1
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Filippone RT, Dargahi N, Eri R, Uranga JA, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Potent CCR3 Receptor Antagonist, SB328437, Suppresses Colonic Eosinophil Chemotaxis and Inflammation in the Winnie Murine Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147780. [PMID: 35887133 PMCID: PMC9317166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils and their regulatory molecules have been associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal dysfunctions; eosinophil accumulation in the gut is prominent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The chemokine receptor CCR3 plays a pivotal role in local and systemic recruitment and activation of eosinophils. In this study, we targeted CCR3-ligand interactions with a potent CCR3 receptor antagonist, SB328437, to alleviate eosinophil-associated immunological responses in the Winnie model of spontaneous chronic colitis. Winnie and C57BL/6 mice were treated with SB328437 or vehicle. Clinical and histopathological parameters of chronic colitis were assessed. Flow cytometry was performed to discern changes in colonic, splenic, circulatory, and bone marrow-derived leukocytes. Changes to the serum levels of eosinophil-associated chemokines and cytokines were measured using BioPlex. Inhibition of CCR3 receptors with SB328437 attenuated disease activity and gross morphological damage to the inflamed intestines and reduced eosinophils and their regulatory molecules in the inflamed colon and circulation. SB328437 had no effect on eosinophils and their progenitor cells in the spleen and bone marrow. This study demonstrates that targeting eosinophils via the CCR3 axis has anti-inflammatory effects in the inflamed intestine, and also contributes to understanding the role of eosinophils as potential end-point targets for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon T. Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (R.T.F.); (N.D.); (K.N.)
| | - Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (R.T.F.); (N.D.); (K.N.)
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Jose A. Uranga
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (R.T.F.); (N.D.); (K.N.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (R.T.F.); (N.D.); (K.N.)
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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2
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The Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 2 Antagonist INCB3284 Reduces Fluid Requirements and Protects From Hemodynamic Decompensation During Resuscitation From Hemorrhagic Shock. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0701. [PMID: 35620770 PMCID: PMC9119637 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical correlations suggest that systemic chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 2 release may contribute to blood pressure regulation and the development of hemodynamic instability during the early inflammatory response to traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. Thus, we investigated whether blockade of the principal CCL2 receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR) 2 affects blood pressure in normal animals, and hemodynamics and resuscitation fluid requirements in hemorrhagic shock models.
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3
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Cosway EJ, White AJ, Parnell SM, Schweighoffer E, Jolin HE, Bacon A, Rodewald HR, Tybulewicz V, McKenzie ANJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Eosinophils are an essential element of a type 2 immune axis that controls thymus regeneration. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn3286. [PMID: 35275754 PMCID: PMC7612579 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions used for cancer treatment provoke thymus damage and limit the recovery of protective immunity. Here, we show that eosinophils are an essential part of an intrathymic type 2 immune network that enables thymus recovery after ablative therapy. Within hours of damage, the thymus undergoes CCR3-dependent colonization by peripheral eosinophils, which reestablishes the epithelial microenvironments that control thymopoiesis. Eosinophil regulation of thymus regeneration occurs via the concerted action of NKT cells that trigger CCL11 production via IL4 receptor signaling in thymic stroma, and ILC2 that represent an intrathymic source of IL5, a cytokine that therapeutically boosts thymus regeneration after damage. Collectively, our findings identify an intrathymic network composed of multiple innate immune cells that restores thymus function during reestablishment of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie J. Cosway
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea J. White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - W. E. Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Correspondence to: Professor Graham Anderson, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Floor 4 Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Tel: (44)1214146817.
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4
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GPR75: An exciting new target in metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Biochimie 2022; 195:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Blockade of Autocrine CCL5 Responses Inhibits Zika Virus Persistence and Spread in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. mBio 2021; 12:e0196221. [PMID: 34399621 PMCID: PMC8406327 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01962-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurovirulent flavivirus that uniquely causes fetal microcephaly, is sexually transmitted, and persists in patients for up to 6 months. ZIKV persistently infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enables viral spread to neuronal compartments. We found that CCL5, a chemokine with prosurvival effects on immune cells, was highly secreted by ZIKV-infected hBMECs. Although roles for CCL5 in endothelial cell (EC) survival remain unknown, the presence of the CCL5 receptors CCR3 and CCR5 on ECs suggested that CCL5 could promote ZIKV persistence in hBMECs. We found that exogenous CCL5 induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in hBMECs and that ERK1/2 cell survival signaling was similarly activated by ZIKV infection. Neutralizing antibodies to CCL5, CCR3, or CCR5 inhibited persistent ZIKV infection of hBMECs. While knockout (KO) of CCL5 failed to prevent ZIKV infection of hBMECs, at 3 days postinfection (dpi), we observed a >90% reduction in ZIKV-infected CCL5-KO hBMECs and a multilog reduction in ZIKV titers. In contrast, the addition of CCL5 to CCL5-KO hBMECs dose-dependently rescued ZIKV persistence in hBMECs. Inhibiting CCL5 responses using CCR3 (UCB35625) and CCR5 (maraviroc) receptor antagonists reduced the number of ZIKV-infected hBMECs and ZIKV titers (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s] of 2.5 to 12 μM), without cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] of >80 μM). These findings demonstrate that ZIKV-induced CCL5 directs autocrine CCR3/CCR5 activation of ERK1/2 survival responses that are required for ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs. Our results establish roles for CCL5 in ZIKV persistence and suggest the potential for CCL5 receptor antagonists to therapeutically inhibit ZIKV spread and neurovirulence.
