1
|
Bao N, Fu B, Zhong X, Jia S, Ren Z, Wang H, Wang W, Shi H, Li J, Ge F, Chang Q, Gong Y, Liu W, Qiu F, Xu S, Li T. Role of the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110530. [PMID: 37348231 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C motif ligand 16, or CXCL16, is a chemokine that belongs to the ELR - CXC subfamily. Its function is to bind to the chemokine receptor CXCR6, which is a G protein-coupled receptor with 7 transmembrane domains. The CXCR6/CXCL16 axis has been linked to the development of numerous autoimmune diseases and is connected to clinical parameters that reflect disease severity, activity, and prognosis in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis. CXCL16 is expressed in various immune cells, such as dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and B cells. During autoimmune diseases, CXCL16 can facilitate the adhesion of immune cells like monocytes, T cells, NKT cells, and others to endothelial cells and dendritic cells. Additionally, sCXCL16 can regulate the migration of CXCR6-expressing leukocytes, which includes CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, constant natural killer T cells, plasma cells, and monocytes. Further investigation is required to comprehend the intricate interactions between chemokines and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It remains to be seen whether the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis represents a new target for the treatment of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandi Bao
- Senior Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of neurology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Department of neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Jia
- Department of neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China; Navy Clinical College, the Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Ren
- Navy Clinical College, the Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fulin Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Shiping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Savage TM, Vincent RL, Rae SS, Huang LH, Ahn A, Pu K, Li F, de los Santos-Alexis K, Coker C, Danino T, Arpaia N. Chemokines expressed by engineered bacteria recruit and orchestrate antitumor immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc9436. [PMID: 36888717 PMCID: PMC9995032 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumors use multiple mechanisms to actively exclude immune cells involved in antitumor immunity. Strategies to overcome these exclusion signals remain limited due to an inability to target therapeutics specifically to the tumor. Synthetic biology enables engineering of cells and microbes for tumor-localized delivery of therapeutic candidates previously unavailable using conventional systemic administration techniques. Here, we engineer bacteria to intratumorally release chemokines to attract adaptive immune cells into the tumor environment. Bacteria expressing an activating mutant of the human chemokine CXCL16 (hCXCL16K42A) offer therapeutic benefit in multiple mouse tumor models, an effect mediated via recruitment of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we target the presentation of tumor-derived antigens by dendritic cells, using a second engineered bacterial strain expressing CCL20. This led to type 1 conventional dendritic cell recruitment and synergized with hCXCL16K42A-induced T cell recruitment to provide additional therapeutic benefit. In summary, we engineer bacteria to recruit and activate innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses, offering a new cancer immunotherapy strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Savage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosa L. Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah S. Rae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Haley Huang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Pu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangda Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Courtney Coker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tal Danino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li T, Pan J, Chen H, Fang Y, Sun Y. CXCR6-based immunotherapy in autoimmune, cancer and inflammatory infliction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3255-3262. [PMID: 35967287 PMCID: PMC9366225 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongliang Fang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pontejo SM, Murphy PM. Chemokines act as phosphatidylserine-bound "find-me" signals in apoptotic cell clearance. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001259. [PMID: 34038417 PMCID: PMC8213124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of apoptotic cells is essential for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Chemotactic cues termed "find-me" signals attract phagocytes toward apoptotic cells, which selectively expose the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) and other "eat-me" signals to distinguish healthy from apoptotic cells for phagocytosis. Blebs released by apoptotic cells can deliver find-me signals; however, the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that apoptotic blebs generated in vivo from mouse thymus attract phagocytes using endogenous chemokines bound to the bleb surface. We show that chemokine binding to apoptotic cells is mediated by PS and that high affinity binding of PS and other anionic phospholipids is a general property of many but not all chemokines. Chemokines are positively charged proteins that also bind to anionic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on cell surfaces for presentation to leukocyte G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We found that apoptotic cells down-regulate GAGs as they up-regulate PS on the cell surface and that PS-bound chemokines, unlike GAG-bound chemokines, are able to directly activate chemokine receptors. Thus, we conclude that PS-bound chemokines may serve as find-me signals on apoptotic vesicles acting at cognate chemokine receptors on leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Pontejo
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He D, Hu J, Yang R, Zeng B, Yang D, Li D, Zhang M, Yang M, Ni Q, Ning R, Fan X, Li X, Mao X, Li Y. Evolutionary analysis of chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 in murine rodents. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103718. [PMID: 32360411 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes in cooperative and/or stand-alone fashions. Despite the significance of rodent animal models in elucidating the function and clinical relevance of the chemokine and its receptor, the evolutionary characterization of these molecules remains deficient for this taxon to a certain extent. In this study, we implemented a comparison of synonymous and nonsynonymous variation rates in combination with the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis and Tajima's test to evaluate the interspecific and intraspecific evolutions of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in murine rodents. Our results indicate that adaptive selection has frequently contributed to genetic diversity of both CXCL16 and CXCR6 in the murine lineage that is asynchronous with a relative dependence between these genes. This signature is radically different from the lineage-specific and concordant adaptive diversity of the primate homologues of these genes, which was reported in a previous study. The diversity identified in the present study shed further light on molecular strategies against the challenges towards CXCL16 and CXCR6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Diyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lauretti-Ferreira F, Silva PLD, Alcântara NM, Silva BF, Grabher I, Souza GO, Nakajima E, Akamatsu MA, Vasconcellos SA, Abreu PAE, Carvalho E, Martins EAL, Ho PL, da Silva JB. New strategies for Leptospira vaccine development based on LPS removal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230460. [PMID: 32218590 PMCID: PMC7100938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic spirochetes from genus Leptospira are etiologic agents of leptospirosis. Cellular vaccines against Leptospira infection often elicit mainly response against the LPS antigen of the serovars present in the formulation. There is no suitable protein candidate capable of replacing whole-cell vaccines, thus requiring new approaches on vaccine development to improve leptospirosis prevention. Our goal was to develop a whole-cell vaccine sorovar-independent based on LPS removal and conservation of protein antigens exposure, to evaluate the protective capacity of monovalent or bivalent vaccines against homologous and heterologous virulent Leptospira in hamster. Leptospire were subjected to heat inactivation, or to LPS extraction with butanol and in some cases further inactivation with formaldehyde. Hamsters were immunized and challenged with homologous or heterologous virulent serovars, blood and organs were collected from the survivors for bacterial quantification, chemokine evaluation, and analysis of sera antibody reactivity and cross-reactivity by Western blot. Immunization with either heated or low LPS vaccines with serovar Copenhageni or Canicola resulted in 100% protection of the animals challenged with homologous virulent bacteria. Notably, different from the whole-cell vaccine, the low LPS vaccines produced with serovar Canicola provided only partial protection in heterologous challenge with the virulent Copenhageni serovar. Immunization with bivalent formulation results in 100% protection of immunized animals challenged with virulent serovar Canicola. All vaccines produced were able to eliminate bacteria from the kidney of challenged animals. All the vaccines raised antibodies capable to recognize antigens of serovars not present in the vaccine formulation. Transcripts of IFNγ, CXCL16, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCR6, and CCR5, increased in all immunized animals. Conclusion: Our results showed that bivalent vaccines with reduced LPS may be an interesting strategy for protection against heterologous virulent serovars. Besides the desirable multivalent protection, the low LPS vaccines are specially promising due to the expected lower reatogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Lauretti-Ferreira
- Bioindustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruna F. Silva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabele Grabher
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele O. Souza
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Nakajima
- Laboratory of Process Development, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvio A. Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eneas Carvalho
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo L. Ho
- Bioindustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josefa B. da Silva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ayyappan P, Harms RZ, Seifert JA, Bemis EA, Feser ML, Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Mikuls TR, Holers VM, Sarvetnick NE. Heightened Levels of Antimicrobial Response Factors in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32265916 PMCID: PMC7100537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease leading to considerable disability over time. The disease can be characterized by the presence of multiple autoantibodies in the serum and synovial fluid. Microbial dysbiosis is proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. Increased systemic bacterial exposure leads to elevated levels of antimicrobial response factors (ARFs) in the circulation. In the present study, we tested whether RA patients have increased levels of ARFs by analyzing the levels of multiple ARFs in serum from RA patients and healthy age and sex-matched controls. The levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), lysozyme, and CXCL16 were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to healthy controls. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) levels remained unchanged in RA patients compared to healthy controls. A positive correlation of LBP with rheumatoid factor (RF) was also found in RA subjects. Interestingly, the levels of anti-endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAb) IgM, total IgM, EndoCAb IgA, and total IgA were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to healthy controls. No significant changes in the levels of EndoCAb IgG and total IgG were observed in RA patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, lysozyme and CXCL16 levels were positively correlated with disease severity among RA subjects. Increases in the levels of several ARFs and their correlations with clinical indices suggest systemic microbial exposure in the RA cohort. Modulation of microbial exposure may play an important role in disease pathogenesis in individuals with RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathapan Ayyappan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Robert Z. Harms
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Bemis
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marie L. Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nora E. Sarvetnick
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang M, Li X, Yang L, Wang Q, Li W. A class B scavenger receptor mediates antimicrobial peptide secretion and phagocytosis in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103496. [PMID: 31513820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) vital for innate immunity. As well as their importance in immune recognition, microbe phagocytosis, and the clearance of modified endogenous molecules, they also activate downstream immune responses as co-receptors. In the current study, we identified a class B scavenger receptor in Eriocheir sinensis (EsSR-B2). The full-length gene is 2,517 bp and encodes a 517 amino acid polypeptide. EsSR-B2 is expressed widely in all tested tissues and is induced by microbial stimulation. Recombinant EsSR-B2 binds to bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in vitro. Upon knockdown of EsSR-B2 and bacterial challenge with Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio parahaemolyticus, phagocytosis rates in hemocytes are decreased. Moreover, the expression of several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in response to distinct microorganism stimulation is decreased following EsSR-B2 silencing. Thus, EsSR-B2 is a PRR that protects E. sinensis against invading pathogens by promoting phagocytosis and enhancing AMP expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muxue Tang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berendam SJ, Koeppel AF, Godfrey NR, Rouhani SJ, Woods AN, Rodriguez AB, Peske JD, Cummings KL, Turner SD, Engelhard VH. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies a Range of Immunologically Related Functional Elaborations of Lymph Node Associated Lymphatic and Blood Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:816. [PMID: 31057546 PMCID: PMC6478037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic and blood vessels are formed by specialized lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and blood endothelial cells (BEC), respectively. These endothelial populations not only form peripheral tissue vessels, but also critical supporting structures in secondary lymphoid organs, particularly the lymph node (LN). Lymph node LEC (LN-LEC) also have been shown to have important immunological functions that are not observed in LEC from tissue lymphatics. LN-LEC can maintain peripheral tolerance through direct presentation of self-antigen via MHC-I, leading to CD8 T cell deletion; and through transfer of self-antigen to dendritic cells for presentation via MHC-II, resulting in CD4 T cell anergy. LN-LEC also can capture and archive foreign antigens, transferring them to dendritic cells for maintenance of memory CD8 T cells. The molecular basis for these functional elaborations in LN-LEC remain largely unexplored, and it is also unclear whether blood endothelial cells in LN (LN-BEC) might express similar enhanced immunologic functionality. Here, we used RNA-Seq to compare the transcriptomic profiles of freshly isolated murine LEC and BEC from LN with one another and with freshly isolated LEC from the periphery (diaphragm). We show that LN-LEC, LN-BEC, and diaphragm LEC (D-LEC) are transcriptionally distinct from one another, demonstrating both lineage and tissue-specific functional specializations. Surprisingly, tissue microenvironment differences in gene expression profiles were more numerous than those determined by endothelial cell lineage specification. In this regard, both LN-localized endothelial cell populations show a variety of functional elaborations that suggest how they may function as antigen presenting cells, and also point to as yet unexplored roles in both positive and negative regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The present work has defined in depth gene expression differences that point to functional specializations of endothelial cell populations in different anatomical locations, but especially the LN. Beyond the analyses provided here, these data are a resource for future work to uncover mechanisms of endothelial cell functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella J. Berendam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alexander F. Koeppel
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Bioinformatics Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nicole R. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sherin J. Rouhani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Amber N. Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Anthony B. Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - J. David Peske
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kara L. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephen D. Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Bioinformatics Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Victor H. Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Victor H. Engelhard
