.
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15
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Chen J, A. Gingold J. Dysregulated PJA1-TGF-β signaling in cancer stem cell-associated liver cancers. Oncoscience 2020; 7:88-95. [PMID: 33457451 PMCID: PMC7781490 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays important roles in cell differentiation, stem cell modulation, organ lineage, and immune suppression. TGF-β signaling is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Although mouse models of cancer arising from a defective TGF-β pathway clearly demonstrate the tumor-suppressive role of TGF-β, the underlying mechanism by which a defective TGF-β pathway triggers liver cancer development is poorly understood. This review summarizes key findings from our recent studies connecting TGF-β to hepatic oncogenesis and highlights the vulnerability of TGF-β signaling to PJA1-mediated ubiquitination. TGF-β, together with the chromatin insulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), epigenetically and transcriptionally regulate tumor promoter genes, including IGF2 and TERT, in TGF-β-defective mice and in human liver cancers. Dysfunction of the TGF-β-regulated SPTBN1/SMAD3/CTCF complex increases stem cell-like properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and enhances tumorigenesis in tumor-initiating cells in a mouse model. PJA1, a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a key negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. PJA1 overexpression is detected in HCCs and is sufficient to suppress SMAD3- and SPTBN1-mediated TGF-β tumor suppressor signaling, promoting HCC proliferation. Dysregulated PJA1-TGF-β signaling activates oncogenic genes and promotes tumorigenesis in human liver cancers. In addition, inhibition of PJA1 by treatment with E3 ligase inhibitors restores TGF-β tumor-suppressor function and suppresses liver cancer progression. These new findings suggest potential therapeutic avenues for targeting dysregulated PJA1-TGF-β signaling via cancer stem cells in liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Sandhill Therapeutics, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julian A. Gingold
- Montefiore Medical Center, OB/GYN and Women’s Health, Bronx, NY, USA
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16
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Liao X, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Tan J, Kass DJ, Rojas M, Mallampalli RK, Zhao J, Zhao Y. Deubiquitinase USP13 promotes extracellular matrix expression by stabilizing Smad4 in lung fibroblast cells. Transl Res 2020; 223:15-24. [PMID: 32434004 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Smad4 plays a central role in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression and cell differentiation; however, the molecular regulation of Smad4 protein stability by a deubiquitinase has not been reported. In the current study, we reveal that a deubiquitinase USP13 stabilizes Smad4, ultimately modulating ECM protein expression in lung fibroblast cells. USP13 was increased in primary adult lung fibroblasts isolated from bleomycin-challenged mice and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-treated primary mouse lung fibroblasts. In a bleomycin-induced murine model of lung fibrosis, USP13-deficient mice showed reduced ECM levels such as fibronectin (FN) and collagen compared with wild-type mice. The reductions in both protein levels and mRNA expression of ECM were observed in the isolated lung fibroblasts from USP13-deficient mice, suggesting that downregulation of USP13 reduces ECM levels through inhibiting its transcription. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which USP13 modulates ECM expression, we focused on the role of USP13 on Smad4 expression. Overexpression of USP13 increased FN and Smad4 protein levels in lung fibroblasts, while downregulation of USP13 reduced Smad4 protein levels, without altering Smad4 mRNA expression, suggesting that USP13 regulates Smad4 protein stability. Knockdown of USP13 decreased Smad4 half-life and promoted Smad4 ubiquitination. Both Smad4 and USP13 were co-localized in the cytoplasm in treated cell, and co-translocated into the nucleus in response to TGF-β1. The results indicate that USP13 promotes ECM expression by stabilizing Smad4 in lung fibroblasts and plays a role in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix in lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yanhui Li
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiangning Tan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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17
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Kinterova V, Kanka J, Petruskova V, Toralova T. Inhibition of Skp1-Cullin-F-box complexes during bovine oocyte maturation and preimplantation development leads to delayed development of embryos†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:896-906. [PMID: 30535233 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of maternal protein degradation during preimplantation development has not been clarified yet. It is thought that a lot of maternal proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this study, we focused on the role of the SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box) complexes during early bovine embryogenesis. We inhibited them using MLN4924, an inhibitor of SCF complex ligases controlled by neddylation. Oocytes maturated in MLN4924 could be fertilized, but we found no cumulus cell expansion and a high number of polyspermy after in vitro fertilization. We also found a statistically significant deterioration of development after MLN4924 treatment. After treatment with MLN4924 from the four-cell to late eight-cell stage, we found a statistically significant delay in their development; some of the treated embryos were, however, able to reach the blastocyst stage later. We found reduced levels of mRNA of EGA markers PAPOLA and U2AF1A, which can be related to this developmental delay. The cultivation with MLN4924 caused a significant increase in protein levels in MLN4924-treated oocytes and embryos; no such change was found in cumulus cells. To detect the proteins affected by MLN4924 treatment, we performed a Western blot analysis of selected proteins (SMAD4, ribosomal protein S6, centromeric protein E, P27, NFKB inhibitor alpha, RNA-binding motif protein 19). No statistically significant increase in protein levels was detected in either treated embryos or oocytes. In summary, our study shows that SCF ligases are necessary for the correct maturation of oocytes, cumulus cell expansion, fertilization, and early preimplantation development of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kinterova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kanka
