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Ghoshal D, Petersen I, Ringquist R, Kramer L, Bhatia E, Hu T, Richard A, Park R, Corbin J, Agarwal S, Thomas A, Ramirez S, Tharayil J, Downey E, Ketchum F, Ochal A, Sonthi N, Lonial S, Kochenderfer JN, Tran R, Zhu M, Lam WA, Coskun AF, Roy K. Multi-Niche Human Bone Marrow On-A-Chip for Studying the Interactions of Adoptive CAR-T Cell Therapies with Multiple Myeloma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588601. [PMID: 38644993 PMCID: PMC11030357 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of bone marrow plasma cells, is the second-most common hematological malignancy. However, despite immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, relapse is nearly universal. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment influences how MM cells survive, proliferate, and resist treatment. Yet, it is unclear which BM niches give rise to MM pathophysiology. Here, we present a 3D microvascularized culture system, which models the endosteal and perivascular bone marrow niches, allowing us to study MM-stroma interactions in the BM niche and model responses to therapeutic CAR-T cells. We demonstrated the prolonged survival of cell line-based and patient-derived multiple myeloma cells within our in vitro system and successfully flowed in donor-matched CAR-T cells. We then measured T cell survival, differentiation, and cytotoxicity against MM cells using a variety of analysis techniques. Our MM-on-a-chip system could elucidate the role of the BM microenvironment in MM survival and therapeutic evasion and inform the rational design of next-generation therapeutics. TEASER A multiple myeloma model can study why the disease is still challenging to treat despite options that work well in other cancers.
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Gouda G, Gupta MK, Donde R, Behera L, Vadde R. Tumor microenvironment in heptocellular carcinoma. THERANOSTICS AND PRECISION MEDICINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 2022:109-124. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98806-3.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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Biomimetic 3D Environment Based on Microgels as a Model for the Generation of Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237121. [PMID: 34885273 PMCID: PMC8658353 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional environments to mimic the in vivo cellular response is a problem in the building of disease models. This study aimed to synthesize and validate three-dimensional support for culturing monoclonal plasma cells (mPCs) as a disease model for multiple myeloma. The three-dimensional environment is a biomimetic microgel formed by alginate microspheres and produced on a microfluidic device whose surface has been functionalized by a layer-by-layer process with components of the bone marrow’s extracellular matrix, which will interact with mPC. As a proof of concept, RPMI 8226 cell line cells were cultured in our 3D culture platform. We proved that hyaluronic acid significantly increased cell proliferation and corroborated its role in inducing resistance to dexamethasone. Despite collagen type I having no effect on proliferation, it generated significant resistance to dexamethasone. Additionally, it was evidenced that both biomolecules were unable to induce resistance to bortezomib. These results validate the functionalized microgels as a 3D culture system that emulates the interaction between tumoral cells and the bone marrow extracellular matrix. This 3D environment could be a valuable culture system to test antitumoral drugs efficiency in multiple myeloma.
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Bon I, Cano-Sarabia M, de la Ossa N, Bartolí R, Lorenzo-Zúñiga V. Development and Characterization of a New Endoscopic Drug-Eluting Platform With Proven Efficacy in Acute and Chronic Experimental Colitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:415. [PMID: 32974357 PMCID: PMC7468471 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Mucosal lesions refractory to biological treatments represent unmet needs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that require new treatment modalities. We developed and characterized a new endoscopic drug-eluting hydrogel (CoverGel) with proven efficacy in acute and chronic experimental colitis (EC) in rats. Methods: CoverGel was developed based on appropriate rheological, drug release, gelation, structural, and degradation property capacities to allow endoscopic application. Experimental colitis (EC) was induced by TNBS application in rats. In acute EC 40, rats were randomized in five groups (eight each): Sham, Control, CoverGel, CoverGel + Infliximab (IFX) and CoverGel + Vedolizumab (VDZ). In chronic EC, 12 rats were randomized in two groups (six each): IFX s.c. and CoverGel + IFX. Endoscopic, histological, and blood test were performed during follow-up to evaluate clinical success. Antibodies to IFX (ATIs) were evaluated in chronic EC animal study. Results: CoverGel is a biocompatible and bioadhesive reverse thermosensitive gelation hydrogel with a macroporous structure and drug release capacity. In acute EC animals treated with CoverGel + IFX or CoverGel + VDZ showed significantly clinical success (weight recovery, mucosal restoration, and bacterial translocation) as compared with controls and animals without a bioactive drug. In a chronic EC animal study, clinical efficacy was comparable in both groups. Levels of ATIs were significantly lower in animals treated with CoverGel + IFX vs. IFX s.c. (0.90 ± 0.06 μg/mL-c vs. 1.97 ± 0.66 μg/mL-c, p = 0.0025). Conclusions: CoverGel is an endoscopic vehicle to locally deliver biological drugs with proven efficacy in acute and chronic EC in rats and induce less immunogenicity reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Bon
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Napoleon de la Ossa
- Servicio de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya-Grupo Quirón Salud, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Bartolí
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Lorenzo-Zúñiga
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Fremuntova Z, Mosko T, Soukup J, Kucerova J, Kostelanska M, Hanusova ZB, Filipova M, Cervenakova L, Holada K. Changes in cellular prion protein expression, processing and localisation during differentiation of the neuronal cell line CAD 5. Biol Cell 2019; 112:1-21. [PMID: 31736091 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cellular prion protein (PrPC ) is infamous for its role in prion diseases. The physiological function of PrPC remains enigmatic, but several studies point to its involvement in cell differentiation processes. To test this possibility, we monitored PrPC changes during the differentiation of prion-susceptible CAD 5 cells, and then we analysed the effect of PrPC ablation on the differentiation process. RESULTS Neuronal CAD 5 cells differentiate within 5 days of serum withdrawal, with the majority of the cells developing long neurites. This process is accompanied by an up to sixfold increase in PrPC expression and enhanced N-terminal β-cleavage of the protein, which suggests a role for the PrPC in the differentiation process. Moreover, the majority of PrPC in differentiated cells is inside the cell, and a large proportion of the protein does not associate with membrane lipid rafts. In contrast, PrPC in proliferating cells is found mostly on the cytoplasmic membrane and is predominantly associated with lipid rafts. To determine the importance of PrPC in cell differentiation, a CAD 5 PrP-/- cell line with ablated PrPC expression was created using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We observed no considerable difference in morphology, proliferation rate or expression of molecular markers between CAD 5 and CAD 5 PrP-/- cells during the differentiation initiated by serum withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS PrPC characteristics, such as cell localisation, level of expression and posttranslational modifications, change during CAD 5 cell differentiation, but PrPC ablation does not change the course of the differentiation process. SIGNIFICANCE Ablation of PrPC expression does not affect CAD 5 cell differentiation, although we observed many intriguing changes in PrPC features during the process. Our study does not support the concept that PrPC is important for neuronal cell differentiation, at least in simple in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Fremuntova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Mosko
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Soukup
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johanka Kucerova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kostelanska
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Backovska Hanusova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Filipova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Karel Holada
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
During the course of prion infection, the normally soluble and protease-sensitive mammalian prion protein (PrPC) is refolded into an insoluble, partially protease-resistant, and infectious form called PrPSc. The conformational conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is a critical event during prion infection and is essential for the production of prion infectivity. This chapter briefly summarizes the ways in which cell biological approaches have enhanced our understanding of how PrP contributes to different aspects of prion pathogenesis.