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6
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Shah SA, Kanabar V, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Mohamed Z, Cleary SJ, Corrigan C, James AL, Elliot JG, Shute JK, Page CP, Pitchford SC. Platelets Independently Recruit into Asthmatic Lungs and Models of Allergic Inflammation via CCR3. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:557-568. [PMID: 33556295 PMCID: PMC8086046 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0425oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation and pulmonary recruitment occur in patients with asthma and in animal models of allergic asthma, in which leukocyte infiltration, airway remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness are suppressed by experimental platelet depletion. These observations suggest the importance of platelets to various characteristics of allergic disease, but the mechanisms of platelet migration and location are not understood. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanism of platelet recruitment to extravascular compartments of lungs from patients with asthma and after allergen challenge in mice sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) extract (contains the DerP1 [Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract peptidase 1] allergen); in addition, we assessed the role of chemokines in this process. Lung sections were immunohistochemically stained for CD42b+ platelets. Intravital microscopy in allergic mice was used to visualize platelets tagged with an anti-mouse CD49b-PE (phycoerythrin) antibody. Platelet-endothelial interactions were measured in response to HDM (DerP1) exposure in the presence of antagonists to CCR3, CCR4, and CXCR4. Extravascular CD42b+ platelets were detected in the epithelium and submucosa in bronchial biopsy specimens taken from subjects with steroid-naive mild asthma. Platelets were significantly raised in the lung parenchyma from patients with fatal asthma compared with postmortem control-lung tissue. Furthermore, in DerP1-sensitized mice, subsequent HDM exposure induced endothelial rolling, endothelial adhesion, and recruitment of platelets into airway walls, compared with sham-sensitized mice, via a CCR3-dependent mechanism in the absence of aggregation or interactions with leukocytes. Localization of singular, nonaggregated platelets occurs in lungs of patients with asthma. In allergic mice, platelet recruitment occurs via recognized vascular adhesive and migratory events, independently of leukocytes via a CCR3-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeel A Shah
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Varsha Kanabar
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Yanira Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Zainab Mohamed
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Simon J Cleary
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Christopher Corrigan
- MRC-Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, Guy's Hospital-King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - John G Elliot
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Janis K Shute
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
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7
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Khoury T, Rotnemer-Golinkin D, Zolotarev L, Ilan Y. Orally administered anti-eotaxin-1 monoclonal antibody is biologically active in the gut and alleviates immune-mediated hepatitis: A novel anti-inflammatory personalized therapeutic approach. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211021215. [PMID: 34275345 PMCID: PMC8287423 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211021215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized therapies are designed to optimize the safety-to-efficacy
ratio by selecting patients with higher response rates based on
specific biomarkers. Inflammation plays a vital role in the
pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a common liver
disorder. Eotaxin-1 plays a role in innate and adaptive immune
responses. High eotaxin-1 levels are associated with diabetes and
fatty liver disease and, therefore, serves as a biomarker for patient
selection. The anti-eotaxin-1 monoclonal antibody is tailored for the
personalized therapy of patients with inflammatory conditions due to
high levels of eotaxin-1. To evaluate the biological activity and
immunomodulatory effect of orally administered anti-eotaxin-1. C57B1/6
mice were treated with either oral or intra-peritoneal anti-eotaxin-1
antibody before induction of immune-mediated hepatitis using an
injection of concanavalin A (ConA) and checked for liver injury and
eotaxin-1 serum levels. Oral administration of anti-eotaxin-1
alleviated the immune-mediated liver injury. Serum alanine
aminotransferase levels decreased to 1807 U/L, compared with 19025 U/L
in untreated controls and 3657 U/L in mice treated with parenteral
anti-eotaxin-1 (P < 0.005). A trend toward reduced
serum eotaxin-1 levels was observed in treated mice, ranging from 594
pg/mL in the controls to 554 and 561 pg/mL in mice treated orally and
intraperitoneally (P = 0.08, P =
0.06, respectively). Oral administration of anti-eotaxin-1 antibody
shows biological activity in the gut and exerts a systemic
immunomodulatory effect to alleviate immune-mediated hepatitis. The
data suggest that testing for eotaxin-1 serum levels may enable
screening patients with high-eotaxin-1 levels-associated NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfik Khoury
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dory Rotnemer-Golinkin
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lidya Zolotarev
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Valent P, Degenfeld-Schonburg L, Sadovnik I, Horny HP, Arock M, Simon HU, Reiter A, Bochner BS. Eosinophils and eosinophil-associated disorders: immunological, clinical, and molecular complexity. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:423-438. [PMID: 34052871 PMCID: PMC8164832 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils and their mediators play a crucial role in various reactive states such as bacterial and viral infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, and certain hematologic malignancies. Depending on the underlying pathology, molecular defect(s), and the cytokine- and mediator-cascades involved, peripheral blood and tissue hypereosinophilia (HE) may develop and may lead to organ dysfunction or even organ damage which usually leads to the diagnosis of a HE syndrome (HES). In some of these patients, the etiology and impact of HE remain unclear. These patients are diagnosed with idiopathic HE. In other patients, HES is diagnosed but the etiology remains unknown — these patients are classified as idiopathic HES. For patients with HES, early therapeutic application of agents reducing eosinophil counts is usually effective in avoiding irreversible organ damage. Therefore, it is important to systematically explore various diagnostic markers and to correctly identify the disease elicitors and etiology. Depending on the presence and type of underlying disease, HES are classified into primary (clonal) HES, reactive HES, and idiopathic HES. In most of these patients, effective therapies can be administered. The current article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of eosinophil-associated disorders, with special emphasis on the molecular, immunological, and clinical complexity of HE and HES. In addition, diagnostic criteria and the classification of eosinophil disorders are reviewed in light of new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, 18-20 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lina Degenfeld-Schonburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, 18-20 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, 18-20 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Bekaert S, Rocks N, Vanwinge C, Noel A, Cataldo D. Asthma-related inflammation promotes lung metastasis of breast cancer cells through CCL11-CCR3 pathway. Respir Res 2021; 22:61. [PMID: 33608009 PMCID: PMC7893955 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms that preclude lung metastasis are still barely understood. The possible consequences of allergic airways inflammation on cancer dissemination were studied in a mouse model of breast cancer. METHODS Balb/c mice were immunized and daily exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) from day 21. They were subcutaneously injected with 4T1 mammary tumor cells on day 45 and sacrificed on day 67. Lung metastases were measured by biophotonic imaging (IVIS® 200 Imaging System) and histological measurement of tumor area (Cytomine software). Effects of CCL11 were assessed in vivo by intratracheal instillations of recCCL11 and in vitro using Boyden chambers. CCR3 expression on cell surface was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The extent of tumor metastases was significantly higher in lungs of OVA-exposed mice and increased levels of CCL11 expression were measured after OVA exposure. Migration of 4T1 cells and neutrophils was stimulated in vitro and in vivo by recCCL11. 4T1 cells and neutrophils express CCR3 as shown by flow cytometry and a selective CCR3 antagonist (SB-297006) inhibited the induction of 4T1 cells migration and proliferation in response to recCCL11. CONCLUSIONS Allergic inflammation generated by exposure to allergens triggers the implantation of metastatic cells from primary breast tumor into lung tissues plausibly in a CCL11-CCR3-dependent manner. This indicates that asthma related inflammation in lungs might be a risk factor for lung metastasis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bekaert
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer - University of Liege and CHU Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - N Rocks
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer - University of Liege and CHU Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - C Vanwinge
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer - University of Liege and CHU Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - A Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer - University of Liege and CHU Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - D Cataldo
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer - University of Liege and CHU Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium. .,University of Liege, Tower of Pathology (B23), 3rd Floor, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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10
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Ren G, Al-Jezani N, Railton P, Powell JN, Krawetz RJ. CCL22 induces pro-inflammatory changes in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. iScience 2020; 24:101943. [PMID: 33490888 PMCID: PMC7809191 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovitis is common in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and is associated with pain and disease progression. We have previously demonstrated that the chemokine C-C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22) induces chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro; however, the effects of CCL22 on the synovium remain unknown. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the effect of CCL22 on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). CCL22 treatment suppressed expression of IL-4 and IL-10 and promoted expression of S100A12 in FLS. The response of FLS to CCL22 was not dependent on the disease state of the joint (e.g., normal versus OA), but was instead correlated with the individuals' synovial fluid level of CCL22. CCL22 induction of S100A12 in FLS was attenuated after knockdown of CCR3, yet ligands of CCR3 (CCL7, CCL11) did not induce S100A12 expression. In the presence of CCL22, CCR3-positive FLS upregulate CCL22 and S100A12 driving a potential feedforward pro-inflammatory mechanism distinct from canonical CCL22 and CCR3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Ren