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Petruskova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Toralova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
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18
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Yu Q, Jiang Y, Sun Y. Anticancer drug discovery by targeting cullin neddylation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:746-765. [PMID: 32528826 PMCID: PMC7276695 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein neddylation is a post-translational modification which transfers the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to a lysine residue of the target substrate through a three-step enzymatic cascade. The best-known substrates of neddylation are cullin family proteins, which are the core component of Cullin–RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). Given that cullin neddylation is required for CRL activity, and CRLs control the turn-over of a variety of key signal proteins and are often abnormally activated in cancers, targeting neddylation becomes a promising approach for discovery of novel anti-cancer therapeutics. In the past decade, we have witnessed significant progress in the field of protein neddylation from preclinical target validation, to drug screening, then to the clinical trials of neddylation inhibitors. In this review, we first briefly introduced the nature of protein neddylation and the regulation of neddylation cascade, followed by a summary of all reported chemical inhibitors of neddylation enzymes. We then discussed the structure-based targeting of protein–protein interaction in neddylation cascade, and finally the available approaches for the discovery of new neddylation inhibitors. This review will provide a focused, up-to-date and yet comprehensive overview on the discovery effort of neddylation inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AMP, adenosine 5′-monophosphate
- Anticancer
- BLI, biolayer interferometry
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- Drug discovery
- FH, frequent hitters
- HTS, high-throughput screen
- High-throughput screening
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- NAE, NEDD8 activating enzyme
- Neddylation
- PAINS, pan-assay interference compounds
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- Small molecule inhibitors
- UBL, ubiquitin-like protein
- Ubiquitin–proteasome system
- Virtual screen
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19
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Ma X, Das NK, Castillo C, Gourani A, Perekatt AO, Verzi MP, Shah YM. SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3) and SMAD4 repress HIF2α-dependent iron-regulatory genes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3974-3986. [PMID: 30659096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) directly regulates a battery of genes essential for intestinal iron absorption. Interestingly, iron deficiency and overload disorders do not result in increased intestinal expression of glycolytic or angiogenic HIF2α target genes. Similarly, inflammatory and tumor foci can induce a distinct subset of HIF2α target genes in vivo These observations indicate that different stimuli activate distinct subsets of HIF2α target genes via mechanisms that remain unclear. Here, we conducted a high-throughput siRNA-based screen to identify genes that regulate HIF2α's transcriptional activity on the promoter of the iron transporter gene divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1). SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3) and SMAD4 were identified as potential transcriptional repressors. Further analysis revealed that SMAD4 signaling selectively represses iron-absorptive gene promoters but not the inflammatory or glycolytic HIF2α or HIF1α target genes. Moreover, the highly homologous SMAD2 did not alter HIF2α transcriptional activity. During iron deficiency, SMAD3 and SMAD4 expression was significantly decreased via proteasomal degradation, allowing for derepression of iron target genes. Several iron-regulatory genes contain a SMAD-binding element (SBE) in their proximal promoters; however, mutation of the putative SBE on the DMT1 promoter did not alter the repressive function of SMAD3 or SMAD4. Importantly, the transcription factor forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) was critical in SMAD4-induced DMT1 repression, and DNA binding of SMAD4 was essential for the repression of HIF2α activity, suggesting an indirect repressive mechanism through DNA binding. These results provide mechanistic clues to how HIF signaling can be regulated by different cellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ma
- From the Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Nupur K Das
- From the Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | | | - Ayla Gourani
- From the Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Ansu O Perekatt
- the Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute, and Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Michael P Verzi
- the Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute, and Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- From the Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and .,Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 and
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20
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The role of sentrin-specific protease 2 substrate recognition in TGF-β-induced tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9786. [PMID: 29955155 PMCID: PMC6023881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad4, a common-mediator of Smads, plays a central role in forming complexes with receptor-phosphorylated Smads, and then transduces transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signals into the nuclei. Although many cellular factors are involved in TGF-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration, very little is known with the mechanism of Smad4 regulation on pro-oncogenes response by TGF-β. Herein, we demonstrate the interaction of Sentrin-specific protease 2 (SENP2) with Smad4 through SENP2 residue 363~400. The same segment is also important for desumoylation of Smad4, and able to relieve sumoylation-mediated TGF-β repression. The SENP2363~400 segment is critical for TGF-β-induced cell migration, which is correlated with SENP2363~400 deletion mutant failed to increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and EMT marker gene expression. Moreover, our results suggest that the interaction and desumoylation between SENP2 and Smad4 promote cell migration in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Altogether, our data show how SENP2 regulates its substrate for desumoylation, and also the role of SENP2 in TGF-β induced cancer cell migration.
