1
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Kunz S, Meng Y, Schneider H, Brunnenkant L, Höhne M, Kühnle T, Reincke M, Theodoropoulou M, Bidlingmaier M. Fast and reliable quantification of aldosterone, cortisol and cortisone via LC-MS/MS to study 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in primary cell cultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 244:106610. [PMID: 39214289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture experiments can support characterization of enzymatic activities in healthy and tumorous human tissues. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enables simultaneous measurement of several steroids from a single sample, facilitating analysis of molecular pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis. We developed a reliable but fast method for quantification of cortisol, cortisone and aldosterone in cell culture supernatant. Validation, including investigation of matrix-matched calibration, was performed for two different cell types. Utility of the method was demonstrated in the study of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) activity under conditions of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid excess in different cell types. Aldosterone, cortisol and cortisone were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with methyl tert-butyl ether from 1 mL of cell culture supernatant. Steroids were separated on a Kinetex biphenyl column (50 ×2.1 mm, 2.6 µm) with gradient elution of water and methanol containing 2 mM ammonium format and analysed in multiple reaction monitoring mode after positive electrospray ionization. Application of the method included cell culture experiments with two different primary cell types, human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCSMC) and human coronary artery endothelial cells (EC). Cells were treated with different concentrations of cortisol, aldosterone and mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist and quantitative PCR was performed. The method exhibits high precision (CV ≤ 6 %) and accuracy (deviation from nominal concentration ≤ 6 %) for concentrations above the limit of quantification (LoQ) which is 0.11, 0.56 and 0.69 nmol/L for aldosterone, cortisone and cortisol, respectively. Calibration curves did not differ when prepared in media or solvent. The method enabled us to confirm activity of HSD11B2 and concentration dependent conversion of cortisol to cortisone in HCSMC (median conversion ratio at 140 nM cortisol = 1.46 %). In contrast we did not observe any HSD11B2 activity in EC. Neither addition of high aldosterone, nor addition of 1 µM mifepristone had impact on glucocorticoid concentrations. Quantitative PCR revealed expression of HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in HCSMC but not in EC. We present a fast and reliable method for quantification of cortisol, cortisone and aldosterone in cell culture supernatants. The method enabled us to study HSD11B2 activity in two different cell types and will support future experiments investigating mechanisms of target organ damage in conditions of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kunz
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Yao Meng
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany; Department of geriatric medicine, Gan Su provincial hospital, Dong Gang West Road 204, Lan Zhou 731100, China.
| | - Holger Schneider
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Laura Brunnenkant
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Michaela Höhne
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Tim Kühnle
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
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2
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Ali Y, Kuppusamy M, Velarde-Miranda C, Gomez-Sanchez CM, Plonczynski M, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP. 11βHSD2 Efficacy in Preventing Transcriptional Activation of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor by Corticosterone. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab146. [PMID: 34568711 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is similar for aldosterone and the glucocorticoids (GC) cortisol and corticosterone, which circulate at concentrations far exceeding those of aldosterone. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) inactivation of GC within the immediate vicinity of the MR is credited with prereceptor specificity for aldosterone in cells coexpressing MR and 11βHSD2. 11βHSD2 efficacy is also critical to other recently described 11βHSD2 substrates. The aim of this work was to address doubts that low levels of expression of 11βHSD2 in aldosterone target tissues suffice to prevent the initiation of gene transcription by the MR activated by physiological concentrations of corticosterone. Cell models stably expressing an MR/Gaussia luciferase reporter and various levels of constitutive or induced 11βHSD2 at concentrations lower than those in rat kidney homogenates and microsomes were produced. Aldosterone and corticosterone were equipotent transactivators of the MR reporter gene in cells without 11βHSD2. Rate of conversion of tritiated corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone increased and corticosterone-induced nuclear translocation of MR decreased, as 11βHSD2 expression increased. The 50% maximal MR activation for the reporter gene stimulation by corticosterone rose with increasing 11βHSD2 expression, shifting the steroid dose-response curve for corticosterone-induced MR transactivation to the right. Several stable cell lines expressing an easily and reproducibly measured MR reporter system and consistent incremental amounts of 11βHSD2 protein were produced and used to document that 11βHSD2 within low physiological levels inactivates relevant concentrations of GC and decreases MR transactivation by GC in a dose-dependent fashion, laying to rest doubts of the efficacy of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ali
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Carolina Velarde-Miranda
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Clara M Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Maria Plonczynski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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3
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Mineralocorticoid receptor actions in cardiovascular development and disease. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:901-911. [PMID: 34414409 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are transcriptional regulators that mediate the diverse physiological and pathophysiological actions of corticosteroid hormones across many tissues. In the kidney aldosterone control of sodium/water resorption via DNA-binding actions of the MR is established. MRs also regulate tissues not involved in electrolyte homeostasis such as the heart, adipose tissue, brain, and inflammatory cells where the MRs can respond to both aldosterone and cortisol. The pathology of inappropriate MR activation in non-epithelial tissues are well-described, and steroidal antagonists of the MR have been clinically beneficial in the management of heart failure and blood pressure for decades. However, the role of cortisol-dependent MR activation in the physiological setting is less well defined. Like other steroid hormone receptors, the MR also regulates non-DNA-binding pathways including MAPK pathways and G protein coupled receptors to provide diversity to MR signaling. Whether nonDNA binding pathways are more relevant for MR activation in non-epithelial, versus epithelial, tissues remain unclear. This review will focus on molecular regulation of ligand-dependent MR activation and the physiology and pathophysiology of MR actions in the heart with a focus on the cardiomyocyte and provide a discussion of relevant genomic and non-genomic MR pathways and potential new transcriptional partners for the MR and their relevance for health and disease. Understanding MR actions in the heart will provide new insights into cell-selective mechanisms that underpin the therapeutic benefits of MRAs, and are a critical step towards developing next-generation tissue selective MR modulators with improved safety profiles.