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nedaa Al-Jezani
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pamela Railton
- Charles Sturt University, School of Biomedical Science, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - James N Powell
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Department of Surgery, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Department of Surgery, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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11
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Bing SJ, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Mattapallil MJ, Chan CC, Horai R, Caspi RR. Autoimmunity to neuroretina in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A is mediated by a GM-CSF-driven eosinophilic inflammation. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102507. [PMID: 32593472 PMCID: PMC7572578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ and IL-17A can each elicit ocular autoimmunity independently of the other. Since absence of IFN-γ or IL-17A individually failed to abolish pathology of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we examined EAU development in the absence of both these cytokines. Ifng-/-Il17a-/- mice were fully susceptible to EAU with a characteristic eosinophilic ocular infiltrate, as opposed to a mononuclear infiltrate in WT mice. Retinal pathology in double-deficient mice was ameliorated when eosinophils were genetically absent or their migration was blocked, supporting a pathogenic role for eosinophils in EAU in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A. In EAU-challenged Ifng-/-Il17a-/- mice, ocular infiltrates contained increased GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells, and supernatants of retinal antigen-stimulated splenocytes contained enhanced levels of GM-CSF that contributed to activation and migration of eosinophils in vitro. Systemic or local blockade of GM-CSF ameliorated EAU in Ifng-/-Il17a-/- mice, reduced eosinophil peroxidase levels in the eye and in the serum and decreased eosinophil infiltration to the eye. These results support the interpretation that, in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A, GM-CSF takes on a major role as an inflammatory effector cytokine and drives an eosinophil-dominant pathology. Our findings may impact therapeutic strategies aiming to target IFN-γ and IL-17A in autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Bing
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Araújo JMD, Silva LAS, Felix FB, Camargo EA, Grespan R. CCR3 antagonist impairs estradiol-induced eosinophil migration to the uterus in ovariectomized mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 53:e8659. [PMID: 31859912 PMCID: PMC6915905 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are abundant in the reproductive tract, contributing to the remodeling and successful implantation of the embryo. However, the mechanisms by which eosinophils migrate into the uterus and their relationship to edema are still not entirely clear, since there are a variety of chemotactic factors that can cause migration of these cells. Therefore, to evaluate the role of CCR3 in eosinophil migration, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice were treated with CCR3 antagonist SB 328437 and 17β-estradiol. The hypothesis that the CCR3 receptor plays an important role in eosinophil migration to the mouse uterus was confirmed, because we observed reduction in eosinophil peroxidase activity in these antagonist-treated uteruses. The antagonist also influenced uterine hypertrophy, inhibiting edema formation. Finally, histological analysis of the orcein-stained uteruses showed that the antagonist reduced eosinophil migration together with edema. These data showed that the CCR3 receptor is an important target for studies that seek to clarify the functions of these cells in uterine physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M D Araújo
- Laboratório de Migração Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - L A S Silva
- Laboratório de Migração Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - F B Felix
- Laboratório de Migração Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - E A Camargo
- Laboratório de Processo Inflamatório, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - R Grespan
- Laboratório de Migração Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
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14
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Grozdanovic M, Laffey KG, Abdelkarim H, Hitchinson B, Harijith A, Moon HG, Park GY, Rousslang LK, Masterson JC, Furuta GT, Tarasova NI, Gaponenko V, Ackerman SJ. Novel peptide nanoparticle-biased antagonist of CCR3 blocks eosinophil recruitment and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:669-680.e12. [PMID: 29778505 PMCID: PMC6240402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine signaling through CCR3 is a key regulatory pathway for eosinophil recruitment into tissues associated with allergic inflammation and asthma. To date, none of the CCR3 antagonists have shown efficacy in clinical trials. One reason might be their unbiased mode of inhibition that prevents receptor internalization, leading to drug tolerance. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a novel peptide nanoparticle CCR3 inhibitor (R321) with a biased mode of inhibition that would block G protein signaling but enable or promote receptor internalization. METHODS Self-assembly of R321 peptide into nanoparticles and peptide binding to CCR3 were analyzed by means of dynamic light scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. Inhibitory activity on CCR3 signaling was assessed in vitro by using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and Western blot analysis in a CCR3+ eosinophil cell line and blood eosinophils. In vivo effects of R321 were assessed by using a triple-allergen mouse asthma model. RESULTS R321 self-assembles into nanoparticles and binds directly to CCR3, altering receptor function. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for eotaxin-induced chemotaxis of blood eosinophils are in the low nanomolar range. R321 inhibits only the early phase of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and not the late phase generally associated with β-arrestin recruitment and receptor endocytosis, promoting CCR3 internalization and degradation. In vivo R321 effectively blocks eosinophil recruitment into the blood, lungs, and airways and prevents airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse eosinophilic asthma model. CONCLUSIONS R321 is a potent and selective antagonist of the CCR3 signaling cascade. Inhibition through a biased mode of antagonism might hold significant therapeutic promise by eluding the formation of drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Grozdanovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kimberly G Laffey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Hazem Abdelkarim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ben Hitchinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Hyung-Geon Moon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Gye Young Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Lee K Rousslang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Md
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
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15
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Zhou D, Shi F, Xiong Y, Zhou M, Wan H, Liu H. Increased serum Th2 chemokine levels are associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:81-87. [PMID: 30324231 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory lung disease of premature infants, with serious short- and long-term consequences. Early identification of premature infants at risk of BPD is critical to preventing the pathogenesis of disease. Thus, in the present study, we recruited 126 premature infants, collected peripheral blood samples at different time points during early life, and measured the concentration of Th1 (MCP-1, IP-10, and MIG) and Th2 (eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, and MCP-4) chemokines in serum. We found serum eotaxin-2 levels were significantly higher in the BPD group than in the non-BPD group on day 1 [1662 pg/ml vs. 1221 pg/ml, P < 0.05], day 7 [1533 pg/ml vs. 1089 pg/ml, P < 0.05], and day 14 [1246 pg/ml vs. 704 pg/ml, P < 0.05] after birth, and serum MCP-4 levels were also significantly higher in the BPD group than in the non-BPD group on day 1 [186 pg/ml vs. 128 pg/ml, P < 0.05], day 7 [199 pg/ml vs. 101 pg/ml, P < 0.05], and day 14 [238 pg/ml vs. 106 pg/ml, P < 0.05] of life.Conclusions: Increased levels of Th2 chemokines, eotaxin-2, and MCP-4, are associated with BPD in premature infants. What is Known: • The pathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial and it is difficult to predict and prevent. • Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of BPD. What is New: • Increased Th2 chemokines, eotaxin-2 and MCP-4, were associated with BPD in premature infants. • Abnormal Th1/Th2 response in early life maybe associated with the subsequent development of BPD, which provide a new insight to understand the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Shi
- The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Maternal Child Information Office, Chengdu Shuangliu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Huajing Wan
- The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Chengdu Newgenegle Biotech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hanmin Liu