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21
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SMAD4 Protein Expression Is Downregulated in Ileal Epithelial Cells from Patients with Crohn's Disease with Significant Inverse Correlation to Disease Activity. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:9307848. [PMID: 29977289 PMCID: PMC5994270 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9307848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD)4 and SMAD7 are key regulatory components in the immunosuppressive transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β signaling pathway, which is defective in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SMAD4 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD as indicated in experimental models of colitis. Aims To examine the ileal expression levels of SMAD4 and to correlate these with CD disease activity. Methods The material comprised 29 CD patients (13 with active disease, 16 in remission) and 9 asymptomatic patients referred for ileocolonoscopy as part of an adenoma surveillance program serving as controls. Patients were examined with ileocolonoscopy. Corresponding ileal biopsies were obtained for histological analysis and assessment of SMAD4 and SMAD7 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The protein expression of SMAD4 was significantly downregulated in ileal tissue sections from CD patients as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). Further, luminal SMAD4 expression was inversely correlated with endoscopic (rs = -0.315; p = 0.05) and histopathological activity (rs = -0.40; p = 0.013). Conclusions The SMAD4 epithelial protein level was markedly downregulated in CD patients and inversely correlated with disease activity. This may contribute to defective mucosal TGF-β signaling in active IBD.
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Kumari N, Jaynes PW, Saei A, Iyengar PV, Richard JLC, Eichhorn PJA. The roles of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in neoplastic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:456-483. [PMID: 28923280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial experiments performed by Rose, Hershko, and Ciechanover describing the identification of a specific degradation signal in short-lived proteins paved the way to the discovery of the ubiquitin mediated regulation of numerous physiological functions required for cellular homeostasis. Since their discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin function over 30years ago it has become wholly apparent that ubiquitin and their respective ubiquitin modifying enzymes are key players in tumorigenesis. The human genome encodes approximately 600 putative E3 ligases and 80 deubiquitinating enzymes and in the majority of cases these enzymes exhibit specificity in sustaining either pro-tumorigenic or tumour repressive responses. In this review, we highlight the known oncogenic and tumour suppressive effects of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in cancer relevant pathways with specific focus on PI3K, MAPK, TGFβ, WNT, and YAP pathways. Moreover, we discuss the capacity of targeting DUBs as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Azad Saei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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Kelly A, Houston SA, Sherwood E, Casulli J, Travis MA. Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by TGFβ. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:137-233. [PMID: 28413021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune regulation by cytokines is crucial in maintaining immune homeostasis, promoting responses to infection, resolving inflammation, and promoting immunological memory. Additionally, cytokine responses drive pathology in immune-mediated disease. A crucial cytokine in the regulation of all aspects of an immune response is transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Although best known as a crucial regulator of T cell responses, TGFβ plays a vital role in regulating responses mediated by virtually every innate and adaptive immune cell, including dendritic cells, B cells, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells, and granulocytes. Here, we review our current knowledge of how TGFβ regulates the immune system, highlighting the multifunctional nature of TGFβ and how its function can change depending on location and context of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Kelly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A Houston
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Sherwood
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Casulli
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Travis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Delaney K, Kasprzycka P, Ciemerych MA, Zimowska M. The role of TGF-β1 during skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:706-715. [PMID: 28035727 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The injury of adult skeletal muscle initiates series of well-coordinated events that lead to the efficient repair of the damaged tissue. Any disturbances during muscle myolysis or reconstruction may result in the unsuccessful regeneration, characterised by strong inflammatory response and formation of connective tissue, that is, fibrosis. The switch between proper regeneration of skeletal muscle and development of fibrosis is controlled by various factors. Amongst them are those belonging to the transforming growth factor β family. One of the TGF-β family members is TGF-β1, a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of muscle repair via satellite cells activation, connective tissue formation, as well as regulation of the immune response intensity. Here, we present the role of TGF-β1 in myogenic differentiation and muscle repair. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes can contribute to the better understanding of skeletal muscle atrophy and diseases which consequence is fibrosis disrupting muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Delaney
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasprzycka
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zimowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Lee JH, Kim SS, Lee HS, Hong S, Rajasekaran N, Wang LH, Choi JS, Shin YK. Upregulation of SMAD4 by MZF1 inhibits migration of human gastric cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:272-282. [PMID: 27922669 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD4 is a tumor suppressor that is frequently inactivated in many types of cancer. The role of abnormal expression of SMAD4 has been reported in developmental processes and the progression of various human cancers. The expression level of SMAD4 has been related to the survival rate in gastric cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of SMAD4 remains largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized the promoter region of SMAD4 and identified myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1), as a putative transcription factor. MZF1 directly bound to a core region of the SMAD4 promoter and stimulated transcriptional activity. We also found that the expression of MZF1 influences the migration ability of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Collectively, our results showed that MZF1 has a role in cellular migration of gastric cancer cells via promoting an increase in intracellular SMAD4 levels. This study might provide new evidence for the molecular basis of the tumor suppressive effect of the MZF1-SMAD4 axis, a new therapeutic target in advanced human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Seok Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nirmal Rajasekaran