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4
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Ogata H, Yamazaki Y, Tezuka Y, Gao X, Omata K, Ono Y, Kawasaki Y, Tanaka T, Nagano H, Wada N, Oki Y, Ikeya A, Oki K, Takeda Y, Kometani M, Kageyama K, Terui K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Liu S, Morimoto R, Joh K, Sato H, Miyazaki M, Ito A, Arai Y, Nakamura Y, Ito S, Satoh F, Sasano H. Renal Injuries in Primary Aldosteronism: Quantitative Histopathological Analysis of 19 Patients With Primary Adosteronism. Hypertension 2021; 78:411-421. [PMID: 34120452 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ogata
- From the Department of Pathology (H.O., Y.Y., X.G., H. Sasano), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- From the Department of Pathology (H.O., Y.Y., X.G., H. Sasano), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, F.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y. Tezuka)
| | - Xin Gao
- From the Department of Pathology (H.O., Y.Y., X.G., H. Sasano), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Omata
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, F.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, F.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Kawasaki
- Division of Urology (Y.K., A. Ito, Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular diagnosis, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (T.T., H.N.)
| | - Hidekazu Nagano
- Department of Molecular diagnosis, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (T.T., H.N.)
| | - Norio Wada
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan (N.W.)
| | - Yutaka Oki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan (Y. Oki, A. Ikeya)
| | - Akira Ikeya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan (Y. Oki, A. Ikeya)
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biochemical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan (K. Oki)
| | - Yoshiyu Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (Y. Takeda, M.K.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (Y. Takeda, M.K.)
| | - Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (K.K., K.T.)
| | - Ken Terui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (K.K., K.T.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.).,Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Shujun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (S.L.)
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Joh
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.J.)
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (H. Sato)
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Division of Urology (Y.K., A. Ito, Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Arai
- Division of Urology (Y.K., A. Ito, Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, F.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R.M., M.M., S.I., F.S.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- From the Department of Pathology (H.O., Y.Y., X.G., H. Sasano), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Findakly S, Daggubati V, Garcia G, LaStella SA, Choudhury A, Tran C, Li A, Tong P, Garcia JQ, Puri N, Reiter JF, Xu L, Raleigh DR. Sterol and oxysterol synthases near the ciliary base activate the Hedgehog pathway. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211576. [PMID: 33284321 PMCID: PMC7721912 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Hedgehog signals are transduced through the primary cilium, a specialized lipid microdomain that is required for Smoothened activation. Cilia-associated sterol and oxysterol lipids bind to Smoothened to activate the Hedgehog pathway, but how ciliary lipids are regulated is incompletely understood. Here we identified DHCR7, an enzyme that produces cholesterol, activates the Hedgehog pathway, and localizes near the ciliary base. We found that Hedgehog stimulation negatively regulates DHCR7 activity and removes DHCR7 from the ciliary microenvironment, suggesting that DHCR7 primes cilia for Hedgehog pathway activation. In contrast, we found that Hedgehog stimulation positively regulates the oxysterol synthase CYP7A1, which accumulates near the ciliary base and produces oxysterols that promote Hedgehog signaling in response to pathway activation. Our results reveal that enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis in the ciliary microenvironment promote Hedgehog signaling, shedding light on how ciliary lipids are established and regulated to transduce Hedgehog signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Findakly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vikas Daggubati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sydney A LaStella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cecilia Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pakteema Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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6
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Beck KR, Odermatt A. Antifungal therapy with azoles and the syndrome of acquired mineralocorticoid excess. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 524:111168. [PMID: 33484741 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess describe a heterogeneous group of clinical manifestations leading to endocrine hypertension, typically either through direct activation of mineralocorticoid receptors or indirectly by impaired pre-receptor enzymatic regulation or through disturbed renal sodium homeostasis. The phenotypes of these disorders can be caused by inherited gene variants and somatic mutations or may be acquired upon exposures to exogenous substances. Regarding the latter, the symptoms of an acquired mineralocorticoid excess have been reported during treatment with azole antifungal drugs. The current review describes the occurrence of mineralocorticoid excess particularly during the therapy with posaconazole and itraconazole, addresses the underlying mechanisms as well as inter- and intra-individual differences, and proposes a therapeutic drug monitoring strategy for these two azole antifungals. Moreover, other therapeutically used azole antifungals and ongoing efforts to avoid adverse mineralocorticoid effects of azole compounds are shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Fazan FS, Colombari E, Loewy AD, Geerling JC. Despite increasing aldosterone, elevated potassium is not necessary for activating aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons or sodium appetite. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14714. [PMID: 33463885 PMCID: PMC7814482 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricting dietary sodium promotes sodium appetite in rats. Prolonged sodium restriction increases plasma potassium (pK), and elevated pK is largely responsible for a concurrent increase in aldosterone, which helps promote sodium appetite. In addition to increasing aldosterone, we hypothesized that elevated potassium directly influences the brain to promote sodium appetite. To test this, we restricted dietary potassium in sodium‐deprived rats. Potassium restriction reduced pK and blunted the increase in aldosterone caused by sodium deprivation, but did not prevent sodium appetite or the activation of aldosterone‐sensitive HSD2 neurons. Conversely, supplementing potassium in sodium‐deprived rats increased pK and aldosterone, but did not increase sodium appetite or the activation of HSD2 neurons relative to potassium restriction. Supplementing potassium without sodium deprivation did not significantly increase aldosterone and HSD2 neuronal activation and only modestly increased saline intake. Overall, restricting dietary sodium activated the HSD2 neurons and promoted sodium appetite across a wide range of pK and aldosterone, and saline consumption inactivated the HSD2 neurons despite persistent hyperaldosteronism. In conclusion, elevated potassium is important for increasing aldosterone, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient for activating HSD2 neurons and increasing sodium appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico S Fazan
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Arthur D Loewy
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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8
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Aldosterone from endometrial glands is benefit for human decidualization. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:679. [PMID: 32826848 PMCID: PMC7442827 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in female reproductive system is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, such as follicular development, ovarian angiogenesis, ovarian, and endometrial cancer progress. However, studies on the functional relevance of RAS in human endometrium are limited, especially for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In this study, we defined the location of RAS components in human endometrium. We found that angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), major components of RAAS, are specifically expressed in endometrial gland during mid-secretory phase. Aldosterone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is elevated in stroma in mid-secretory endometrium. In vitro, MR is also activated by aldosterone during decidualization. Activated MR initiates LKB1 expression, followed by phosphorylating of AMPK that stimulates PDK4 expression. The impact of PDK4 on decidualization is independent on PDHE1α inactivation. Based on co-immunoprecipitation, PDK4 interacts with p-CREB to prevent its ubiquitination for facilitating decidualization via FOXO1. Restrain of MR activation interrupts LKB1/p-AMPK/PDK4/p-CREB/FOXO1 pathway induced by aldosterone, indicating that aldosterone action on decidualization is mainly dependent on MR stimulation. Aldosterone biosynthesized in endometrial gland during mid-secretory phase promotes decidualization via activating MR/LKB1/p-AMPK/PDK4/p-CREB/FOXO1 signaling pathway. This study provides the valuable information for understanding the underlying mechanism during decidualization.
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9
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Dahmana N, Kowalczuk L, Gabriel D, Behar-Cohen F, Gurny R, Kalia YN. Ocular Biodistribution of Spironolactone after a Single Intravitreal Injection of a Biodegradable Sustained-Release Polymer in Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:59-69. [PMID: 31751144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sustained-release formulations for ocular delivery are of increasing interest given their potential to significantly improve treatment efficacy and patient adherence. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop a sustained-release formulation of spironolactone (SPL) using a biodegradable and injectable polymer, hexyl-substituted poly-lactic acid (hexPLA) and (ii) to investigate the ocular biodistribution and tolerability of SPL and its metabolites in rats in vivo over 1 month following a single intravitreal injection (IVT inj). The concentrations of SPL and its two principal active metabolites, 7α-thiomethylspironolactone and canrenone (CAN), in the different ocular compartments were determined at different time points (3, 7, and 31 days after IVT inj) using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Systemic exposure following a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA formulation was evaluated by quantifying SPL and its metabolites in the plasma. Ocular tolerability of the formulation was evaluated using in vivo retinal imaging and histology. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release of SPL from 5% SPL-hexPLA for up to 65 days. In vivo studies showed that SPL and its metabolites were detected in all ocular tissues at 3 and 7 days post-IVT inj. At 31 days post-IVT inj, SPL and CAN were mainly detected in the retina. These results also highlighted the clearance pathway of SPL and its metabolite involving the anterior and posterior routes in the first week (days 3 and 7), then mainly the posterior segment in the last week (day 31). This study showed that a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA in rats enabled sustained delivery of therapeutic amounts of SPL for up to 1 month to the retina without systemic exposure. This formulation may be of interest for the local treatment of diseases involving overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the chorioretina such as chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Dahmana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 21 , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles , Avenue de France 15 , 1004 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Doris Gabriel
- Apidel SA , Quai du Mont Blanc 29 , 1201 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 21 , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris , INSERM U1138, Team Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris , France.,Hôpital Cochin - Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Ophtalmopole , Paris , France
| | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland.,Apidel SA , Quai du Mont Blanc 29 , 1201 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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10
