1
|
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies detected an inverse relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), identifying HDL-C as a major risk factor for ASCVD and suggesting atheroprotective functions of HDL. However, the role of HDL-C as a mediator of risk for ASCVD has been called into question by the failure of HDL-C-raising drugs to reduce cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Progress in understanding the heterogeneous nature of HDL particles in terms of their protein, lipid, and small RNA composition has contributed to the realization that HDL-C levels do not necessarily reflect HDL function. The most examined atheroprotective function of HDL is reverse cholesterol transport, whereby HDL removes cholesterol from plaque macrophage foam cells and delivers it to the liver for processing and excretion into bile. Indeed, in several studies, HDL has shown inverse associations between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and ASCVD in humans. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque formation, and a fundamental function of HDL is suppression of inflammatory signaling in macrophages and other cells. Oxidation is also a critical process to ASCVD in promoting atherogenic oxidative modifications of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and cellular inflammation. HDL and its proteins including apoAI (apolipoprotein AI) and PON1 (paraoxonase 1) prevent cellular oxidative stress and LDL modifications. Importantly, HDL in humans with ASCVD is oxidatively modified rendering HDL dysfunctional and proinflammatory. Modification of HDL with reactive carbonyl species, such as malondialdehyde and isolevuglandins, dramatically impairs the antiatherogenic functions of HDL. Importantly, treatment of murine models of atherosclerosis with scavengers of reactive dicarbonyls improves HDL function and reduces systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis development, and features of plaque instability. Here, we discuss the HDL antiatherogenic functions in relation to oxidative modifications and the potential of reactive dicarbonyl scavengers as a therapeutic approach for ASCVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F. Linton
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia G. Yancey
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Huan Tao
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sean S. Davies
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Jiang Z, Xu Y. HDL and Oxidation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1377:63-77. [PMID: 35575921 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will focus on HDLs' activity of inhibiting LDL oxidation and neutralizing some other oxidants. ApoA-I was known as the main antioxidant component in HDLs. The regulation of antioxidant capacity of HDL is mainly exhibited in regulation of apoA-I and alterations at the level of the HDL lipidome and the modifications of the proteome, especially MPO and PON1. HDL oxidation will influence the processes of inflammation and cholesterol transport, which are important processes in atherosclerosis, metabolic diseases, and many other diseases. In a word, HDL oxidation might be an effective antioxidant target in treatment of many diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongzhe Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ludovico ID, Gisonno RA, Gonzalez MC, Garda HA, Ramella NA, Tricerri MA. Understanding the role of apolipoproteinA-I in atherosclerosis. Post-translational modifications synergize dysfunction? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129732. [PMID: 32946930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of dysfunctional human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in atherosclerotic plaques suggests that protein structure and function may be hampered under a chronic pro inflammatory scenario. Moreover, the fact that natural mutants of this protein elicit severe cardiovascular diseases (CVD) strongly indicates that the native folding could shift due to the mutation, yielding a structure more prone to misfold or misfunction. To understand the events that determine the failure of apoA-I structural flexibility to fulfill its protective role, we took advantage of the study of a natural variant with a deletion of the residue lysine 107 (K107del) associated with atherosclerosis. METHODS Biophysical approaches, such as electrophoresis, fluorescence and spectroscopy were used to characterize proteins structure and function, either in native conformation or under oxidation or intramolecular crosslinking. RESULTS K107del structure was more flexible than the protein with the native sequence (Wt) but interactions with artificial membranes were preserved. Instead, structural restrictions by intramolecular crosslinking impaired the Wt and K107del lipid solubilization function. In addition, controlled oxidation decreased the yield of the native dimer conformation for both variants. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that even though mutations may alter protein structure and spatial arrangement, the highly flexible conformation compensates the mild shift from the native folding. Instead, post translational apoA-I modifications (probably chronic and progressive) are required to raise a protein conformation with significant loss of function and increased aggregation tendency. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results learnt from this variant strength a close association between amyloidosis and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Díaz Ludovico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Romina A Gisonno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Marina C Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Horacio A Garda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Nahuel A Ramella
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina.
| | - M Alejandra Tricerri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao D, Podrez EA. Characterization of covalent modifications of HDL apoproteins by endogenous oxidized phospholipids. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:57-67. [PMID: 29155052 PMCID: PMC5767518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) is cardioprotective, unless it is pathologically modified under oxidative stress. Covalent modifications of lipid-free apoA-I, the most abundant apoprotein in HDL, compromise its atheroprotective functions. HDL is enriched in oxidized phospholipids (oxPL) in vivo in oxidative stress. Furthermore, oxidized phospholipids can covalently modify HDL apoproteins. We have now carried out a systematic analysis of modifications of HDL apoproteins by endogenous oxPL. Human HDL or plasma were oxidized using a physiologically relevant MPO-H2O2-NO2- system or AIPH, or were exposed to synthetic oxPL. Protein adduction by oxPL was assessed using LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF MS. The pattern of HDL apoprotein modification by oxPL was independent of the oxidation systems used. ApoA-I and apoA-II were the major modification targets. OxPL with a γ-hydroxy (or oxo)-alkenal were mostly responsible for modifications, and the Michael adduct was the most abundant adduct. Histidines and lysines in helices 5-8 of apoA-I were highly susceptible to oxPL modifications, while lysines in helices 1, 2, 4 and 10 were resistant to modification by oxPL. In plasma exposed to oxidation or synthetic oxPL, oxPL modification was highly selective, and four histidines (H155, H162, H193 and H199) in helices 6-8 of apoA-I were the main modification target. H710 and H3613 in apoB-100 of LDL and K190 of human serum albumin were also modified by oxPL but to a lesser extent. Comparison of oxPL with short chain aldehyde HNE using MALDI-TOF MS demonstrated high selectivity and efficiency of oxPL in the modification of HDL apoproteins. These findings provide a novel insight into a potential mechanism of the loss of atheroprotective function of HDL in conditions of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detao Gao
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Witkowski A, Chan GKL, Boatz JC, Li NJ, Inoue AP, Wong JC, van der Wel PCA, Cavigiolio G. Methionine oxidized apolipoprotein A-I at the crossroads of HDL biogenesis and amyloid formation. FASEB J 2018; 32:3149-3165. [PMID: 29401604 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701127r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) shares with other exchangeable apolipoproteins a high level of structural plasticity. In the lipid-free state, the apolipoprotein amphipathic α-helices interact intra- and intermolecularly, providing structural stabilization by self-association. We have reported that lipid-free apoA-I becomes amyloidogenic upon physiologically relevant (myeloperoxidase-mediated) Met oxidation. In this study, we established that Met oxidation promotes amyloidogenesis by reducing the stability of apoA-I monomers and irreversibly disrupting self-association. The oxidized apoA-I monomers also exhibited increased cellular cholesterol release capacity and stronger association with macrophages, compared to nonoxidized apoA-I. Of physiologic relevance, preformed oxidized apoA-I amyloid fibrils induced amyloid formation in nonoxidized apoA-I. This process was enhanced when self-association of nonoxidized apoA-I was disrupted by thermal treatment. Solid state NMR analysis revealed that aggregates formed by seeded nonoxidized apoA-I were structurally similar to those formed by the oxidized protein, featuring a β-structure-rich amyloid fold alongside α-helices retained from the native state. In atherosclerotic lesions, the conditions that promote apoA-I amyloid formation are readily available: myeloperoxidase, active oxygen species, low pH, and high concentration of lipid-free apoA-I. Our results suggest that even partial Met oxidation of apoA-I can nucleate amyloidogenesis, thus sequestering and inactivating otherwise antiatherogenic and HDL-forming apoA-I.-Witkowski, A., Chan, G. K. L., Boatz, J. C., Li, N. J., Inoue, A. P., Wong, J. C., van der Wel, P. C. A., Cavigiolio, G. Methionine oxidized apolipoprotein A-I at the crossroads of HDL biogenesis and amyloid formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Witkowski
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Gary K L Chan
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Boatz
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy J Li
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Ayuka P Inoue
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Jaclyn C Wong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Cavigiolio
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moreira M, Schrama D, Soares F, Wulff T, Pousão-Ferreira P, Rodrigues P. Physiological responses of reared sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) to an Amyloodinium ocellatum outbreak. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1545-1560. [PMID: 28449283 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyloodiniosis represents a major bottleneck for semi-intensive aquaculture production in Southern Europe, causing extremely high mortalities. Amyloodinium ocellatum is a parasitic dinoflagellate that can infest almost all fish, crustacean and bivalves that live within its ecological range. Fish mortalities are usually attributed to anoxia, associated with serious gill hyperplasia, inflammation, haemorrhage and necrosis in heavy infestations; or with osmoregulatory impairment and secondary microbial infections due to severe epithelial damage in mild infestation. However, physiological information about the host responses to A. ocellatum infestation is scarce. In this work, we analysed the proteome of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) plasma and relate it with haematological and immunological indicators, in order to enlighten the different physiological responses when exposed to an A. ocellatum outbreak. Using 2D-DIGE, immunological and haematological analysis and in response to the A. ocellatum contamination we have identified several proteins associated with acute-phase response, inflammation, lipid transport, homoeostasis, and osmoregulation, wound healing, neoplasia and iron transport. Overall, this preliminary study revealed that amyloodiniosis affects some fish functional pathways as revealed by the changes in the plasma proteome of S. aurata, and that the innate immunological system is not activated in the presence of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Moreira
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Olhão, Portugal
| | - D Schrama
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - F Soares