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Joon-Seok Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xu P, Lin X, Feng XH. Posttranslational Regulation of Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022087. [PMID: 27908935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary depending on the physiological context. The formation, activation, and destruction of two major functional complexes in the TGF-β signaling pathway (i.e., the TGF-β receptor complexes and the Smad complexes that act as central mediators of TGF-β signaling) are direct targets for posttranslational regulation. Dysfunction of these complexes often leads or contributes to pathogenesis in cancer and fibrosis and in cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of posttranslational modifications in the functions of the receptor-activated Smads in the common Smad4 and inhibitory Smads, and in the control of the physiological responses to TGF-β. It is now evident that these modifications act as decisive factors in defining the intensity and versatility of TGF-β responsiveness. Thus, the characterization of posttranslational modifications of Smads not only sheds light on how TGF-β controls physiological and pathological processes but may also guide us to manipulate the TGF-β responses for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and migration. The TGF-β family members signal via heteromeric complexes of type I and type II receptors, which activate members of the Smad family of signal transducers. The main attribute of the TGF-β signaling pathway is context-dependence. Depending on the concentration and type of ligand, target tissue, and developmental stage, TGF-β family members transmit distinct signals. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases. More than a decade of studies have revealed the framework by which TGF-βs encode a context-dependent signal, which includes various positive and negative modifiers of the principal elements of the signaling pathway, the receptors, and the Smad proteins. In this review, we first introduce some basic components of the TGF-β signaling pathways and their actions, and then discuss posttranslational modifications and modulatory partners that modify the outcome of the signaling and contribute to its context-dependence, including small noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Melatonin, bone regulation and the ubiquitin-proteasome connection: A review. Life Sci 2015; 145:152-60. [PMID: 26706287 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, investigators have shown that ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated protein degradation is critical in regulating the balance between bone formation and bone resorption. The major signal transduction pathways regulating bone formation are the RANK/NF-κB pathway and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These signal transduction pathways regulate the activity of mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the major signaling pathways in the differentiation of osteoblasts. The ubiquitin ligases that are reported to be of major significance in regulating these pathways are the ubiquitin SCF(B-TrCP) ligase (which regulates activation of NF-κB via degradation of IkBα in osteoclasts, and regulates bone transcription factors via degradation of β-catenin), the Keap-Cul3-Rbx1 ligase (which regulates degradation of IkB kinase, Nrf2, and the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2), and Smurf1. Also of significance in regulating osteoclastogenesis is the deubiquitinase, CYLD (cylindramatosis protein), which facilitates the separation of NF-κB from IkBα. The degradation of CYLD is also under the regulation of SCF(B-TrCP). Proteasome inhibitors influence the activity of mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but also modulate the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoblasts. Preclinical studies show that melatonin also influences bone metabolism by stimulating bone growth and inhibiting osteoclast activity. These actions of melatonin could be interpreted as being mediated by the ubiquitin ligases SCF(B-TrCP) and Keap-Cul3-Rbx, or as an inhibitory effect on proteasomes. Clinical trials of the use of melatonin in the treatment of bone disease, including multiple myeloma, using both continuous and intermittent modes of administration, are warranted.
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29
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Cui M, Gi S, Wang W, Han X. Nedd4L expression is decreased in ovarian epithelial cancer tissues compared to ovarian non-cancer tissue. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41:1959-64. [PMID: 26554540 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have demonstrated that the neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 4-like (Nedd4L) gene plays a role in the progression of various cancers. However, reports describing Nedd4L expression in ovarian cancer tissues are limited. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cohort (n = 117) of archival formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded resected normal ovarian epithelial tissues (n = 10), benign ovarian epithelial tumor tissues (n = 10), serous borderline ovarian epithelial tumor tissues (n = 14), mucous borderline ovarian epithelial tumor tissues (n = 11), and invasive ovarian epithelial cancer tissues (n = 72) were assessed for Nedd4L protein expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Nedd4L protein expression was significantly decreased in invasive ovarian epithelial cancer tissues compared to non-cancer tissues (P < 0.05). Decreased Nedd4L protein expression correlated with clinical stage, pathological grade, lymph node metastasis and survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Nedd4L protein expression may be an independent prognostic marker of ovarian cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Campus, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinghe Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Campus, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuting Gi
- Department of Inspection, Harbin Medical University Daqing Campus, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Campus, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaole Han
- Department of College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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30
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Wang H, Maitra A, Wang H. The emerging roles of F-box proteins in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:88-94. [PMID: 26384530 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of F-box proteins in pancreatic tumorigenesis is emerging owing to their pivotal and indispensable roles in cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation and proliferation. In this review, we will focus on β-TrCP (β-transducin repeat-containing protein) and two other prototypical mammalian F-box proteins, Fbxw7 and Fbxw8, in pancreatic tumorigenesis and progression. We will highlight the functions and regulation of these F-box proteins, their respective substrates and cross-talks with other key signaling pathways, such as the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk, Hedgehog, NFκB, TGF-β, Myc and HPK1 signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
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31
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Cheruku HR, Mohamedali A, Cantor DI, Tan SH, Nice EC, Baker MS. Transforming growth factor-β, MAPK and Wnt signaling interactions in colorectal cancer. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Li D, Kang N, Ji J, Zhan Q. BRCA1 regulates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) signaling through Gadd45a by enhancing the protein stability of Smad4. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1655-66. [PMID: 26022109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is a well established tumor suppressor gene, which is involved in many cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis, as well as transcriptional control. In this work, we have found that BRCA1 is involved in regulating TGF-β1/Smad pathway. The loss of endogenous BRCA1 greatly attenuated TGF-β1-induced growth inhibition and cell cycle G1 arrest. BRCA1 greatly maintains stability of Smad4 protein, and the loss of BRCA1 results in Smad4 down-regulation, which is likely related to its downstream gene Gadd45a. Gadd45a is able to interact with β-Trcp1, a-F-box protein of SCF E3 ligase, and consequently suppresses the ubiquitin-degradation of Smad4 by SCF(β-trcp1), as reflected by the observations that the induction of Gadd45a substantially stabilizes Smad4 protein. In addition, exogenous expression of Gadd45a can largely rescue the protein level of Smad4 in BRCA1 deficient cells. These results further demonstrate that BRCA1 may act as an important negative regulator in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis through regulating the stability of Smad4, and define a novel link that connects BRCA1 to TGF-β1/Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Nan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Junfang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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Demagny H, De Robertis EM. Point mutations in the tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC4 enhance its phosphorylation by GSK3 and reversibly inactivate TGF-β signaling. