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Xie Y, Li Y, Chen J, Ding H, Zhang X. Early growth response-1: Key mediators of cell death and novel targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1162662. [PMID: 37057102 PMCID: PMC10086247 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceCardiovascular diseases are seen to be a primary cause of death, and their prevalence has significantly increased across the globe in the past few years. Several studies have shown that cell death is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, many molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiac cell death mechanism. One of the factors that played a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiac cell death mechanisms included the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) factor.Recent AdvancesStudies have shown that abnormal Egr-1 expression is linked to different animal and human disorders like heart failure and myocardial infarction. The biosynthesis of Egr-1 regulates its activity. Egr-1 can be triggered by many factors such as serum, cytokines, hormones, growth factors, endotoxins, mechanical injury, hypoxia, and shear stress. It also displays a pro-apoptotic effect on cardiac cells, under varying stress conditions. EGR1 mediates a broad range of biological responses to oxidative stress and cell death by combining the acute changes occurring in the cellular environment with sustained changes in gene expression.Future DirectionsThe primary regulatory role played by the Egr-1-targeting DNAzymes, microRNAs, and oligonucleotide decoy strategies in cardiovascular diseases were identified to provide a reference to identify novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Correspondence: Xiaowei Zhang
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Ahi EP, Tsakoumis E, Brunel M, Schmitz M. Transcriptional study reveals a potential leptin-dependent gene regulatory network in zebrafish brain. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1283-1298. [PMID: 34236575 PMCID: PMC8302498 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The signal mediated by leptin hormone and its receptor is a major regulator of body weight, food intake and metabolism. In mammals and many teleost fish species, leptin has an anorexigenic role and inhibits food intake by influencing the appetite centres in the hypothalamus. However, the regulatory connections between leptin and downstream genes mediating its appetite-regulating effects are still not fully explored in teleost fish. In this study, we used a loss of function leptin receptor zebrafish mutant and real-time quantitative PCR to assess brain expression patterns of several previously identified anorexigenic genes downstream of leptin signal under different feeding conditions (normal feeding, 7-day fasting, 2 and 6-h refeeding). These downstream factors include members of cart genes, crhb and gnrh2, as well as selected genes co-expressed with them based on a zebrafish co-expression database. Here, we found a potential gene expression network (GRN) comprising the abovementioned genes by a stepwise approach of identifying co-expression modules and predicting their upstream regulators. Among the transcription factors (TFs) predicted as potential upstream regulators of this GRN, we found expression pattern of sp3a to be correlated with transcriptional changes of the downstream gene network. Interestingly, the expression and transcriptional activity of Sp3 orthologous gene in mammals have already been implicated to be under the influence of leptin signal. These findings suggest a potentially conserved regulatory connection between leptin and sp3a, which is predicted to act as a transcriptional driver of a downstream gene network in the zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmanouil Tsakoumis
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathilde Brunel
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Allmas Allé 5, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Schmitz
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Paszek E, Zajdel W, Rajs T, Żmudka K, Legutko J, Kleczyński P. Profilin 1 and Mitochondria-Partners in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1100. [PMID: 33499277 PMCID: PMC7865810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains a large health and economic burden. Even though it has been studied for more than a century, its complex pathophysiology has not been elucidated. The relatively well-established contributors include: chronic inflammation in response to oxidized cholesterol, reactive oxygen species-induced damage and apoptosis. Recently, profilin 1, a regulator of actin dynamics emerged as a potential new player in the field. Profilin is abundant in stable atherosclerotic plaques and in thrombi extracted from infarct-related arteries in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The exact role of profilin in atherosclerosis and its complications, as well as its mechanisms of action, remain unknown. Here, we summarize several pathways in which profilin may act through mitochondria in a number of processes implicated in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Paszek
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (W.Z.); (T.R.); (K.Ż.); (J.L.)
| | - Wojciech Zajdel
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (W.Z.); (T.R.); (K.Ż.); (J.L.)
| | - Tomasz Rajs
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (W.Z.); (T.R.); (K.Ż.); (J.L.)
| | - Krzysztof Żmudka
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (W.Z.); (T.R.); (K.Ż.); (J.L.)
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Legutko
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (W.Z.); (T.R.); (K.Ż.); (J.L.)
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Kleczyński
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (W.Z.); (T.R.); (K.Ż.); (J.L.)
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
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Hyperglycaemia cause vascular inflammation through advanced glycation end products/early growth response-1 axis in gestational diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 456:179-190. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Karthikkeyan G, Nareshkumar RN, Aberami S, Sulochana KN, Vedantham S, Coral K. Hyperglycemia induced early growth response-1 regulates vascular dysfunction in human retinal endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2018; 117:37-43. [PMID: 29307595 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) protein upregulation is reported in diabetes and vascular disorders. This study aims at deciphering its role in hyperglycemia induced changes of retinal endothelium. Human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) were exposed to hyperglycemia (25mM) and normoglycemia (5.5mM). Gene silencing was done using siRNA against Egr-1. Transcript and protein level analysis of Egr-1 and gene targets were done using qPCR and immunoblotting respectively in hRECs, diabetic and nondiabetic human retina and immunofluorescence for localization in retinal sections. Hyperglycemia induced Egr-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) but not pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) in hRECs. Expression of Egr-1 repressor NGFI-A binding protein-2 (NAB-2) was unaltered. Egr-1 downstream gene targets, tissue factor (TF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression were increased in hRECs which was reduced by Egr-1 silencing in hyperglycemia. Diabetic retina, showed an increase in Egr-1, VEGF-A and gene target TF, ICAM-1 but not NAB-2 and PEDF similar to the changes seen in hyperglycemic hRECs. Hyperglycemic induction of Egr-1 and absence of NAB-2 repression in retinal endothelium, up-regulates downstream genes involved in pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory pathways linking Egr-1 in diabetes mediated vascular aberration of retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathree Karthikkeyan
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, India
| | - Ragavachetty Nagaraj Nareshkumar
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, India
| | - Seeneevasan Aberami
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, India
| | - Konerirajapuram Natarajan Sulochana
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, India
| | | | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, India.