- The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Filippone RT, Robinson AM, Jovanovska V, Stavely R, Apostolopoulos V, Bornstein JC, Nurgali K. Targeting eotaxin-1 and CCR3 receptor alleviates enteric neuropathy and colonic dysfunction in TNBS-induced colitis in guinea pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13391. [PMID: 29968270 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of eosinophils is mediated by the chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3)-eotaxin axis. Increased expression of eotaxin and its receptor is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Activation of eosinophils causes the release of cationic proteins that are neurotoxic such as eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Damage to enteric neurons alters neurally controlled functions of the gut correlated with intestinal inflammation. We hypothesized that inhibition of the CCR3-eotaxin axis will prevent inflammation-induced functional changes to the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Hartley guinea pigs were administered with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS; 30 mg/kg in 30% ethanol) intrarectally to induce colitis. A CCR3 receptor antagonist (SB 328437 [SB3]) was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour postinduction of colitis. Animals were euthanized 7 days post-treatment and colon tissues were collected for ex vivo studies. The EDN-positive eosinophils in the colon, indicating eosinophil activation, were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Effects of SB3 treatment on gross morphological damage, enteric neuropathy, and colonic dysmotility were determined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and organ bath experiments. KEY RESULTS The number of EDN-positive eosinophils was significantly increased in the lamina propria in close proximity to myenteric ganglia in inflamed colon. The TNBS-induced inflammation caused significant damage to colonic architecture and inhibition of colonic motility. Treatment with SB3 antagonist attenuated inflammation-associated morphological damage in the colon, reduced infiltration of EDN-positive eosinophils and restored colonic motility to levels comparable to control and sham-treated guinea pigs. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES This is the first study demonstrating that inhibition of CCR3-eotaxin axis alleviates enteric neuropathy and restores functional changes in the gut associated with TNBS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Filippone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A M Robinson
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - V Jovanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - R Stavely
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - V Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - K Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Regenerative, Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Department of Medicine Western Health, Melbourne University, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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17
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Dedoni S, Campbell LA, Harvey BK, Avdoshina V, Mocchetti I. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 75 signaling is activated by the chemokine CCL5. J Neurochem 2018; 146:526-539. [PMID: 29772059 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL5 prevents neuronal cell death mediated both by amyloid β, as well as the human immunodeficiency virus viral proteins gp120 and Tat. Because CCL5 binds to CCR5, CCR3 and/or CCR1 receptors, it remains unclear which of these receptors plays a role in neuroprotection. Indeed, CCL5 also has neuroprotective activity in cells lacking these receptors. CCL5 may bind to a G-protein-coupled receptor 75 (GPR75), which encodes for a 540 amino-acid orphan receptor of the Gqα family. In this study, we have used SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to characterize whether CCL5 could activate a Gq signaling through GPR75. Both qPCR and flow cytometry show that these cells express GPR75 but do not express CCR5, CCR3 or CCR1 receptors. SY-SY5Y cells were then used to examine CCL5-mediated signaling. We report that CCL5 promotes a time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Specific antagonists of CCR5, CCR3, and CCR1 did not prevent CCL5 from increasing phosphorylated AKT or ERK. Moreover, CCL5 promotes a time-dependent internalization of GPR75. Lastly, knocking down GPR75 expression by a CRISPR-Cas9 approach inhibited the ability of CCL5 to activate pERK in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, we propose that GPR75 is a novel receptor for CCL5 that could explain some of the pharmacological action of this chemokine. These findings may help in the development of small molecule GPR75 agonists that mimic CCL5. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dedoni
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lee A Campbell
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biochemical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biochemical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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18
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Negrón-Pérez VM, Vargas-Franco D, Hansen PJ. Role of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 in spatial arrangement of the inner cell mass of the bovine embryo. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:948-959. [PMID: 28449095 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of spatial rearrangement of cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) that are destined to become hypoblast is not well understood. The observation that the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 (CCL24) and several other genes involved in chemokine signaling are expressed more in the ICM than in the trophectoderm of the bovine embryo resulted in the hypothesis that CCL24 participates in spatial organization of the ICM. Temporally, expression of CCL24 in the bovine embryo occurs coincidently with blastocyst formation: transcript abundance was low until the late morula stage, peaked in the blastocyst at Day 7 of development and declined by Day 9. Treatment of embryos with two separate antagonists of C-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (the prototypical receptor for CCL24) decreased the percent of GATA6+ cells (hypoblast precursors) that were located in the outside of the ICM. Similarly, injection of zygotes with a CCL24-specific morpholino decreased the percent of GATA6+ cells in the outside of the ICM. In conclusion, CCL24 assists in spatial arrangement of the ICM in the bovine embryo. This experiment points to new functions of chemokine signaling in the bovine embryo and is consistent with the idea that cell migration is involved in the spatial organization of hypoblast cells in the blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Negrón-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dorianmarie Vargas-Franco
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Epigenetics and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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19
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Meyer JE, Bartels J, Görögh T, Sticherling M, Rudack C, Ross DA, Maune S. The Role of RANTES in Nasal Polyposis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240501900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Characteristic infiltrates of eosinophils are a hallmark of nasal polyps (NPs). Several studies suggest that members of the CC chemokine family may be involved in this process. RANTES (regulated on activation, normal t-cell-expressed and secreted) is a member of the CC chemokine family with chemotactic activity on mainly eosinophils and T lymphocytes. Thus, RANTES is an interesting target for the recruitment of eosinophils and T lymphocytes into the nose. The degree of the tissue eosinophilia has been reported to correlate with the severeness of the symptomatology of the disease and the extension on the lower respiratory tract, as well as with the probability of the recurrence of NPs. Therefore, we hypothesized that high numbers of eosinophils correlate with high levels of RANTES and that associated atopic diseases modify this correlation. Methods Total RNA was extracted from NP homogenates, reverse transcribed and RANTES mRNA expression analyzed using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis. Histological studies divided NPs in an eosinophilic and low eosinophilic group. Additionally, RANTES protein concentration was measured in homogenates by a RANTES-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results This study has clearly shown that RANTES is expressed and secreted in NPs. The group with a high tissue eosinophilia had a significant higher RANTES gene expression and protein production than NPs without tissue eosinophilia. The isolated coincidence of acetylsalicyl acid intolerance with chronic hyperplastic sinusitis/NP additionally increased significantly the RANTES amounts in NPs. Conclusion Increased RANTES leads to increased tissue eosinophilia. Associated acetylsalicylic acid intolerance seems to enhance the amount of RANTES in NPs and might explain in part the more severe clinical course in those patients. Thus, RANTES appears to play an important role in mobilization of eosinophils into the local inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens E. Meyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Bartels
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Tibor Görögh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Sticherling
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Rudack
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Ross
- Department of Ear, Nose, Throat Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steffen Maune
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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20
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Song Y, Ge B, Lao J, Wang Z, Yang B, Wang X, He H, Li J, Huang F. Regulation of the Oligomeric Status of CCR3 with Binding Ligands Revealed by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging. Biochemistry 2017; 57:852-860. [PMID: 28994588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the oligomeric status and functions of chemokine receptor CCR3 is still controversial. We use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy at the single-molecule level to visualize the oligomeric status of CCR3 and its regulation of the membrane of stably transfected T-REx-293 cells. We find that the population of the dimers and oligomers of CCR3 can be modulated by the binding of ligands. Natural agonists can induce an increase in the level of dimers and oligomers at high concentrations, whereas antagonists do not have a significant influence on the oligomeric status. Moreover, monomeric CCR3 exhibits a stronger chemotactic response in the migration assay of stably transfected CCR3 cells. Together, these data support the notion that CCR3 exists as a mixture of monomers and dimers under nearly physiological conditions and the monomeric CCR3 receptor is the minimal functional unit in cellular signaling transduction. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first report of the oligomeric status of CCR3 and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zhencai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Jiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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21