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1025181. [PMID: 27308538 PMCID: PMC4845174 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1025181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC4 is an essential transcription factor in the TGF-β pathway and is frequently mutated or deleted in prostate, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas. We recently discovered that Smad4 activity and stability are regulated by the FGF/EGF and Wnt signaling pathways through a series of MAPK and GSK3 phosphorylation sites located in its linker region. In the present study, we report that loss-of-function associated with 2 point mutations commonly found in colorectal and pancreatic cancers results from enhanced Smad4 phosphorylation by GSK3, generating a phosphodegron that leads to subsequent β-TrCP–mediated polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Using chemical GSK3 inhibitors, we show that Smad4 point mutant proteins can be stabilized and TGF-β signaling restored in cancer cells harboring such mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Demagny
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California ; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California ; Los Angeles, CA USA
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34
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Deng W, Vanderbilt DB, Lin CC, Martin KH, Brundage KM, Ruppert JM. SOX9 inhibits β-TrCP-mediated protein degradation to promote nuclear GLI1 expression and cancer stem cell properties. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1123-38. [PMID: 25632159 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group box protein SOX9 and the GLI1 transcription factor play protumorigenic roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). In Kras transgenic mice, each of these factors are crucial for the development of PDA precursor lesions. SOX9 transcription is directly regulated by GLI1, but how SOX9 functions downstream of GLI1 is unclear. We observed positive feedback, such that SOX9-deficient PDA cells have severely repressed levels of endogenous GLI1, attributed to loss of GLI1 protein stability. SOX9 associated with the F-box domain of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase component, β-TrCP (also known as F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A), and suppressed its association with SKP1 and GLI1, a substrate of SCF-β-TrCP. SOX9 also tethered β-TrCP within the nucleus and promoted its degradation. SOX9 bound to β-TrCP through the SOX9 C-terminal PQA/S domain that mediates transcriptional activation. Suppression of β-TrCP in SOX9-deficient PDA cells restored GLI1 levels and promoted SOX9-dependent cancer stem cell properties. These studies identify SOX9-GLI1 positive feedback as a major determinant of GLI1 protein stability and implicate β-TrCP as a latent SOX9-bound tumor suppressor with the potential to degrade oncogenic proteins in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Daniel B Vanderbilt
- Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Chen-Chung Lin
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Karen H Martin
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Kathleen M Brundage
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - J Michael Ruppert
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506 Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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35
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Zhao J, Miyamoto S, You YH, Sharma K. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation inhibits nuclear translocation of Smad4 in mesangial cells and diabetic kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F1167-77. [PMID: 25428125 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by diffuse mesangial matrix expansion and is largely dependent on the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Smad4 is required for TGF-β signaling; however, its regulation has not been well characterized in diabetic kidney disease. Here, we report that high glucose is sufficient to stimulate nuclear translocation of Smad4 in mesangial cells and that stimulation of the major energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a potent effect to block Smad4 nuclear translocation. Activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) inhibited high glucose-induced and TGF-β stimulation of nuclear Smad4. To identify which of the catalytic α-subunits may be involved, small interfering (si) RNA-based inhibition of AMPK α1- or α2-subunit was employed. Inhibition of either subunit reduced overall AMPK activity and contributed to Smad4 nuclear accumulation. In an animal model of early diabetic kidney disease, induction of diabetes was found to markedly stimulate Smad4 protein levels and enhance nuclear accumulation. AMPK activation with AICAR completely prevented the upregulation of Smad4 and reduced mesangial matrix accumulation. We conclude that stimulation of Smad4 in cell culture and in in vivo models of early diabetic kidney disease is dependent on AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Zhao
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, La Jolla, California
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36
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Demagny H, Araki T, De Robertis EM. The tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC4 is regulated by phosphorylations that integrate FGF, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling. Cell Rep 2014; 9:688-700. [PMID: 25373906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad4 is a major tumor suppressor currently thought to function constitutively in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-signaling pathway. Here, we report that Smad4 activity is directly regulated by the Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways through GSK3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation sites. FGF activates MAPK, which primes three sequential GSK3 phosphorylations that generate a Wnt-regulated phosphodegron bound by the ubiquitin E3 ligase β-TrCP. In the presence of FGF, Wnt potentiates TGF-β signaling by preventing Smad4 GSK3 phosphorylations that inhibit a transcriptional activation domain located in the linker region. When MAPK is not activated, the Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways remain insulated from each other. In Xenopus embryos, these Smad4 phosphorylations regulate germ-layer specification and Spemann organizer formation. The results show that three major signaling pathways critical in development and cancer are integrated at the level of Smad4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Demagny
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Tatsuya Araki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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A design principle underlying the paradoxical roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5573. [PMID: 24994517 PMCID: PMC5381699 DOI: 10.1038/srep05573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are important cellular components that determine the specificity of proteolysis in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, an increasing number of studies have indicated that E3 ubiquitin ligases also participate in transcription. Intrigued by the apparently paradoxical functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases in both proteolysis and transcriptional activation, we investigated the underlying design principles using mathematical modeling. We found that the antagonistic functions integrated in E3 ubiquitin ligases can prevent any undesirable sustained activation of downstream genes when E3 ubiquitin ligases are destabilized by unexpected perturbations. Interestingly, this design principle of the system is similar to the operational principle of a safety interlock device in engineering systems, which prevents a system from abnormal operation unless stability is guaranteed.