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Subramanian V, Golledge J, Heywood EB, Bruemmer D, Daugherty A. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ by angiotensin II via transforming growth factor-β1-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in aortic smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:397-405. [PMID: 22095985 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.239897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ligands attenuate angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced atherosclerosis through interactions with vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-specific PPARγ in hypercholesterolemic mice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of Ang II-mediated intracellular regulation of PPARγ in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Incubation of cultured mouse aortic VSMCs with Ang II for 24 hours reduced abundance of PPARγ protein, mRNA, and transcriptional activity (P<0.001). This effect was attenuated by an angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan. Ang II-induced PPARγ reduction was dependent on stimulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 as demonstrated using either a neutralizing antibody or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Ang II-induced TGF-β1 secretion was dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activation through reactive oxygen species production. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by SB203580 or siRNA inhibited both Ang II- and TGF-β1-induced PPARγ reduction. Blockade of TGF-β1 decreased p38 phosphorylation induced by Ang II. siRNA-mediated inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 attenuated p38-mediated reductions in PPARγ abundance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Ang II decreases PPARγ abundance in cultured VSMCs via an angiotensin type 1 receptor-dependent secretion of TGF-β1 via phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and histone deacetylase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, BBSRB, Rm B249, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Zhaorigetu S, Yang Z, Toma I, McCaffrey TA, Hu CAA. Apolipoprotein L6, induced in atherosclerotic lesions, promotes apoptosis and blocks Beclin 1-dependent autophagy in atherosclerotic cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27389-98. [PMID: 21646352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine-regulated apoptosis and autophagy play pivotal roles in plaque rupture and thrombosis of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the molecular interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in vascular cells has not been investigated. Our prior study showed that human apolipoprotein L6 (ApoL6), a pro-apoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family, was one of the downstream targets of interferon-γ (INFγ), which sensitizes atherosclerotic lesion-derived cells (LDCs) to Fas-induced apoptosis. To investigate whether ApoL6 plays a causal role in atherosclerotic apoptosis and autophagy, in this study, we demonstrate that IFNγ treatment itself strongly induces ApoL6, and ApoL6 is highly expressed and partially co-localized with activated caspase 3 in activated smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, overexpression of ApoL6 promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptosis, which can be blocked by pan caspase inhibitor and ROS scavenger. Knockdown of ApoL6 expression by siApoL6 suppresses INFγ- and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Further, ApoL6 binds Bcl-X(L), one of the most abundant anti-death proteins in LDCs. Interestingly, forced ApoL6 expression in LDCs induces degradation of Beclin 1, accumulation of p62, and subsequent attenuation of LC3-II formation and translocation and thus autophagy, whereas siApoL6 treatment reverts the phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that ApoL6 regulates both apoptosis and autophagy in SMCs. IFNγ-initiated, ApoL6-induced apoptosis in vascular cells may be an important factor causing plaque instability and a potential therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Zhaorigetu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Bhattacharyya S, Wu M, Fang F, Tourtellotte W, Feghali-Bostwick C, Varga J. Early growth response transcription factors: key mediators of fibrosis and novel targets for anti-fibrotic therapy. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:235-42. [PMID: 21511034 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a deregulated and ultimately defective form of tissue repair that underlies a large number of chronic human diseases, as well as obesity and aging. The pathogenesis of fibrosis involves multiple cell types and extracellular signals, of which transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is pre-eminent. The prevalence of fibrosis is rising worldwide, and to date no agents has shown clinical efficacy in the attenuating or reversing the process. Recent studies implicate the immediate-early response transcription factor Egr-1 in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Egr-1 couples acute changes in the cellular environment to sustained alterations in gene expression, and mediates a broad spectrum of biological responses to injury and stress. In contrast to other ligand-activated transcription factors such as NF-κB, c-jun and Smad2/3 that undergo post-translational modification such as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, Egr-1 activity is regulated via its biosynthesis. Aberrant Egr-1 expression or activity is implicated in cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ischemic injury and recent studies now indicate an important role for Egr-1 in TGF-ß-dependent profibrotic responses. Fibrosis in various animal models and human diseases such as scleroderma (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is accompanied by aberrant Egr-1 expression. Moreover Egr-1 appears to be required for physiologic and pathological connective tissue remodeling, and Egr-1-null mice are protected from fibrosis. As a novel profibrotic mediator, Egr-1 thus appears to be a promising potential target for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
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Hamada N, Miyata M, Eto H, Ikeda Y, Shirasawa T, Akasaki Y, Miyauchi T, Furusho Y, Nagaki A, Aronow BJ, Tei C. Loss of clusterin limits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via reduced expression of Egr-1 and TNF-α. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 18:209-16. [PMID: 21099169 DOI: 10.5551/jat.5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Whether clusterin/apolipoprotein J is antiatherogenic or proatherogenic is controversial. We reported that clusterin was markedly induced in media and neointima after vascular injury and that reduced clusterin expression reduced the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which induced G1 arrest via p53 and p21. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological function of clusterin in atherosclerosis using double-knockout mice (D-KO) of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE-KO) and clusterin-deficient mice (CLU-KO). METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root were quantitated at 20 weeks of age. Atherosclerotic lesions of D-KO were significantly smaller than those of apoE-KO (D-KO: 0.176±0.078 mm(2) vs. apoE-KO: 0.365±0.164 mm(2), p< 0.001). To identify underlying atherosclerotic mechanisms that were blocked by loss of clusterin, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of Egr-1. Egr-1 immunoreactivity in the nuclei of VSMCs in atherosclerotic lesions of apoE-KO was upregulated, whereas it was not in D-KO lesions. Western blotting demonstrated that the expression levels of Egr-1 and TNF-α in the D-KO were significantly lower than those in the apoE-KO. When VSMCs and macrophages were obtained from D-KO and apoE-KO, Western blotting showed that the expression levels of Egr-1 and TNF-α in VSMCs and macrophages of D-KO were significantly lower than those of apoE-KO. CONCLUSION Loss of clusterin strongly suppressed apoE-KO-induced atherosclerotic lesions at a step prior to the expression of Egr-1 and TNF-α, suggesting that clusterin is a candidate for an antiatherogenic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisato Hamada