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Olhão, Portugal
| | - T Wulff
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - P Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Olhão, Portugal
| | - P Rodrigues
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nedelkov D. Mass Spectrometric Studies of Apolipoprotein Proteoforms and Their Role in Lipid Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes. Proteomes 2017; 5:E27. [PMID: 29036931 PMCID: PMC5748562 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins function as structural components of lipoprotein particles, cofactors for enzymes, and ligands for cell-surface receptors. Most of the apoliporoteins exhibit proteoforms, arising from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and post-translational modifications such as glycosylation, oxidation, and sequence truncations. Reviewed here are recent studies correlating apolipoproteins proteoforms with the specific clinical measures of lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic risk. Targeted mass spectrometric immunoassays toward apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and C-III were applied on large cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical cohorts. Several correlations were observed, including greater apolipoprotein A-I and A-II oxidation in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and a divergent apoC-III proteoforms association with plasma triglycerides, indicating significant differences in the metabolism of the individual apoC-III proteoforms. These are the first studies of their kind, correlating specific proteoforms with clinical measures in order to determine their utility as potential clinical biomarkers for disease diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapy decisions. Such studies provide the impetus for the further development and clinical translation of MS-based protein tests.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sen Roy S, Nguyen HCX, Angelovich TA, Hearps AC, Huynh D, Jaworowski A, Kelesidis T. Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29053671 DOI: 10.3791/56325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are one of the most powerful independent negative predictors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The structure and function of HDL rather than HDL-C may more accurately predict atherosclerosis. Several HDL protein and lipid compositional changes that impair HDL function occur in inflammatory states such as atherosclerosis. HDL function is usually determined by cell based assays such as cholesterol efflux assay but these assays have numerous drawbacks lack of standardization. Cell-free assays may give more robust measures of HDL function compared to cell-based assays. HDL oxidation impairs HDL function. HDL has a major role in lipid peroxide transport and high amount of lipid peroxides is related to abnormal HDL function. Lipid-probe interactions should be considered when interpreting the results of non-enzymatic fluorescence assays for measuring the lipid oxidative state. This motivated us to develop a cell-free biochemical enzymatic method to assess HDL lipid peroxide content (HDLox) that contributes to HDL dysfunction. This method is based on the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the fluorochrome Amplex Red that can quantify (without cholesterol oxidase) the lipid peroxide content per mg of HDL-C. Here a protocol is describedfor determination of HDL-lipid peroxidation using the fluorochrome reagent. Assay variability can be reduced by strict standardization of experimental conditions. Higher HDLox values are associated with reduced HDL antioxidant function. The readout of this assay is associated with readouts of validated cell-based assays, surrogate measures of cardiovascular disease, systemic inflammation, immune dysfunction, and associated cardiovascular and metabolic risk phenotypes. This technical approach is a robust method to assess HDL function in human disease where systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and oxidized lipids have a key role (such as atherosclerosis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University
| | | | - Diana Huynh
- University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cukier AMO, Therond P, Didichenko SA, Guillas I, Chapman MJ, Wright SD, Kontush A. Structure-function relationships in reconstituted HDL: Focus on antioxidative activity and cholesterol efflux capacity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:890-900. [PMID: 28529180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) contains multiple components that endow it with biological activities. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and surface phospholipids contribute to these activities; however, structure-function relationships in HDL particles remain incompletely characterised. METHODS Reconstituted HDLs (rHDLs) were prepared from apoA-I and soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) at molar ratios of 1:50, 1:100 and 1:150. Oxidative status of apoA-I was varied using controlled oxidation of Met112 residue. HDL-mediated inactivation of PC hydroperoxides (PCOOH) derived from mildly pre-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was evaluated by HPLC with chemiluminescent detection in HDL+LDL mixtures and re-isolated LDL. Cellular cholesterol efflux was characterised in RAW264.7 macrophages. RESULTS rHDL inactivated LDL-derived PCOOH in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The capacity of rHDL to both inactivate PCOOH and efflux cholesterol via ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) increased with increasing apoA-I/PC ratio proportionally to the apoA-I content in rHDL. Controlled oxidation of apoA-I Met112 gradually decreased PCOOH-inactivating capacity of rHDL but increased ABCA1-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS Increasing apoA-I content in rHDL enhanced its antioxidative activity towards oxidized LDL and cholesterol efflux capacity via ABCA1, whereas oxidation of apoA-I Met112 decreased the antioxidative activity but increased the cholesterol efflux. These findings provide important considerations in the design of future HDL therapeutics. Non-standard abbreviations and acronyms: AAPH, 2,2'-azobis(-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; apoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; CV, cardiovascular; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides; Met(O), methionine sulfoxide; Met112, methionine 112 residue; Met86, methionine 86 residue; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PL, phospholipid; PCOOH, phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide; PLOOH, phospholipid hydroperoxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M O Cukier
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Paris, France; University of Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Therond
- AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Lip(Sys)(2) Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry. France
| | | | - Isabelle Guillas
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Paris, France; University of Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - M John Chapman
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Paris, France; University of Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Paris, France; University of Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Borges CR, Rehder DS, Jensen S, Schaab MR, Sherma ND, Yassine H, Nikolova B, Breburda C. Elevated plasma albumin and apolipoprotein A-I oxidation under suboptimal specimen storage conditions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1890-9. [PMID: 24736286 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S-cysteinylated albumin and methionine-oxidized apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) have been posed as candidate markers of diseases associated with oxidative stress. Here, a dilute-and-shoot form of LC-electrospray ionization-MS requiring half a microliter of blood plasma was employed to simultaneously quantify the relative abundance of these oxidized proteoforms in samples stored at -80 °C, -20 °C, and room temperature and exposed to multiple freeze-thaw cycles and other adverse conditions in order to assess the possibility that protein oxidation may occur as a result of poor sample storage or handling. Samples from a healthy donor and a participant with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes started at the same low level of protein oxidation and behaved similarly; significant increases in albumin oxidation via S-cysteinylation were found to occur within hours at room temperature and days at -20 °C. Methionine oxidation of apoA-I took place on a longer time scale, setting in after albumin oxidation reached a plateau. Freeze-thaw cycles had a minimal effect on protein oxidation. In matched collections, protein oxidation in serum was the same as that in plasma. Albumin and apoA-I oxidation were not affected by sample headspace or the degree to which vials were sealed. ApoA-I, however, was unexpectedly found to oxidize faster in samples with lower surface-area-to-volume ratios. An initial survey of samples from patients with inflammatory conditions normally associated with elevated oxidative stress-including acute myocardial infarction and prostate cancer-demonstrated a lack of detectable apoA-I oxidation. Albumin S-cysteinylation in these samples was consistent with known but relatively brief exposures to temperatures above -30 °C (the freezing point of blood plasma). Given their properties and ease of analysis, these oxidized proteoforms, once fully validated, may represent the first markers of blood plasma specimen integrity based on direct measurement of oxidative molecular damage that can occur under suboptimal storage conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Borges
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287;
| | - Douglas S Rehder
- §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Sally Jensen
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Matthew R Schaab
- §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Nisha D Sherma
- §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Hussein Yassine
- ‖Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | | | - Christian Breburda
- **Maricopa Integrated Health Systems, Phoenix, Arizona 85008; ‡‡College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shao B, Tang C, Sinha A, Mayer PS, Davenport GD, Brot N, Oda MN, Zhao XQ, Heinecke JW. Humans with atherosclerosis have impaired ABCA1 cholesterol efflux and enhanced high-density lipoprotein oxidation by myeloperoxidase. Circ Res 2014; 114:1733-42. [PMID: 24647144 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The efflux capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with cultured macrophages associates strongly and negatively with coronary artery disease status, indicating that impaired sterol efflux capacity might be a marker-and perhaps mediator-of atherosclerotic burden. However, the mechanisms that contribute to impaired sterol efflux capacity remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the relationship between myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidative damage to apolipoprotein A-I, the major HDL protein, and the ability of HDL to remove cellular cholesterol by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS We quantified both site-specific oxidation of apolipoprotein A-I and HDL's ABCA1 cholesterol efflux capacity in control subjects and subjects with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome. Subjects with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome had higher levels of chlorinated tyrosine 192 and oxidized methionine 148 compared with control subjects. In contrast, plasma levels of myeloperoxidase did not differ between the groups. HDL from the subjects with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome was less able to accept cholesterol from cells expressing ABCA1 compared with HDL from control subjects. Levels of chlorinated tyrosine and oxidized methionine associated inversely with ABCA1 efflux capacity and positively with atherosclerotic disease status. These differences remained significant after adjusting for HDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that myeloperoxidase may contribute to the generation of dysfunctional HDL with impaired ABCA1 efflux capacity in humans with atherosclerosis. Quantification of chlorotyrosine and oxidized methionine in circulating HDL might be useful indicators of the risk of cardiovascular disease that are independent of HDL-cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.).