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kato T, Hagiyama M, Ito A. Renal ADAM10 and 17: Their Physiological and Medical Meanings. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:153. [PMID: 30460232 PMCID: PMC6232257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are a Zn2+-dependent transmembrane and secreted metalloprotease superfamily, so-called “molecular scissors,” and they consist of an N-terminal signal sequence, a prodomain, zinc-binding metalloprotease domain, disintegrin domain, cysteine-rich domain, transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail. ADAMs perform proteolytic processing of the ectodomains of diverse transmembrane molecules into bioactive mediators. This review summarizes on their most well-known members, ADAM10 and 17, focusing on the kidneys. ADAM10 is expressed in renal tubular cells and affects the expression of specific brush border genes, and its activation is involved in some renal diseases. ADAM17 is weakly expressed in normal kidneys, but its expression is markedly induced in the tubules, capillaries, glomeruli, and mesangium, and it is involved in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. So far, the various substrates have been identified in the kidneys. Shedding fragments become released ligands, such as Notch and EGFR ligands, and act as the chemoattractant factors including CXCL16. Their ectodomain shedding is closely correlated with pathological factors, which include inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, and renal injury. Also, the substrates of both ADAMs contain the molecules that play important roles at the plasma membrane, such as meaprin, E-cadherin, Klotho, and CADM1. By being released into urine, the shedding products could be useful for biomarkers of renal diseases, but ADAM10 and 17 per se are also notable as biomarkers. Furthermore, ADAM10 and/or 17 inhibitions based on various strategies such as small molecules, antibodies, and their recombinant prodomains are valuable, because they potentially protect renal tissues and promote renal regeneration. Although temporal and spatial regulations of inhibitors are problems to be solved, their inhibitors could be useful for renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu F, He D, Liu J, Ni Q, Lyu Y, Xiong S, Li Y. Genetic diversification of chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 in primates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 85:86-94. [PMID: 29635005 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 are associated with a series of physiological and pathological processes in cooperative and stand-alone fashions. To shed insight into their versatile nature, we studied genetic variations of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in primates. Evolutionary analyses revealed that these genes underwent a similar evolutionary fate. Both genes experienced adaptive diversification with the phylogenetic division of cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys) and hominoids (humans, great apes, and gibbons) from their common ancestor. In contrast, they were conserved in the periods preceding and following the dividing process. In terms of the adaptive diversification between cercopithecoids and hominoids, the adaptive genetic changes have occurred in the mucin-like and chemokine domains of CXCL16 and the N-terminus and transmembrane helixes of CXCR6. In combination with currently available structural and functional information for CXCL16 and CXCR6, the parallels between the evolutionary footprints and the co-occurrence of adaptive diversification at some evolutionary stage suggest that interplay could exist between the diversification-related amino acid sites, or between the domains on which the identified sites are located, in physiological processes such as chemotaxis and/or cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Lyu
- The First Hospital of Kunming Calmette International Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiu Xiong
- Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lekva T, Michelsen AE, Aukrust P, Paasche Roland MC, Henriksen T, Bollerslev J, Ueland T. CXC chemokine ligand 16 is increased in gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia and associated with lipoproteins in gestational diabetes mellitus at 5 years follow-up. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:525-533. [PMID: 28856928 DOI: 10.1177/1479164117728011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between CXC chemokine ligand 16 and indices of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation in gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. METHODS This sub-study of the population-based prospective cohort included 310 women. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed during pregnancy and 5 years later along with lipid analysis. CXC chemokine ligand 16 was measured in plasma (protein) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (messenger RNA) during pregnancy and at follow-up. RESULTS Circulating CXC chemokine ligand 16 was higher in gestational diabetes mellitus women early in pregnancy and at follow-up, while higher in preeclampsia women late in pregnancy compared to control women. Messenger RNA of CXC chemokine ligand 16 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were lower in gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia women compared to control women. Increased circulating CXC chemokine ligand 16 level was associated with a higher apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in gestational diabetes mellitus women but not in normal pregnancy at follow-up. CONCLUSION Our study shows that women with gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia had a dysregulated CXC chemokine ligand 16 during pregnancy, and in gestational diabetes mellitus, the increase in CXC chemokine ligand 16 early in pregnancy and after 5 years was strongly associated with their lipid profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tove Lekva
- 1 Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- 1 Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- 1 Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- 4 K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- 5 K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marie Cecilie Paasche Roland
- 6 Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- 7 Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women's Health, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Henriksen
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- 6 Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- 8 Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- 1 Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- 5 K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
PrabhuDas MR, Baldwin CL, Bollyky PL, Bowdish DME, Drickamer K, Febbraio M, Herz J, Kobzik L, Krieger M, Loike J, McVicker B, Means TK, Moestrup SK, Post SR, Sawamura T, Silverstein S, Speth RC, Telfer JC, Thiele GM, Wang XY, Wright SD, El Khoury J. A Consensus Definitive Classification of Scavenger Receptors and Their Roles in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3775-3789. [PMID: 28483986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of proteins that are structurally diverse and participate in a wide range of biological functions. These receptors are expressed predominantly by myeloid cells and recognize a diverse variety of ligands including endogenous and modified host-derived molecules and microbial pathogens. There are currently eight classes of scavenger receptors, many of which have multiple names, leading to inconsistencies and confusion in the literature. To address this problem, a workshop was organized by the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, to help develop a clear definition of scavenger receptors and a standardized nomenclature based on that definition. Fifteen experts in the scavenger receptor field attended the workshop and, after extensive discussion, reached a consensus regarding the definition of scavenger receptors and a proposed scavenger receptor nomenclature. Scavenger receptors were defined as cell surface receptors that typically bind multiple ligands and promote the removal of nonself or altered-self targets. They often function by mechanisms that include endocytosis, phagocytosis, adhesion, and signaling that ultimately lead to the elimination of degraded or harmful substances. Based on this definition, nomenclature and classification of these receptors into 10 classes were proposed. This classification was discussed at three national meetings and input from participants at these meetings was requested. The following manuscript is a consensus statement that combines the recommendations of the initial workshop and incorporates the input received from the participants at the three national meetings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercy R PrabhuDas
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Peter O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Monty Krieger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - John Loike
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Benita McVicker
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105
| | - Terry K Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Soren K Moestrup
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steven R Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Samuel Silverstein
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Samuel D Wright
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics, CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA 19406; and