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Blood fibrocytes are recruited during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through a CXCR4-dependent pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1036-1042.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Pease JE, Horuk R. Recent progress in the development of antagonists to the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:467-83. [PMID: 24641500 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.897324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 have been shown to be important therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although only two chemokine receptor inhibitors have been approved so far, there are numerous compounds that are in various stages of development. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors provide an update on the progress made in the identification of antagonists against the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 from 2009 to the present. The rationale of writing this review article is to cover the most important approaches to identifying antagonists to these two receptors, which could prove to be useful therapeutics in treating proinflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Pharmaceutical companies have expended a considerable amount of money and effort to identify potent inhibitors of CCR3 and CCR4 for the treatment of asthma and atopic diseases. Although a variety of compounds have been described and several have progressed into the clinic, none have so far made it as approved drugs. There are, however, novel approaches such as mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody to CCR4 currently is in clinical trials for cancer and ASM8, an antisense nucleotide to CCR3, which is in Phase II clinical trials for asthma that might still prove to be successful new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Edward Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Leukocyte Biology Section , SW7 2AZ , UK
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Shamri R, Young KM, Weller PF. PI3K, ERK, p38 MAPK and integrins regulate CCR3-mediated secretion of mouse and human eosinophil-associated RNases. Allergy 2013; 68:880-9. [PMID: 23742707 DOI: 10.1111/all.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils have the capacity to secrete varied cytotoxic proteins. Among the proteins are the eosinophil-associated RNases (EARs): the human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophilic cationic protein, and their murine ortholog EARs, which have been shown to be involved in host defense, tissue remodeling, and immunity regulation. However, the signal transduction that regulates EARs secretion in response to physiological stimuli, such as chemokines, has been little studied in human and scarcely in mouse eosinophils, the foremost animal model for eosinophil-associated human diseases. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to understand the signal transduction involved in the secretion of enzymatically active EARs following chemokine stimulation. METHODS Fresh mouse and human eosinophils were stimulated with CCL11 and CCL24, and the secretion of enzymatically active EARs was detected using an RNase activity assay. The involvement of signaling factors or integrins was probed using specific inhibitors and blocking antibodies. Adhesion was evaluated by microscopy. RESULTS We found that secretion of mouse EARs in response to CCL11 and CCL24 was Gαi -dependent. Both mouse and human eosinophils required the activation of PI3K, ERK, and p38 MAPK. In addition, the adhesion molecules β1 and β2 integrins were found to be crucial for EAR secretion, and we suggest a mechanism in which spreading is obligatory for EAR secretion. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest a common CCR3-mediated signaling pathway that leads to EAR secretion in both mouse and human eosinophils. These findings are applicable for eosinophil-mediated host defense and eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shamri
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston; MA; USA
| | - K. M. Young
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston; MA; USA
| | - P. F. Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston; MA; USA
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24
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Kara EE, Comerford I, Bastow CR, Fenix KA, Litchfield W, Handel TM, McColl SR. Distinct chemokine receptor axes regulate Th9 cell trafficking to allergic and autoimmune inflammatory sites. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1110-7. [PMID: 23797668 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Migration of Th cells to peripheral sites of inflammation is essential for execution of their effector function. The recently described Th9 subset characteristically produces IL-9 and has been implicated in both allergy and autoimmunity. Despite this, the migratory properties of Th9 cells remain enigmatic. In this study, we examined chemokine receptor usage by Th9 cells and demonstrate, in models of allergy and autoimmunity, that these cells express functional CCR3, CCR6, and CXCR3, chemokine receptors commonly associated with other, functionally opposed effector Th subsets. Most Th9 cells that express CCR3 also express CXCR3 and CCR6, and expression of these receptors appears to account for the recruitment of Th9 cells to disparate inflammatory sites. During allergic inflammation, Th9 cells use CCR3 and CCR6, but not CXCR3, to home to the peritoneal cavity, whereas Th9 homing to the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis involves CXCR3 and CCR6 but not CCR3. To our knowledge, these data provide the first insights into regulation of Th9 cell trafficking in allergy and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin E Kara
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Bhardwaj D, Náger M, Camats J, David M, Benguria A, Dopazo A, Cantí C, Herreros J. Chemokines induce axon outgrowth downstream of Hepatocyte Growth Factor and TCF/β-catenin signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:52. [PMID: 23641195 PMCID: PMC3639410 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon morphogenesis is a complex process regulated by a variety of secreted molecules, including morphogens and growth factors, resulting in the establishment of the neuronal circuitry. Our previous work demonstrated that growth factors [Neurotrophins (NT) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)] signal through β-catenin during axon morphogenesis. HGF signaling promotes axon outgrowth and branching by inducing β-catenin phosphorylation at Y142 and transcriptional regulation of T-Cell Factor (TCF) target genes. Here, we asked which genes are regulated by HGF signaling during axon morphogenesis. An array screening indicated that HGF signaling elevates the expression of chemokines of the CC and CXC families. In line with this, CCL7, CCL20, and CXCL2 significantly increase axon outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. Experiments using blocking antibodies and chemokine receptor antagonists demonstrate that chemokines act downstream of HGF signaling during axon morphogenesis. In addition, qPCR data demonstrates that CXCL2 and CCL5 expression is stimulated by HGF through Met/b-catenin/TCF pathway. These results identify CC family members and CXCL2 chemokines as novel regulators of axon morphogenesis downstream of HGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Bhardwaj
- Depatments of Basic Medical Science and Experimental Medicine, IRBLleida-University of Lleida Lleida, Spain
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Provost V, Larose MC, Langlois A, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Flamand N, Laviolette M. CCL26/eotaxin-3 is more effective to induce the migration of eosinophils of asthmatics than CCL11/eotaxin-1 and CCL24/eotaxin-2. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:213-22. [PMID: 23532518 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 are chemokines involved in the recruitment of eosinophils into tissues and mainly activate CCR3. Whereas the genomic or pharmacological inhibition of CCR3 prevents the development of experimental asthma in rodents, it only impairs the recruitment of eosinophils by ∼40% in humans. As humans, but not rodents, express CCL26, we investigated the impact of CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 on human eosinophils recruitment and evaluated the involvement of CCR3. The migration of eosinophils of healthy volunteers was similar for the three eotaxins. Eosinophils of mild asthmatics had a greater response to CCL11 and a much greater response to CCL26. Whereas all eotaxins induced the migration of eosinophil of asthmatics from 0 to 6 h, CCL26 triggered a second phase of migration between 12 and 18 h. Given that the CCR3 antagonists SB 328437 and SB 297006 inhibited the 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoate-induced migration of eosinophils and that the CCR3 antagonist UCB 35625 was not specific for CCR3, CCR3 blockade was performed with the CCR3 mAb. This antibody completely blocked the effect of all eotaxins on eosinophils of healthy subjects and the effect of CCL24 on the eosinophils of asthmatics. Interestingly, CCR3 blockade did not affect the second migration phase induced by CCL26 on eosinophils of asthmatics. In conclusion, CCL26 is a more effective chemoattractant than CCL11 and CCL24 for eosinophils of asthmatics. The mechanism of this greater efficiency is not yet defined. However, these results suggest that CCL26 may play a unique and important role in the recruitment of eosinophils in persistent asthma.
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Houimel M, Mazzucchelli L. Chemokine CCR3 ligands-binding peptides derived from a random phage-epitope library. Immunol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23183094 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effectors cells implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases in humans, particularly bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. The human chemokine receptor C-C receptor 3 (hCCR3) provides a mechanism for the recruitment of eosinophils into tissue and thus has recently become an attractive biological target for therapeutic intervention. In order to develop peptides antagonists of hCCR3-hCCL11 (human eotaxin) interactions, a random bacteriophage hexapeptide library was used to map structural features of hCCR3 by determining the epitopes of neutralizing anti-hCCR3 mAb 7B11. This mAb t is selective for hCCR3 and exhibit potent antagonist activity in receptor binding and functional assays. After three rounds of biopanning, four mAb7B11-binding peptides were identified from a 6-mer linear peptide library. The phage bearing the peptides showed specific binding to immobilized mAb 7B11 with over 94% of phages bound being competitively inhibited by free synthetic peptides. In FACScan analysis all selected phage peptides were able to strongly inhibit the binding of mAb 7B11 to hCCR3-transfected preB-300-19 murine cells. Furthermore, synthetic peptides of the corresponding phage epitopes were effective in blocking the antibody-hCCR3 interactions and to inhibit the binding of hCCL11 to hCCR3 transfectants. Chemically synthesized peptides CKGERF, FERKGK, SSMKVK and RHVSSQ, effectively competed for (125)I-hCCL11 binding to hCCR3 with IC(50) ranging from 3.5 to 9.7μM. Calcium release and chemotaxis of hCCR3 transfectants or human eosinophils were inhibited by all peptides in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, they showed inhibitory effects on chemotaxis of human eosinophils induced by hCCL11, hCCL5, hCCL7, hCCL8, and hCCL24. Specificities of all selected peptides were assessed with hCXCR1, hCXCR2, hCXCR3, and hCCR5 receptors. Peptides CKGERF and FERKGK showed inhibitory effects on eosinophil chemotaxis in a murine model of mCCL11-induced peritoneal eosinophilia. The development of peptides inhibiting the interactions between hCCR3 and its chemokine ligands will facilitate the development of small peptides antagonists with the hope of ameliorating chronic inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Houimel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et d'Epidémiologie Vétérinaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia.