| | - Chongren Tang
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Abhishek Sinha
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Philip S Mayer
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - George D Davenport
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Nathan Brot
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Michael N Oda
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Xue-Qiao Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The most common markers for monitoring patients with diabetes are glucose and HbA1c, but additional markers such as glycated human serum albumin (HSA) have been identified that could address the glycation gap and bridge the time scales of glycemia between transient and 2-3 months. However, there is currently no technical platform that could measure these markers concurrently in a cost-effective manner. We have developed a new assay that is able to measure glucose, HbA1c, glycated HSA, and glycated apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) for monitoring of individual blood glycemia, as well as cysteinylated HSA, S-nitrosylated HbA, and methionine-oxidized apoA-I for gauging oxidative stress and cardiovascular risks, all in 5 μL of blood. The assay utilizes our proprietary multinozzle emitter array chip technology to enable the analysis of small volumes of blood, without complex sample preparation prior to the online and on-chip liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Importantly, the assay employs top-down proteomics for more accurate quantitation of protein levels and for identification of post-translational modifications. Further, the assay provides multimarker, multitime-scale, and multicompartment monitoring of blood glycemia. Our assay readily segregates healthy controls from Type 2 diabetes patients and may have the potential to enable better long-term monitoring and disease management of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Mao
- Newomics Inc. , 5980 Horton Street, Suite 525, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cho KH. 1,8-cineole protected human lipoproteins from modification by oxidation and glycation and exhibited serum lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activity in zebrafish. BMB Rep 2012; 45:565-70. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
14
|
Berrougui H, Momo CN, Khalil A. Health benefits of high-density lipoproteins in preventing cardiovascular diseases. J Clin Lipidol 2012; 6:524-33. [PMID: 23312048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are strongly and inversely correlated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, it is becoming clear that a functional HDL is a more desirable target than simply increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. The best known antiatherogenic function of HDL particles relates to their ability to promote reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral cells. However, HDL also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. This review focuses on the state of knowledge regarding assays of HDL heterogeneity and function and their relationship to cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Berrougui
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke University Geriatric Institute, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 4C4.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shao B. Site-specific oxidation of apolipoprotein A-I impairs cholesterol export by ABCA1, a key cardioprotective function of HDL. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:490-501. [PMID: 22178192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that deprive HDL of its cardioprotective properties are poorly understood. One potential pathway involves oxidative damage of HDL proteins by myeloperoxidase (MPO) a heme enzyme secreted by human artery wall macrophages. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that levels of 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine - two characteristic products of MPO - are elevated in HDL isolated from patients with established cardiovascular disease. When apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major HDL protein, is oxidized by MPO, its ability to promote cellular cholesterol efflux by the membrane-associated ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) pathway is diminished. Biochemical studies revealed that oxidation of specific tyrosine and methionine residues in apoA-I contributes to this loss of ABCA1 activity. Another potential mechanism for generating dysfunctional HDL involves covalent modification of apoA-I by reactive carbonyls, which have been implicated in atherogenesis and diabetic vascular disease. Indeed, modification of apoA-I by malondialdehyde (MDA) or acrolein also markedly impaired the lipoprotein's ability to promote cellular cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway. Tandem mass spectrometric analyses revealed that these reactive carbonyls target specific Lys residues in the C-terminus of apoA-I. Importantly, immunochemical analyses showed that levels of MDA-protein adducts are elevated in HDL isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions. Also, apoA-I co-localized with acrolein adducts in such lesions. Thus, lipid peroxidation products might specifically modify HDL in vivo. Our observations support the hypotheses that MPO and reactive carbonyls might generate dysfunctional HDL in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Proteins involved in uptake, intracellular transport and basolateral secretion of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids by mammalian enterocytes. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:388-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
Kelesidis T, Currier JS, Huynh D, Meriwether D, Charles-Schoeman C, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM, Navab M, Yang OO. A biochemical fluorometric method for assessing the oxidative properties of HDL. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2341-2351. [PMID: 21957198 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d018937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current assays of HDL functional properties are cell-based. We have developed a fluorometric biochemical assay based on the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) by HDL. This cell-free assay assesses the intrinsic ability of HDL to be oxidized by measuring increasing fluorescence due to DHR oxidation over time. The assay distinguishes the oxidative potential of HDL taken from different persons, and the results are reproducible. Direct comparison of this measurement correlated well with results obtained using a validated cell-based assay (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.001). The assay can be scaled from a 96-well format to a 384-well format and, therefore, is suitable for high-throughput implementation. This new fluorometric method offers an inexpensive, accurate, and rapid means for determining the oxidative properties of HDL that is applicable to large-scale clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Diana Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David Meriwether
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 and
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has many protective activities against atherosclerosis, including its role in reverse cholesterol transport, and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and endothelial cell maintenance functions. However, all HDL is not functionally equivalent. The authors of recent studies have shown that infection, inflammation, diabetes, and coronary artery disease are associated with dysfunctional HDL. HDL can lose its protective activities through a variety of mechanisms, including, but not limited to, altered protein composition, oxidative protein modification mediated by the enzyme myeloperoxidase, and lipid modification. Studies in which the authors used bacterial endotoxin in humans and mice have directly demonstrated changes in HDL composition, loss of HDL's cholesterol acceptor activity, and decreased hepatic processing and secretion of cholesterol. Although a routine clinical assay for dysfunctional HDL is not currently available, the development of such an assay would be beneficial for a better understanding of the role that dysfunctional HDL plays as a risk factor for coronary artery disease and for the determination of how various drug therapies effect HDL functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Box NC10, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shao B, Heinecke JW. Impact of HDL oxidation by the myeloperoxidase system on sterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2289-99. [PMID: 21501700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein oxidation by phagocytic white blood cells is implicated in tissue injury during inflammation. One important target might be high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which protects against atherosclerosis by removing excess cholesterol from artery wall macrophages. In the human artery wall, cholesterol-laden macrophages are a rich source of myeloperoxidase (MPO), which uses hydrogen peroxide for oxidative reactions in the extracellular milieu. Levels of two characteristic products of MPO-chlorotyrosine and nitrotyrosine-are markedly elevated in HDL from human atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we describe how MPO-dependent chlorination impairs the ability of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), HDL's major protein, to transport cholesterol by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) pathway. Faulty interactions between apoA-I and ABCA1 are involved. Tandem mass spectrometry and investigations of mutated forms of apoA-I demonstrate that tyrosine residues in apoA-I are chlorinated in a site-specific manner by chloramine intermediates on suitably juxtaposed lysine residues. Plasma HDL isolated from subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) also contains higher levels of chlorinated and nitrated tyrosine residues than HDL from healthy subjects. Thus, the presence of chlorinated HDL might serve as a marker of CAD risk. Because HDL damaged by MPO in vitro becomes dysfunctional, inhibiting MPO in vivo might be cardioprotective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park KH, Shin DG, Kim JR, Cho KH. Senescence-Related Truncation and Multimerization of Apolipoprotein A-I in High-Density Lipoprotein With an Elevated Level of Advanced Glycated End Products and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Activity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:600-10. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