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Canonica J, Frateschi S, Boscardin E, Ebering A, Sergi C, Jäger Y, Peyrollaz T, Mérillat AM, Maillard M, Klusonova P, Odermatt A, Koesters R, Debonneville A, Staub O, Verouti SN, Hummler E. Lack of Renal Tubular Glucocorticoid Receptor Decreases the Thiazide-Sensitive Na +/Cl - Cotransporter NCC and Transiently Affects Sodium Handling. Front Physiol 2019; 10:989. [PMID: 31474871 PMCID: PMC6702950 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoid infusion impairs NCC activity and induces a non-dipping profile in mice, suggesting that glucocorticoids are essential for daily blood pressure variations. In this paper, we studied mice lacking the renal tubular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in adulthood (GR knockouts, Nr3c1Pax8/LC1). Upon standard salt diet, Nr3c1Pax8/LC1 mice grow normally, but show reduced NCC activity despite normal plasma aldosterone levels. Following diet switch to low sodium, Nr3c1Pax8/LC1 mice exhibit a transient but significant reduction in the activity of NCC and expression of NHE3 and NKCC2 accompanied by significant increased Spak activity. This is followed by transiently increased urinary sodium excretion and higher plasma aldosterone concentrations. Plasma corticosterone levels and 11βHSD2 mRNA expression and activity in the whole kidney remain unchanged. High salt diet does not affect whole body Na+ and/or K+ balance and NCC activity is not reduced, but leads to a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure dipping in Nr3c1Pax8/LC1 mice. When high sodium treatment is followed by 48 h of darkness, NCC abundance is reduced in knockout mice although activity is not different. Our data show that upon Na+ restriction renal tubular GR-deficiency transiently affects Na+ handling and transport pathways. Overall, upon standard, low Na+ and high Na+ diet exposure Na+ and K+ balance is maintained as evidenced by normal plasma and urinary Na+ and K+ and aldosterone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Canonica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simona Frateschi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Boscardin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Ebering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Jäger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Peyrollaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Mérillat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Maillard
- Department of Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Klusonova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Koesters
- Hôpital Tenon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Debonneville
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophia N Verouti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Wang D, Xu B, Wang J, Wang H, Guo J, Ji H, Li S, Wu R, Yang H, Lian S. Response of the maternal hypothalamus to cold stress during late pregnancy in rats. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146354. [PMID: 31356783 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal stress is a key risk factor in the development of offspring. We previously identified prenatal cold stress-induced anxiety-like behavior reduced in the offspring of rats along with negative feedback regulation from the maternal hippocampus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during prenatal cold stress. However, the precise function of the maternal hypothalamus response to cold stress during late pregnancy in rats has not yet been determined. Therefore, we examined proteins in the hypothalamus that respond to aldosterone, neurodevelopment, inflammation and apoptosis. Our results show that prenatal cold stress induced the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), suggesting prenatal cold stress may promote the elevation of aldosterone levels in the hypothalamus. Remarkably, increased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) helped to replenish intracellular peptidergic stores and ensure homeostatic balance during prenatal cold stress. Furthermore, prenatal cold stress reduced the expression of c-Fos via STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathways in the hypothalamus. Moreover, prenatal cold stress induced NF-κB phosphorylation at Ser536, then promoted the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and induced an apoptosis-related protein response. Together, this study confirms that changes in the maternal hypothalamus during cold stress in late pregnancy are directly reflective of the response of the HPA to cold stress and demonstrates how the hypothalamus coordinates cold stress. We suggest mechanisms which might explain how these states might be linked with an abnormal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jingru Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Shize Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Huanmin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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12
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The non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone prevents cardiac fibrotic remodeling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:173-183. [PMID: 31283930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) overactivation promotes cardiac fibrosis. We studied the ability of the non-steroidal MR antagonist finerenone to prevent fibrotic remodeling. In neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts, finerenone prevented aldosterone-induced nuclear MR translocation. Treatment with finerenone decreased the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) (74 ± 15% of control, p = 0.005) and prevented aldosterone-induced upregulation of CTGF and lysyl oxidase (LOX) completely. Finerenone attenuated the upregulation of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), which was induced by the Rac1 GTPase activator l-buthionine sulfoximine. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Rac1 (RacET) showed increased left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic (63.7 ± 8.0 vs. 93.8 ± 25.6 µl, p = 0.027) and end-systolic (28.0 ± 4.0 vs. 49.5 ± 16.7 µl, p = 0.014) volumes compared to wild-type FVBN control mice. Treatment of RacET mice with 100 ppm finerenone over 5 months prevented LV dilatation. Systolic and diastolic LV function did not differ between the three groups. RacET mice exhibited overactivation of MR and 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Both effects were reduced by finerenone (reduction about 36%, p = 0.030, and 40%, p = 0.032, respectively). RacET mice demonstrated overexpression of TGF-ß, CTGF, LOX, osteopontin as well as collagen and myocardial fibrosis in the left ventricle. In contrast, expression of these parameters did not differ between finerenone-treated RacET and control mice. Finerenone prevented left atrial dilatation (6.4 ± 1.5 vs. 4.7 ± 1.4 mg, p = 0.004) and left atrial fibrosis (17.8 ± 3.1 vs. 12.8 ± 3.1%, p = 0.046) compared to vehicle-treated RacET mice. In summary, finerenone prevented from MR-mediated structural remodeling in cardiac fibroblasts and in RacET mice. These data demonstrate anti-fibrotic myocardial effects of finerenone.