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Infectious Disease Division, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kundu S. Stochastic modelling suggests that an elevated superoxide anion - hydrogen peroxide ratio can drive extravascular phagocyte transmigration by lamellipodium formation. J Theor Biol 2016; 407:143-154. [PMID: 27380944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis, integrates diverse intra- and inter-cellular molecular processes into a purposeful patho-physiological response; the operatic rules of which, remain speculative. Here, I surmise, that superoxide anion induced directional motility, in a responding cell, results from a quasi pathway between the stimulus, surrounding interstitium, and its biochemical repertoire. The epochal event in the mounting of an inflammatory response, is the extravascular transmigration of a phagocyte competent cell towards the site of injury, secondary to the development of a lamellipodium. This stochastic-to-markovian process conversion, is initiated by the cytosolic-ROS of the damaged cell, but is maintained by the inverse association of a de novo generated pool of self-sustaining superoxide anions and sub-critical hydrogen peroxide levels. Whilst, the exponential rise of O2(.-) is secondary to the focal accumulation of higher order lipid raft-Rac1/2-actin oligomers; O2(.-) mediated inactivation and redistribution of ECSOD, accounts for the minimal concentration of H2O2 that the phagocyte experiences. The net result of this reciprocal association between ROS/ RNS members, is the prolonged perturbation and remodeling of the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, a prelude to chemotactic migration. The manuscript also describes the significance of stochastic modeling, in the testing of plausible molecular hypotheses of observable phenomena in complex biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Government of NCT Delhi, Sector - 6, Rohini, Delhi 110085, India; Mathematical and Computational Biology, Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), Media Lab Asia, 2nd Floor, Block 2, C-DOT Campus, Mehrauli, New Delhi 110030, India; School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zou J, Redmond AK, Qi Z, Dooley H, Secombes CJ. The CXC chemokine receptors of fish: Insights into CXCR evolution in the vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 215:117-31. [PMID: 25623148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article will review current knowledge on CXCR in fish, that represent three distinct vertebrate groups: Agnatha (jawless fishes), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes). With the sequencing of many fish genomes, information on CXCR in these species in particular has expanded considerably. In mammals, 6 CXCRs have been described, and their homologues will be initially reviewed before considering a number of atypical CXCRs and a discussion of CXCR evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Anthony K Redmond
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Zhitao Qi
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Helen Dooley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wittel UA, Schmidt AI, Poxleitner PJ, Seifert GJ, Chikhladze S, Puolakkainen P, Hopt UT, Kylänpää L. The chemokine ligand CXCL16 is an indicator of bacterial infection in necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2015; 15:124-30. [PMID: 25661686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current guidelines tell us that intervention in severe necrotizing pancreatitis ought to be performed as late as possible. However, when pancreatic necrosis becomes infected, the necrotic tissue needs to be removed. Unfortunately, bacterial infection can only be proven by invasive methods. METHODS Necrotizing pancreatitis with sterile or infected necrosis was induced in mice. Mice serum samples were examined by antibody-based protein array. After identifying candidate proteins that showed strong regulation, the serum concentration of these proteins was examined by sandwich ELISA. Then, human serum samples were collected from patients with mild pancreatitis, severe pancreatitis with and without pancreatic necrosis and patients with microbiologically proven infection of pancreatic necrosis. These serum samples were then analyzed by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS In mice 6 proteins were strongly up-regulated and were further investigated by ELISAs. Of these proteins, CXCL16 and TRANCE (RANKL) concentrations were analyzed in human serum samples. CXCL16 and TRANCE were increased in patients with pancreatic necrosis and abdominal infection. Receiver operated characteristics showed that CXCL16 was superior in predicting infected pancreatic necrosis when compared to C-reactive protein and TRANCE. CONCLUSIONS Serum CXCL16 is increased in severe pancreatitis with infected pancreatic necrosis and identifies patients who benefit from surgical necrosectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe A Wittel
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea I Schmidt
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Poxleitner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel J Seifert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Chikhladze
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pauli Puolakkainen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrich T Hopt
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Kylänpää
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zivković M, Djurić T, Stojković L, Jovanović I, Končar I, Davidović L, Veljković N, Alavantić D, Stanković A. CXCL16 Haplotypes in Patients with Human Carotid Atherosclerosis: Preliminary Results. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:10-20. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.24299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zivković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade
| | - Tamara Djurić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade
| | - Ljiljana Stojković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade
| | - Ivan Jovanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade
| | - Igor Končar
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia
| | - Lazar Davidović
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia
| | - Nevena Veljković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Center for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade
| | - Dragan Alavantić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prabhudas M, Bowdish D, Drickamer K, Febbraio M, Herz J, Kobzik L, Krieger M, Loike J, Means TK, Moestrup SK, Post S, Sawamura T, Silverstein S, Wang XY, El Khoury J. Standardizing scavenger receptor nomenclature. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1997-2006. [PMID: 24563502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1490003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of proteins that are structurally diverse and participate in a wide range of biological functions. These receptors are expressed predominantly by myeloid cells and recognize a variety of ligands, including endogenous and modified host-derived molecules and microbial pathogens. There are currently eight classes of scavenger receptors, many of which have multiple names, leading to inconsistencies and confusion in the literature. To address this problem, a workshop was organized by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health to help develop a clear definition of scavenger receptors and a standardized nomenclature based on that definition. Fifteen experts in the scavenger receptor field attended the workshop and, after extensive discussion, reached a consensus regarding the definition of scavenger receptors and a proposed scavenger receptor nomenclature. Scavenger receptors were defined as cell surface receptors that typically bind multiple ligands and promote the removal of non-self or altered-self targets. They often function by mechanisms that include endocytosis, phagocytosis, adhesion, and signaling that ultimately lead to the elimination of degraded or harmful substances. Based on this definition, nomenclature and classification of these receptors into 10 classes were proposed. The discussion and nomenclature recommendations described in this report only refer to mammalian scavenger receptors. The purpose of this article is to describe the proposed mammalian nomenclature and classification developed at the workshop and to solicit additional feedback from the broader research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Prabhudas
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Canton J, Neculai D, Grinstein S. Scavenger receptors in homeostasis and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:621-34. [PMID: 23928573 DOI: 10.1038/nri3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors were originally identified by their ability to recognize and to remove modified lipoproteins; however, it is now appreciated that they carry out a striking range of functions, including pathogen clearance, lipid transport, the transport of cargo within the cell and even functioning as taste receptors. The large repertoire of ligands recognized by scavenger receptors and their broad range of functions are not only due to the wide range of receptors that constitute this family but also to their ability to partner with various co-receptors. The ability of individual scavenger receptors to associate with different co-receptors makes their responsiveness extremely versatile. This Review highlights recent insights into the structural features that determine the function of scavenger receptors and the emerging role that these receptors have in immune responses, notably in macrophage polarization and in the pathogenesis of diseases such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Modification of SR-PSOX functions by multi-point mutations of basic amino acid residues. Biochimie 2012; 95:224-30. [PMID: 23009930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SR-PSOX can function as a scavenger receptor, a chemokine and an adhesion molecule, and it could be an interesting player in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Our previous studies demonstrated that basic amino acid residues in the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX are critical for its functions. In this study the combinations of the key basic amino acids in the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX have been identified. Five combinations of basic amino acid residues that may form conformational motif for SR-PSOX functions were selected for multi-point mutants. The double mutants of K61AR62A, R76AK79A, R82AH85A, and treble mutants of R76AR78AK79A, R78AR82AH85A were successfully constructed by replacing the combinations of two or three basic amino acid residues with alanine. After successful expression of these mutants on the cells, the functional studies showed that the cells expressing R76AK79A and R82AH85A mutants significantly increased the activity of oxLDL uptake compared with that of wild-type SR-PSOX. Meanwhile, the cells expressing R76AK79A mutant also dramatically enhanced the phagocytotic activity of SR-PSOX. However, the cells expressing the construct of combination of R78A mutation in R76AK79A or R82AH85A could abolish these effects. More interestingly, the adhesive activities were remarkably down regulated in the cells expressing the multi-point mutants respectively. This study revealed that some conformational motifs of basic amino acid residues, especially R76 with K79 in SR-PSOX, may form a common functional motif for its critical functions. R78 in SR-PSOX has the potential action to stabilize the function of oxLDL uptake and bacterial phagocytosis. The results obtained may provide new insight for the development of drug target of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu W, Yin L, Chen C, Dai Y. Function modification of SR-PSOX by point mutations of basic amino acids. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:59. [PMID: 21492481 PMCID: PMC3102630 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common cardiovascular disease. Transformation of macrophages to form foam cells by internalizing modified low density-lipoprotein (LDL) via scavenger receptor (SR) is a key pathogenic process in the onset of AS. It has been demonstrated that SR-PSOX functions as either a scavenger receptor for uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins and bacteria or a membrane-anchored chemokine for adhesion of macrophages and T-cells to the endothelium. Therefore, SR-PSOX plays an important role in the development of AS. In this study the key basic amino acids in the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX have been identified for its functions. Results A cell model to study the functions of SR-PSOX was successfully established. Based on the cell model, a series of mutants of human SR-PSOX were constructed by replacing the single basic amino acid residue in the non-conservative region of the chemokine domain (arginine 62, arginine 78, histidine 80, arginine 82, histidine 85, lysine 105, lysine 119, histidine 123) with alanine (designated as R62A, R78A, H80A, R82A, H85A, K105A, K119A and H123A, respectively). Functional studies showed that the mutants with H80A, H85A, and K105A significantly increased the activities of oxLDL uptake and bacterial phagocytosis compared with the wild-type SR-PSOX. In addition, we have also found that mutagenesis of either of those amino acids strongly reduced the adhesive activity of SR-PSOX by using a highly non-overlapping set of basic amino acid residues. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that basic amino acid residues in the non-conservative region of the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX are critical for its functions. Mutation of H80, H85, and K105 is responsible for increasing SR-PSOX binding with oxLDL and bacteria. All the basic amino acids in this region are important in the cells adhesion via SR-PSOX. These findings suggest that mutagenesis of the basic amino acids in the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX may contribute to atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Petit SJ, Wise EL, Chambers JC, Sehmi J, Chayen NE, Kooner JS, Pease JE. The CXCL16 A181V Mutation Selectively Inhibits Monocyte Adhesion to CXCR6 but Is Not Associated With Human Coronary Heart Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:914-20. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.220558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Petit
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| | - Emma L. Wise
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| | - John C. Chambers
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| | - Jobanpreet Sehmi
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| | - Naomi E. Chayen
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| | - James E. Pease
- From the Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Division, Faculty of Medicine (S.J.P., E.L.W., J.E.P.), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.C.C., J.S.), and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division, Faculty of Medicine (N.E.C.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hammad MA, Abdel-Bakky MS, Walker LA, Ashfaq MK. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and tissue factor are involved in monocrotaline/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1079-89. [PMID: 21279329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
These studies were aimed at characterizing an animal model of inflammation-induced hepatotoxicity that would mimic features of idiosyncratic liver toxicity observed in humans. An attempt was made to identify oxidative damage and the involvement of coagulation system in liver after monocrotaline (MCT) administration under the modest inflammatory condition induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Mice were given MCT (200 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of sterile saline (Veh.) po followed 4 h later by ip injection of LPS (6 mg/kg) or vehicle. Mice co-treated with MCT and LPS showed increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), decrease in platelet number, and a reduction in hematocrit. Accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was remarkably higher in the liver sections of mice co-treated with MCT and LPS compared to those given MCT or LPS alone. A similar trend was observed in the expression of CXCL16 receptor in the same liver sections. Elevated expression of tissue factor (TF) and fibrinogen was also observed in the liver sections of MCT/LPS co-treated mice. The in vitro results showed that incubation of HepG2 cells with CXCL16 antibody strongly diminished uptake of ox-LDL. Expression of ox-LDL, CXCL16, and TF represents an early event in the onset of hepatotoxicity induced by MCT/LPS; thus, it may contribute to our understanding of idiosyncratic liver injury and points to potential targets for protection or intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hammad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stein S, Lohmann C, Handschin C, Stenfeldt E, Borén J, Lüscher TF, Matter CM. ApoE-/- PGC-1α-/- mice display reduced IL-18 levels and do not develop enhanced atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13539. [PMID: 21042583 PMCID: PMC2962638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that evolves from the interaction of activated endothelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and modified lipoproteins (LDLs). In the last years many molecules with crucial metabolic functions have been shown to prevent important steps in the progression of atherogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and the class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) SIRT1. The PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a or PGC-1α) was identified as an important transcriptional cofactor of PPARγ and is activated by SIRT1. The aim of this study was to analyze total PGC-1α deficiency in an atherosclerotic mouse model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate if total PGC-1α deficiency affects atherosclerosis, we compared ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(-/-) and ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(+/+) mice kept on a high cholesterol diet. Despite having more macrophages and a higher ICAM-1 expression in plaques, ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(-/-) did not display more or larger atherosclerotic plaques than their ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(+/+) littermates. In line with the previously published phenotype of PGC-1α(-/-) mice, ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(-/-) mice had marked reduced body, liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) weight. VLDL/LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride contents were also reduced. Aortic expression of PPARα and PPARγ, two crucial regulators for adipocyte differentiation and glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the expression of some PPAR target genes was significantly reduced in ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(-/-) mice. Importantly, the epididymal WAT and aortic expression of IL-18 and IL-18 plasma levels, a pro-atherosclerotic cytokine, was markedly reduced in ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE ApoE(-/-) PGC-1α(-/-) mice, similar as PGC-1α(-/-) mice exhibit markedly reduced total body and visceral fat weight. Since inflammation of visceral fat is a crucial trigger of atherogenesis, decreased visceral fat in PGC-1α-deficient mice may explain why these mice do not develop enhanced atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sokrates Stein
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Lohmann
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elin Stenfeldt
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Matter