21
|
Shao B, Tang C, Heinecke JW, Oram JF. Oxidation of apolipoprotein A-I by myeloperoxidase impairs the initial interactions with ABCA1 required for signaling and cholesterol export. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1849-58. [PMID: 20064972 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key cardioprotective effect of high-density lipoprotein involves the interaction of its major protein, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) with ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a macrophage cholesterol exporter. ApoA-I is thought to remove cholesterol from macrophages by a cascade of events. First it binds directly to ABCA1, activating signaling pathways, and then it binds to and solubilizes lipid domains generated by ABCA1. HDL isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions and blood of subjects with established coronary artery disease contains elevated levels of 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine, two characteristic products of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein secreted by macrophages. Here we show that chlorination (but not nitration) of apoA-I by the MPO pathway impairs its ability to interact directly with ABCA1, to activate the Janus kinase 2 signaling pathway, and to promote efflux of cellular cholesterol. In contrast, oxidation of apoA-I has little effect on its ability to stabilize ABCA1 protein or to solubilize phospholipids. Our results indicate that chlorination of apoA-I by the MPO pathway selectively inhibits two critical early events in cholesterol efflux: (1) the binding of apoA-I to ABCA1 and (2) the activation of a key signaling pathway. Therefore, oxidation of apoA-I in the artery wall by MPO-generated chlorinating intermediates may contribute to atherogenesis by impairing cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The atheroprotective effects of HDL are mediated by several mechanisms, including its role in reverse cholesterol transport and via its antiinflammatory properties. However, not all HDL is functionally similar. HDL and apolipoprotein A-I may become dysfunctional or even proinflammatory and thus promote atherosclerosis. ApoAI posttranslational modification can have a large impact on its function. Myeloperoxidase modification of apoAI impairs its function as a cholesterol acceptor, and the molecular changes induced by myeloperoxidase have been studied in detail. These studies provide the basis for the development of an oxidant-resistant form of apoAI and clinical measures of HDL modification and dysfunction, which may be useful as a treatment criterion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reboul E, Trompier D, Moussa M, Klein A, Landrier JF, Chimini G, Borel P. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 is significantly involved in the intestinal absorption of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol but not in that of retinyl palmitate in mice. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:177-84. [PMID: 19056557 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been assumed that newly absorbed vitamin A and E enter the body only via enterocyte-produced chylomicrons. However, recent results in cell cultures have shown that a fraction of alpha-tocopherol is secreted with intestinal HDL. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to identify this transporter and to assess whether it is significantly implicated in the in vivo intestinal absorption of the 2 main dietary forms of vitamin E (ie, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and in that of retinyl palmitate (vitamin A). DESIGN Having performed preliminary experiments in the Caco-2 cell model, we compared fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E in mice deficient in ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) transporter and in wild-type mice. RESULTS A substantial efflux of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, but not of retinyl esters, was induced by the presence of apolipoprotein A-I at the basolateral side of Caco-2 monolayers. The efflux of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol was also impaired by glyburide and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The postprandial response of plasma gamma-tocopherol was 4-fold lower in ABCA1(-/-) mice (P = 0.025) than in wild-type mice, whereas no significant difference was observed for retinyl esters. Fasting plasma alpha-tocopherol, but not vitamin A, concentrations were lower in mice bearing the genetic deletion. CONCLUSIONS ABCA1 is the transporter responsible for the in vivo secretion of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol with intestinal HDL, and this pathway is significantly implicated in the intestinal absorption and plasma status of vitamin E but not of vitamin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Reboul
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, INSERM, U476, Université Aix-Marseille 1, Université Aix-Marseille 2, Faculté de Médecine, IPHM-IFR 125, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang XS, Shao B, Oda MN, Heinecke JW, Mahler S, Stocker R. A sensitive and specific ELISA detects methionine sulfoxide-containing apolipoprotein A-I in HDL. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:586-594. [PMID: 18832772 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d800042-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized HDL has been proposed to play a key role in atherogenesis. A wide range of reactive intermediates oxidizes methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major HDL protein. These reactive species include those produced by myeloperoxidase, an enzyme implicated in atherogenesis. The aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specific ELISA for detecting MetO residues in HDL. We therefore immunized mice with HPLC-purified human apoA-I containing MetO(86) and MetO(112) (termed apoA-I(+32)) to generate a monoclonal antibody termed MOA-I. An ELISA using MOA-I detected lipid-free apoA-I(+32), apoA-I modified by 2e-oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite), and HDL oxidized by 1e- or 2e-oxidants and present in buffer or human plasma. Detection was concentration dependent, reproducible, and exhibited a linear response over a physiologically plausible range of concentrations of oxidized HDL. In contrast, MOA-I failed to recognize native apoA-I, native apoA-II, apoA-I modified by hydroxyl radical or metal ions, or LDL and methionine-containing proteins other than apoA-I modified by 2e-oxidants. Because the ELISA we have developed specifically detects apoA-I containing MetO in HDL and plasma, it should provide a useful tool for investigating the relationship between oxidized HDL and coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Suo Wang
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Baohai Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael N Oda
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Methionine oxidation impairs reverse cholesterol transport by apolipoprotein A-I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12224-9. [PMID: 18719109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802025105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL protects against vascular disease by accepting free cholesterol from macrophage foam cells in the artery wall. This pathway is critically dependent on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which rapidly converts cholesterol to cholesteryl ester. The physiological activator of LCAT is apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major HDL protein. However, cholesterol removal is compromised if apoA-I is exposed to reactive intermediates. In humans with established cardiovascular disease, myeloperoxidase (MPO) oxidizes HDL, and oxidation by MPO impairs apoA-I's ability to activate LCAT in vitro. Because a single methionine residue in apoA-I, Met-148, resides near the center of the protein's LCAT activation domain, we determined whether its oxidation by MPO could account for the loss of LCAT activity. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that oxidation of Met-148 to methionine sulfoxide associated quantitatively with loss of LCAT activity in both discoidal HDL and HDL(3), the enzyme's physiological substrates. Reversing oxidation with methionine sulfoxide reductase restored HDL's ability to activate LCAT. Discoidal HDL prepared with apoA-I containing a Met-148-->Leu mutation was significantly resistant to inactivation by MPO. Based on structural data in the literature, we propose that oxidation of Met-148 disrupts apoA-I's central loop, which overlaps the LCAT activation domain. These observations implicate oxidation of a single Met in apoA-I in impaired LCAT activation, a critical early step in reverse cholesterol transport.