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28
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Bahl A, Barton P, Bowers K, Brough S, Evans R, Luckhurst CA, Mochel T, Perry MW, Rigby A, Riley RJ, Sanganee H, Sisson A, Springthorpe B. The discovery of CCR3/H1 dual antagonists with reduced hERG risk. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6688-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Valent P, Gleich GJ, Reiter A, Roufosse F, Weller PF, Hellmann A, Metzgeroth G, Leiferman KM, Arock M, Sotlar K, Butterfield JH, Cerny-Reiterer S, Mayerhofer M, Vandenberghe P, Haferlach T, Bochner BS, Gotlib J, Horny HP, Simon HU, Klion AD. Pathogenesis and classification of eosinophil disorders: a review of recent developments in the field. Expert Rev Hematol 2012; 5:157-76. [PMID: 22475285 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils and their products play an essential role in the pathogenesis of various reactive and neoplastic disorders. Depending on the underlying disease, molecular defect and involved cytokines, hypereosinophilia may develop and may lead to organ damage. In other patients, persistent eosinophilia is accompanied by typical clinical findings, but the causative role and impact of eosinophilia remain uncertain. For patients with eosinophil-mediated organ pathology, early therapeutic intervention with agents reducing eosinophil counts can be effective in limiting or preventing irreversible organ damage. Therefore, it is important to approach eosinophil disorders and related syndromes early by using established criteria, to perform all appropriate staging investigations, and to search for molecular targets of therapy. In this article, we review current concepts in the pathogenesis and evolution of eosinophilia and eosinophil-related organ damage in neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. In addition, we discuss classifications of eosinophil disorders and related syndromes as well as diagnostic algorithms and standard treatment for various eosinophil-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Houimel M, Mazzucchelli L. hCXCR1 and hCXCR2 antagonists derived from combinatorial peptide libraries. Cytokine 2011; 57:322-31. [PMID: 22189418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The human CXCL8 plays important roles in inflammation by activation of neutrophils through the hCXCR1 and hCXCR2 receptors. The role of hCXCR1 and hCXCR2 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory responses has encouraged the development of antagonists of these receptors. In this study, we used phage display peptide libraries to identify peptides antagonists that block the interactions between hCXCL8 and hCXCR1/2. Two linear hexapeptides (MSRAKE and CAKELR) and two disulfide-constrained hexapeptides (CLRSGRFC and CLPWKENC) were recovered by panning phage libraries on hCXCR1- and hCXCR2-transfected murine pre-B cells after specific elution with hCXCL8. Sequence analysis revealed homology between the linear hexapeptides and the N-terminal domain (1-SAKELR-6), whereas the constrained peptides are composed of non-contiguous amino acids mimicking spatial structure on the surface of folded C-terminal portion of hCXCL8 (50-CLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENS-72). The synthetic linear and structurally constrained peptides competed for (125)I-hCXCL8 binding to hCXCR1 and hCXCR2 (IC(50) comprised between 10 and 100μM). Furthermore, they inhibited the intracellular calcium flux and the migration of hCXCR1/hCXCR2 transfectants; and desensitized hCXCR1 and hCXCR2 receptors on neutrophils, reducing their chemotactic responses induced by ELR-CXC chemokines (hCXCL8, hCXCL1, hCXCL2, hCXCL3, and hCXCL5). To better characterize the residues required for hCXCL8 binding, we identified three linear peptides MLRQTR, HASILP and KKEPWI specific to hCXCL8. These peptides similarly displaced the binding of (125)I-hCXCL8 to hCXCR1 (IC(50) ranging from 8.5 to 10μM) in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited hCXCL8 induced increases in the intracellular calcium, and migration of hCXCR1- and hCXCR2-transfected cells. The identified peptides could be used as antagonists of hCXCL8-induced activities related to its interaction with hCXCR1 and hCXCR2 receptors and may help in the design of new anti-inflammatory therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Houimel
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Vaccinologie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia.
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31
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Chemokines and their receptors in the allergic airway inflammatory process. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 41:76-88. [PMID: 20352527 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of the allergic airway disease conveys several cell types, such as T-cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells, which act in a special and temporal synchronization. Cellular mobilization and its complex interactions are coordinated by a broad range of bioactive mediators known as chemokines. These molecules are an increasing family of small proteins with common structural motifs and play an important role in the recruitment and cell activation of both leukocytes and resident cells at the allergic inflammatory site via their receptors. Trafficking and recruitment of cell populations with specific chemokines receptors assure the presence of reactive allergen-specific T-cells in the lung, and therefore the establishment of an allergic inflammatory process. Different approaches directed against chemokines receptors have been developed during the last decades with promising therapeutic results in the treatment of asthma. In this review we explore the role of the chemokines and chemokine receptors in allergy and asthma and discuss their potential as targets for therapy.
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Willems LI, Ijzerman AP. Small molecule antagonists for chemokine CCR3 receptors. Med Res Rev 2011; 30:778-817. [PMID: 19967721 DOI: 10.1002/med.20181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR3 is believed to play a role in the development of allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. Despite the conflicting results that have been reported regarding the importance of eosinophils and CCR3 in allergic inflammation, inhibition of this receptor with small molecule antagonists is thought to provide a valuable approach for the treatment of these diseases. This review describes the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of small molecule CCR3 antagonists as reported in the scientific and patent literature. Various chemical classes of small molecule CCR3 antagonists have been described so far, including (bi)piperidine and piperazine derivatives, N-arylalkylpiperidine urea derivatives and (N-ureidoalkyl)benzylpiperidines, phenylalanine derivatives, morpholinyl derivatives, pyrrolidinohydroquinazolines, arylsulfonamides, amino-alkyl amides, imidazole- and pyrimidine-based antagonists, and bicyclic diamines. The (N-ureidoalkyl)benzylpiperidines are the best studied class in view of their generally high affinity and antagonizing potential. For many of these antagonists subnanomolar IC(50) values were reported for binding to CCR3 along with the ability to effectively inhibit intracellular calcium mobilization and eosinophil chemotaxis induced by CCR3 agonist ligands in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne I Willems
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, PO Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Antunes MB, Becker SS. The role of local steroid injection for nasal polyposis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010; 10:175-80. [PMID: 20425009 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-010-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sinonasal polyps affect a small but significant percentage of patients with chronic sinusitis. Treatments vary and range from oral and topical medical treatments to surgical removal. Corticosteroids typically have been regarded as the gold standard medical treatment for sinonasal polyps. Delivery of steroids is traditionally via oral or topical means. Over the years, otolaryngologists have also found that intrapolyp injection of corticosteroids is an effective means to treat some patients with sinonasal polyps. This article reviews the prevalence, pathophysiology, and medical treatment options for sinonasal polyps. Focused attention is paid to treatment with steroid injections, including a review of its associated risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Antunes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The chemokine network, comprised of mediators of inflammation, has been implicated in the development of a number of human cancers. The eosinophil chemoattractant CCL11 was recently shown to play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Here we review findings regarding CCL11 and discuss its use as a target in the treatment of ovarian cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We review published findings related to the physiological actions of CCL11, its tumourigenic effects, the chemokine network and inflammatory response present in ovarian cancer, and the current state of therapeutics targeting CCL11 and its receptors. Findings published within the last 10 years receive particular attention. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the emerging role of the chemokine network in malignancy and a review of the role of CCL11 in ovarian tumourigenesis. The reader will be presented with a description of the unique aspects of CCL11 action and the inflammatory environment in the setting of ovarian malignancy that make this chemokine an attractive target for intervention. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Targeting CCL11 and its receptors through the use of monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors may represent a beneficial new avenue of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Nolen