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BTK Cys481Ser drives ibrutinib resistance via ERK1/2 and protects BTK wild-type MYD88-mutated cells by a paracrine mechanism. Blood 2018; 131:2047-2059. [PMID: 29496671 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-811752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired ibrutinib resistance due to BTKCys481 mutations occurs in B-cell malignancies, including those with MYD88 mutations. BTKCys481 mutations are usually subclonal, and their relevance to clinical progression remains unclear. Moreover, the signaling pathways that promote ibrutinib resistance remain to be clarified. We therefore engineered BTKCys481Ser and BTKWT expressing MYD88-mutated Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) and activated B-cell (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells and observed reactivation of BTK-PLCγ2-ERK1/2 signaling in the presence of ibrutinib in only the former. Use of ERK1/2 inhibitors triggered apoptosis in BTKCys481Ser-expressing cells and showed synergistic cytotoxicity with ibrutinib. ERK1/2 reactivation in ibrutinib-treated BTKCys481Ser cells was accompanied by release of many prosurvival and inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 that were also blocked by ERK1/2 inhibition. To clarify if cytokine release by ibrutinib-treated BTKCys481Ser cells could protect BTKWT MYD88-mutated malignant cells, we used a Transwell coculture system and showed that nontransduced BTKWT MYD88-mutated WM or ABC DLBCL cells were rescued from ibrutinib-induced killing when cocultured with BTKCys481Ser but not their BTKWT-expressing counterparts. Use of IL-6 and/or IL-10 blocking antibodies abolished the protective effect conferred on nontransduced BTKWT by coculture with BTKCys481Ser expressing WM or ABC DLBCL cell counterparts. Rebound of IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels also accompanied disease progression in WM patients with acquired BTKCys481 mutations. Our findings show that the BTKCys481Ser mutation drives ibrutinib resistance in MYD88-mutated WM and ABC DLBCL cells through reactivation of ERK1/2 and can confer a protective effect on BTKWT cells through a paracrine mechanism.
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Ni Y, Zhao S, Yin X, Wang H, Guang Q, Hu G, Yang Y, Jiao S, Shi B. Intravesicular administration of sodium hyaluronate ameliorates the inflammation and cell proliferation of cystitis cystica et glandularis involving interleukin-6/JAK2/Stat3 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15892. [PMID: 29162939 PMCID: PMC5698415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystitis cystica et glandularis (CCEG) is a chronic cystitis that causes extreme agony in affected patients. However, there are lack of effective conservative treatments. In this study, it is evident that intravesicular sodium hyaluronate (SH) therapy significantly improved the clinical symptoms of CCEG patients and ameliorated the bladder mucosal inflammation and cell proliferation characteristics of the disease. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the staining intensities of hyaluronidase (HYAL 1/2), CD44, IL-6 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-Stat3) in bladder mucosal tissue were significantly increased in CCEG patients compared with control patients and that intravesicular SH treatment suppressed these protein expression. We established a CCEG rat model by treating rats with E. coli intravesicularly, and we found that HYAL 1/2 and CD44 expression levels were significantly increased in the E. coli group compared with the NC group. Activation of the IL-6/JAK2/Stat3 pathway and the expression levels of the downstream pro-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL were also significantly increased in the E. coli group compared with the NC group. The above changes were significantly mitigated by intravesicular SH treatment. Therefore, SH may serve as an effective therapy for CCEG by inhibiting bladder mucosal inflammation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Ni
- Department of Urology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Urology, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Haixin Wang
- Department of Urology, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Qianqian Guang
- Department of Pathology, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Guangxia Hu
- Department of Pathology, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Shoubin Jiao
- Department of Urology, Yankuang Group General Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, 273500, China
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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10
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Abstract
The misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) causes fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Yet PrPC is highly conserved in mammals, suggesting that it exerts beneficial functions preventing its evolutionary elimination. Ablation of PrPC in mice results in well-defined structural and functional alterations in the peripheral nervous system. Many additional phenotypes were ascribed to the lack of PrPC, but some of these were found to arise from genetic artifacts of the underlying mouse models. Here, we revisit the proposed physiological roles of PrPC in the central and peripheral nervous systems and highlight the need for their critical reassessment using new, rigorously controlled animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Angela Wulf
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Assunta Senatore
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Tumor spheroid assembly on hyaluronic acid-based structures: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Thomas SN, Rohner NA, Edwards EE. Implications of Lymphatic Transport to Lymph Nodes in Immunity and Immunotherapy. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:207-33. [PMID: 26928210 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-101515-014413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune response consists of many highly regulated, multistep cascades that protect against infection while preserving the health of autologous tissue. The proper initiation, maintenance, and resolution of such responses require the precise coordination of molecular and cellular signaling over multiple time and length scales orchestrated by lymphatic transport. In order to investigate these functions and manipulate them for therapy, a comprehensive understanding of how lymphatics influence immune physiology is needed. This review presents the current mechanistic understanding of the role of the lymphatic vasculature in regulating biomolecule and cellular transport from the interstitium, peripheral tissue immune surveillance, the lymph node stroma and microvasculature, and circulating lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes. This review also discusses the ramifications of lymphatic transport in immunity as well as tolerance and concludes with examples of how lymphatic-mediated targeting of lymph nodes has been exploited for immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Thomas
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nathan A Rohner
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332;
| | - Erin E Edwards
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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13
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Holle AW, Young JL, Spatz JP. In vitro cancer cell-ECM interactions inform in vivo cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:270-9. [PMID: 26485156 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The general progression of cancer drug development involves in vitro testing followed by safety and efficacy evaluation in clinical trials. Due to the expense of bringing candidate drugs to trials, in vitro models of cancer cells and tumor biology are required to screen drugs. There are many examples of drugs exhibiting cytotoxic behavior in cancer cells in vitro but losing efficacy in vivo, and in many cases, this is the result of poorly understood chemoresistant effects conferred by the cancer microenvironment. To address this, improved methods for culturing cancer cells in biomimetic scaffolds have been developed; along the way, a great deal about the nature of cancer cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions has been discovered. These discoveries will continue to be leveraged both in the development of novel drugs targeting these interactions and in the fabrication of biomimetic substrates for efficient cancer drug screening in vitro.