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Braun NA, Covarrubias R, Major AS. Natural killer T cells and atherosclerosis: form and function meet pathogenesis. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:316-24. [PMID: 20375560 DOI: 10.1159/000296915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by dyslipidemia and accumulation of lipids in the arterial intima, with activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Reciprocally, dyslipidemia associated with atherosclerosis can perturb normal immune function. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specialized group of immune cells that share characteristics with both conventional T cells and natural killer cells. However, unlike these cells, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens and produce both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon activation. Because of these unique characteristics, NKT cells have recently been ascribed a role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, including cardiovascular disease. In addition, NKT cells represent a bridge between dyslipidemia and immune regulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of NKT cells and discusses the interplay between dyslipidemia and the normal functions of NKT cells and how this might modulate inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Braun
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gautier EL, Jakubzick C, Randolph GJ. Regulation of the migration and survival of monocyte subsets by chemokine receptors and its relevance to atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1412-8. [PMID: 19759373 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.180505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are central mediators in the advance of atherosclerotic plaque, making them a natural therapeutic target for reducing disease burden. Here, we highlight recent advances in our current understanding of monocyte heterogeneity and its relevance to regulation of monocyte accumulation and function within atherosclerotic plaques. Differences that distinguish monocyte subsets include differential expression of chemokine receptors, especially CCR2 and CX3CR1. Ablation of expression of these 2 receptors (or their ligands) in mice has an additive inhibition on monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, simultaneously interfering with 3 key pathways--CCR2, CX3CR1, and CCR5--essentially abolishes atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we discuss how these chemokine receptors act at multiple points on at least 1 monocyte subset, regulating their mobilization from bone marrow, survival, or recruitment to plaques. Finally, we discuss how this knowledge may be useful clinically, emphasizing that CX3CR1 may in particular be a viable target for therapeutic manipulation of monocyte-derived cell fate in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L Gautier
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mitsuoka H, Toyohara M, Kume N, Hayashida K, Jinnai T, Tanaka M, Kita T. Circulating soluble SR-PSOX/CXCL16 as a biomarker for acute coronary syndrome -comparison with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:586-93. [PMID: 19729872 DOI: 10.5551/jat.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Diagnostic values of soluble SR-PSOX/CXCL16 (sSR-PSOX/CXCL16), a receptor for atherogenic oxidized LDL and a membrane-anchored chemokine for CXCR6-positive lymphocytes, for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were evaluated.. METHODS We examined 106 patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG); 17 patients with ACS and 89 patients without ACS (non-ACS) including stable angina. Circulating sSR-SPOX/CXCL16 was measured in peripheral venous blood by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS Age, gender, prevalence of diabetes or hypertension, and serum lipid profiles were not significantly different between ACS and non-ACS. Presence or absence of risk factors, such as diabetes, smoking and hypertension, did not significantly affect circulating sSR-PSOX/CXCL16 levels. Circulating sSR-PSOX/CXCL16 levels were significantly lower in ACS than non-ACS (median: 3.05 versus 3.36 ng/mL, p<0.02). Lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cardiac troponin T (TnT), and soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) showed no significant correlation with sSR-PSOX/CXCL16. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for ACS detection indicate higher sensitivity and specificity for sSR-PSOX/CXCL16 than hs-CRP. In the TnT-negative and sLOX-1-negative subpopulation, sSR-PSOX/CXCL16 showed similar sensitivity and specificity for ACS; however, hs-CRP showed less sensitivity and specificity for ACS when compared with the whole population. CONCLUSION sSR-PSOX/CXCL16 is a biomarker for ACS, which would provide additional diagnostic information besides TnT and sLOX-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Mitsuoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Univeristy, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gutwein P, Abdel-Bakky MS, Schramme A, Doberstein K, Kämpfer-Kolb N, Amann K, Hauser IA, Obermüller N, Bartel C, Abdel-Aziz AAH, El Sayed ESM, Pfeilschifter J. CXCL16 is expressed in podocytes and acts as a scavenger receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:2061-72. [PMID: 19435795 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are a crucial cell type in the kidney and play an important role in the pathology of glomerular kidney diseases like membranous nephropathy (MN). The identification of new factors involved in the progression of glomerular kidney diseases is of great importance to the development of new strategies for the treatment of renal injury. Here we demonstrate that CXCL16 and ADAM10 are constitutively expressed in human podocytes in normal renal tissue. Proinflammatory cytokines like interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced the expression of cellular CXCL16 and the release of its soluble form from human podocytes. Using different metalloproteinase inhibitors, we provide evidence that ADAM10 is involved in the interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced shedding of CXCL16 from human podocytes. In addition, ADAM10 knockdown by siRNA significantly increased both CXCL16 levels and, surprisingly, its ADAM17-mediated release. Notably, targeting of CXCL16 in human podocytes both decreased the chemotaxis of CXCR6-expressing T cells and strongly reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake in human podocytes. Importantly, in kidney biopsies of patients with MN, increased glomerular CXCL16 expression was accompanied by high levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and decreased expression of ADAM10. In addition, we found increased glomerular ADAM17 expression in patients diagnosed with MN. In summary, we presume important roles for CXCL16, ADAM10, and ADAM17 in the development of MN, suggesting these proteins as new therapeutic targets in this glomerular kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gutwein
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Martini G, Cabrelle A, Calabrese F, Carraro S, Scquizzato E, Teramo A, Facco M, Zulian F, Agostini C. CXCR6-CXCL16 interaction in the pathogenesis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:268-76. [PMID: 18760678 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the role of CXCR6/CXCL16 in driving lymphocyte migration into inflamed joints of children with oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) we analysed CXCR6 expression and functional capability in lymphocytes from synovial fluid (SF) by flow cytometry, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and migration assays. Furthermore, CXCR6 and CXCL16 expression in synovial tissue (ST) was analysed by immunohistochemistry. T cells isolated from SF of patients with JIA expressed CXCR6 which was functionally active as shown by chemotactic assays. The same cells expressed CXCR3 and it exerted a migratory activity in response to CXCL10. CXCL16 and CXCR6 were intensively expressed on the synovium cells, respectively on macrophages, synoviocytes and endothelial cells and on lymphocytes, synoviocytes and endothelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CXCR6 and CXCR3 act coordinately with respective ligands and are involved in the pathophysiology of JIA-associated inflammatory processes.
Collapse
|
30
|
Petit S, Chayen N, Pease J. Site-directed mutagenesis of the chemokine receptor CXCR6 suggests a novel paradigm for interactions with the ligand CXCL16. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2337-50. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Increased serum CXCL16 level is a marker for acute coronary syndromes. Arch Med Res 2008; 39:332-7. [PMID: 18279707 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCL16 is a transmembrane molecule combining scavenger receptor functions with the properties of an inflammatory chemokine. Accumulating evidence suggests that CXCL16 is involved in atherosclerosis; however, the role of circulating soluble CXCL16 in human coronary artery disease remains unclear. METHODS ELISA was used to examine the concentration of serum-soluble CXCL16 in 26 stable angina pectoris patients (SAP), 29 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and 21 control patients. RESULTS In patients with ACS, serum level of CXCL16 was significantly increased compared to control and SAP patients (p <0.001 vs. control; p = 0.041 vs. SAP patients); serum levels of CXCL16 in patients with SAP were higher than in control patients although no statistical significance was found (p = 0.059). No significant association was found between serum CXCL16 and acute-phase reactants, TNF-alpha, or serum lipid parameters. In ACS patients, increased level of serum CXCL16 was not linked to either the severity of coronary stenosis or TIMI risk score, which is an early risk evaluation system for ACS. CONCLUSIONS Increased level of serum-soluble CXCL16 was independently associated with ACS.