- University of Pittsburgh, Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Suite 1.19d, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Stein LH, Redding KM, Lee JJ, Nolan TJ, Schad GA, Lok JB, Abraham D. Eosinophils utilize multiple chemokine receptors for chemotaxis to the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis. J Innate Immun 2009; 1:618-30. [PMID: 20375616 PMCID: PMC2919510 DOI: 10.1159/000233235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective innate immunity to the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis requires eosinophils in the parasite killing process. Experiments were performed to determine if an extract of S. stercoralis would trigger eosinophil chemotaxis, and to then compare the chemotactic migration response, including second messenger signals and receptors, to those mechanisms triggered by host chemoattractants. Eosinophils undergo both chemotaxis and chemokinesis to soluble parasite extract in transwell plates. Pretreatment of eosinophils with pertussis toxin, a G protein-coupled receptor inhibitor, inhibited migration of the eosinophils to the parasite extract. Likewise, blocking PI3K, tyrosine kinase, p38 and p44/42 inhibited eosinophil chemotaxis to parasite extract. Furthermore, CCR3, CXCR4 or CXCR2 antagonists significantly inhibited eosinophil chemotaxis to the parasite extract. Molecular weight fractionation of parasite extract revealed that molecules attracting eosinophils were present in several fractions, with molecules greater than 30 kDa being the most potent. Treating the extract with proteinase K or chitinase significantly inhibited its ability to induce chemotaxis, thereby demonstrating that the chemoattractants were both protein and chitin. Therefore, chemoattractants derived from parasites and host species stimulate similar receptors and second messenger signals to induce eosinophil chemotaxis. Parasite extract stimulates multiple receptors on the eosinophil surface, which ensures a robust innate immune response to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H. Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Scottsdale, Ariz., USA
| | - Kevin M. Redding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Scottsdale, Ariz., USA
| | - James J. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz., USA
| | - Thomas J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
| | - Gerhard A. Schad
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
| | - James B. Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Scottsdale, Ariz., USA
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Chemokines as Possible Targets in Modulation of the Secondary Damage After Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:1025-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Mori A, Ogawa K, Someya K, Kunori Y, Nagakubo D, Yoshie O, Kitamura F, Hiroi T, Kaminuma O. Selective suppression of Th2-mediated airway eosinophil infiltration by low-molecular weight CCR3 antagonists. Int Immunol 2008; 19:913-21. [PMID: 17804691 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of selective CC chemokine receptor (CCR)-3 antagonists on antigen-induced leukocyte accumulation in the lungs of mice adoptively transferred with in vitro-differentiated T(h)1 and T(h)2 were investigated. Inhalation of antigen by mice injected with T(h)1 and T(h)2 initiated the migration of T cells themselves into the lungs. Subsequently, neutrophils massively accumulated in T(h)1-transferred mice, whereas eosinophil infiltration was specifically induced by T(h)2. CCR3 antagonists, SB-297006 and/or SB-328437, suppressed antigen-induced accumulation of T(h)2 as well as eosinophils in the lungs, whereas they failed to affect T(h)1-mediated airway inflammation. Not only T(h)2 and eosinophil infiltration but also cellular mobilization in T(h)1-transferred mice was attenuated by an anti-CC chemokine ligand-11 antibody. CCR3 antagonists reduced chemokine production in the lungs of mice transferred with T(h)2 but not T(h)1, suggesting that down-regulation of chemokine synthesis is involved in the selective inhibition of T(h)2-mediated eosinophil infiltration by CCR3 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Mori
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8522, Japan.
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40
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Suzuki K, Morokata T, Morihira K, Sato I, Takizawa S, Kaneko M, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. A dual antagonist for chemokine CCR3 receptor and histamine H1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 563:224-32. [PMID: 17336292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic chemokines and histamine play distinct but important roles in allergic diseases. Inhibition of both eosinophilic chemokines and histamine, therefore, is an ideal strategy for the treatment of allergic inflammation, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. YM-344484 was found to potently inhibit both the CCL11-induced Ca2+ influx in human CCR3-expressing cells (Kb=1.8 nM) and histamine-induced Ca2+ influx in histamine H1 receptor-expressing PC3 cells (Kb=47 nM). YM-344484 also inhibited the CCL11-induced chemotaxis of human CCR3-expressing cells (IC50=6.2 nM) and CCL11-induced eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release from human eosinophils (IC50=19 nM). Orally administered YM-344484 inhibited the increase in histamine-induced vascular permeability in mice (82% inhibition at a dose of 10 mg/kg) and the accumulation of eosinophils in a mouse asthma model (74% at a dose of 300 mg/kg). These results indicate that YM-344484, a novel and functional dual antagonist for chemokine CCR3 receptor and histamine H1 receptor, is an attractive candidate for development as a novel anti-allergic inflammation drug.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Asthma/chemically induced
- Asthma/complications
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin/metabolism
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Female
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pneumonia/etiology
- Pneumonia/prevention & control
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/etiology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/prevention & control
- Pyridazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Skin/blood supply
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Suzuki
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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41
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Medina-Tato DA, Watson ML, Ward SG. Leukocyte navigation mechanisms as targets in airway diseases. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:866-79. [PMID: 16997136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most significant diseases in terms of their disabling effects and healthcare burden. A characteristic feature of almost all respiratory diseases is the accumulation and activation of inflammatory leukocytes in the lung or airway. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecules and intracellular signalling events controlling these processes are now translating to new therapeutic entities. In this article, the process of leukocyte accumulation is summarized, together with the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the utility of the individual components of this process as targets for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Medina-Tato
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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42
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Kaneider NC, Leger AJ, Kuliopulos A. Therapeutic targeting of molecules involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. FEBS J 2006; 273:4416-24. [PMID: 16956369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is traditionally viewed as a physiological reaction to tissue injury. Leukocytes contribute to the inflammatory response by the secretion of cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory compounds, by phagocytotic activity and by targeted attack of foreign antigens. Leukocyte accumulation in tissues is important for the initial response to injury. However, the overzealous accumulation of leukocytes in tissues also contributes to a wide variety of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, juvenile diabetes and psoriasis. Many therapeutic interventions target immune cells after they have already migrated to the site of inflammation. This review addresses different therapeutic strategies, used to reduce or prevent leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and communication, in order to limit the progression of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Kaneider
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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43
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Hashimoto I, Wada J, Hida A, Baba M, Miyatake N, Eguchi J, Shikata K, Makino H. Elevated serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 and chronic inflammation in overweight subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:799-811. [PMID: 16855189 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammation observed in obesity has been reported to be implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. We screened candidate chemokines that link chronic inflammation and obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Japanese overweight (n = 39, BMI 28.7 +/- 0.65 kg/m(2)) and normal-weight (n = 24, BMI 22.3 +/- 0.45 kg/m(2)) subjects were enrolled. Using antibody-based protein microarray, spot intensities of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4, eotaxin, and eotaxin-2 correlated with anthropometric parameters. We further measured serum concentration of these chemokines and mRNA levels in adipose tissues obtained from volunteers. RESULTS Serum MCP-4 levels showed positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.318, p = 0.014), waist (r = 0.316, p = 0.018), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.264, p = 0.049). Furthermore, MCP-4 correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.392, p = 0.002), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (r = 0.350, p = 0.006). In step-wise multiple regression analyses, hsCRP independently correlated with MCP-4 levels. The expression of MCP-4 mRNA in visceral adipose tissue positively correlates with BMI. Serum eotaxin levels correlate with BMI (r = 0.262, p = 0.045) and WHR (r = 0.383, p = 0.003). Serum eotaxin-2 levels correlated with BMI (r = 0.464, p < 0.001), waist (r = 0.333, p = 0.017), and WHR (r = 0.278, p = 0.048). However, eotaxin and eotaxin-2 levels did not show significant correlation with hsCRP. DISCUSSION Serum levels of MCP-4, eotaxin, and eotaxin-2, which belong to CC chemokine family and share CC chemokine receptor 3, correlated with BMI. These chemokines, especially MCP-4, may be critical molecules that link obesity and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Hashimoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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44