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Abstract
Proteases regulate a myriad of cell functions, both in normal and disease states. In addition to protein turnover, they regulate a range of signaling processes, including those mediated by Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands. A variety of proteases is reported to directly cleave Ephs and/or ephrins under different conditions, to promote receptor and/or ligand shedding, and regulate receptor/ligand internalisation and signaling. They also cleave other adhesion proteins in response to Eph-ephrin interactions, to indirectly facilitate Eph-mediated functions. Proteases thus contribute to Eph/ephrin mediated changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, in cell morphology and in cell migration and invasion, in a manner which appears to be tightly regulated by, and co-ordinated with, Eph signaling. This review summarizes the current literature describing the function and regulation of protease activities during Eph/ephrin-mediated cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Atapattu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Monash University , Victoria ; Australia
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15
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Abstract
The fate of both endogenous and transplanted stem cells is dependent on the functional status of the regulatory local microenvironment, which is compromised by disease and therapeutic intervention. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the hematopoietic microenvironment. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of HA in regulating mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelium in bone marrow (BM) and their crosstalk within the hematopoietic microenvironment. HA not only determines the volume, hydration, and microfluidics of the BM interstitial space, but also, via interactions with specific receptors, regulates multiple cell functions including differentiation, migration, and production of regulatory factors. The effects of HA are dependent on the polymer size and are influenced by the formation of complexes with other molecules. In healthy BM, HA synthases and hyaluronidases form a molecular network that maintains extracellular HA levels within a discrete physiological window, but HA homeostasis is often perturbed in pathological conditions, including hematological malignancies. Recent studies have suggested that HA synthases may have functions beyond HA production and contribute to the intracellular regulatory machinery. We discuss a possible role for HA synthases, intracellular and extracellular HA in the malignant BM microenvironment, and resistance to therapy.
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Abstract
Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA) is perhaps one of the most uncomplicated large polymers that regulates several normal physiological processes and, at the same time, contributes to the manifestation of a variety of chronic and acute diseases, including cancer. Members of the HA signaling pathway (HA synthases, HA receptors, and HYAL-1 hyaluronidase) have been experimentally shown to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and hence each of them is a potential target for cancer therapy. Furthermore, as these members are also overexpressed in a variety of carcinomas, targeting of the HA family is clinically relevant. A variety of targeted approaches have been developed to target various HA family members, including small-molecule inhibitors and antibody and vaccine therapies. These treatment approaches inhibit HA-mediated intracellular signaling that promotes tumor cell proliferation, motility, and invasion, as well as induction of endothelial cell functions. Being nontoxic, nonimmunogenic, and versatile for modifications, HA has been used in nanoparticle preparations for the targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs and other anticancer compounds to tumor cells through interaction with cell-surface HA receptors. This review discusses basic and clinical translational aspects of targeting each HA family member and respective treatment approaches that have been described in the literature.
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Piccioni F, Fiore E, Bayo J, Atorrasagasti C, Peixoto E, Rizzo M, Malvicini M, Tirado-González I, García MG, Alaniz L, Mazzolini G. 4-methylumbelliferone inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth by decreasing IL-6 production and angiogenesis. Glycobiology 2015; 25:825-35. [PMID: 25882295 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components including hyaluronic acid (HA) and is widely considered a preneoplastic condition for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 4-Methylumbelliferone (4MU) is an inhibitor of HA synthesis and has anticancer activity in an orthotopic HCC model with underlying fibrosis. Our aim was to explore the effects of HA inhibition by 4MU orally administered on tumor microenvironment. Hepa129 tumor cells were inoculated orthotopically in C3H/HeJ male mice with fibrosis induced by thioacetamide. Mice were orally treated with 4MU. The effects of 4MU on angiogenesis were evaluated by immunostaining of CD31 and quantification of proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, interleukin-6, IL-6 and C-X-C motif chemokine 12, CXCL12). IL-6 was also quantified in Hepa129 cells in vitro after treatment with 4MU. Migration of endothelial cells and tube formation were also analyzed. As a result, 4MU treatment decreases tumor growth and increased animal survival. Systemic levels of VEGF were significantly inhibited in 4MU-treated mice. Expression of CD31 was reduced after 4MU therapy in liver parenchyma in comparison with control group. In addition, mRNA expression and protein levels of IL-6 and VEGF were inhibited both in tumor tissue and in nontumoral liver parenchyma. Interestingly, IL-6 production was dramatically reduced in Kupffer cells isolated from 4MU-treated mice, and in Hepa129 cells in vitro. Besides, 4MU was able to inhibit endothelial cell migration and tube formation. In conclusion, 4MU has antitumor activity in vivo and its mechanisms of action involve an inhibition of angiogenesis and IL-6 production. 4MU is an orally available molecule with potential for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Piccioni
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Fiore
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Bayo
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estanislao Peixoto
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manglio Rizzo
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Malvicini
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Tirado-González
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Medicine University of Berlin, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana G García
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Alaniz
- CIT NOBA, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As., Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT), Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lau A, McDonald A, Daude N, Mays CE, Walter ED, Aglietti R, Mercer RCC, Wohlgemuth S, van der Merwe J, Yang J, Gapeshina H, Kim C, Grams J, Shi B, Wille H, Balachandran A, Schmitt-Ulms G, Safar JG, Millhauser GL, Westaway D. Octarepeat region flexibility impacts prion function, endoproteolysis and disease manifestation. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:339-56. [PMID: 25661904 PMCID: PMC4364950 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) comprises a natively unstructured N-terminal domain, including a metal-binding octarepeat region (OR) and a linker, followed by a C-terminal domain that misfolds to form PrP(S) (c) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PrP(C) β-endoproteolysis to the C2 fragment allows PrP(S) (c) formation, while α-endoproteolysis blocks production. To examine the OR, we used structure-directed design to make novel alleles, 'S1' and 'S3', locking this region in extended or compact conformations, respectively. S1 and S3 PrP resembled WT PrP in supporting peripheral nerve myelination. Prion-infected S1 and S3 transgenic mice both accumulated similar low levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectious prion particles, but differed in their clinical presentation. Unexpectedly, S3 PrP overproduced C2 fragment in the brain by a mechanism distinct from metal-catalysed hydrolysis reported previously. OR flexibility is concluded to impact diverse biological endpoints; it is a salient variable in infectious disease paradigms and modulates how the levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectivity can either uncouple or engage to drive the onset of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lau
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alex McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles E Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric D Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robin Aglietti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert C C Mercer