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:259-66. [PMID: 20876845 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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Kim JN, Jeong JT, Jeong SH, Kim SA, Lee KG, Shin JB, Kye YC, Son SW. Cigarette smoke-induced Egr-1 represses TβR-II expression in human skin dermal fibroblasts. Toxicology 2010; 275:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Albrecht C, Preusch MR, Hofmann G, Morris-Rosenfeld S, Blessing E, Rosenfeld ME, Katus HA, Bea F. Egr-1 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation in a hyperlipidaemic mouse model. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:321-9. [PMID: 20110335 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) regulates the expression of genes important to cardiovascular disease. Within atherosclerotic lesions, Egr-1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. Since macrophages play a pivotal role in atherosclerotic lesion initiation and progression, this study investigated the effects of Egr-1 deficiency within bone marrow-derived cells on the development of atherosclerosis in a hyperlipidaemic mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Bone marrow from Egr-1-deficient mice and wild-type controls was transplanted into lethally irradiated LDL receptor null mice. After 26 weeks on a high fat diet, atherosclerotic lesion size within the aortic sinus of recipients was evaluated. Mice receiving Egr-1-deficient bone marrow had significantly decreased lesion size compared with controls. Lesions of these mice contained fewer macrophages and had reduced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), tissue factor, as well as transforming growth factor receptor type II, which are target genes of Egr-1. These results were validated by in vitro analysis of Egr-1-deficient peritoneal macrophages which, after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, had decreased VCAM-1 and tissue factor mRNA expression compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that bone marrow-derived Egr-1 promotes macrophage accumulation, atherosclerotic lesion development, and lesion complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Albrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced angiogenesis requires Src-mediated Egr-1-dependent rapid induction of FGF-2 expression. Blood 2010; 115:2105-16. [PMID: 20053757 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-241802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms underlying 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE]-induced angiogenesis, we studied the role of Egr-1. 15(S)-HETE induced Egr-1 expression in a time-dependent manner in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs). Blockade of Egr-1 via forced expression of its dominant-negative mutant attenuated 15(S)-HETE-induced HDMVEC migration and tube formation as well as Matrigel plug angiogenesis. 15(S)-HETE-induced Egr-1 expression requires Src activation. In addition, adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant-negative mutant of Src blocked 15(S)-HETE's effects on migration and tube formation of HDMVECs and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. 15(S)-HETE induced fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression rapidly via Src-mediated production of Egr-1. Cloning and mutational analysis of FGF-2 promoter revealed that Egr-1 binding site proximal to transcription start site is required for 15(S)-HETE-induced FGF-2 expression. Neutralizing antibody-mediated suppression of FGF-2 function also attenuated the effects of 15(S)-HETE on HDMVEC migration and tube formation as well as Matrigel plug angiogenesis. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type mice, 12/15-LOX(-/-) mice exhibited decreased Matrigel plug angiogenesis in response to AA, which was rescued by 15(S)-HETE. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that 15(S)-HETE-induced angiogenesis requires Src-mediated Egr-1-dependent rapid induction of FGF-2. These findings may suggest that 15(S)-HETE could be a potential endogenous regulator of pathologic angiogenesis associated with atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Wu X, Cheng J, Li P, Yang M, Qiu S, Liu P, Du J. Mechano-sensitive transcriptional factor Egr-1 regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression and contributes to neointima formation in vein grafts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:471-6. [PMID: 19965784 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.184259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vein grafts in a coronary bypass or a hemodialysis access often develop obliterative growth of the neointima. We previously reported that the mechanical stretch-activated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1/IGF-1R) pathway plays an important role in this remodeling. However, the transcriptional mechanism(s) regulating IGF-1R expression and neointima formation have not been identified. METHODS AND RESULTS Deletion and site-specific mutagenesis analysis of IGF-1R promoter identified that the minimal mechano-responsive promoter element (-270--130) contains 2 consensus sequences for binding of early growth reponse-1 (Egr-1) transcriptional factor. Mechanical stretch stimulated both Egr-1 mRNA (4.6-fold) and protein (5.2-fold) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Interposition of a vein into an artery increased Egr-1 mRNA (7.8+/-2.6-fold vs sham). In vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from Egr-1 knockout mice, mechanical stretch could not increase IGF-1R, and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation was decreased by 47% compared to wild-type cells. Importantly, the neointima area was reduced by at least 50%, and the lumen-to-media ratio increased by 55% in vein grafts of Egr-1 knockout mice compared with results of wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Egr-1 is a mechano-sensitive transcriptional factor that stimulates IGF-1R transcription, resulting in vascular remodeling of vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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Lv B, Wang H, Tang Y, Fan Z, Xiao X, Chen F. High-mobility group box 1 protein induces tissue factor expression in vascular endothelial cells via activation of NF-kappaB and Egr-1. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102:352-9. [PMID: 19652887 DOI: 10.1160/th08-11-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), an abundant nuclear protein, was recently established as a proinflammatory mediator of experimental sepsis. Although extracellular HMGB1 has been found in atherosclerotic plaques, its potential role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis remains elusive. In the present study, we determined whether HMGB1 induces tissue factor (TF) expression in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages. Our data showed that HMGB1 stimulated ECs to express TF (but not TF pathway inhibitor) mRNA and protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Blockade of cell surface receptors (including TLR4, TLR2, and RAGE) with specific neutralising antibodies partially reduced HMGB1-induced TF expression. Moreover, HMGB1 increased expression of Egr-1 and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (c-Rel/p65) in ECs. Taken together, our data suggest that HMGB1 induces TF expression in vascular endothelial cells via cell surface receptors (TLR4, TLR2, and RAGE), and through activation of transcription factors (NF-kappaB and Egr-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
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Abdel-Latif MM, Windle HJ, Davies A, Volkov Y, Kelleher D. A new mechanism of gastric epithelial injury induced by acid exposure: The role of Egr-1 and ERK signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:249-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Liu QF, Yu HW, Liu GN. Egr-1 upregulates OPN through direct binding to its promoter and OPN upregulates Egr-1 via the ERK pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:77-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Yang Z, Gagarin D, St Laurent G, Hammell N, Toma I, Hu CA, Iwasa A, McCaffrey TA. Cardiovascular inflammation and lesion cell apoptosis: a novel connection via the interferon-inducible immunoproteasome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1213-9. [PMID: 19443843 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.189407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation contributes to atherogenesis, and that acute inflammatory events cause plaque rupture, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. The present studies examined how inflammatory factors, such as interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), cause increased sensitivity to apoptosis in vascular lesion cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells from the fibrous cap of human atherosclerotic lesions were sensitized by interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) to Fas-induced apoptosis, in a Bcl-X(L) reversible manner. Microarray profiling identified 72 INFgamma-induced transcripts with potential relevance to apoptosis. Half could be excluded because they were induced by IRF-1 overexpression, which did not sensitize to apoptosis. IFNgamma treatment strongly reduced Mcl-1, phospho-Bcl-2 (ser70), and phospho-Bcl-X(L) (ser62) protein levels. Candidate transcripts were modulated by siRNA, overexpression, or inhibitors to assess the effect on IFNgamma-induced Fas sensitivity. Surprisingly, siRNA knockdown of PSMB8 (LMP7), an "immunoproteasome" component, reversed IFNgamma-induced sensitivity to Fas ligation and prevented Fas/IFNgamma-induced degradation of Mcl-1, but did not protect p-Bcl-2 or p-Bcl-X(L). Proteasome inhibition markedly increased Mcl-1, p-Bcl-2, and p-Bcl-X(L) levels after IFNgamma treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although critical for antigen presentation, the immunoproteasome appears to be a key link between inflammatory factors and the control of vascular cell apoptosis and may thus be an important factor in plaque rupture and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Yang