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The self-limiting dynamics of TGF-β signaling in silico and in vitro, with negative feedback through PPM1A upregulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003573. [PMID: 24901250 PMCID: PMC4105941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β/Smad signaling system decreases its activity through strong negative regulation. Several molecular mechanisms of negative regulation have been published, but the relative impact of each mechanism on the overall system is unknown. In this work, we used computational and experimental methods to assess multiple negative regulatory effects on Smad signaling in HaCaT cells. Previously reported negative regulatory effects were classified by time-scale: degradation of phosphorylated R-Smad and I-Smad-induced receptor degradation were slow-mode effects, and dephosphorylation of R-Smad was a fast-mode effect. We modeled combinations of these effects, but found no combination capable of explaining the observed dynamics of TGF-β/Smad signaling. We then proposed a negative feedback loop with upregulation of the phosphatase PPM1A. The resulting model was able to explain the dynamics of Smad signaling, under both short and long exposures to TGF-β. Consistent with this model, immuno-blots showed PPM1A levels to be significantly increased within 30 min after TGF-β stimulation. Lastly, our model was able to resolve an apparent contradiction in the published literature, concerning the dynamics of phosphorylated R-Smad degradation. We conclude that the dynamics of Smad negative regulation cannot be explained by the negative regulatory effects that had previously been modeled, and we provide evidence for a new negative feedback loop through PPM1A upregulation. This work shows that tight coupling of computational and experiments approaches can yield improved understanding of complex pathways. TGF-β signaling pathway regulates a variety of cellular responses, such as differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Phosphorylated R-Smad, the central signaling protein in this pathway, exhibits self-limiting behaviors: it not only decreases quickly after TGF-β is removed, but it also decreases slowly when TGF-β remains abundant. These two self-limiting behaviors are important to understand clearly because diseases such as cancer and fibrosis might benefit from treatments to decrease Smad signaling. Several negative regulatory effects have been reported previously, and we studied the dynamics of these effects with computational modeling. Analyzing the timing of negative regulation revealed that the three most widely accepted effects were not sufficient to explain the observed declines. After considering and excluding several alternative models, we arrived at a model in which TGF-β upregulated the phosphatase PPM1A. We tested for PPM1A upregulation in cell culture experiments. In addition, our model was able to explain why different durations of TGF-β exposure could cause seemingly opposite results about the importance of Smad degradation.
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Xie P, Zhang M, He S, Lu K, Chen Y, Xing G, Lu Y, Liu P, Li Y, Wang S, Chai N, Wu J, Deng H, Wang HR, Cao Y, Zhao F, Cui Y, Wang J, He F, Zhang L. The covalent modifier Nedd8 is critical for the activation of Smurf1 ubiquitin ligase in tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3733. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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40
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Grabias BM, Konstantopoulos K. The physical basis of renal fibrosis: effects of altered hydrodynamic forces on kidney homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F473-85. [PMID: 24352503 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00503.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy kidneys are continuously exposed to an array of physical forces as they filter the blood: shear stress along the inner lumen of the tubules, distension of the tubular walls in response to changing fluid pressures, and bending moments along both the cilia and microvilli of individual epithelial cells that comprise the tubules. Dysregulation of kidney homeostasis via underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or glomerulonephritis fundamentally elevates the magnitudes of each principle force in the kidney and leads to fibrotic scarring and eventual loss of organ function. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress made characterizing the response of kidney cells to pathological levels of mechanical stimuli. In particular, we examine important, mechanically responsive signaling cascades and explore fundamental changes in renal cell homeostasis after cyclic strain or fluid shear stress exposure. Elucidating the effects of these disease-related mechanical imbalances on endogenous signaling events in kidney cells presents a unique opportunity to better understand the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Grabias
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Univ., New Engineering Bldg. 114, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218.