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Serene Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jacques van der Merwe
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hristina Gapeshina
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chae Kim
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, Departments of Pathology and Neurology, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Grams
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Beipei Shi
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiri G Safar
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, Departments of Pathology and Neurology, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Altmeppen HC, Prox J, Krasemann S, Puig B, Kruszewski K, Dohler F, Bernreuther C, Hoxha A, Linsenmeier L, Sikorska B, Liberski PP, Bartsch U, Saftig P, Glatzel M. The sheddase ADAM10 is a potent modulator of prion disease. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25654651 PMCID: PMC4346534 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC) is highly expressed in the nervous system and critically involved in prion diseases where it misfolds into pathogenic PrPSc. Moreover, it has been suggested as a receptor mediating neurotoxicity in common neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. PrPC is shed at the plasma membrane by the metalloprotease ADAM10, yet the impact of this on prion disease remains enigmatic. Employing conditional knockout mice, we show that depletion of ADAM10 in forebrain neurons leads to posttranslational increase of PrPC levels. Upon prion infection of these mice, clinical, biochemical, and morphological data reveal that lack of ADAM10 significantly reduces incubation times and increases PrPSc formation. In contrast, spatiotemporal analysis indicates that absence of shedding impairs spread of prion pathology. Our data support a dual role for ADAM10-mediated shedding and highlight the role of proteolytic processing in prion disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04260.001 Prion proteins are anchored to the surface of brain cells called neurons. Normally, prion proteins are folded into a specific three-dimensional shape that enables them to carry out their normal roles in the brain. However, they can be misfolded into a different shape known as PrPSc, which can cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other serious conditions that affect brain function and ultimately lead to death. The PrPSc proteins can force normal prion proteins to change into the PrPSc form, so that over time this form accumulates in the brain. They are essential components of infectious particles termed ‘prions’ and this is why prion diseases are infectious: if prions from one individual enter the brain of another individual they can cause disease in the recipient. The UK outbreak of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans in the 1990s is thought to be due to the consumption of meat from cattle with a prion disease known as mad cow disease. An enzyme called ADAM10 can cut normal prion proteins from the surface of neurons. However, it is not clear whether ADAM10 can also target the PrPSc proteins and what impact this may have on the development of prion diseases. Here, Altmeppen et al. studied mutant mice that were missing ADAM10 in neurons in the front portion of their brain. These mice had a higher number of normal prion proteins on the surface of their neurons than normal mice did. When mice missing ADAM10 were infected with prions, more PrPSc accumulated in their brain and disease symptoms developed sooner than when normal mice were infected. This supports the view that mice with higher numbers of prion proteins are more vulnerable to prion disease. However, disease symptoms did not spread as quickly to other parts of the brain in the mice missing ADAM10. This suggests that by releasing prion proteins from the surface of neurons, ADAM10 helps PrPSc proteins to spread around the brain. Recently, it has been suggested that prion proteins may also play a role in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, Altmeppen et al.'s findings may help to develop new therapies for other forms of dementia. The next challenge is to understand the precise details of how ADAM10 works. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04260.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Prox
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kruszewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Dohler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Hoxha
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Kim YO, Han YH, Moon JY, Kim DG, Nam BH, Kong HJ, Kim WJ, Jee YJ, An CM. Molecular characterization and gene expression analysis of a metalloprotease from Pacific abaloneHaliotis discus hannai. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.946445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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McDonald AJ, Millhauser GL. PrP overdrive: does inhibition of α-cleavage contribute to PrP(C) toxicity and prion disease? Prion 2014; 8:28796. [PMID: 24721836 DOI: 10.4161/pri.28796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in mice is tolerated, as is complete elimination of the protein's N-terminal domain. However, deletion of select short segments between the N- and C-terminal domains is lethal. How can one reconcile this apparent paradox? Research over the last few years demonstrates that PrP(C) undergoes α-cleavage in the vicinity of residue 109 (mouse sequence) to release the bioactive N1 and C1 fragments. In biophysical studies, we recently characterized the action of relevant members of the ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) enzyme family (ADAM8, 10, and 17) and found that they all produce α-cleavage, but at 3 distinct cleavage sites, with proteolytic efficiency modulated by the physiologic metals copper and zinc. Remarkably, the shortest lethal deletion segment in PrP(C) fully encompasses the 3 α-cleavage sites. Analysis of all reported PrP(C) deletion mutants suggests that elimination of α-cleavage, coupled with retention of the protein's N-terminal residues, segments 23-31 and longer, confers the lethal phenotype. Interestingly, these N-terminal residues are implicated in the activation of several membrane proteins, including synaptic glutamate receptors. We propose that α-cleavage is a general mechanism essential for downregulating PrP(C)'s intrinsic activity, and that blockage of proteolysis leads to constitutively active PrP(C) and consequent dyshomeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Cruz, CA USA
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22
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Davidson L, Knight R. Neuropathogenesis of prion disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Although much is known about prion diseases (characterized by a post-translational misfolding of the prion protein [PrP]) and their neuropathology and molecular pathology, the fundamental cause of illness, the basic neuropathogenesis, remains uncertain. There are three broad considerations discussed in this review: the possible loss of normal PrP function, the possible direct toxicity of the abnormally folded PrP and a harmful interaction between the normal and abnormal protein. In considering these possibilities, there are difficulties, including the facts that the relevant normal functions of the PrP are somewhat uncertain and that there are a number of possible toxic species of abnormal protein. In addition to the possible interactions of normal and abnormal PrP in prion disease, PrP may play a role in the neuropathogenesis of other diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Davidson
- National Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Knight
- National Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Pietri M, Alleaume-Butaux A, Launay JM, Kellermann O, Schneider B. [From prion diseases to Alzheimer's disease: a common therapeutic target, PDK1]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:139-41. [PMID: 24572109 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathéa Pietri
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 747, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Alleaume-Butaux
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 747, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP, service de biochimie, Inserm UMR-S 942, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Pharma research department, Hoffmann La Roche, Bâle, Suisse
| | - Odile Kellermann
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 747, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Schneider
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 747, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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24