- The George Washington Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 541, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Lamon BD, Summers BD, Gotto AM, Hajjar DP. Pitavastatin suppresses mitogen activated protein kinase-mediated Erg-1 induction in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:72-6. [PMID: 19374880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been demonstrated to elicit a broad range of cellular events resulting in an attenuation of the inflammatory response and enhanced protection to the components of the vessel wall. The present study was designed to examine the effect of pitavastatin on pathways associated with the proinflammatory gene, early growth response (Egr)-1, in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Pretreatment with pitavastatin resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in Egr-1 protein and suppressed Egr-1 mRNA expression in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). A reduction in Egr-1 expression reduced the activation of NGFI-A binding protein (NAB)-2, an Egr-1-dependent gene. Furthermore, these events appeared to be dependent on the ability of pitavastatin to attenuate signaling cascades associated with extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but not p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lamon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center of Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Sato S, Kawamura H, Takemoto M, Maezawa Y, Fujimoto M, Shimoyama T, Koshizaka M, Tsurutani Y, Watanabe A, Ueda S, Halevi K, Saito Y, Yokote K. Halofuginone prevents extracellular matrix deposition in diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:411-6. [PMID: 19114027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to promote the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the development of diabetic nephropathy. Halofuginone, an analog of febrifugine, has been shown to block TGF-beta(1) signaling and subsequent type I collagen production. Here, the inhibitory effect of halofuginone on diabetic nephropathy was examined. Halofuginone suppressed Smad2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-beta(1) in cultured mesangial cells. In addition, the expression of TGF-beta type 2 receptor decreased by halofuginone. Halofuginone showed an inhibitory effect on type I collagen and fibronectin expression promoted by TGF-beta(1). An in vivo experiment using db/db mice confirmed the ability of halofuginone to suppress mesangial expansion and fibronectin overexpression in the kidneys. Moreover, an analysis of urinary 8-OHdG level and dihydroethidium fluorescence revealed that halofuginone reduced oxidative stress in the glomerulus of db/db mice. These data indicate that halofuginone prevents ECM deposition and decreases oxidative stress, thereby suppressing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Sato
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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21
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22
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Fermentable metabolite of Zymomonas mobilis controls collagen reduction in photoaging skin by improving TGF-β/Smad signaling suppression. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 300 Suppl 1:S57-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Pan Q, Luo X, Chegini N. Genomic and proteomic profiling I: leiomyomas in African Americans and Caucasians. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:34. [PMID: 17716379 PMCID: PMC2063502 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations indicate that leiomyomas occur more frequently in African Americans compared to other ethnic groups with unknown etiology. To identify the molecular basis for the difference we compared leiomyomas form A. Americans with Caucasians using genomic and proteomic strategies. METHODS Microarray, realtime PCR, 2D-PAGE, mass spectrometry, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Using Affymetrix U133A array and analysis based on P ranking (P < 0.01) 1470 genes were identified as differentially expressed in leiomyomas compared to myometrium regardless of ethnicity. Of these, 268 genes were either over-expressed (177 genes) or under-expressed (91 genes) based on P < 0.01 followed by 2-fold cutoff selection in leiomyomas of A. Americans as compared to Caucasians. Among them, the expression E2F1, RUNX3, EGR3, TBPIP, ECM2, ESM1, THBS1, GAS1, ADAM17, CST6, CST7, FBLN5, ICAM2, EDN1 and COL18 was validated using realtime PCR low-density arrays. 2D PAGE coupled with image analysis identified 332 protein spots of which the density/volume of 31 varied by greater than or equal to 1.5 fold in leiomyomas as compared to myometrium. The density/volume of 34 protein-spots varied by greater than or equal to 1.5 fold (26 increased and 8 decreased) in leiomyomas of A. Americans as compared to Caucasians. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of 15 protein spots identified several proteins whose transcripts were also identified by microarray, including 14-3-3 beta and mimecan, whose expression was confirmed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION These findings imply that the level rather than the ethnic-specific expression of a number of genes and proteins may account for the difference between leiomyomas and possibly myometrium, in A. Americans and Caucasians. Further study using larger sample size is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Nasser Chegini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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24
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Fahmy RG, Khachigian LM. Suppression of growth factor expression and human vascular smooth muscle cell growth by small interfering RNA targeting EGR-1. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1526-35. [PMID: 17171647 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration are key processes that occur in the reparative response to injury after percutaneous coronary intervention and in failed bypass grafts for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we generated novel synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules targeting the coding region of human early growth response-1 (EGR-1) mRNA that attenuate the expression of EGR-1 and that of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). These agents suppressed SMC proliferation in a dose-dependent and non-toxic manner and blocked SMC regrowth from the wound edge following mechanical injury in vitro. In contrast, the scrambled counterpart did not inhibit SMC proliferation, EGR-1 protein expression or SMC regrowth after injury. These findings demonstrate that EGR-1 siRNA can serve as inhibitors of SMC proliferation and wound repair suggesting that these agents may potentially be useful in the control of vascular proliferative disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/physiopathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Fahmy
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Nier B, Weinberg PD, Rimbach G, Stöcklin E, Barella L. Differential gene expression in skeletal muscle of rats with vitamin E deficiency. IUBMB Life 2007; 58:540-8. [PMID: 17002982 DOI: 10.1080/15216540600871100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E (VE) deficiency is accompanied by myopathy in various animal species including man. Although gene expression profiles related to degenerative and regenerative processes in different kinds of myopathies have been studied, no global expression profile for skeletal muscle subject to VE deficiency has previously been reported. In the present study, Affymetrix GeneChip technology was used to obtain such a profile. Two groups of male rats were fed with either a diet deficient in VE or a control diet. Differential gene expression was monitored at five time-points over 430 days, with all animals individually profiled. Out of approximately 7000 genes represented on the Genechip, 56 were found to be up-regulated in response to VE deficiency in at least four consecutive time-points from as early as 91 days of deficiency. Up-regulated genes included muscle structure and extra cellular matrix genes, as well as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic genes. Our data show that molecular transcription might provide a very early marker to detect oncoming degenerative conditions in VE deficiency. They provide further insight into possible molecular mechanisms underlying VE deficiency in skeletal muscle, and reveal the activation of an intensive protection program that can explain the long maintenance of muscle structure during deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Nier
- Physiological Flow Studies Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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26