Collapse
|
27
|
Shao B, Heinecke JW. Using tandem mass spectrometry to quantify site-specific chlorination and nitration of proteins: model system studies with high-density lipoprotein oxidized by myeloperoxidase. Methods Enzymol 2008; 440:33-63. [PMID: 18423210 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)00803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein oxidation is implicated in atherogenesis and other inflammatory conditions. Measuring levels of chlorinated and nitrated proteins in biological matrices serves as a quantitative index of oxidative stress in vivo. One potential mechanism for oxidative stress involves myeloperoxidase, a heme protein expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, and some populations of macrophages. The enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide to generate an array of cytotoxic oxidants, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent chlorinating intermediate, and nitrogen dioxide radical, a reactive nitrogen species (RNS). One important target may be high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is implicated in atherogenesis. This chapter describes liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric methods for quantifying site-specific modifications of proteins that have been oxidized by HOCl or RNS. Our studies center on apolipoprotein A-I, the major HDL protein, which provides an excellent model system for investigating factors that target specific residues for oxidative damage. Our approach is sensitive and rapid, applicable to a wide array of posttranslational modifications, and does not require peptides to be derivatized or labeled with an isotope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jayaraman S, Gantz DL, Gursky O. Effects of protein oxidation on the structure and stability of model discoidal high-density lipoproteins. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3875-82. [PMID: 18302337 DOI: 10.1021/bi7023783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) prevent atherosclerosis by removing cholesterol from macrophages and by providing antioxidants for low-density lipoproteins. Oxidation of HDLs affects their functions via the complex mechanisms that involve multiple protein and lipid modifications. To differentiate between the roles of oxidative modifications in HDL proteins and lipids, we analyzed the effects of selective protein oxidation by hypochlorite (HOCl) on the structure, stability, and remodeling of discoidal HDLs reconstituted from human apolipoproteins (A-I, A-II, or C-I) and phosphatidylcholines. Gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy revealed that, at ambient temperatures, protein oxidation in discoidal complexes promotes their remodeling into larger and smaller particles. Thermal denaturation monitored by far-UV circular dichroism and light scattering in melting and kinetic experiments shows that protein oxidation destabilizes discoidal lipoproteins and accelerates protein unfolding, dissociation, and lipoprotein fusion. This is likely due to the reduced affinity of the protein for lipid resulting from oxidation of Met and aromatic residues in the lipid-binding faces of amphipathic alpha-helices and to apolipoprotein cross-linking into dimers and trimers on the particle surface. We conclude that protein oxidation destabilizes HDL disk assembly and accelerates its remodeling and fusion. This result, which is not limited to model discoidal but also extends to plasma spherical HDL, helps explain the complex effects of oxidation on plasma lipoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brock JWC, Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Klein RL, Yim E, Lopes-Virella M, Carter RE, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Increased methionine sulfoxide content of apoA-I in type 1 diabetes. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:847-55. [PMID: 18202432 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800015-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and premature mortality in diabetes. HDL plays an important role in limiting vascular damage by removing cholesterol and cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides from oxidized low density lipoprotein and foam cells. Methionine (Met) residues in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major apolipoprotein of HDL, reduce peroxides in HDL lipids, forming methionine sulfoxide [Met(O)]. We examined the extent and sites of Met(O) formation in apoA-I of HDL isolated from plasma of healthy control and type 1 diabetic subjects to assess apoA-I exposure to lipid peroxides and the status of oxidative stress in the vascular compartment in diabetes. Three tryptic peptides of apoA-I contain Met residues: Q(84)-M(86)-K(88), W(108)-M(112)-R(116), and L(144)-M(148)-R(149). These peptides and their Met(O) analogs were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. Relative to controls, Met(O) formation was significantly increased at all three locations (Met(86), Met(112), and Met(148)) in diabetic patients. The increase in Met(O) in the diabetic group did not correlate with other biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as N(epsilon)-malondialdehyde-lysine or N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine, in plasma or lipoproteins. The higher Met(O) content in apoA-I from diabetic patients is consistent with increased levels of lipid peroxidation products in plasma in diabetes. Using the methods developed here, future studies can address the relationship between Met(O) in apoA-I and the risk, development, or progression of the vascular complications of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W C Brock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shao B, Oda MN, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Myeloperoxidase: an inflammatory enzyme for generating dysfunctional high density lipoprotein. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 21:322-8. [PMID: 16755201 DOI: 10.1097/01.hco.0000231402.87232.aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence indicates that high density lipoprotein (HDL) is cardioprotective and that several mechanisms are involved. One important pathway is a membrane-associated ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCA1, that clears cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also might contribute to HDL's ability to inhibit atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Myeloperoxidase targets HDL for oxidation, raising the possibility that the enzyme provides a specific mechanism for generating dysfunctional HDL in humans. Myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidation of apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein in HDL, blocks HDL's ability to remove excess cholesterol from cells by the ABCA1 pathway. Analysis of mutated forms of apoA-I and oxidized apoA-I treated with methionine sulfoxide reductase implicate oxidation of specific tyrosine and methionine residues in impairing the ABCA1 transport activity of apoA-I. The crystal structure of lipid-free apoA-I suggests that such oxidative damage might disrupt negatively charged regions on the protein's surface or alter its remodeling, resulting in conformations that fail to interact with ABCA1. SUMMARY Oxidation of HDL by myeloperoxidase may represent a specific molecular mechanism for converting the cardioprotective lipoprotein into a dysfunctional form, raising the possibility that the enzyme represents a potential therapeutic target for preventing vascular disease in humans. Moreover, oxidized HDL might prove useful as a blood marker for clinically significant cardiovascular disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with dysfunctional HDL, and oxidation of HDL is thought to give rise to HDL becoming dysfunctional. Lipoprotein oxidation represents a complex series of processes that can be assessed by various methods. In general, oxidation mediated by 1-electron or radical oxidants gives rise to lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) as the primary product. These LOOHs may then undergo further reactions giving rise to secondary lipid oxidation products and/or oxidation of lipoprotein-associated proteins. Thus, LOOHs specifically oxidize Met residues of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and A-II (the major proteins of HDL) to MetO. Here we describe an HPLC-based method to detect oxidized HDL containing specifically oxidized forms of apoA-I and apoA-II. This method may be useful to assess the early stages of HDL oxidation in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Suo Wang
- Centre for Vascular Research, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao X, Jayaraman S, Gursky O. Mild oxidation promotes and advanced oxidation impairs remodeling of human high-density lipoprotein in vitro. J Mol Biol 2007; 376:997-1007. [PMID: 18190928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) prevent atherosclerosis by removing cholesterol from macrophages and by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Oxidation is thought to impair HDL functions, yet certain oxidative modifications may be advantageous; thus, mild oxidation reportedly enhances cell cholesterol uptake by HDL whereas extensive oxidation impairs it. To elucidate the underlying energetic and structural basis, we analyzed the effects of copper and hypochlorite (which preferentially oxidize lipids and proteins, respectively) on thermal stability of plasma spherical HDL. Circular dichroism, light scattering, calorimetry, gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy showed that mild oxidation destabilizes HDL and accelerates protein dissociation and lipoprotein fusion, while extensive oxidation inhibits these reactions; this inhibition correlates with massive protein cross-linking and with lipolysis. We propose that mild oxidation lowers kinetic barriers for HDL remodeling due to diminished apolipoprotein affinity for lipids resulting from oxidation of methionine and aromatic residues in apolipoproteins A-I and A-II followed by protein cross-linking into dimers and/or trimers. In contrast, advanced oxidation inhibits protein dissociation and HDL fusion due to lipid redistribution from core to surface upon lipolysis and to massive protein cross-linking. Our results help reconcile the apparent controversy in the studies of oxidized HDL and suggest that mild oxidation may benefit HDL functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, W329, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Salvatore A, Cigliano L, Bucci EM, Corpillo D, Velasco S, Carlucci A, Pedone C, Abrescia P. Haptoglobin binding to apolipoprotein A-I prevents damage from hydroxyl radicals on its stimulatory activity of the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase. Biochemistry 2007; 46:11158-68. [PMID: 17824618 DOI: 10.1021/bi7006349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), a major component of HDL, binds haptoglobin, a plasma protein transporting to liver or macrophages free Hb for preventing hydroxyl radical production. This work aimed to assess whether haptoglobin protects ApoA-I against this radical. Human ApoA-I structure, as analyzed by electrophoresis and MS, was found severely altered by hydroxyl radicals in vitro. Lower alteration of ApoA-I was found when HDL was oxidized in the presence of haptoglobin. ApoA-I oxidation was limited also when the complex of haptoglobin with both high-density lipoprotein and Hb, immobilized on resin beads, was exposed to hydroxyl radicals. ApoA-I function to stimulate cholesterol esterification was assayed in vitro by using ApoA-I-containing liposomes. Decreased stimulation was observed when liposomes oxidized without haptoglobin were used. Conversely, after oxidative stress in the presence of haptoglobin (0.5 microM monomer), the liposome activity did not change. Plasma of carrageenan-treated mice was analyzed by ELISA for the levels of haptoglobin and ApoA-I, and used to isolate HDL for MS analysis. Hydroxyproline-containing fragments of ApoA-I were found associated with low levels of haptoglobin (18 microM monomer), whereas they were not detected when the haptoglobin level increased (34-70 microM monomer). Therefore haptoglobin, when circulating at enhanced levels with free Hb during the acute phase of inflammation, might protect ApoA-I structure and function against hydroxyl radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Salvatore