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41
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Imamura T, Oshima Y, Hikita A. Regulation of TGF-β family signalling by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. J Biochem 2013; 154:481-9. [PMID: 24165200 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, activin and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are multifunctional proteins that regulate a wide variety of cellular responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. TGF-β family signalling is mainly mediated by membranous serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad proteins. This signalling is tightly regulated by various post-translational modifications including ubiquitination. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases play a crucial role in the recognition and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of TGF-β family receptors, Smad proteins and their interacted proteins to regulate positively and negatively TGF-β family signalling. In contrast, non-degradative ubiquitin modifications also regulate TGF-β family signalling. Recently, in addition to protein ubiquitination, deubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes has been reported to control TGF-β family signalling pathways. Interestingly, more recent studies suggest that TGF-β signalling is not only regulated via ubiquitination and/or deubiquitination, but also it relies on ubiquitination for its effect on other pathways. Thus, ubiquitin modifications play key roles in TGF-β family signal transduction and cross-talk between TGF-β family signalling and other signalling pathways. Here, we review the current understandings of the positive and negative regulatory mechanisms by ubiquitin modifications that control TGF-β family signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital; and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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42
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Yoon JH, Jung SM, Park SH, Kato M, Yamashita T, Lee IK, Sudo K, Nakae S, Han JS, Kim OH, Oh BC, Sumida T, Kuroda M, Ju JH, Jung KC, Park SH, Kim DK, Mamura M. Activin receptor-like kinase5 inhibition suppresses mouse melanoma by ubiquitin degradation of Smad4, thereby derepressing eomesodermin in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1720-39. [PMID: 24127404 PMCID: PMC3840488 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Varieties of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) antagonists have been developed to intervene with excessive TGF-β signalling activity in cancer. Activin receptor-like kinase5 (ALK5) inhibitors antagonize TGF-β signalling by blocking TGF-β receptor-activated Smad (R-Smad) phosphorylation. Here we report the novel mechanisms how ALK5 inhibitors exert a therapeutic effect on a mouse B16 melanoma model. Oral treatment with a novel ALK5 inhibitor, EW-7197 (2.5 mg/kg daily) or a representative ALK5 inhibitor, LY-2157299 (75 mg/kg bid) suppressed the progression of melanoma with enhanced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Notably, ALK5 inhibitors not only blocked R-Smad phosphorylation, but also induced ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the common Smad, Smad4 mainly in CD8+ T cells in melanoma-bearing mice. Accordingly, T-cell-specific deletion of Smad4 was sufficient to suppress the progression of melanoma. We further identified eomesodermin (Eomes), the T-box transcription factor regulating CTL functions, as a specific target repressed by TGF-β via Smad4 and Smad3 in CD8+ T cells. Thus, ALK5 inhibition enhances anti-melanoma CTL responses through ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Smad4 in addition to the direct inhibitory effect on R-Smad phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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Salazar VS, Zarkadis N, Huang L, Watkins M, Kading J, Bonar S, Norris J, Mbalaviele G, Civitelli R. Postnatal ablation of osteoblast Smad4 enhances proliferative responses to canonical Wnt signaling through interactions with β-catenin. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5598-609. [PMID: 24101723 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling through β-catenin regulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation to enhance bone formation. We previously reported that osteogenic action of β-catenin is dependent on BMP signaling. Here, we further examined interactions between cWnt and BMP in bone. In osteoprogenitors stimulated with BMP2, β-catenin localizes to the nucleus, physically interacts with Smad4, and is recruited to DNA-binding transcription complexes containing Smad4, R-Smad1/5 and TCF4. Furthermore, Tcf/Lef-dependent transcription, Ccnd1 expression and proliferation all increase when Smad4, 1 or 5 levels are low, whereas TCF/Lef activities decrease when Smad4 expression is high. The ability of Smad4 to antagonize transcription of Ccnd1 is dependent on DNA-binding activity but Smad4-dependent transcription is not required. In mice, conditional deletion of Smad4 in osterix(+) cells increases mitosis of cells on trabecular bone surfaces as well as in primary osteoblast cultures from adult bone marrow and neonatal calvaria. By contrast, ablation of Smad4 delays differentiation and matrix mineralization by primary osteoblasts in response to Wnt3a, indicating that loss of Smad4 perturbs the balance between proliferation and differentiation in osteoprogenitors. We propose that Smad4 and Tcf/Lef transcription complexes compete for β-catenin, thus restraining cWnt-dependent proliferative signals while favoring the matrix synthesizing activity of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8301, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Al-Salihi MA, Herhaus L, Sapkota GP. Regulation of the transforming growth factor β pathway by reversible ubiquitylation. Open Biol 2013; 2:120082. [PMID: 22724073 PMCID: PMC3376735 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling pathway plays a central role during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis. It regulates gene transcription through a signalling cascade from cell surface receptors to intracellular SMAD transcription factors and their nuclear cofactors. The extent, duration and potency of signalling in response to TGFβ cytokines are intricately regulated by complex biochemical processes. The corruption of these regulatory processes results in aberrant TGFβ signalling and leads to numerous human diseases, including cancer. Reversible ubiquitylation of pathway components is a key regulatory process that plays a critical role in ensuring a balanced response to TGFβ signals. Many studies have investigated the mechanisms by which various E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the turnover and activity of TGFβ pathway components by ubiquitylation. Moreover, recent studies have shed new light into their regulation by deubiquitylating enzymes. In this report, we provide an overview of current understanding of the regulation of TGFβ signalling by E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin A Al-Salihi
- Medical Research Council-Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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45