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Yan SF, Harja E, Andrassy M, Fujita T, Schmidt AM. Protein kinase C beta/early growth response-1 pathway: a key player in ischemia, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:A47-55. [PMID: 17084284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, restenosis, and the consequences of ischemia are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elucidation of key contributing pathways in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and restenosis consequent to vascular injury may lead to great interest in determining if blocking these pathways could prevent vascular disease in human subjects. This review details the evidence that the protein kinase C (PKC) beta/early growth response-1 axis plays a central role in the response to both acute and chronic vascular stresses in animal models and also indicates the clinical implications of a specific inhibitor of PKCbeta, ruboxistaurin (LY333531).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Yan
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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27
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Adhikari N, Charles N, Lehmann U, Hall JL. Transcription factor and kinase-mediated signaling in atherosclerosis and vascular injury. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:252-60. [PMID: 16640963 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular signaling pathways regulating the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis or remodeling in response to injury has begun to cross the boundaries from regulation of well-described canonical pathways to the interplay between these pathways. The focus of this review is to summarize our current understanding of a finite group of transcription factors and kinases involved in vascular injury and atherosclerosis, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1), activator protein-1 (AP-1), hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), homeobox, and T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (Tcf-Lef), as well as the kinases janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), protein kinase C (PKC), p38, Rho, ERK5, JNK, p44/p42, and phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Adhikari
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 508, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
The immediate-early gene product and zinc finger transcription factor early growth response (Egr)-1 plays a key master regulatory role in multiple cardiovascular pathological processes. This article reviews the amazing recent evidence implicating Egr-1 in atherosclerosis, intimal thickening after acute vascular injury, ischemic pathology, angiogenesis, allograft rejection, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Centre for Vascular Research, Department of Pathology, The University of New South Wales, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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29
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Cho SJ, Kang MJ, Homer RJ, Kang HR, Zhang X, Lee PJ, Elias JA, Lee CG. Role of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in interleukin-13-induced inflammation and remodeling. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8161-8. [PMID: 16439363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506770200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-13 is an important stimulator of inflammation and tissue remodeling at sites of Th2 inflammation, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a variety of human disorders. We hypothesized that the ubiquitous transcription factor, early growth response-1 (Egr-1), plays a key role in IL-13-induced tissue responses. To test this hypothesis we compared the expression of Egr-1 and related moieties in lungs from wild type mice and transgenic mice in which IL-13 was overexpressed in a lung-specific fashion. We simultaneously characterized the effects of a null mutation of Egr-1 on the tissue effects of transgenic IL-13. These studies demonstrate that IL-13 stimulates Egr-1 via an Erk1/2-independent Stat6-dependent pathway(s). They also demonstrate that IL-13 is a potent stimulator of eosinophil- and mononuclear cell-rich inflammation, alveolar remodeling, and tissue fibrosis in mice with wild type Egr-1 loci and that these alterations are ameliorated in the absence of Egr-1. Lastly, they provide insights into the mechanisms of these processes by demonstrating that IL-13 stimulates select CC and CXC chemokines (MIP-1alpha/CCL-3, MIP-1beta/CCL-4, MIP-2/CXCL2/3, MCP-1/CCL-2, MCP-2/CCL-8, MCP-3/CCL-7, MCP-5/CCL-12, KC/CXCL-1, and Lix/CXCL-5), matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and apoptosis regulators (caspase-3, -6, -8, and -9 and Bax) and activates transforming growth factor-beta1 and pulmonary caspases via Egr-1-dependent pathways. These studies demonstrate that Egr-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced inflammatory and remodeling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Cho
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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ROSS JEFFREYS, STAGLIANO NANCYE, DONOVAN MICHAELJ, BREITBART ROGERE, GINSBURG GEOFFREYS. Atherosclerosis and Cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Fujita K, Komatsu K, Tanaka K, Ohshima S, Asami Y, Murata E, Akita M. An in vitro model for studying vascular injury after laser microdissection. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 125:509-14. [PMID: 16292658 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro model for studying vascular injury. After 7-10 days in a three-dimensional collagen gel culture, capillary-like tubes were formed in the collagen gels. We injured these capillary-like tubes with a laser microdissection system or a scrape method with razors and then examined the collagen gel culture by phase contrast and electron microscopy. After laser injury, profuse necrotic cells were observed around the injured capillary-like tubes and within the tubular lumen compared to the razor injury. We then isolated total RNA from these cultures and prepared cDNA for investigations by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Quantitative real time RT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) after both laser and razor injury, accompanied by the up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), a proangiogenic factor downstream of Egr-1. The effective laser energy is concentrated on the minute focal spot only. These methods provide a useful in vitro model for studying vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fujita
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical School, 38 Moroyama, Iruma-gun, 350-0495, Saitama, Japan.
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Daugherty A, Webb NR, Rateri DL, King VL. Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Cytokine regulation of macrophage functions in atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1812-22. [PMID: 15995168 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r500009-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on the role of cytokines in the behavior of macrophages, a prominent cell type of atherosclerotic lesions. Once these macrophages have immigrated into the vessel wall, they propagate the development of atherosclerosis by modifying lipoproteins, accumulating intracellular lipids, remodeling the extracellular environment, and promoting local coagulation. The numerous cytokines that have been detected in atherosclerosis, combined with the expression of large numbers of cytokine receptors on macrophages, are consistent with this axis being an important contributor to lesion development. Given the vast literature on cytokine-macrophage interactions, this review will be selective, with an emphasis on the major cytokines that have been detected in atherosclerotic lesions and their effects on properties that are relevant to lesion formation and maturation. There will be an emphasis on the role of cytokines in regulating lipid metabolism by macrophages. We will provide an overview of the major findings in cell culture and then put these in the context of in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Luo X, Ding L, Xu J, Chegini N. Gene expression profiling of leiomyoma and myometrial smooth muscle cells in response to transforming growth factor-beta. Endocrinology 2005; 146:1097-118. [PMID: 15604209 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of the TGF-beta system is recognized to play a central role in various fibrotic disorders, including leiomyoma. In this study we performed microarray analysis to characterize the gene expression profile of leiomyoma and matched myometrial smooth muscle cells (LSMC and MSMC, respectively) in response to the time-dependent action of TGF-beta and, after pretreatment with TGF-beta type II receptor (TGF-beta RII) antisense oligomer-blocking/reducing TGF-beta autocrine/paracrine actions. Unsupervised and supervised assessments of the gene expression values with a false discovery rate selected at P < or = 0.001 