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duriez P, Bordet R, Berthelot P. The strange case of Dr HDL and Mr HDL: Does a NO’s story illuminate the mystery of HDL’s dark side uncovered by Dr HDL’s drug targeting CETP? Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:752-7. [PMID: 17376606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the first large-scale morbidity and mortality trial (ILLUMINATE) to evaluate the cardiovascular end points of a CETP inhibitor (torcetrapib) has been prematurely stopped because the mortality was significantly increased in the treated group. Why torcetrapib caused excess death is not known. Based on the fact that HDL interacts with endothelial nitric oxyde synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) secretion, which partly controlled blood pressure and than torcetrapib could increase blood pressure among some patients, we hypothesize that CETP inhibition could have significantly inhibit eNOS. CETP inhibition would have enlarged HDL size resulting in a deficit in the interaction between HDL and the Scavenger Receptor class B type I (SR-BI), which is an important link between HDL and eNOS activation. We suggest than the deficit in NO secretion would have been sufficient among all patients to induce a destabilization of the plaques of atheroma, but could have induced a pathogenic increase in blood pressure only in patients whose eNOS activity was naturally weak due to genetic polymorphisms of this enzyme. We also hypothesize that the increase in HDL levels, induced by CETP inhibition, coupled with the capacity of HDL to induce endothelin-1 secretion would have aggravated the cardiovascular risks under this CETP inhibitor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Duriez
- Université de Lille 2, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Lille, F-59006, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Negre-Salvayre A, Dousset N, Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Curatola G, Salvayre R. Antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of high-density lipoproteins in vascular cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1031-40. [PMID: 16962927 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Beside their key role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, HDL exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that participate to their general antiatherogenic effect. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on antioxidant activity and cytoprotective cell signalling elicited by HDL against oxidized LDL and proatherogenic agents in vascular cells. HDL exhibit an antioxidant activity efficient to prevent LDL oxidation, or to inactivate newly formed lipid oxidation products. The antioxidant ability of HDL is due to the apoprotein moiety and to the presence of associated enzymes, paraoxonase and PAF-Acetyl Hydrolase. HDL prevent the intracellular oxidative stress and the inflammatory response elicited by oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), by inhibiting the NFkappaB signalling pathway, and the subsequent inflammatory events (expression of adhesion molecules, recruitment and proliferation of mononuclear cells within the vascular wall). HDL prevent ox-LDL-mediated cell activation and proliferation, this being also attributed to the presence in HDL of sphingosine-1 phosphate which modulates the migration and survival of vascular cells. Lastly, HDL inhibit apoptosis elicited by ox-LDL in vascular cells. Recent evidences indicate that, beside their strong antiatherogenic properties, HDL could exert their protective effect in diseases generally associated to inflammatory events.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ansell BJ, Fonarow GC, Fogelman AM. High-density lipoprotein: Is it always atheroprotective? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:405-11. [PMID: 16901411 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are appropriately recognized for their many atheroprotective functions, including reverse cholesterol transport, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis is well documented in many populations. However, there is an increasing body of evidence that there are circumstances in which HDL may not be protective, and may in fact paradoxically promote vascular inflammation and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. Recent studies have provided insight as to specific chemical modifications and structural changes within HDL associated with this phenotype. The presence of proinflammatory HDL coincides with conditions associated with chronic systemic inflammation, including atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Ansell
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 525, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shao B, Oda MN, Bergt C, Fu X, Green PS, Brot N, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Myeloperoxidase impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux through methionine oxidation and site-specific tyrosine chlorination of apolipoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9001-4. [PMID: 16497665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c600011200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions and the blood of patients with established coronary artery disease contains elevated levels of 3-chlorotyrosine. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the only known source of 3-chlorotyrosine in vivo, indicating that MPO oxidizes HDL in humans. We previously reported that Tyr-192 is the major site that is chlorinated in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the chief protein in HDL, and that chlorinated apoA-I loses its ability to promote cholesterol efflux from cells by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) pathway. However, the pathways that promote the chlorination of specific Tyr residues in apoA-I are controversial, and the mechanism for MPO-mediated loss of ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux of apoA-I is unclear. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we now demonstrate that lysine residues direct tyrosine chlorination in apoA-I. Importantly, methionine residues inhibit chlorination, indicating that they can act as local, protein-bound antioxidants. Moreover, we observed near normal cholesterol efflux activity when Tyr-192 of apoA-I was mutated to Phe and the oxidized protein was incubated with methionine sulfoxide reductase. Thus, a combination of Tyr-192 chlorination and methionine oxidation is necessary for depriving apoA-I of its ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport activity. Our observations suggest that biologically significant oxidative damage of apoA-I involves modification of a limited number of specific amino acids, raising the feasibility of producing oxidation-resistant forms of apoA-I that have enhanced anti-atherogenic activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, Sesma L, Muñoz J, Riezu JI, Caballería J, Lu SC, Prieto J, Mato JM, Avila MA, Corrales FJ. Oxidation of specific methionine and tryptophan residues of apolipoprotein A-I in hepatocarcinogenesis. Proteomics 2006; 5:4964-72. [PMID: 16252306 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common neoplasm with more than 500 000 new cases diagnosed yearly. Although major risk factors of HCC are currently known, the identification of biological targets leading to an early diagnosis of the disease is considered one of the priorities of clinical hepatology. In this work we have used a proteomic approach to identify markers of hepatocarcinogenesis in the serum of a knockout mice deficient in hepatic AdoMet synthesis (MAT1A(-/-)), as well as in patients with HCC. Three isoforms of apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) with different pI were identified in murine serum. Isoform 1 is up-regulated in the serum of MAT1A(-/-) mice much earlier than any histological manifestation of liver disease. Further characterization of the differential isoform by electrospray MS/MS revealed specific oxidation of methionine 85 and 216 to methionine sulfoxide while the sequence of the analogous peptides on isoforms 2 and 3 showed the nonoxidized methionine residues. Enrichment of an acidic isoform of Apo A-I was also assessed in the serum of hepatitis B virus patients who developed HCC. Specific oxidation of methionine 112 to methionine sulfoxide and tryptophans 50 and 108 to formylkinurenine were identified selectively in the up-regulated isoform. Although it is not clear at present whether the occurrence of these modifications has a causal role or simply reflects secondary epiphenomena, this selectively oxidized Apo A-I isoform may be considered as a pathological hallmark that may help to the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R, Dousset N, Curatola G. Structural modifications of HDL and functional consequences. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184:1-7. [PMID: 16157342 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) are susceptible to structural modifications mediated by various mechanisms including oxidation, glycation, homocysteinylation or enzymatic degradation. Structural alterations of HDL may affect their functional and atheroprotective properties. Oxidants, such as hypochlorous acid, peroxyl radicals, metal ions, peroxynitrite, lipoxygenases and smoke extracts, can alter both surface and core components of HDL. The formation of lipid peroxidation derivatives, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and aldehydes, is associated with changes of physical properties (fluidity, molecular order) and of apoprotein conformation. Non-enzymatic glycation, generally associated with lipoxidation, leads to form irreversible complexes called advanced glycation end products. These HDL modifications are accompanied with altered biological activities of HDL and associated enzymes, including paraoxonase, CETP and LCAT. Homocysteine-induced modification of HDL is mediated by homocysteine-thiolactone, and can be prevented by a calcium-dependent thiolactonase/paraoxonase. Tyrosylation of HDL induces the formation of dimers and trimers of apo AI, and alters cholesterol efflux. Phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes can also modify HDL lipid and apoprotein structure. HDL modification induces generally the loss of their anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. This could play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Ferretti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, via Ranieri 1-60131, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Malle E, Marsche G, Panzenboeck U, Sattler W. Myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of high-density lipoproteins: Fingerprints of newly recognized potential proatherogenic lipoproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 445:245-55. [PMID: 16171772 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the notion that oxidative processes participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic heart disease. Major evidence for myeloperoxidase (MPO) as enzymatic catalyst for oxidative modification of lipoproteins in the artery wall has been suggested in numerous studies performed with low-density lipoprotein. In contrast to low-density lipoprotein, plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apoAI, the major apolipoprotein of HDL, inversely correlate with the risk of developing coronary artery disease. These antiatherosclerotic effects are attributed mainly to HDL's capacity to transport excess cholesterol from arterial wall cells to the liver during 'reverse cholesterol transport'. There is now strong evidence that HDL is a selective in vivo target for MPO-catalyzed oxidation impairing the cardioprotective and antiinflammatory capacity of this antiatherogenic lipoprotein. MPO is enzymatically active in human lesion material and was found to be associated with HDL extracted from human atheroma. MPO-catalyzed oxidation products are highly enriched in circulating HDL from individuals with cardiovascular disease where MPO concentrations are also increased. The oxidative potential of MPO involves an array of intermediate-generated reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and the ability of MPO to generate chlorinating oxidants-in particular hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite-under physiological conditions is a unique and defining activity for this enzyme. All these MPO-generated reactive products may affect structure and function of HDL as well as the activity of HDL-associated enzymes involved in conversion and remodeling of the lipoprotein particle, and represent clinically useful markers for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Oram JF, Heinecke JW. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1: a cell cholesterol exporter that protects against cardiovascular disease. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:1343-72. [PMID: 16183915 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely related to risk for cardiovascular disease, implying that factors associated with HDL metabolism are atheroprotective. One of these factors is ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a cell membrane protein that mediates the transport of cholesterol, phospholipids, and other metabolites from cells to lipid-depleted HDL apolipoproteins. ABCA1 transcription is highly induced by sterols, a major substrate for cellular export, and its expression and activity are regulated posttranscriptionally by diverse processes. Liver ABCA1 initiates formation of HDL particles, and macrophage ABCA1 protects arteries from developing atherosclerotic lesions. ABCA1 mutations can cause a severe HDL deficiency syndrome characterized by cholesterol deposition in tissue macrophages and prevalent atherosclerosis. Genetic manipulations of ABCA1 expression in mice also affect plasma HDL levels and atherogenesis. Metabolites elevated in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes destabilize ABCA1 protein and decrease cholesterol export from macrophages. Moreover, oxidative modifications of HDL found in patients with cardiovascular disease reduce the ability of apolipoproteins to remove cellular cholesterol by the ABCA1 pathway. These observations raise the possibility that an impaired ABCA1 pathway contributes to the enhanced atherogenesis associated with common inflammatory and metabolic disorders. The ABCA1 pathway has therefore become an important new therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F Oram
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6426, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Peng DQ, Wu Z, Brubaker G, Zheng L, Settle M, Gross E, Kinter M, Hazen SL, Smith JD. Tyrosine modification is not required for myeloperoxidase-induced loss of apolipoprotein A-I functional activities. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33775-84. [PMID: 16091367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI), the major protein of high density lipoprotein, plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport via its activity as an ABCA1-dependent acceptor of cellular cholesterol. We reported recently that myeloperoxidase (MPO) modification of apoAI inhibits its ABCA1-dependent cholesterol acceptor activity (Zheng, L., Nukuna, B., Brennan, M. L., Sun, M., Goormastic, M., Settle, M., Schmitt, D., Fu, X., Thomson, L., Fox, P. L., Ischiropoulos, H., Smith, J. D., Kinter, M., and Hazen, S. L. (2004) J. Clin. Invest. 114, 529-541). We also reported that MPO-mediated chlorination preferentially modifies two of the seven tyrosines in apoAI, and loss of parent peptides containing these residues dose-dependently correlates with loss in ABCA1-mediated cholesterol acceptor activity (Zheng, L., Settle, M., Brubaker, G., Schmitt, D., Hazen, S. L., Smith, J. D., and Kinter, M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 38-47). To determine whether oxidative modification of apoA-I tyrosine residues was responsible for the MPO-mediated inactivation of cholesterol acceptor activity, we made recombinant apoAI with site-specific substitutions of all seven tyrosine residues to phenylalanine. ApoAI and the tyrosine-free apoAI were equally susceptible to dose-dependent MPO-mediated loss of ABCA1-dependent cholesterol acceptor activity, as well as lipid binding activity. MPO modification altered the migration of apoAI on SDS gels and decreased its alpha-helix content. MPO-induced modification also targeted apoAI tryptophan and lysine residues. Specifically, we detected apoAI tryptophan oxidation to mono- and dihydroxytryptophan and apoAI lysine modification to chlorolysine and 2-aminoadipic acid. Thus, tyrosine modification of apoAI is not required for its MPO-mediated inhibition of cholesterol acceptor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Quan Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tan KCB, Chow WS, Lam JCM, Lam B, Wong WK, Tam S, Ip MSM. HDL dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea. Atherosclerosis 2005; 184:377-82. [PMID: 15975582 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 04/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HDL is anti-atherogenic and has antioxidant property. HDL dysfunction has been reported in patients with coronary heart disease and we hypothesize that HDL may also be dysfunctional in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition associated with increased oxidative stress. METHODS 128 OSA patients and 82 controls were recruited. HDL dysfunction was determined by evaluating the ability of HDL to inhibit LDL oxidation ex vivo. Plasma HDL was incubated with native LDL in the presence of dichlorofluorescein which fluoresced upon interaction with lipid oxidation products. Plasma levels of oxidized LDL and 8-isoprostane were measured by ELISA and a specific enzyme immunoassay, respectively. RESULTS Plasma total 8-isoprostane levels were elevated in OSA subjects (p<0.01). Despite having similar concentrations of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins as controls, OSA subjects had greater degree of HDL dysfunction (p<0.01) and increased oxidized LDL levels (p<0.05). The apnea-hypopnea index was the main determinant of HDL dysfunction in OSA, accounting for 30% of its variance, with oxidized LDL and apolipoprotein AI contributing to 8% and 5% of its variance respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION HDL is dysfunctional in preventing the formation and inactivation of oxidized lipids in OSA subjects and may partly contribute to their increased cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a leukocyte-derived enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a number of reactive oxidant species. In addition to being an integral component of the innate immune response, evidence has emerged that MPO-derived oxidants contribute to tissue damage during inflammation. MPO-catalyzed reactions have been attributed to potentially proatherogenic biological activities throughout the evolution of cardiovascular disease, including during initiation, propagation, and acute complication phases of the atherosclerotic process. As a result, MPO and its downstream inflammatory pathways represent attractive targets for both prognostication and therapeutic intervention in the prophylaxis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shao B, Bergt C, Fu X, Green P, Voss JC, Oda MN, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Tyrosine 192 in Apolipoprotein A-I Is the Major Site of Nitration and Chlorination by Myeloperoxidase, but Only Chlorination Markedly Impairs ABCA1-dependent Cholesterol Transport. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:5983-93. [PMID: 15574409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411484200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions and the blood of patients with established coronary artery disease contains elevated levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and 3-chlorotyrosine. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the only known source of 3-chlorotyrosine in humans, indicating that MPO oxidizes HDL in vivo. In the current studies, we used tandem mass spectrometry to identify the major sites of tyrosine oxidation when lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein of HDL, was exposed to MPO or peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Tyrosine 192 was the predominant site of both nitration and chlorination by MPO and was also the major site of nitration by ONOO(-). Electron paramagnetic spin resonance studies of spin-labeled apoA-I revealed that residue 192 was located in an unusually hydrophilic environment. Moreover, the environment of residue 192 became much more hydrophobic when apoA-I was incorporated into discoidal HDL, and Tyr(192) of HDL-associated apoA-I was a poor substrate for nitration by both myeloperoxidase and ONOO(-), suggesting that solvent accessibility accounted in part for the reactivity of Tyr(192). The ability of lipid-free apoA-I to facilitate ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 cholesterol transport was greatly reduced after chlorination by MPO. Loss of activity occurred in concert with chlorination of Tyr(192). Both ONOO(-) and MPO nitrated Tyr(192) in high yield, but unlike chlorination, nitration minimally affected the ability of apoA-I to promote cholesterol efflux from cells. Our results indicate that Tyr(192) is the predominant site of nitration and chlorination when MPO or ONOO(-) oxidizes lipid-free apoA-I but that only chlorination markedly reduces the cholesterol efflux activity of apoA-I. This impaired biological activity of chlorinated apoA-I suggests that MPO-mediated oxidation of HDL might contribute to the link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zheng L, Settle M, Brubaker G, Schmitt D, Hazen SL, Smith JD, Kinter M. Localization of Nitration and Chlorination Sites on Apolipoprotein A-I Catalyzed by Myeloperoxidase in Human Atheroma and Associated Oxidative Impairment in ABCA1-dependent Cholesterol Efflux from Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38-47. [PMID: 15498770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407019200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of high density lipoprotein, is a selective target for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed nitration and chlorination in both and serum of subjects with cardiovascular disease. We further showed that the extent of both apoA-I nitration and chlorination correlated with functional impairment in reverse cholesterol transport activity of the isolated lipoprotein. Herein we used tandem mass spectrometry to map the sites of MPO-mediated apoA-I nitration and chlorination in vitro and in vivo and to relate the degree of site-specific modifications to loss of apoA-I lipid binding and cholesterol efflux functions. Of the seven tyrosine residues in apoA-I, Tyr-192, Tyr-166, Tyr-236, and Tyr-29 were nitrated and chlorinated in MPO-mediated reactions. Site-specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative analyses demonstrated that the favored modification site following exposure to MPO-generated oxidants is Tyr-192. MPO-dependent nitration and chlorination both proceed with Tyr-166 as a secondary site and with Tyr-236 and Tyr-29 modified only minimally. Parallel functional studies demonstrated dose-dependent losses of ABCA1-dependent cholesterol acceptor and lipid binding activities with apoA-I modification by MPO. Finally tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed that apoA-I in human atherosclerotic tissue is nitrated at the MPO-preferred sites, Tyr-192 and Tyr-166. The present studies suggest that site-specific modifications of apoA-I by MPO are associated with impaired lipid binding and ABCA1-dependent cholesterol acceptor functions, providing a molecular mechanism that likely contributes to the clinical link between MPO levels and cardiovascular disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Panzenböck U, Stocker R. Formation of methionine sulfoxide-containing specific forms of oxidized high-density lipoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1703:171-81. [PMID: 15680225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Revised: 11/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of both lipoprotein-derived lipids and inflammatory cells in the affected vascular wall that results in a state of heightened oxidative stress and that is reflected by the accumulation of oxidized lipoproteins. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is used as a surrogate marker for coronary artery disease, although the 'escape' of oxLDL from the vessel wall is hindered by the large size of this lipoprotein and its specific retention by the extracellular matrix. Also, the oxidation of lipoproteins in human atherosclerotic lesions is not limited to LDL. In fact, the lipids of all classes of lipoproteins are oxidized to a comparable extent. Examining the fate of lipid hydroperoxides, the primary lipid peroxidation products, in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) undergoing oxidation, revealed that they become reduced to the corresponding alcohols by specific Met residues of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoA-II. As a consequence, Met residues in apoA-I and apoA-II become selectively and consecutively oxidized to their respective Met sulfoxide (MetO) forms that can be separated by HPLC. This review describes the characterization of specifically oxidized HDL with an emphasis on MetO formation, the structural and functional consequences of such oxidation, and the potential utility of specifically oxidized HDL as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Panzenböck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zheng L, Nukuna B, Brennan ML, Sun M, Goormastic M, Settle M, Schmitt D, Fu X, Thomson L, Fox PL, Ischiropoulos H, Smith JD, Kinter M, Hazen SL. Apolipoprotein A-I is a selective target for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation and functional impairment in subjects with cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2004. [PMID: 15314690 DOI: 10.1172/jci200421109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent studies we demonstrated that systemic levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine (NO(2)Tyr) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), a protein that catalyzes generation of nitrating oxidants, serve as independent predictors of atherosclerotic risk, burden, and incident cardiac events. We now show both that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the primary protein constituent of HDL, is a selective target for MPO-catalyzed nitration and chlorination in vivo and that MPO-catalyzed oxidation of HDL and apoA-I results in selective inhibition in ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Dramatic selective enrichment in NO(2)Tyr and chlorotyrosine (ClTyr) content within apoA-I recovered from serum and human atherosclerotic lesions is noted, and analysis of serum from sequential subjects demonstrates that the NO(2)Tyr and ClTyr contents of apoA-I are markedly higher in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Analysis of circulating HDL further reveals that higher NO(2)Tyr and ClTyr contents of the lipoprotein are each significantly associated with diminished ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux capacity of the lipoprotein. MPO as a likely mechanism for oxidative modification of apoA-I in vivo is apparently facilitated by MPO binding to apoA-I, as revealed by cross-immunoprecipitation studies in plasma, recovery of MPO within HDL-like particles isolated from human atheroma, and identification of a probable contact site between the apoA-I moiety of HDL and MPO. To our knowledge, the present results provide the first direct evidence for apoA-I as a selective target for MPO-catalyzed oxidative modification in human atheroma. They also suggest a potential mechanism for MPO-dependent generation of a proatherogenic dysfunctional form of HDL in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bergt C, Pennathur S, Fu X, Byun J, O'Brien K, McDonald TO, Singh P, Anantharamaiah GM, Chait A, Brunzell J, Geary RL, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. The myeloperoxidase product hypochlorous acid oxidizes HDL in the human artery wall and impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13032-7. [PMID: 15326314 PMCID: PMC516512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405292101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oxidatively damaged lipoproteins are implicated in vascular injury, there is little information regarding the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidation in atherogenesis. One potential pathway involves hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein secreted by phagocytes. We previously showed that 3-chlorotyrosine is a specific product of HOCl. Therefore, to explore the role of oxidized HDL in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, we used MS to quantify 3-chlorotyrosine in HDL isolated from plasma and atherosclerotic tissue. HDL from human aortic atherosclerotic intima had an 8-fold higher level of 3-chlorotyrosine than plasma HDL. Tandem MS analysis identified MPO as a component of lesion HDL, suggesting that the two interact in the artery wall. Moreover, immunohistochemical studies found that specific epitopes derived from HOCl colocalized with apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein of HDL. These observations strongly support the hypothesis that MPO promotes HDL oxidation in the human artery wall. Levels of 3-chlorotyrosine were elevated in HDL isolated from the blood of humans with established coronary artery disease, suggesting that circulating levels of oxidized HDL represent a unique marker for clinically significant atherosclerosis. HDL or lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I exposed to HOCl was less able to remove cholesterol from cultured cells by a pathway requiring the cell membrane transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. The detection of 3-chlorotyrosine in HDL isolated from vascular lesions raises the possibility that MPO, by virtue of its ability to form HOCl, may promote atherogenesis by counteracting the established antiatherogenic effects of HDL and the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bergt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zheng L, Nukuna B, Brennan ML, Sun M, Goormastic M, Settle M, Schmitt D, Fu X, Thomson L, Fox PL, Ischiropoulos H, Smith JD, Kinter M, Hazen SL. Apolipoprotein A-I is a selective target for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation and functional impairment in subjects with cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:529-41. [PMID: 15314690 PMCID: PMC503769 DOI: 10.1172/jci21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent studies we demonstrated that systemic levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine (NO(2)Tyr) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), a protein that catalyzes generation of nitrating oxidants, serve as independent predictors of atherosclerotic risk, burden, and incident cardiac events. We now show both that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the primary protein constituent of HDL, is a selective target for MPO-catalyzed nitration and chlorination in vivo and that MPO-catalyzed oxidation of HDL and apoA-I results in selective inhibition in ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Dramatic selective enrichment in NO(2)Tyr and chlorotyrosine (ClTyr) content within apoA-I recovered from serum and human atherosclerotic lesions is noted, and analysis of serum from sequential subjects demonstrates that the NO(2)Tyr and ClTyr contents of apoA-I are markedly higher in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Analysis of circulating HDL further reveals that higher NO(2)Tyr and ClTyr contents of the lipoprotein are each significantly associated with diminished ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux capacity of the lipoprotein. MPO as a likely mechanism for oxidative modification of apoA-I in vivo is apparently facilitated by MPO binding to apoA-I, as revealed by cross-immunoprecipitation studies in plasma, recovery of MPO within HDL-like particles isolated from human atheroma, and identification of a probable contact site between the apoA-I moiety of HDL and MPO. To our knowledge, the present results provide the first direct evidence for apoA-I as a selective target for MPO-catalyzed oxidative modification in human atheroma. They also suggest a potential mechanism for MPO-dependent generation of a proatherogenic dysfunctional form of HDL in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|