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Megra B, Eugenin E, Roberts T, Morgello S, Berman JW. Protease resistant protein cellular isoform (PrP(c)) as a biomarker: clues into the pathogenesis of HAND. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1159-66. [PMID: 23616272 PMCID: PMC3797864 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and HIV neurocognitive impairment are major global health problems. The prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is increasing as people with HIV are living longer due to the success of antiretroviral therapies. Our laboratory identified the soluble form of (sPrP(c)), the cellular non-pathogenic isoform of the prion protein, as a biomarker of HAND. In this review we discuss the published data addressing PrP(c) biology in normal conditions and pathologies, as well as the mechanisms of sPrP(c) shedding and secretion. Lastly, we discuss our studies that demonstrated that sPrP(c) is a biomarker of neurocognitive impairment in the HIV infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezawit Megra
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), UMDNJ, Newark, NJ
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ
| | - Toni Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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25
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Uchakina ON, Ban H, McKallip RJ. Targeting hyaluronic acid production for the treatment of leukemia: Treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone leads to induction of MAPK-mediated apoptosis in K562 leukemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1294-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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27
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Taguchi Y, Hohsfield LA, Hollister JR, Baron GS. Effects of FlAsH/tetracysteine (TC) Tag on PrP proteolysis and PrPres formation by TC-scanning. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1597-610, 1510. [PMID: 23943295 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions associated with proteolytic processing and aggregation are integral to normal and pathological aspects of prion protein (PrP) biology. Characterization of these interactions requires the identification of amino acid residues involved. The FlAsH/tetracysteine (FlAsH/TC) tag is a small fluorescent tag amenable to insertion at internal sites in proteins. In this study, we used serial FlAsH/TC insertions (TC-scanning) as a probe to characterize sites of protein-protein interaction between PrP and other molecules. To explore this application in the context of substrate-protease interactions, we analyzed the effect of FlAsH/TC insertions on proteolysis of cellular prion protein (PrPsen) in in vitro reactions and generation of the C1 metabolic fragment of PrPsen in live neuroblastoma cells. The influence of FlAsH/TC insertion was evaluated by TC-scanning across the cleavage sites of each protease. The results showed that FlAsH/TC inhibited protease cleavage only within limited ranges of the cleavage sites, which varied from about one to six residues in width, depending on the protease, providing an estimate of the PrP residues interacting with each protease. TC-scanning was also used to probe a different type of protein-protein interaction: the conformational conversion of FlAsH-PrPsen to the prion disease-associated isoform, PrPres. PrP constructs with FlAsH/TC insertions at residues 90-96 but not 97-101 were converted to FlAsH-PrPres, identifying a boundary separating loosely versus compactly folded regions of PrPres. Our observations demonstrate that TC-scanning with the FlAsH/TC tag can be a versatile method for probing protein-protein interactions and folding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Taguchi
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840 (USA); Currently at the Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6 (Canada).
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28
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PDK1 decreases TACE-mediated α-secretase activity and promotes disease progression in prion and Alzheimer's diseases. Nat Med 2013; 19:1124-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Forloni G, Sclip A, Borsello T, Balducci C. The neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease and the prion protein. Prion 2013; 7:60-5. [PMID: 23324596 DOI: 10.4161/pri.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of "prion-like" has been proposed to explain the pathogenic mechanism of the principal neurodegenerative disorders associated with protein misfolding, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Other evidence relates prion protein with AD: the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) binds β amyloid oligomers, allegedly responsible for the neurodegeneration in AD, mediating their toxic effects. We and others have confirmed the high-affinity binding between β amyloid oligomers and PrP(C), but we were not able to assess the functional consequences of this interaction using behavioral investigations and in vitro tests. This discrepancy rather than being resolved with the classic explanations, differencies in methodological aspects, has been reinforced by new data from different sources. Here we present data obtained with PrP antibody that not interfere with the neurotoxic activity of β amyloid oligomers. Since the potential role of the PrP(C) in the neuronal dysfunction induced by β amyloid oligomers is an important issue, find reasonable explanation of the inconsistent results is needed. Even more important however is the relevance of this interaction in the context of the disease, so as to develop valid therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
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30
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Wik L, Klingeborn M, Willander H, Linne T. Separate mechanisms act concurrently to shed and release the prion protein from the cell. Prion 2012; 6:498-509. [PMID: 23093798 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ) is attached to the cell membrane via its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and is constitutively shed into the extracellular space. Here, three different mechanisms are presented that concurrently shed PrP (C) from the cell. The fast α-cleavage released a N-terminal fragment (N1) into the medium and the extreme C-terminal cleavage shed soluble full-length (FL-S) PrP and C-terminally cleaved (C1-S) fragments outside the cell. Also, a slow exosomal release of full-length (FL) and C1-fragment (C1) was demonstrated. The three separate mechanisms acting simultaneously, but with different kinetics, have to be taken into consideration when elucidating functional roles of PrP (C) and also when processing of PrP (C) is considered as a target for intervention in prion diseases. Further, in this study it was shown that metalloprotease inhibitors affected the extreme C-terminal cleavage and shedding of PrP (C) . The metalloprotease inhibitors did not influence the α-cleavage or the exosomal release. Taken together, these results are important for understanding the different mechanisms acting in parallel in the shedding and cleavage of PrP (C) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is subjected to various processing under physiological and pathological conditions, of which the α-cleavage within the central hydrophobic domain not only disrupts a region critical for both PrP toxicity and PrPC to PrPSc conversion but also produces the N1 fragment that is neuroprotective and the C1 fragment that enhances the pro-apoptotic effect of staurosporine in one report and inhibits prion in another. The proteases responsible for the α-cleavage of PrPC are controversial. The effect of ADAM10, ADAM17, and ADAM9 on N1 secretion clearly indicates their involvement in the α-cleavage of PrPC, but there has been no report of direct PrPC α-cleavage activity with any of the three ADAMs in a purified protein form. We demonstrated that, in muscle cells, ADAM8 is the primary protease for the α-cleavage of PrPC, but another unidentified protease(s) must also play a minor role. We also found that PrPC regulates ADAM8 expression, suggesting that a close examination on the relationships between PrPC and its processing enzymes may reveal novel roles and underlying mechanisms for PrPC in non-prion diseases such as asthma and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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32