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13
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Beck KR, Thompson GR, Odermatt A. Drug-induced endocrine blood pressure elevation. Pharmacol Res 2019; 154:104311. [PMID: 31212012 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with uncontrolled hypertension are at risk for cardiovascular complications. The majority of them suffers from unidentified forms of hypertension and a fraction has so-called secondary hypertension with an identifiable cause. The patient's medications, its use of certain herbal supplements and over-the-counter agents represent potential causal factors for secondary hypertension that are often overlooked. The current review focuses on drugs that are likely to elevate blood pressure by affecting the human endocrine system at the level of steroid synthesis or metabolism, mineralocorticoid receptor activity, or by affecting the catecholaminergic system. Drugs with known adverse effects but where benefits outweigh their risks, drug candidates and market withdrawals are reviewed. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Sanchez-Niño MD, Ortiz A. Unravelling drug-induced hypertension: molecular mechanisms of aldosterone-independent mineralocorticoid receptor activation by posaconazole. Clin Kidney J 2018; 11:688-690. [PMID: 30289131 PMCID: PMC6165746 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hypertension offers the opportunity to further understand pathways involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Posaconazole is an antifungal agent known to induce hypertension and hypokalaemia. In recent months, a flurry of reports has unravelled the metabolic processes involved. In this issue of CKJ, Barton K, Davis TK, Marshall B et al. Posaconazole-induced hypertension and hypokalemia due to inhibition of the 11β-hydroxylase enzyme. Clin Kidney J 2018; 11: 691-693 present convincing evidence of 11β-hydroxylase inhibition resulting in a biochemical syndrome resembling genetic congenital adrenal hyperplasia and characterized by high 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol levels as well as androgen levels. This adds to prior evidence supporting inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, the enzyme that inactivates cortisol in aldosterone-sensitive tissues such as the kidneys, yielding a syndrome resembling genetic apparent mineralocorticoid excess or licorice toxicity, characterized by a high cortisol/cortisone ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Christakoudi S, Runglall M, Mobillo P, Rebollo-Mesa I, Tsui TL, Nova-Lamperti E, Norris S, Kamra Y, Hilton R, Bhandari S, Baker R, Berglund D, Carr S, Game D, Griffin S, Kalra PA, Lewis R, Mark PB, Marks SD, Macphee I, McKane W, Mohaupt MG, Pararajasingam R, Kon SP, Serón D, Sinha M, Tucker B, Viklický O, Lechler RI, Lord GM, Stahl D, Hernandez-Fuentes MP. Steroid regulation: An overlooked aspect of tolerance and chronic rejection in kidney transplantation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:205-216. [PMID: 29427591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroid conversion (HSD11B1, HSD11B2, H6PD) and receptor genes (NR3C1, NR3C2) were examined in kidney-transplant recipients with "operational tolerance" and chronic rejection (CR), independently and within the context of 88 tolerance-associated genes. Associations with cellular types were explored. Peripheral whole-blood gene-expression levels (RT-qPCR-based) and cell counts were adjusted for immunosuppressant drug intake. Tolerant (n = 17), stable (n = 190) and CR patients (n = 37) were compared. Healthy controls (n = 14) were used as reference. The anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and the cortisol-activating HSD11B1 and H6PD genes were up-regulated in CR and were lowest in tolerant patients. The pro-inflammatory mineralocorticoid gene (NR3C2) was downregulated in stable and CR patients. NR3C1 was associated with neutrophils and NR3C2 with T-cells. Steroid conversion and receptor genes, alone, enabled classification of tolerant patients and were major contributors to gene-expression signatures of both, tolerance and CR, alongside known tolerance-associated genes, revealing a key role of steroid regulation and response in kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Manohursingh Runglall
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paula Mobillo
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Irene Rebollo-Mesa
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tjir-Li Tsui
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Sonia Norris
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rachel Hilton
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Anlaby Rd, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Richard Baker
- St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sue Carr
- Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - David Game
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sian Griffin
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Philip A Kalra
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Ln, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Robert Lewis
- Queen Alexandra Hospital, Southwick Hill Rd, Cosham, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK
| | - Patrick B Mark
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephen D Marks
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond St, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Iain Macphee
- St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Rd, London SW17 0QT, UK
| | - William McKane
- Northern General Hospital, Herries Rd, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Markus G Mohaupt
- INSELSPITAL, Universitätsspital Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sui Phin Kon
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Daniel Serón
- Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manish Sinha
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, Lambeth, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Beatriz Tucker
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ondrej Viklický
- Transplantační laboratoř, Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny (IKEM), Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Maria P Hernandez-Fuentes
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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16
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Mills NJ, Sharma K, Haque M, Moore M, Teruyama R. Aldosterone Mediated Regulation of Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Subunits in the Rat Hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2018; 390:278-292. [PMID: 30195057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the brain plays a significant role in the development of hypertension. ENaC is present in vasopressin (VP) neurons in the hypothalamus, suggesting that ENaC in VP neurons is involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Our recent study demonstrated that high dietary salt intake caused an increase in the expression and activity of ENaC that were responsible for the more depolarized basal membrane potential in VP neurons. A known regulator of ENaC expression, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is present in VP neurons, suggesting that ENaC expression in VP neurons is regulated by aldosterone. In this study, the effects of aldosterone and corticosterone on ENaC were examined in acute hypothalamic slices. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that aldosterone and corticosterone treatment resulted in a significant increase in the expression of γENaC, but not α- or βENaC, and that this expression was attenuated by MR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the aldosterone-MR complex directly interacts with the promoter region of the γENaC gene. However, the treatment with aldosterone did not cause subcellular translocation of ENaC toward the plasma membrane nor an increase in ENaC Na+-leak current. These results indicate that expression of γENaC in VP neurons is induced by aldosterone and corticosterone through their MR and GR, respectively; however, aldosterone or corticosterone alone is not sufficient enough to increase ENaC current when they are applied to hypothalamic slices in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kaustubh Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - Masudul Haque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - Meagan Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ryoichi Teruyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA.