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Duchesnes CE, Murphy PM, Williams TJ, Pease JE. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the chemokine receptor CCR3 reveals distinct extracellular residues involved in recognition of the eotaxin family of chemokines. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1221-31. [PMID: 16102831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable differences in primary structure, the chemokines eotaxin-1/CCL11, eotaxin-2/CCL24 and eotaxin-3/CCL26 signal via a single receptor, CCR3, but exhibit different potencies and efficacies. To examine receptor/ligand interactions in more detail, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis of 21 charged residues within the extracellular loops (ECLs) of CCR3. Following transient expression in the L1.2 cell line, CCR3 mutants were assessed for their ability to be expressed at the cell surface, bind CCL11 and induce chemotactic responses to CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26. The majority of constructs were well expressed at the cell surface and bound CCL11 with low nanomolar affinity. Exceptions to this rule included the mutants E175A and E176A (ECL2) which were poorly expressed and responded weakly to all three ligands in chemotaxis assays. In contrast, the mutants K26 (amino-terminus) E179 and E180 (ECL2) responded in chemotaxis assays to CCL11 and CCL24, but not to CCL26. Mutation of residues in ECL3 was informative, with the D272A, K277A and D280A mutants exhibiting reduced chemotactic responses to two or more of the three ligands examined, despite being expressed on the cell surface at levels similar to WT CCR3. This suggests a major role for ECL3 in the recognition of all three eotaxins. In summary, distinct acidic and basic residues within CCR3 determine both receptor expression and activation by the eotaxins. Determining how these chemokines interact with their receptor at the molecular level should increase our understanding of the process of chemokine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile E Duchesnes
- Leukocyte Biology and Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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45
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Yamagata T, Ichinose M. Agents against cytokine synthesis or receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:289-301. [PMID: 16457805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various cytokines play a critical role in pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The increasing evidence of the involvement of these cytokines in the development of airway inflammation raises the possibility that these cytokines may become the novel promising therapeutic targets. Studies concerning the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-4 have been discontinued despite promising early results in asthma. Although blocking antibody against IL-5 markedly reduces the infiltration of eosinophils in peripheral blood and airway, it does not seem to be effective in symptomatic asthma, while blocking IL-13 might be more effective. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory cytokines themselves such as IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 and interferon-gamma may have a therapeutic potential. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may also be useful in severe asthma or COPD. Many chemokines are also involved in the inflammatory response of asthma and COPD through the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Several small molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors are now in development for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Antibodies that block IL-8 reduce neutrophilic inflammation. Chemokine CC3 receptor antagonists, which block eosinophil chemotaxis, are now in clinical development for asthma therapy. As many cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory lung diseases, inhibitory agents of the synthesis of multiple cytokines may be more useful tools. Several such agents are now in clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Etanercept
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/enzymology
- Receptors, Cytokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Respiratory System/drug effects
- Respiratory System/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamagata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Kimiidera 811-1 Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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46
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Morokata T, Suzuki K, Masunaga Y, Taguchi K, Morihira K, Sato I, Fujii M, Takizawa S, Torii Y, Yamamoto N, Kaneko M, Yamada T, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. A novel, selective, and orally available antagonist for CC chemokine receptor 3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 317:244-50. [PMID: 16339911 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11/eotaxin) and other CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) ligands (CCL24/eotaxin-2, CCL26/eotaxin-3, CCL13/monocyte chemotactic protein-4, etc.) play important roles in the chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils and other CCR3-expressing cells (basophils, mast cells, and CD4(+) T helper 2 cells) in allergic inflammation incidents, including asthma and rhinitis. A newly synthesized compound, N-{(3R)-1-[(6-fluoro-2-naphthyl)methyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2-{1-[(5-hydroxy-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]piperidin-4-ylidene}-acetamide hemifumarate (YM-355179), inhibited the binding of CCL11 and CCL5/regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted to CCR3-expressing B300-19 cells with IC(50) values of 7.6 and 24 nM, respectively. In contrast, YM-355179 did not affect the binding of CCL5 to CCR1 or CCR5. In functional assays, YM-355179 inhibited CCL11-induced, intracellular Ca(2+) influx, chemotaxis, and eosinophil degranulation with IC(50) values of 8.0, 24, and 29 nM, respectively. YM-355179 did not, however, affect any CC chemokine receptor (CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, or CCR5)-mediated Ca(2+) influx signals. Furthermore, oral administration of YM-355179 (1 mg/kg) inhibited CCL11-induced shape change of whole blood eosinophils in cynomolgus monkeys. Intravenous injection of YM-355179 (1 mg/kg) also inhibited eosinophil infiltration into airways of cynomolgus monkeys after segmental bronchoprovocation with CCL11. These results indicate that YM-355179 is a novel, selective, and orally available CCR3 antagonist with therapeutic potential for treating eosinophil-related allergic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Morokata
- Inflammation Research Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan.
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Suzuki K, Morokata T, Morihira K, Sato I, Takizawa S, Kaneko M, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel CCR3 antagonist, YM-344031. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:1217-23. [PMID: 16343433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils play a prominent proinflammatory role in a broad range of diseases, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. Eotaxin-1 and its receptor CCR3 are implicated in the recruitment of eosinophils from blood into inflammatory tissues, therefore inhibition of Eotaxin-1/CCR3 interaction may have therapeutic potential for allergic inflammation with eosinophil infiltration. YM-344031, a novel and selective small molecule CCR3 antagonist, potently inhibited ligand binding (IC(50)=3.0nM), ligand-induced Ca(2+) flux (IC(50)=5.4nM), and the chemotaxis of human CCR3-expressing cells (IC(50)=19.9nM). YM-344031 (1-10mg/kg) orally administered to cynomolgus monkeys significantly inhibited Eotaxin-1-induced eosinophil shape change in whole blood. Additionally, orally administered YM-344031 (100mg/kg) prevented both immediate- and late-phase allergic skin reactions in a mouse allergy model. YM-344031 therefore has potential as a novel and orally available compound for the treatment of allergic inflammation, such as atopic dermatitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Suzuki
- Inflammation Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan.
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48
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Weller CL, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Selective suppression of leukocyte recruitment in allergic inflammation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100 Suppl 1:153-60. [PMID: 15962115 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases result in a considerable socioeconomic burden. The incidence of allergic diseases, notably allergic asthma, has risen to high levels for reasons that are not entirely understood. With an increasing knowledge of underlying mechanisms, there is now more potential to target the inflammatory process rather than the overt symptoms. This focuses attention on the role of leukocytes especially Th2 lymphocytes that regulate allergic inflammation and effector cells where eosinophils have received much attention. Eosinophils are thought to be important based on the high numbers that are recruited to sites of allergic inflammation and the potential of these cells to effect both tissue injury and remodelling. It is hoped that future therapy will be directed towards specific leukocyte types, without overtly compromising essential host defence responses. One obvious target is leukocyte recruitment. This necessitates a detailed understanding of underlying mechanisms, particularly those involving soluble chemoattractants signals and cell-cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Weller
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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50
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