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Arena G, La Mendola D, Pappalardo G, Sóvágó I, Rizzarelli E. Interactions of Cu2+ with prion family peptide fragments: Considerations on affinity, speciation and coordination. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Prion disease research has opened up the "black-box" of neurodegeneration, defining a key role for protein misfolding wherein a predominantly alpha-helical precursor protein, PrP (C), is converted to a disease-associated, β-sheet enriched isoform called PrP (Sc). In Alzheimer disease (AD) the Aβ peptide derived from the β-amyloid precuror protein APP folds in β-sheet amyloid. Early thoughts along the lines of overlap may have been on target, (1) but were eclipsed by a simultaneous (but now anachronistic) controversy over the role of PrP (Sc) in prion diseases. (2) (,) (3) Nonetheless, as prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) are themselves rare and can include an overt infectious mode of transmission, and as familial prion diseases and familial AD involve different genes, an observer might reasonably have concluded that prion research could occasionally catalyze ideas in AD, but could never provide concrete overlaps at the mechanistic level. Surprisingly, albeit a decade or three down the road, several prion/AD commonalities can be found within the contemporary literature. One important prion/AD overlap concerns seeded spread of Aβ aggregates by intracerebral inoculation much like prions, (4) and, with a neuron-to-neuron 'spreading' also reported for pathologic forms of other misfolded proteins, Tau (5) (,) (6) and α-synuclein in the case of Parkinson Disease. (7) (,) (8) The concept of seeded spread has been discussed extensively elsewhere, sometimes under the rubric of "prionoids" (9), and lies outside the scope of this particular review where we will focus upon PrP (C). From this point the story can now be subdivided into four strands of investigation: (1) pathologic effects of Aβ can be mediated by binding to PrP (C), (10) (2) the positioning of endoproteolytic processing events of APP by pathologic (β-cleavage + γ-cleavage) and non-pathologic (α-cleavage + γ-cleavage) secretase pathways is paralleled by seemingly analogous α- and β-like cleavage of PrP (C) (Fig. 1) (3) similar lipid raft environments for PrP (C) and APP processing machinery, (11) (-) (13) and perhaps in consequence, overlaps in repertoire of the PrP (C) and APP protein interactors ("interactomes"), (14) (,) (15) and (4) rare kindreds with mixed AD and prion pathologies. (16) Here we discuss confounds, consensus and conflict associated with parameters that apply to these experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Westaway
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Jack H. Jhamandas
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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Abstract
Shadoo (Sho) is a brain glycoprotein with similarities to the unstructured region of PrPC. Frameshift alleles of the Sho gene, Sprn, are reported in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) patients while Sprn mRNA knockdown in PrP-null (Prnp0/0) embryos produces lethality, advancing Sho as the hypothetical PrP-like “pi” protein. Also, Sho levels are reduced as misfolded PrP accumulates during prion infections. To penetrate these issues we created Sprn null alleles (Daude et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 2012; 109(23): 9035–40). Results from the challenge of Sprn null and TgSprn transgenic mice with rodent-adapted prions coalesce to define downregulation of Sho as a “tracer” for the formation of misfolded PrP. However, classical BSE and rodent-adapted BSE isolates may behave differently, as they do for other facets of the pathogenic process, and this intriguing variation warrants closer scrutiny. With regards to physiological function, double knockout mice (Sprn0/0/Prnp0/0) mice survived to over 600 d of age. This suggests that Sho is not pi, or, given the accumulating data for many activities for PrPC, that the pi hypothesis invoking a discrete signaling pathway to maintain neuronal viability is no longer tenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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35
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Poli G, Corda E, Lucchini B, Puricelli M, Martino PA, Dall'ara P, Villetti G, Bareggi SR, Corona C, Vallino Costassa E, Gazzuola P, Iulini B, Mazza M, Acutis P, Mantegazza P, Casalone C, Imbimbo BP. Therapeutic effect of CHF5074, a new γ-secretase modulator, in a mouse model of scrapie. Prion 2012; 6:62-72. [PMID: 22453180 DOI: 10.4161/pri.6.1.18317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) and Alzheimer disease (AD) both misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins represent key features. Recently, it was observed that PrP (c) is a mediator of a synaptic dysfunction induced by Aβ oligomers. We tested a novel γ secretase modulator (CHF5074) in a murine model of prion disease. Groups of female mice were intracerebrally or intraperitoneally infected with the mouse-adapted Rocky Mountain Laboratory prions. Two weeks prior infection, the animals were provided with a CHF5074-medicated diet (375 ppm) or a standard diet (vehicle) until they showed neurological signs and eventually died. In intracerebrally infected mice, oral administration of CHF5074 did not prolong survival of the animals. In intraperitoneally-infected mice, CHF5074-treated animals showed a median survival time of 21 days longer than vehicle-treated mice (p < 0.001). In these animals, immunohistochemistry analyses showed that deposition of PrP (Sc) in the cerebellum, hippocampus and parietal cortex in CHF5074-treated mice was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated animals. Immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in parietal cortex revealed a significantly higher reactive gliosis in CHF5074-treated mice compared to the control group of infected animals. Although the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of CHF5074 in this murine model of human prion disease is unclear, it could be hypothesized that the drug counteracts PrP (Sc ) toxicity through astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection. CHF5074 shows a pharmacological potential in murine models of both AD and TSEs thus suggesting a link between these degenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Poli
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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36
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Griffiths HH, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. Regulation of amyloid-β production by the prion protein. Prion 2012; 6:217-22. [PMID: 22449984 DOI: 10.4161/pri.18988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), culminating in the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides in the brain. The enzymatic action of the β-secretase, BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in this amyloidogenic processing of APP. BACE1 cleavage of wild-type APP (APPWT) is inhibited by the cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ). Our recent study has revealed the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind this observation by showing that PrP (C) directly interacts with the pro-domain of BACE1 in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), decreasing the amount of BACE1 at the cell surface and in endosomes where it cleaves APPWT, while increasing BACE1 in the TGN where it preferentially cleaves APP with the Swedish mutation (APPSwe). PrP (C) deletion in transgenic mice expressing the Swedish and Indiana familial mutations (APPSwe,Ind) failed to affect amyloid-β accumulation, which is explained by the differential subcellular sites of action of BACE1 toward APPWT and APPSwe. This, together with our observation that PrP (C) is reduced in sporadic but not familial AD brain, suggests that PrP (C) plays a key protective role against sporadic AD. It also highlights the need for an APPWT transgenic mouse model to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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37
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The caspase 6 derived N-terminal fragment of DJ-1 promotes apoptosis via increased ROS production. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1769-78. [PMID: 22555455 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In pathological conditions, the amount of DJ-1 determines whether a cell can survive or engage a cell death program. This is exemplified in epithelial cancers, in which DJ-1 expression is increased, while autosomal recessive early onset Parkinson's disease mutations of DJ-1 generally lead to decreased stability and expression of the protein. We have shown previously that DJ-1 is cleaved by caspase-6 during induction of apoptosis. We demonstrate here that the N-terminal cleaved fragment of DJ-1 (DJ-1 Nt) is specifically expressed in the nucleus and promotes apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. In addition, overexpression of DJ-1 Nt in different cell lines leads to a loss of clonogenic potential and sensitizes to staurosporin and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-mediated caspase activation and apoptosis. Importantly, inhibition of endogenous DJ-1 expression with sh-RNA or DJ-1 deficiency mimics the effect of DJ-1 Nt on cell growth and apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of DJ-1 Nt increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and sensitizes to MPP+-mediated apoptosis and DJ-1 oxidation. Finally, specific exclusion of DJ-1 Nt from the nucleus abrogates its pro-apoptotic effect. Taken together, our findings identify an original pathway by which generation of a nuclear fragment of DJ-1 through caspase 6-mediated cleavage induces ROS-dependent amplification of apoptosis.