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17
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Schreier B, Wolf A, Hammer S, Pohl S, Mildenberger S, Rabe S, Gekle M, Zipprich A. The selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone prevents decompensation of the liver in cirrhosis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2956-2967. [PMID: 29682743 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) contributes to fibrosis in various tissues, and MR antagonists, like eplerenone, are used to prevent fibrosis. The role of MR antagonists in hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of MRs and eplerenone in cirrhosis development. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Liver fibrosis (5 weeks) and cirrhosis, without (8 weeks) and with ascites (12 weeks), were induced by CCl4 in rats and comprehensively analysed. The effect of eplerenone on the development of cirrhosis with ascites was assessed. MR expression, cellular and subcellular distribution and impact of hypoxia were investigated in vivo and ex vivo. Primary rat hepatocytes and cell lines were used to investigate MR trafficking and transcriptional activity mechanistically. KEY RESULTS In cirrhosis with ascites, MR mRNA and protein expressions were reduced in hepatocytes of hypoxic areas. While in normoxic areas MRs were mainly cytosolic, the remaining MRs in hypoxic areas were mainly localized in the nuclei, indicating activation followed by translocation and degradation. Accordingly, eplerenone treatment prevented nuclear MR translocation and the worsening of cirrhosis. Exposing hepatocytes ex vivo to hypoxia induced nuclear MR translocation and enhanced transcriptional MR activity at response elements of the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We showed for the first time that hypoxia leads to a pathogenetic ligand-independent activation of hepatic MRs during cirrhosis resulting in their nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the NF-κB pathway. Treatment with eplerenone prevented the worsening of cirrhosis by blocking this ligand-independent activation of the MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schreier
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja Wolf
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hammer
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sabine Pohl
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sigrid Mildenberger
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sindy Rabe
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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18
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Wang W, Chen ZJ, Myatt L, Sun K. 11β-HSD1 in Human Fetal Membranes as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Preterm Birth. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:241-260. [PMID: 29385440 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane rupture. It has been recognized for a long time that among fetal tissues in late gestation the fetal membranes possess the highest capacity for cortisol regeneration by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). However, the exact role of this unique feature remains a mystery. Accumulating evidence indicates that this extra-adrenal source of cortisol may serve as an upstream signal for critical events in human parturition, including enhanced prostaglandin and estrogen synthesis as well as extracellular matrix remodeling. This may explain why such high capacity for cortisol regeneration develops in human fetal membranes at late gestation. Therefore, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may provide a potential therapeutic target for prevention of preterm birth. This review summarizes the current understanding of the functional role of cortisol regeneration by 11β-HSD1 in human fetal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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19
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Galligan TM, Schwacke LH, McFee WE, Boggs ASP. Evidence for cortisol-cortisone metabolism by marine mammal blubber. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:10.1007/s00227-018-3373-4. [PMID: 31579267 PMCID: PMC6774200 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blubber, a specialized hyperdermic adipose tissue found in marine mammals, has been identified as a useful tissue for the assessment of steroid hormone homeostasis in cetaceans. However, blubber cortisol measurements are not quantitatively predictive of circulating cortisol concentrations in bottlenose dolphins. In other mammals, adipose tissue metabolizes steroid hormones. Thus, it is proposed that the disagreement between blubber and blood cortisol in bottlenose dolphins could be due in part to metabolism of corticosteroids in blubber. The purpose of this study is to characterize the ability of blubber to interconvert cortisol and cortisone using an in vitro design. Results demonstrate that bottlenose dolphin blubber microsomes interconvert cortisol and cortisone, an effect that is abated by denaturing the microsomes, indicating this is an enzymatic process. These findings lead to the conclusion that blubber is likely a site of active steroid metabolism, which should be considered in future studies utilizing blubber as a matrix for endocrine assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Galligan
- College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
- JHT, Inc. Under Contract to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 West Campus Drive, Cheatham Hall Rm 101, Blacksburg 24060, VA, USA
| | - Lori H. Schwacke
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Wayne E. McFee
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston 29412, SC, USA
| | - Ashley S. P. Boggs
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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20