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Voutsadakis IA. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumours: the role of ubiquitin proteasome system and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:243-53. [PMID: 22484631 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumours (malignant mixed mesodermal tumours, MMMT) of the uterus are metaplastic carcinomas with a sarcomatous component and thus they are also called carcinosarcomas. It has now been accepted that the sarcomatous component is derived from epithelial elements that have undergone metaplasia. The process that produces this metaplasia is epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which has recently been described as a neoplasia-associated programme shared with embryonic development and enabling neoplastic cells to move and metastasise. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the turnover and functions of hundreds of cellular proteins. It plays important roles in EMT by being involved in the regulation of several pathways participating in the execution of this metastasis-associated programme. In this review the specifi c role of UPS in EMT of MMMT is discussed and therapeutic opportunities from UPS manipulations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Voutsadakis
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Xu P, Liu J, Derynck R. Post-translational regulation of TGF-β receptor and Smad signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1871-84. [PMID: 22617150 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β family signaling through Smads is conceptually a simple and linear signaling pathway, driven by sequential phosphorylation, with type II receptors activating type I receptors, which in turn activate R-Smads. Nevertheless, TGF-β family proteins induce highly complex programs of gene expression responses that are extensively regulated, and depend on the physiological context of the cells. Regulation of TGF-β signaling occurs at multiple levels, including TGF-β activation, formation, activation and destruction of functional TGF-β receptor complexes, activation and degradation of Smads, and formation of Smad transcription complexes at regulatory gene sequences that cooperate with a diverse set of DNA binding transcription factors and coregulators. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of post-translational modifications and molecular interaction networks in the functions of receptors and Smads in TGF-β signal responses. These layers of regulation demonstrate how a simple signaling system can be coopted to exert exquisitely regulated, complex responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Programs in Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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47
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of signal transduction molecules plays crucial roles in the regulation of cell behavior. TGFβ regulates gene transcription through Smad proteins and signals via non-Smad pathways. The TGFβ pathway is strictly regulated, and perturbations lead to tumorigenesis. Several pathway components are known to be targeted for proteasomal degradation via ubiquitination by E3 ligases. Smurfs are well known negative regulators of TGFβ, which function as E3 ligases recruited by adaptors such as I-Smads. TGFβ signaling can also be enhanced by E3 ligases, such as Arkadia, that target repressors for degradation. It is becoming clear that E3 ligases often target multiple pathways, thereby acting as mediators of signaling cross-talk. Regulation via ubiquitination involves a complex network of E3 ligases, adaptor proteins, and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), the last-mentioned acting by removing ubiquitin from its targets. Interestingly, also non-degradative ubiquitin modifications are known to play important roles in TGFβ signaling. Ubiquitin modifications thus play a key role in TGFβ signal transduction, and in this review we provide an overview of known players, focusing on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam De Boeck
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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48
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Soond SM, Chantry A. How ubiquitination regulates the TGF-β signalling pathway: new insights and new players: new isoforms of ubiquitin-activating enzymes in the E1-E3 families join the game. Bioessays 2012; 33:749-58. [PMID: 21932223 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination of protein species in regulating signal transduction pathways is universally accepted as of fundamental importance for normal development, and defects in this process have been implicated in the progression of many human diseases. One pathway that has received much attention in this context is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signalling, particularly during the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumour progression. While E3-ubiquitin ligases offer themselves as potential therapeutic targets, much remains to be unveiled regarding mechanisms that culminate in their regulation. With this in mind, the focus of this review highlights the regulation of the ubiquitination pathway and the significance of a recently described group of NEDD4 E3-ubiquitin ligase isoforms in the context of TGF-β pathway regulation. Moreover, we now broaden these observations to incorporate a growing number of protein isoforms within the ubiquitin ligase superfamily as a whole, and discuss their relevance in defining a new 'iso-ubiquitinome'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- University of East Anglia, School Of Biological Sciences, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
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49
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling regulates cell growth and differentiation of many different cell types and is widely involved in the regulation of homeostasis during both embryogenesis and adult life. Therefore, aberrant TGF-β family signal transduction is linked to congenital disorders, tumorigenicity, and fibrosis, which can be life-threatening. A specific receptor-ligand complex initiates transduction of TGF-β family signaling to the nucleus via intracellular signal molecules, mainly Smads, whereby a number of bioactivities such as wound healing, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis are controlled. To avoid an excess of TGF-β family signaling in cells, the duration and intensity of the TGF-β family signal appear to be subject to elaborate regulation. In this paper, we describe recent advances in the understanding of how TGF-β family signals are perturbed and terminated to maintain homeostasis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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50
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Role of Smads in TGFβ signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:21-36. [PMID: 21643690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the prototype for a large family of pleiotropic factors that signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Important intracellular mediators of TGFβ signaling are members of the Smad family. Smad2 and 3 are activated by C-terminal receptor-mediated phosphorylation, whereafter they form complexes with Smad4 and are translocated to the nucleus where they, in cooperation with other transcription factors, co-activators and co-repressors, regulate the transcription of specific genes. Smads have key roles in exerting TGFβ-induced programs leading to cell growth arrest and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The activity and stability of Smad molecules are carefully regulated by a plethora of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation and poly(ADP)-ribosylation. The Smad function has been shown to be perturbed in certain diseases such as cancer.
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