identified 310 genes as differentially expressed and regulated in LSMC and MSMC in a cell- and time-dependent manner by TGF-beta. Pretreatment with TGF-beta RII antisense resulted in changes in the expression of many of the 310 genes regulated by TGF-beta, with 54 genes displaying a response to TGF-beta treatment. Comparative analysis of the gene expression profile in TGF-beta RII antisense- and GnRH analog-treated cells indicated that these treatments target the expression of 222 genes in a cell-specific manner. Gene ontology assigned these genes functions as cell cycle regulators, transcription factors, signal transducers, tissue turnover, and apoptosis. We validated the expression and TGF-beta time-dependent regulation of IL-11, TGF-beta-induced factor, TGF-beta-inducible early gene response, early growth response 3, CITED2 (cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail), Nur77, Runx1, Runx2, p27, p57, growth arrest-specific 1, and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 in LSMC and MSMC using real-time PCR. Together, the results provide the first comprehensive assessment of the LSMC and MSMC molecular environment targeted by autocrine/paracrine action of TGF-beta, highlighting potential involvement of specific genes whose products may influence the outcome of leiomyoma growth and fibrotic characteristics by regulating inflammatory response, cell growth, apoptosis, and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Box 100294, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Seth A, Catzavelos C, Vary C, Ascione R. ETS transcription factors and targets in tumour invasion, angiogenesis and bone metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:87-107. [PMID: 15992169 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.5.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ETS gene family encodes unique transcription regulators that have a common ETS DNA binding domain. At least 25 distinct ETS related genes have been isolated from various species. The ETS family transcription factors are known to regulate genetic programs essential for differentiation and development processes and play diverse roles in a number of biological processes such as organogenesis and tissue remodelling during murine development, hematopoiesis, B-cell development, activation of T-cells and signal transduction, as well as osteogenesis, osteoblast differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. Based on the observation of overexpression of ETS related genes in various primary and metastatic tumors, their utility as potential therapeutic targets has been suggested. Antisense oligonucleotides, transdominant, and dominant-negative mutants have been exploited to target and inhibit ETS gene expression selectively. These ETS-targeted studies are being pursued to assess their antitumour effect, and hold the potential that such specific ETS-targeted inhibitors may become a viable option for cancer therapy. Collectively, these studies also demonstrate that Ets factors can regulate multiple aspects of the malignant phenotype of many tumor cells in particular neoangiogenesis and extracellular matrix-regulated (ECM-regulated) cell proliferation, motility and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seth
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Quan T, He T, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Solar ultraviolet irradiation reduces collagen in photoaged human skin by blocking transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor/Smad signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:741-51. [PMID: 15331399 PMCID: PMC1618600 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun reduces production of type I procollagen (COLI), the major structural protein in human skin. This reduction is a key feature of the pathophysiology of premature skin aging (photoaging). Photoaging is the most common form of skin damage and is associated with skin carcinoma. TGF-beta/Smad pathway is the major regulator of type I procollagen synthesis in human skin. We have previously reported that UV irradiation impairs transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)/Smad signaling in mink lung epithelial cells. We have investigated the mechanism of UV irradiation impairment of the TGF-beta/Smad pathway and the impact of this impairment on type I procollagen production in human skin fibroblasts, the major collagen-producing cells in skin. We report here that UV irradiation impairs TGF-beta/Smad pathway in human skin by down-regulation of TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII). This loss of TbetaRII occurs within 8 hours after UV irradiation and precedes down-regulation of type I procollagen expression in human skin in vivo. In human skin fibroblasts, UV-induced TbetaRII down-regulation is mediated by transcriptional repression and results in 90% reduction of specific, cell-surface binding of TGF-beta. This loss of TbetaRII prevents downstream activation of Smad2/3 by TGF-beta, thereby reducing expression of type I procollagen. Preventing loss of TbetaRII by overexpression protects against UV inhibition of type I procollagen gene expression in human skin fibroblasts. UV-induced down-regulation of TbetaRII, with attendant reduction of type I procollagen production, is a critical molecular mechanism in the pathophysiology of photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihao Quan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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36
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Lee CG, Cho SJ, Kang MJ, Chapoval SP, Lee PJ, Noble PW, Yehualaeshet T, Lu B, Flavell RA, Milbrandt J, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Early growth response gene 1-mediated apoptosis is essential for transforming growth factor beta1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:377-89. [PMID: 15289506 PMCID: PMC2211975 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and apoptosis are juxtaposed in pulmonary disorders such as asthma and the interstitial diseases, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these responses. However, the in vivo effector functions of TGF-β1 in the lung and its roles in the pathogenesis of these responses are not completely understood. In addition, the relationships between apoptosis and other TGF-β1–induced responses have not been defined. To address these issues, we targeted bioactive TGF-β1 to the murine lung using a novel externally regulatable, triple transgenic system. TGF-β1 produced a transient wave of epithelial apoptosis that was followed by mononuclear-rich inflammation, tissue fibrosis, myofibroblast and myocyte hyperplasia, and septal rupture with honeycombing. Studies of these mice highlighted the reversibility of this fibrotic response. They also demonstrated that a null mutation of early growth response gene (Egr)-1 or caspase inhibition blocked TGF-β1–induced apoptosis. Interestingly, both interventions markedly ameliorated TGF-β1–induced fibrosis and alveolar remodeling. These studies illustrate the complex effects of TGF-β1 in vivo and define the critical role of Egr-1 in the TGF-β1 phenotype. They also demonstrate that Egr-1–mediated apoptosis is a prerequisite for TGF-β1–induced fibrosis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., 441c TAC, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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37
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38
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Mulvihill ER, Jaeger J, Sengupta R, Ruzzo WL, Reimer C, Lukito S, Schwartz SM. Atherosclerotic Plaque Smooth Muscle Cells Have a Distinct Phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1283-9. [PMID: 15142862 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000132401.12275.0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
The present study addresses the question, “Are plaque smooth muscles cells (SMCs) genetically distinct from medial SMCs as reflected by the ability to maintain a distinctive expression phenotype in vitro?”
Methods and Results—
Multiple cell strains were developed from carotid endarcterectomy specimens, and quadruplicate array hybridizations were completed for each sample. A new normalization protocol was developed and used to analyze the data. Permutation analysis suggests that most of the significant differences in expression could not have occurred by chance. A broad pattern of significant expression differences, consisting of almost 5% of the genes probed, was detected. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) confirmation was found in 70% of a subset of genes selected for validation.
Conclusions—
The SMC cultures were nearly indistinguishable by morphological features, population doubling time, and sensitivity to cell death induced by Fas cross-linking. Surprisingly, array expression analysis identified differences so extensive that we conclude that plaque and medial SMCs are distinctly different SMC cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen R Mulvihill
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357335, Seattle, Wash 98195-7335, USA.