Collapse
|
32
|
Luechtenborg B, Hofnagel O, Weissen-Plenz G, Severs NJ, Robenek H. Function of scavenger receptor class A type I/II is not important for smooth muscle foam cell formation. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
33
|
Sheikine Y, Sirsjö A. CXCL16/SR-PSOX--a friend or a foe in atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:487-95. [PMID: 18191863 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, scavenger receptors and adhesion molecules have long been known as important players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A series of studies conducted in the past few years described CXCL16/SR-PSOX--a new molecule combining those three functions, and suggested that CXCL16/SR-PSOX can be a potential player in atherogenesis. Initial ex vivo studies showed that CXCL16/SR-PSOX is abundant in human and murine atherosclerotic lesions. Following in vitro studies suggested that as an adhesion molecule CXCL16/SR-PSOX might mediate T-cell adhesion to the endothelium, as a chemokine - drive T-cell migration, stimulate cell proliferation and elicit inflammatory phenotype in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and, finally, as a scavenger receptor - mediate uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins by macrophages and SMC. All these effects are known to be pro-atherogenic. Surprisingly, in vivo studies performed in murine models of atherosclerosis suggested that CXCL16/SR-PSOX is atheroprotective, while its receptor CXCR6 is harmful. In addition, studies investigating the association of circulating CXCL16/SR-PSOX plasma concentrations with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans are controversial suggesting both positive, negative and no association. To finally answer the question whether CXCL16/SR-PSOX can serve as a causative factor, biomarker or even a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis, we are currently in need of carefully designed animal and human studies investigating the effects of CXCL16/SR-PSOX and CXCR6 deficiency, inhibition and over-expression on the progression of atherosclerosis. Such complex approach will help us unravel the mystery of CXCL16/SR-PSOX in atherosclerosis and hopefully develop better ways of treating atherosclerosis by targeting this interesting molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sheikine
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Nuclear Medicine/PET, Department of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street L1, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kwon KH, Ohigashi H, Murakami A. Dextran sulfate sodium enhances interleukin-1 beta release via activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways in murine peritoneal macrophages. Life Sci 2007; 81:362-71. [PMID: 17628610 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 beta is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play a pivotal role in the onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of IL-1 beta in IBD are not fully understood. We investigated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IL-1 beta production and caspase-1 activities in murine peritoneal macrophages (pM phi). Further, the activation status of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK1/2), as well as their upstream target kinases, were examined by Western blotting. In addition, mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR and CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) protein was detected by immunocytochemistry. DSS-treated pM phi released IL-1 beta protein in a time-dependent manner without affecting mRNA levels during 3-24 h, and caspase-1 activity peaked at 5 min (29-fold). IL-1 beta release and caspase-1 activity induced by DSS were significantly inhibited by a MAPK kinase 1/2 inhibitor, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, and NAC, however, not by JNK1/2 or a protein kinase C inhibitor. In addition, DSS strikingly induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 within 2 and 10 min, respectively. DSS also induced intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-treatment with anti-CXCL16 for 24 h, but not anti-scavenger receptor-A, anti-CD36, or anti-CD68 antibodies, significantly suppressed DSS-induced IL-1 beta production. Our results suggest that DSS triggers the release of IL-1 beta protein from murine pM phi at a post-translational level through binding with CXCL16, ROS generation, and resultant activation of both p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways, and finally caspase-1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Han Kwon
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Okamura DM, López-Guisa JM, Koelsch K, Collins S, Eddy AA. Atherogenic scavenger receptor modulation in the tubulointerstitium in response to chronic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F575-85. [PMID: 17537985 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00063.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and their scavenger receptor (SR) binding partners play a central role in atherosclerosis and by analogy may play a role in chronic kidney disease pathogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate in C57BL/6 mice the effects of hypercholesterolemia on renal injury severity and oxLDL generation after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). The expression profiles of CD36, SR class AI/II (SR-A), lectin-like receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 (Lox-1), and SR that binds phosphatidylserine and oxLDL (SR-PSOX/CXCL16) were examined. Four experimental groups were studied: sham and UUO male mice on either a high-fat Western diet or a control diet. Significantly more oxLDL accumulated in the tubulointerstitium of hypercholesterolemic mice compared with normocholesterolemic mice after 14 days of UUO (P < 0.01). Total kidney collagen was significantly higher in the obstructed kidneys of hypercholesterolemic mice compared with normocholesterolemic mice on day 14 (P < 0.01). After 14 days of obstruction, the number of interstitial F4/80+ macrophages and NF-kappaB activation increased in hypercholesterolemic mice compared with normocholesterolemic mice (P < 0.01). In normal kidneys, CD36, SR-A, Lox-1, and CXCL16 were primarily localized to renal tubular epithelia. After ureteral obstruction, CD36 increased at day 7; SR-A and Lox-1 progressively decreased in a time-dependent manner; and CXCL16 increased significantly with the onset of obstruction (P < 0.01). Strong tubular expression suggests that in addition to inflammatory interstitial cells, renal tubular scavenger receptors may help to orchestrate the inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways that are activated by oxLDL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokine CXCL6
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Collagen/metabolism
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Fibrosis/pathology
- Hypercholesterolemia/blood
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nephritis, Interstitial/pathology
- Receptors, Complement 3b/physiology
- Receptors, Oxidized LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger/physiology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism
- Ureteral Obstruction/complications
- Ureteral Obstruction/physiopathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M Okamura
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle WA 98015, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
van Lieshout AWT, Popa C, Meyer-Wentrup F, Lemmers HL, Stalenhoef AF, Adema GJ, van Riel PLCM, van Tits LJ, Radstake TRDJ. Circulating CXCL16 is not related to circulating oxLDL in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:392-7. [PMID: 17300746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CXCL16 acts as a scavenger receptor for oxLDL in its membrane-bound form and induces migration of activated T cells in its soluble form. Due to these properties, CXCL16 has been suggested to play a role in both atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to evaluate the contribution of soluble CXCL16 to the scavenging of oxLDL and its potential as a marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with RA. We found that circulating CXCL16 was not correlated with plasma oxLDL or ApoB and was not related to the presence of CVD in RA patients. Moreover, CXCL16 did not bind and scavenge oxLDL in an in vitro setting. These data suggest that binding of oxLDL by soluble CXCL16 does not play a role in atherosclerosis and, although confirmation in larger studies is needed, that circulating CXCL16 is not related to the presence of CVD in patients with RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine W T van Lieshout