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Checler F. Two-steps control of cellular prion physiology by the extracellular regulated kinase-1 (ERK1). Prion 2012; 6:23-5. [PMID: 22453173 DOI: 10.4161/pri.6.1.18004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion (PrP(c)) undergoes a regulated α-secretase-like cleavage by the disintegrin ADAM17 similar to the one taking place on β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP). Because these cleavages give rise to biologically active fragments, understanding their regulation could be of importance. We have established that the Extracellular Regulated Kinase-1 (ERK1) controls PrPc processing by modulating ADAM17 phosphorylation in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Strikingly, we also demonstrated that ERK1 acts upstream to increase PrP(c) promoter transactivation in an AP-1 dependent manner. Therefore, ERK1 exerts a dual control of both PrP(c) metabolism and expression. Interestingly, α-secretase cleavage of βAPP appears to be independent of ERK1. I describe here similarities and differences in α-secretase-mediated PrP(c) and βAPP processing pathways and discuss putative physiopathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire and Institut de NeuroMédecine Moléculaire, Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Valbonne, France.
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Guillot-Sestier MV, Checler F. a-Secretase-Derived Cleavage of Cellular Prion Yields Biologically Active Catabolites with Distinct Functions. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:294-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000333804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Nair RR, Gebhard AW, Emmons MF, Hazlehurst LA. Emerging strategies for targeting cell adhesion in multiple myeloma. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 65:143-89. [PMID: 22959026 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397927-8.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological cancer involving proliferation of abnormal plasma cells that infiltrate the bone marrow (BM) and secrete monoclonal antibodies. The disease is clinically characterized by bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal failure. MM is presently treated with conventional therapies like melphalan, doxorubicin, and prednisone; or novel therapies like thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib; or with procedures like autologous stem cell transplantation. Unfortunately, these therapies fail to eliminate the minimal residual disease that remains persistent within the confines of the BM of MM patients. Mounting evidence indicates that components of the BM-including extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors-provide a sanctuary for subpopulations of MM. This co-dependent development of the disease in the context of the BM not only ensures the survival and growth of the plasma cells but contributes to de novo drug resistance. In addition, by fostering homing, angiogenesis, and osteolysis, this crosstalk plays a critical role in the progression of the disease. Not surprisingly then, over the past decade, several strategies have been developed to disrupt this communication between the plasma cells and the BM components including antibodies, peptides, and inhibitors of signaling pathways. Ultimately, the goal is to use these therapies in combination with the existing antimyeloma agents in order to further reduce or abolish minimal residual disease and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh R Nair
- Molecular Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Da Costa Dias B, Jovanovic K, Gonsalves D, Weiss SFT. Structural and mechanistic commonalities of amyloid-β and the prion protein. Prion 2011; 5:126-37. [PMID: 21862871 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.3.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is a major causative agent of Alzheime disease. This neurotoxic peptide is generated as a result of the cleavage of the Amyloid-Precursor-Protein (APP) by the action of beta secretase and gamma secretase. The neurotoxicity was previously thought to be the result of aggregation. However, recent studies suggest that the interaction of Aβ with numerous cell surface receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE), P75 neurotrophin receptor (P75NTR) as well as cell surface proteins such as the cellular prion protein (PrP(c) ) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) strongly enhances Aβ induced apoptosis and thereby contributes to neurotoxicity. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism resulting in Aβ-shedding as well as Aβ-induced apoptotic processes, genetic risk factors for familial Alzheimer disease and interactions of Aβ with cell surface receptors and proteins, with particular emphasis on the cellular prion protein. Furthermore, comparisons are drawn between Alzheimer disease and prion disorders and the role of laminin, an extracellular matrix protein, glycosaminoglycans and the 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR) have been highlighted with regards to both neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Da Costa Dias
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa (RSA)
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Friedrich BM, Murray JL, Li G, Sheng J, Hodge TW, Rubin DH, O'Brien WA, Ferguson MR. A functional role for ADAM10 in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication. Retrovirology 2011; 8:32. [PMID: 21569301 PMCID: PMC3118345 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene trap insertional mutagenesis was used as a high-throughput approach to discover cellular genes participating in viral infection by screening libraries of cells selected for survival from lytic infection with a variety of viruses. Cells harboring a disrupted ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10) allele survived reovirus infection, and subsequently ADAM10 was shown by RNA interference to be important for replication of HIV-1. RESULTS Silencing ADAM10 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) 48 hours before infection significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and in CD4⁺ cell lines. In agreement, ADAM10 over-expression significantly increased HIV-1 replication. ADAM10 down-regulation did not inhibit viral reverse transcription, indicating that viral entry and uncoating are also independent of ADAM10 expression. Integration of HIV-1 cDNA was reduced in ADAM10 down-regulated cells; however, concomitant 2-LTR circle formation was not detected, suggesting that HIV-1 does not enter the nucleus. Further, ADAM10 silencing inhibited downstream reporter gene expression and viral protein translation. Interestingly, we found that while the metalloprotease domain of ADAM10 is not required for HIV-1 replication, ADAM15 and γ-secretase (which proteolytically release the extracellular and intracellular domains of ADAM10 from the plasma membrane, respectively) do support productive infection. CONCLUSIONS We propose that ADAM10 facilitates replication at the level of nuclear trafficking. Collectively, our data support a model whereby ADAM10 is cleaved by ADAM15 and γ-secretase and that the ADAM10 intracellular domain directly facilitates HIV-1 nuclear trafficking. Thus, ADAM10 represents a novel cellular target class for development of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Friedrich
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - James L Murray
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jinsong Sheng
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas W Hodge
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
| | - Donald H Rubin
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Research Medicine, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - William A O'Brien
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Monique R Ferguson
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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43