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39
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Abdel-Latif MMM, Windle HJ, Fitzgerald KA, Ang YS, Eidhin DN, Li-Weber M, Sabra K, Kelleher D. Helicobacter pylori activates the early growth response 1 protein in gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3549-60. [PMID: 15155664 PMCID: PMC415651 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3549-3560.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The early growth response 1 (Egr-1) transcription factor is rapidly induced by various stimuli and is implicated in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and gene expression. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Helicobacter pylori on the expression of Egr-1 and Egr-1-regulated genes in gastric epithelial AGS cells. Egr-1 expression was assayed by immunoblotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays using H. pylori-stimulated AGS cells. Transient transfection experiments with promoter-reporter constructs of CD44, ICAM-1, and CD95L were used for expression studies. H. pylori induced the expression of Egr-1 in gastric epithelial cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with the rapid kinetics that are typical of this class of transcription factors. Immunohistochemical studies of biopsies revealed that Egr-1 expression is more abundant in H. pylori-positive patients than in uninfected individuals. Reporter-promoter transfection studies indicated that Egr-1 binding is required for the H. pylori-induced transcriptional promoter activity of the CD44, ICAM-1, and CD95L (APO-1/Fas) constructs. The blocking of egr-1 with an antisense sequence prevented H. pylori-induced Egr-1 and CD44 protein expression. The MEK1/2 signaling cascade participates in H. pylori-mediated Egr-1 expression, but the p38 pathway does not. The data indicate that H. pylori induces Egr-1 expression in AGS cells in vitro and that the Egr-1 protein is readily detectable in biopsies from H. pylori-positive subjects. These observations suggest that H. pylori-associated Egr-1 expression may play a role, in part, in H. pylori-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M M Abdel-Latif
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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40
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Abstract
Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) regulates expression of proinflammatory and procoagulant genes in acute cell stress. Experimental evidence suggested that Egr-1 transcripts were upregulated in human atherosclerotic plaques versus adjacent unaffected tissue. To test the impact of Egr-1 in chronic vascular stress, we examined its role in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Real-time PCR analysis of aortae retrieved from apoE
−/−
mice demonstrated increased Egr-1 transcripts in an age-dependent manner, compared with aortae retrieved from C57BL/6 control animals. Therefore, homozygous Egr-1
−/−
mice were bred into the apoE
−/−
background. Homozygous double-knockout mice (Egr-1
−/−
/apoE
−/−
) in the C57BL/6 background were maintained on normal chow diet. At age 14 and 24 weeks, atherosclerotic lesion area and complexity at the aortic root were strikingly decreased in mice deficient in both Egr-1 and apoE compared with mice deficient in apoE alone. In parallel, transcripts for genes regulating the inflammatory/prothrombotic response were diminished in Egr-1
−/−
/apoE
−/−
aortae versus apoE
−/−
. In vitro, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), a key factor inciting atherogenic mechanisms in the vasculature, upregulated Egr-1 expression in monocytes via the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. We conclude that Egr-1 broadly regulates expression of molecules critically linked to atherogenesis and lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evis Harja
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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41
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Zhang J, Wang S, Wesley RA, Danner RL. Adjacent sequence controls the response polarity of nitric oxide-sensitive Sp factor binding sites. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29192-200. [PMID: 12759366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO*) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitors up-regulate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by decreasing Sp1 binding to a proximal GC box element. Here, elements flanking GC boxes were tested for their role in determining whether Sp sites act as activators or repressors. Promoter studies in receptive human cell lines demonstrated that NO* down-regulated endothelial NO* synthase (eNOS) but up-regulated TNFalpha. Like TNFalpha, Sp1 binding to the eNOS promoter was decreased by NO* and a PKA inhibitor, H89, and increased by a PKA activator, dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP). For either promoter, mutation of Sp sites abolished NO* responses. In contrast, mutation of an upstream AP1 site in the TNFalpha promoter (not present in eNOS) maintained NO* responsiveness, but reversed the direction of NO* and cAMP effects. Using artificial constructs, NO* increased transcription when Sp and AP1 sites were both present (TNFalpha-like response), but decreased it when the adjacent AP1 site was disrupted (eNOS-like response). NO*, H89, and Bt2cAMP were found to produce reciprocal protein binding changes at contiguous AP1 and Sp sites (p < 0.0001 for an interaction). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Sp1 and to a lesser extent Sp3 bound to the GC box regions of eNOS and TNFalpha in intact cells. Thus, this NO*- and cAMP-responsive regulatory module has a Sp site sensor variably coupled to an adjacent element that determines response polarity. These results define a composite element that can utilize secondary inputs to convert off signals to on, thereby conferring complex functionalities to the same DNA binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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42
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Tan L, Peng H, Osaki M, Choy BK, Auron PE, Sandell LJ, Goldring MB. Egr-1 mediates transcriptional repression of COL2A1 promoter activity by interleukin-1beta. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17688-700. [PMID: 12637574 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301676200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following induction and activation of the early growth response (Egr)-1 transcription factor in human chondrocytes, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) suppresses the expression of the type II collagen gene (COL2A1), associated with induction of Egr-1 binding activity in nuclear extracts. The COL2A1 proximal promoter contains overlapping binding sites for Egr-1 and Sp1 family members at -119/-112 bp and -81/-74 bp. Mutations that block binding of Sp1 and Sp3 to either site markedly reduce constitutive expression of the core promoter. IL-1beta-induced Egr-1 binds strongly to the -119/-112 bp site, and mutations that block Egr-1 binding prevent inhibition by IL-1beta. Cotransfection with pCMV-Egr1 potentiates the inhibition of COL2A1 promoter activity by IL-1beta, whereas overexpression of dominant-negative Egr-1 mutant, Wilm's tumor-1 (WT1)/Egr1, Sp1, or Sp3 reverses the inhibition by IL-1beta. Cotransfection of pGL2-COL2/Gal4, in which we substituted the critical residue for Egr-1 binding with a Gal4 binding domain and a pCMV-Gal4-Egr1 chimera permits an inhibitory response to IL-1beta that is reversed by overexpression of Gal4-CBP. Our results indicate that IL-1beta-induced activation of Egr-1 binding is required for inhibition of COL2A1 proximal promoter activity and suggest that Egr-1 acts as a repressor of a constitutively expressed collagen gene by preventing interactions between Sp1 and the general transcriptional machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujian Tan
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and New England Baptist Bone & Joint Institute, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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43
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Bea F, Puolakkainen MH, McMillen T, Hudson FN, Mackman N, Kuo CC, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME. Chlamydia pneumoniae induces tissue factor expression in mouse macrophages via activation of Egr-1 and the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Circ Res 2003; 92:394-401. [PMID: 12600889 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000059982.43865.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (C pneumoniae) may contribute to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis and is associated with acute coronary events. Tissue factor (TF), a potent prothrombotic molecule, is expressed by macrophages and other cell types within atherosclerotic lesions and plays an essential role in thrombus formation after plaque rupture. Therefore the effects of C pneumoniae on induction of TF expression in macrophages were investigated. Infection of RAW mouse macrophages with C pneumoniae induced a time-dependent increase in procoagulant activity, expression of TF protein, and TF mRNA. C pneumoniae infection stimulated increased binding of nuclear proteins to the consensus DNA sequence for Egr-1, a key response element within the TF promoter, and increased the expression of Egr-1 protein. Transient transfections of RAW cells with mutated TF promoter constructs showed that the Egr-1 binding region is an important transcriptional regulator of C pneumoniae-induced TF expression. Furthermore, C pneumoniae-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1 and pharmacological inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity reduced the expression of TF and Egr-1. Antibody and polymyxin B blocking of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) partially reduced the C pneumoniae-induced expression of TF and Egr-1. In conclusion, the C pneumoniae-induced increase in TF expression in macrophages is mediated in part by Egr-1, signaling through TLR4, and activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bea
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash 98195, USA
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44