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Nijmegen Centre of Molecular Life Sciences, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. It is implicated in the formation of early fatty streaks, when the endothelium is activated and expresses chemokines and adhesion molecules leading to monocyte/lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into the subendothelium. It also acts at the onset of adverse clinical vascular events, when activated cells within the plaque secrete matrix proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and weaken the fibrous cap, leading to rupture and thrombus formation. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis provided evidence that the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis is modulated by regulatory pathways, in which the two anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β play a critical role. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the role of cytokines in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Specific emphasis is placed on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to pathogenic (innate and adaptive) and regulatory immunity in the context of atherosclerosis. Based on our current knowledge of the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis, we propose some novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating cytokine levels as biomarkers of coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tedgui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 689, Cardiovascular Research Center Lariboisiere, and University Paris 7, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sheikine Y, Bang CS, Nilsson L, Samnegård A, Hamsten A, Jonasson L, Eriksson P, Sirsjö A. Decreased plasma CXCL16/SR-PSOX concentration is associated with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2005; 188:462-6. [PMID: 16378611 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate for the first time whether the plasma CXCL16 concentration is altered in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the novel chemokine/scavenger receptor CXCL16/SR-PSOX is involved in the development of atherosclerosis and CAD. METHODS Using ELISA we assessed the plasma CXCL16 concentration in 40 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients, 17 unstable angina pectoris/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (UAP/non-STEMI) patients, 387 survivors of a first myocardial infarction (MI) and healthy control subjects (44 controls for SAP and UAP/non-STEMI patient groups and 387 controls for post-MI patients). RESULTS SAP patients exhibited significantly lower median CXCL16 levels (2111 pg/ml) than the corresponding control subjects (2678 pg/ml) (P=0.0012). UAP/non-STEMI patients also appeared to have lower CXCL16 levels (2192 pg/ml) compared with controls (NS). Patients investigated 3 months after MI tended (P=0.07) to have lower CXCL16 levels (2529 pg/ml) than the corresponding controls (2638 pg/ml). There were no significant correlations between CXCL16 levels and different measures of CAD severity determined by quantitative coronary angiography in post-MI patients. Neither patients nor controls exhibited significant correlations between CXCL16 levels and plasma lipoprotein fractions, inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein or numbers of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS The finding that lower plasma CXCL16 concentration is associated with CAD might indicate a potential atheroprotective function of CXCL16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sheikine
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, S-17176, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Agostini C, Cabrelle A, Calabrese F, Bortoli M, Scquizzato E, Carraro S, Miorin M, Beghè B, Trentin L, Zambello R, Facco M, Semenzato G. Role for CXCR6 and its ligand CXCL16 in the pathogenesis of T-cell alveolitis in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1290-8. [PMID: 16100013 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200501-142oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Receptor expression dictates the spectrum of chemokine actions on immunocompetent cells. We have previously shown that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 is highly expressed by T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells infiltrating the lungs of patients with sarcoidosis. OBJECTIVES The evaluation of the role of Bonzo/CXCR6 and its ligand CXCL16 in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. METHODS Immunocompetent cells infiltrating sarcoid lung have been evaluated by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis, and functional assays. MAIN RESULTS Th1 cells isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with sarcoidosis and T-cell alveolitis coexpressed CXCR3 and CXCR6. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung specimens has shown that CXCR6+ T cells infiltrated lung interstitium surrounding the central core of the granuloma. The CXCR6 ligand CXCL16 was abundantly expressed by macrophages infiltrating sarcoid tissue and/or forming the granuloma core. From a functional point of view, sarcoid Th1 cells were able to respond to CXCL10 and CXCL16 in migratory assay. In vitro kinetic studies demonstrated that, although CXCR3 was rapidly induced by interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-18, CXCR6 induction was slow (8 d) and mainly regulated by IL-15. CONCLUSIONS T cells coexpressing CXCR3 and CXCR6 act coordinately with respective ligands and Th1 inflammatory cytokines in the alveolitic/granuloma phases of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Agostini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Branch, Division of Pneumology and Institute of Pathology, Padua University School of Medicine, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
van der Voort R, van Lieshout AWT, Toonen LWJ, Slöetjes AW, van den Berg WB, Figdor CG, Radstake TRDJ, Adema GJ. Elevated CXCL16 expression by synovial macrophages recruits memory T cells into rheumatoid joints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:1381-91. [PMID: 15880344 DOI: 10.1002/art.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Directional migration of leukocytes is orchestrated by the regulated expression of chemokine receptors and their ligands. The receptor CXCR6 is abundantly expressed by Th1-polarized effector/memory lymphocytes accumulating at inflammatory sites. This study was undertaken to examine the presence of CXCR6+ T cells and of CXCL16, the only ligand for CXCR6, in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Flow cytometry analysis of the expression of CXCR6 by peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) T cells. In addition, by performing conventional and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we determined the expression of CXCL16 and its protease ADAM-10 within synovium and by cultured macrophages. SF T cell migration was studied with the Transwell system. RESULTS Accumulation of CXCR6+ T cells within RA SF coincided with highly elevated levels of CXCL16+ macrophages. In vitro studies revealed that monocytes started to express CXCL16 upon differentiation into macrophages, and that RA SF and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) enhanced CXCL16 expression. Moreover, RA patients responding to anti-TNF therapy showed a strongly decreased CXCL16 expression, whereas nonresponding patients did not. Interestingly, ADAM-10, a recently identified protease of CXCL16, was abundantly expressed by CXCL16+ macrophages in vitro and in RA in vivo, which resulted in increased levels of cleaved CXCL16 in RA SF relative to controls. Finally, CXCR6+ T cells from RA SF were attracted by CXCL16. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that enhanced production of CXCL16 in RA synovia leads to recruitment of CXCR6+ memory T cells, thereby contributing to the inflammatory cascade associated with RA pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbert van der Voort
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Angeli V, Llodrá J, Rong JX, Satoh K, Ishii S, Shimizu T, Fisher EA, Randolph GJ. Dyslipidemia associated with atherosclerotic disease systemically alters dendritic cell mobilization. Immunity 2004; 21:561-74. [PMID: 15485633 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High LDL and/or low HDL are risk factors for atherosclerosis and are also a common clinical feature in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Here, we show that changes in lipid profiles that reflect atherosclerotic disease led to activation of skin murine dendritic cells (DCs) locally, promoted dermal inflammation, and induced lymph node hypertrophy. Paradoxically, DC migration to lymph nodes was impaired, suppressing immunologic priming. Impaired migration resulted from inhibitory signals generated by platelet-activating factor (PAF) or oxidized LDL that acts as a PAF mimetic. Normal DC migration and priming was restored by HDL or HDL-associated PAF acetylhydrolase (PAFAH), which mediates inactivation of PAF and oxidized LDL. Thus, atherosclerotic changes can sequester activated DCs in the periphery where they may aggravate local inflammation even as they poorly carry out functions that require their migration to lymph nodes. In this context, HDL and PAFAH maintain a normally functional DC compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Angeli
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Greaves DR, Gordon S. Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Recent insights into the biology of macrophage scavenger receptors. J Lipid Res 2004; 46:11-20. [PMID: 15548472 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r400011-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors were originally defined by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins. Macrophages express at least six structurally different cell surface receptors for modified forms of LDL that contribute to foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. In addition to their role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, macrophage scavenger receptors, especially SR-A, play critical roles in innate immunity, apoptotic cell clearance, and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the biology of macrophage scavenger receptors as pattern recognition receptors for both infectious nonself (pathogens) and modified self (apoptotic cells and modified LDL). We critically evaluate the potential of scavenger receptors and their ligands as targets for therapeutic intervention in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|