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Zhu JH, Chen CL, Flavahan S, Harr J, Su B, Flavahan NA. Cyclic stretch stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell alignment by redox-dependent activation of Notch3. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H1770-80. [PMID: 21169401 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00535.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in Notch3 have defects in arterial vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) mechanosensitivity, including impaired myogenic responses and autoregulation, and inappropriate VMSC orientation. Experiments were performed to determine if Notch3 is activated by mechanical stimulation and contributes to mechanosensitive responses of VSMCs, including cell realignment. Cyclic, uniaxial stretch (10%, 1 Hz) of human VSMCs caused Notch3 activation, demonstrated by a stretch-induced increase in hairy and enhancer of split 1/hairy-related transcription factor-1 expression, translocation of Notch3 to the nucleus, and a decrease in the Notch3 extracellular domain. These effects were prevented by inhibiting the expression [small interfering (si)RNA] or proteolytic activation of Notch3 {N-(R)-[2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl]-4-methylpentanoyl-l-naphthylalanyl-l-alanine-2-aminoethyl amide (TAPI-1; 50 μmol/l) to inhibit TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) or N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-l-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT; 20 μmol/l) to inhibit γ-secretase}. Stretch increased the activity of ROS within VSMCs, determined using dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence. Catalase (1,200 U/ml), which degrades H₂O₂, inhibited the stretch-induced activation of Notch3, whereas in nonstretched cells, increasing H₂O₂ activity [H₂O₂ or manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin] caused activation of Notch3. Stretch increased the activity of TACE, which was prevented by catalase. Stretch-induced activation of p38 MAPK in VSMCs was inhibited either by catalase or by inhibiting Notch3 expression (siRNA). Stretch caused VSMCs to realign perpendicular to the direction of the mechanical stimulus, which was significantly inhibited by catalase or by inhibiting the expression (siRNA) or activation of Notch3 (TAPI-1 or DAPT). Therefore, cyclic uniaxial stretch activates Notch3 signaling through a ROS-mediated mechanism, and the presence of Notch3 is necessary for proper stretch-induced cell alignment in VSMCs. This mechanism may contribute to the physiological role of Notch3 in mediating developmental maturation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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44
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Abstract
The prion protein is well known because of its association with prion diseases. These diseases, which include variant CJD, are unusual because they are neurodegenerative diseases that can be transferred between individuals experimentally. The prion protein is also widely known as a copper binding protein. The binding of copper to the prion protein is possibly necessary for its normal cellular function. The prion protein has also been suggested to bind other metals, and among these, manganese. Despite over ten years of research on manganese and prion disease, this interaction has often been dismissed or at best seen as a poor cousin to the involvement of copper. However, recent data has shown that manganese could stabilise prions in the environment and that chelation therapy specifically aimed at manganese can extend the life of animals with prion disease. This article reviews the evidence for a link between prions and manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UKBA2 7AY.
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45
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Balakumaran A, Robey PG, Fedarko N, Landgren O. Bone marrow microenvironment in myelomagenesis: its potential role in early diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 10:465-80. [PMID: 20465501 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy, with an overall survival of 4-6 years. It is always preceded by a premalignant stage called monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). Importantly, at this time we lack reliable predictors to determine who will progress from MGUS to MM, and who will remain stable. The bone marrow microenvironment plays a key role in myelomagenesis (growth, survival and migration of malignant plasma cells). In the present review, we summarize and discuss our current understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment and its compartments in relation to myelomagenesis. Although it remains to be proven, we believe that an improved characterization of the cellular constituents, the extracellular matrix components and the soluble factors of the bone marrow could open up novel avenues to better understand underlying mechanisms of the transformation from MGUS to MM. Ultimately, this will lead to the development of early treatment of high-risk precursor disease aimed to delay/prevent MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Balakumaran
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Room 222, Building 30, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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46
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YAN S, MA D, JI M, GUO D, DAI J, ZHAO P, JI C. Expression profile of Notch-related genes in multidrug resistant K562/A02 cells compared with parental K562 cells. Int J Lab Hematol 2010; 32:150-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2009.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Cecarini V, Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Mozzicafreddo M, Angeletti M, Eleuteri AM. The relationship between the 20S proteasomes and prion-mediated neurodegenerations: potential therapeutic opportunities. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1322-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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48
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Park H, Karajanagi S, Wolak K, Aanestad J, Daheron L, Kobler JB, Lopez-Guerra G, Heaton JT, Langer RS, Zeitels SM. Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Model Using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Vocal Fold Augmentation. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:535-43. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungshin Park
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kathryn Wolak
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon Aanestad
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurence Daheron
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James B. Kobler
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerardo Lopez-Guerra
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James T. Heaton
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert S. Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven M. Zeitels
- Department of Surgery, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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49
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Hall BM, Gibson LF. Regulation of Lymphoid and Myeloid Leukemic Cell Survival: Role of Stromal Cell Adhesion Molecules. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:35-48. [PMID: 15061195 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000139620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several laboratories have documented the necessity for direct contact of lymphoid and myeloid leukemic cells with bone marrow stromal cells for optimal survival. Subsequent studies have identified various stromal cell adhesion molecules and soluble factors that facilitate survival through leukemic cell anti-apoptotic signal transduction pathways. This report provides an overview of enhanced leukemic cell survival through adhesive interactions with bone marrow expressed molecules. In addition, we describe the establishment of cloned murine stromal cell lines engineered to constitutively express human VCAM-1 protein on their surface. These stromal cell lines will be useful in studies aimed at better understanding the specific contribution of VCAM-1: VLA-4 signaling in maintenance of residual leukemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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50
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone, frequently used for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), produce a rapid reduction in tumor mass. However, despite frequent initial complete remission, prolonged dexamethasone treatment results in the appearance of chemoresistant tumor cells and most patients with MM ultimately present relapse of the underlying disease. Accumulating data suggest that bone marrow components such as cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) and adjacent stroma cells could cooperate to provide a sanctuary to malignant plasma cells that allow their survival after initial drug exposure. This review focuses on the two major components of the bone marrow ECM that have been identified as mediators for innate or acquired drug resistance in MM, hyaluronan and fibronectin. These two ECM molecules are thought to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MM, combining their protective activities to promote optimal conditions for the long life of plasma cells and contribute to de novo drug resistance. They represent promising targets for the development of innovative treatments in order to prevent interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment and to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy before the emergence of acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance.
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