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Pedram A, Razandi M, Aitkenhead M, Hughes CCW, Levin ER. Integration of the non-genomic and genomic actions of estrogen. Membrane-initiated signaling by steroid to transcription and cell biology. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50768-75. [PMID: 12372818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210106200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen binds to receptors that translocate to the plasma membrane and to the nucleus. The rapid, non-genomic actions of this sex steroid are attributed to membrane action, while gene transcription occurs through nuclear receptor function. However, gene transcription can also result from estrogen signaling initiated at the membrane, but the relative importance of this mechanism is not known. In vascular endothelial cells (EC), estradiol (E(2)) activates several kinase cascades, including phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3K)/Akt, a signaling pathway that impacts EC biology. We determined here by DNA microarray that 40-min exposure to E(2) significantly increased 250 genes in EC, up-regulation that was substantially prevented by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. This coincided with maximum E(2)-induced PI3K activity at 15-30 min. An important vascular gene strongly up-regulated by E(2) in our array produces cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). In cultured EC, E(2) induced both Cox-2 gene expression and new Cox-2 protein synthesis by 40 and 60 min, respectively, and rapidly stimulated the secretion of prostaglandins PGI(2) and PGE(2). The up-regulation of gene expression reflected transcriptional transactivation, shown using Cox-2 promoter/luciferase reporters in the EC. Soluble inhibitors or dominant negative constructs for PI3K and Akt prevented all these actions of E(2). Functionally, EC migration was induced by the sex steroid, and this was significantly reversed by NS-398, a Cox-2 inhibitor. Gene transcription and cell biological effects of estrogen emanate from rapid and specific signaling, integrating cell surface and nuclear actions of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pedram
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90822, USA
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45
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Wilder PJ, Bernadt CT, Kim JH, Rizzino A. Stimulation of the murine type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor promoter by the transcription factor Egr-1. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 63:282-90. [PMID: 12237943 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells leads to the appearance of high affinity receptors for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Subsequently, it was demonstrated that differentiation of F9 EC cells leads to increases in the transcription of the type II TGF-beta-receptor gene (TbetaR-II) and leads to significant increases in the steady-state levels of TbetaR-II mRNA. Analysis of the human TbetaR-II promoter in F9-differentiated cells identified several cis-regulatory elements that influence the activity of the promoter, including a CRE/ATF site and a CCAAT box motif. In the work described in this report, we focused on the effect of the transcription factor Egr-1 on the murine TbetaR-II promoter. We have identified an Egr-1 response-element approximately 150 bp upstream of the major transcription start site of the murine TbetaR-II gene. We demonstrate by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) that this cis-regulatory element binds Egr-1, and we demonstrate that disruption of this site eliminates the response to Egr-1. As part of this analysis, we also examined the effect of Egr-1 on human TbetaR-II promoter. In contrast to a previous report, which reported that Egr-1 inhibits expression of human TbetaR-II promoter/reporter gene constructs, we did not observe an inhibitory effect of Egr-1 that was specific for the human TbetaR-II promoter. Taken together, the findings described in this report identify important differences between the human and the murine TbetaR-II promoter, and our findings identify an Egr-1 cis-regulatory element that is capable of stimulating the activity of the murine TbetaR-II promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Wilder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA
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46
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Chang W, Parra M, Ji C, Liu Y, Eickelberg O, McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor expression in osteoblasts. Gene 2002; 299:65-77. [PMID: 12459253 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)01013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Variations in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activity depend on the expression of specific receptors in normal as well as transformed cells. For example, in addition to mutations in TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII) that abrogate normal TGF-beta function, its expression decreases during the transition from replication to extracellular matrix production, or in response to other growth regulators in bone. Therefore, to understand how TbetaRII expression is controlled, we cloned the rat TbetaRII gene promoter and defined basic aspects of its structure and activity. Among several cis-acting elements, mutations within an upstream E-box that specifically binds USF nuclear factors or a downstream Sp1 binding site significantly reduced TbetaRII promoter activity in primary cultures of fetal rat osteoblasts. Treatment with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), which induces further osteoblast differentiation, significantly reduced cell surface TbetaRII. However, BMP-2 did not alter TbetaRII promoter activity, steady state TbetaRII mRNA, or total TbetaRII protein, but caused an intracellular relocation of TbetaRII. Select transcriptional elements thus regulate TbetaRII gene expression, whereas post-translational events controlled by BMP-2 rapidly modify the amount of TbetaRII protein on the bone cell surface. Consequently, several processes can alter functional TbetaRII levels in order to regulate the biological effects of this important growth factor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Parietal Bone
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/drug effects
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Upstream Stimulatory Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Chang
- Department of Surgery (Plastic Surgery Section), Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA
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47
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Amendt C, Mann A, Schirmacher P, Blessing M. Resistance of keratinocytes to TGFβ-mediated growth restriction and apoptosis induction accelerates re-epithelialization in skin wounds. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:2189-98. [PMID: 11973359 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.10.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic growth factor TGFβ plays an important role in regulating responses to skin injury. TGFβ targets many different cell types and is involved in all aspects of wound healing entailing inflammation,re-epithelialization, matrix formation and remodeling. To elucidate the role of TGFβ signal transduction in keratinocytes during cutaneous wound healing, we have used transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative type II TGFβ receptor exclusively in keratinocytes. We could demonstrate that this loss of TGFβ signaling in keratinocytes led to an accelerated re-epithelialization of full thickness excisional wounds accompanied by an increased proliferation in keratinocytes at the wound edge. Furthermore, we show that impaired TGFβ signaling in keratinocytes reduces apoptosis in re-epithelialized wounds of transgenic animals.
A cDNA array identified the transcription factor early growth response factor 1 (Egr1) as a target gene for TGFβ in late phases of the wound healing process. As a member of the immediate-early gene family, Egr1 is upregulated shortly after injury and induces the expression of growth factor genes. We could demonstrate that Egr1 expression is also upregulated in skin wounds which have already undergone re-epithelialization. In conclusion, we attribute the enhanced re-epithelialization in our transgenics to the resistance of keratinocytes to TGFβ-mediated growth restriction and apoptosis induction. We also propose a new role for TGFβ induced Egr1 in late phase wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Amendt
- I. Medical Department, Section Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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48
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Grose R, Harris BS, Cooper L, Topilko P, Martin P. Immediate early genes krox-24 and krox-20 are rapidly up-regulated after wounding in the embryonic and adult mouse. Dev Dyn 2002; 223:371-8. [PMID: 11891986 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos show a remarkable capacity for perfect repair after injury. Wounding of embryonic skin triggers rapid activation of epithelial sweeping and mesenchymal contraction tissue movements that bear striking analogy to several naturally occurring morphogenetic tissue movements, but very little is known about the early molecular signals that might initiate such movements. Here, we describe the rapid and transient up-regulation of two immediate early genes, krox-24 and krox-20, after wounding of the embryonic mouse. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these signals are conserved, but of longer duration, in the neonate and adult wound situation. To further test the roles of these transcription factors in vivo, we performed wound healing studies on embryos lacking either Krox-24 or 20. Despite the dramatic up-regulation of these genes in response to injury, our studies reveal that neither of them on their own is essential for repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Grose
- Institute of Cell Biology, HPM D25, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Fahmy RG, Khachigian LM. Antisense Egr-1 RNA driven by the CMV promoter is an inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and regrowth after injury. J Cell Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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