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Jiménez-Canino R, Lorenzo-Díaz F, Odermatt A, Bailey MA, Livingstone DEW, Jaisser F, Farman N, Alvarez de la Rosa D. 11β-HSD2 SUMOylation Modulates Cortisol-Induced Mineralocorticoid Receptor Nuclear Translocation Independently of Effects on Transactivation. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4047-4063. [PMID: 28938454 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) has an essential role in aldosterone target tissues, conferring aldosterone selectivity for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by converting 11β-hydroxyglucocorticoids to inactive 11-ketosteroids. Congenital deficiency of 11β-HSD2 causes a form of salt-sensitive hypertension known as the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. The disease phenotype, which ranges from mild to severe, correlates well with reduction in enzyme activity. Furthermore, polymorphisms in the 11β-HSD2 coding gene (HSD11B2) have been linked to high blood pressure and salt sensitivity, major cardiovascular risk factors. 11β-HSD2 expression is controlled by different factors such as cytokines, sex steroids, or vasopressin, but posttranslational modulation of its activity has not been explored. Analysis of 11β-HSD2 sequence revealed a consensus site for conjugation of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) peptide, a major posttranslational regulatory event in several cellular processes. Our results demonstrate that 11β-HSD2 is SUMOylated at lysine 266. Non-SUMOylatable mutant K266R showed slightly higher substrate affinity and decreased Vmax, but no effects on protein stability or subcellular localization. Despite mild changes in enzyme activity, mutant K266R was unable to prevent cortisol-dependent MR nuclear translocation. The same effect was achieved by coexpression of wild-type 11β-HSD2 with sentrin-specific protease 1, a protease that catalyzes SUMO deconjugation. In the presence of 11β-HSD2-K266R, increased nuclear MR localization did not correlate with increased response to cortisol or increased recruitment of transcriptional coregulators. Taken together, our data suggests that SUMOylation of 11β-HSD2 at residue K266 modulates cortisol-mediated MR nuclear translocation independently of effects on transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Canino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fabián Lorenzo-Díaz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn E W Livingstone
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolette Farman
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
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Abstract
A new concept is emerging in biomedical sciences: the gut microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function. Here, we explore the literature pertaining to the role of gut microbial metabolism of endogenous adrenocorticosteroids as a contributing factor in the etiology of essential hypertension. A body of literature demonstrates that bacterial products of glucocorticoid metabolism are absorbed into the portal circulation, and pass through the kidney before excretion into urine. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome patients were found to have congenital mutations resulting in non-functional renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) and severe hypertension often lethal in childhood. 11β-HSD2 acts as a "guardian" enzyme protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor from excess cortisol, preventing sodium and water retention in the normotensive state. Licorice root, whose active ingredient, glycerrhetinic acid (GA), inhibits renal 11β-HSD2, and thereby causes hypertension in some individuals. Bacterially derived glucocorticoid metabolites may cause hypertension in some patients by a similar mechanism. Parallel observations in gut microbiology coupled with screening of endogenous steroids as inhibitors of 11β-HSD2 have implicated particular gut bacteria in essential hypertension through the production of glycerrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs). A protective role of GALFs produced by gut bacteria in the etiology of colorectal cancer is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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22
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Chadwick JA, Hauck JS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Rafael-Fortney JA. Gene expression effects of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists on normal human skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:277-286. [PMID: 28432191 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00128.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors are closely related steroid hormone receptors that regulate gene expression through many of the same hormone response elements. However, their transcriptional activities and effects in skeletal muscles are largely unknown. We recently identified mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in skeletal muscles after finding that combined treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril and MR antagonist spironolactone was therapeutic in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist prednisolone is the current standard-of-care treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy because it prolongs ambulation, likely due to its anti-inflammatory effects. However, data on whether glucocorticoids have a beneficial or detrimental direct effect on skeletal muscle are controversial. Here, we begin to define the gene expression profiles in normal differentiated human skeletal muscle myotubes treated with MR and GR agonists and antagonists. The MR agonist aldosterone and GR agonist prednisolone had highly overlapping gene expression profiles, supporting the notion that prednisolone acts as both a GR and MR agonist that may have detrimental effects on skeletal muscles. Co-incubations with aldosterone plus either nonspecific or selective MR antagonists, spironolactone or eplerenone, resulted in similar numbers of gene expression changes, suggesting that both drugs can block MR activation to a similar extent. Eplerenone treatment alone decreased a number of important muscle-specific genes. This information may be used to develop biomarkers to monitor clinical efficacy of MR antagonists or GR agonists in muscular dystrophy, develop a temporally coordinated treatment with both drugs, or identify novel therapeutics with more specific downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Chadwick
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - J Spencer Hauck
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;
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23
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Lavall D, Schuster P, Jacobs N, Kazakov A, Böhm M, Laufs U. Rac1 GTPase regulates 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and fibrotic remodeling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7542-7553. [PMID: 28320863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterize the role of Rac1 GTPase for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated pro-fibrotic remodeling. Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of constitutively active Rac1 (RacET) develop an age-dependent phenotype with atrial dilatation, fibrosis, and atrial fibrillation. Expression of MR was similar in RacET and WT mice. The expression of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) was age-dependently up-regulated in the atria and the left ventricles of RacET mice on mRNA and protein levels. Statin treatment inhibiting Rac1 geranylgeranylation reduced 11β-HSD2 up-regulation. Samples of human left atrial myocardium showed a positive correlation between Rac1 activity and 11β-HSD2 expression (r = 0.7169). Immunoprecipitation showed enhanced Rac1-bound 11β-HSD2 relative to Rac1 expression in RacET mice that was diminished with statin treatment. Both basal and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced NADPH oxidase activity were increased in RacET and correlated positively with 11β-HSD2 expression (r = 0.788 and r = 0.843, respectively). In cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes, Rac1 activation with l-buthionine sulfoximine increased; Rac1 inhibition with NSC23766 decreased 11β-HSD2 mRNA and protein expression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) up-regulation induced by aldosterone was prevented with NSC23766. Cardiomyocyte transfection with 11β-HSD2 siRNA abolished the aldosterone-induced CTGF up-regulation. Aldosterone-stimulated MR nuclear translocation was blocked by the 11β-HSD2 inhibitor carbenoxolone. In cardiac fibroblasts, nuclear MR translocation induced by aldosterone was inhibited with NSC23766 and spironolactone. NSC23766 prevented the aldosterone-induced proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts and the up-regulation of CTGF and fibronectin. In conclusion, Rac1 GTPase regulates 11β-HSD2 expression, MR activation, and MR-mediated pro-fibrotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lavall
- From the Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Pia Schuster
- From the Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nadine Jacobs
- From the Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andrey Kazakov
- From the Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- From the Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- From the Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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24
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Tsachaki M, Meyer A, Weger B, Kratschmar DV, Tokarz J, Adamski J, Belting HG, Affolter M, Dickmeis T, Odermatt A. Absence of 11-keto reduction of cortisone and 11-ketotestosterone in the model organism zebrafish. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:323-335. [PMID: 27927697 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are widely used as model organism. Their suitability for endocrine studies, drug screening and toxicity assessements depends on the extent of conservation of specific genes and biochemical pathways between zebrafish and human. Glucocorticoids consist of inactive 11-keto (cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone) and active 11β-hydroxyl forms (cortisol and corticosterone). In mammals, two 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2) interconvert active and inactive glucocorticoids, allowing tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid action. Furthermore, 11β-HSDs are involved in the metabolism of 11-oxy androgens. As zebrafish and other teleost fish lack a direct homologue of 11β-HSD1, we investigated whether they can reduce 11-ketosteroids. We compared glucocorticoid and androgen metabolism between human and zebrafish using recombinant enzymes, microsomal preparations and zebrafish larvae. Our results provide strong evidence for the absence of 11-ketosteroid reduction in zebrafish. Neither human 11β-HSD3 nor the two zebrafish 11β-HSD3 homologues, previously hypothesized to reduce 11-ketosteroids, converted cortisone and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) to their 11β-hydroxyl forms. Furthermore, zebrafish microsomes were unable to reduce 11-ketosteroids, and exposure of larvae to cortisone or the synthetic analogue prednisone did not affect glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression. Additionally, a dual-role of 11β-HSD2 by inactivating glucocorticoids and generating the main fish androgen 11KT was supported. Thus, due to the lack of 11-ketosteroid reduction, zebrafish and other teleost fish exhibit a limited tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid action, and their androgen production pathway is characterized by sustained 11KT production. These findings are of particular significance when using zebrafish as a model to study endocrine functions, stress responses and effects of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Meyer
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- AstraZeneca AGZug, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SAEPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Morris DJ. Why do humans have two glucocorticoids: A question of intestinal fortitude. Steroids 2015; 102:32-8. [PMID: 26144050 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this review article is threefold (a) to try to address the question "why are two adrenal glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosterone, secreted by humans and other mammalian species?", (b) to outline a hypothesis that under certain physiological conditions, corticosterone has additional biochemical functions over and above those of cortisol, and (c) to emphasize the role of gastrointestinal bacteria in chemically transforming corticosterone into metabolites and that these re-cycled metabolites can be reabsorbed from the enterohepatic circuit. Cortisol and its metabolites are not secreted into the bile and thus are excluded from the enterohepatic circuit. Corticosterone was the first steroid hormone isolated from adrenal gland extracts. Many believe that corticosterone functions identically to cortisol. Yet, corticosterone causes significant sodium retention and potassium secretion in Addisonian patients, unlike cortisol. In humans, corticosterone and its metabolite, 3α,5α-TH-corticosterone, are excreted via the bile in humans where they are transformed in the intestine by anaerobic bacteria into 21-dehydroxylated products: 11β-OH-progesterone or 11β-OH-(allo)-5α-preganolones. These metabolites inhibit 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 dehydrogenase, being many-fold more potent than 3α,5α-TH-cortisol. Corticosterone has significantly lower Km's for both 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 enzymatic dehydrogenase activity, compared to cortisol. Patients diagnosed with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency have elevated blood pressure and high levels of circulating corticosterone, 3α,5α-TH-corticosterone, and their 21-dehydroxlated corticosterone derivatives. In humans, these 5α-corticosterone metabolites are likely to influence blood pressure regulation and Na(+) retention by inhibiting the rate of deactivation of cortisol by 11β-HSD isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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26
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Mooij CF, Parajes S, Pijnenburg-Kleizen KJ, Arlt W, Krone N, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL. Influence of 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, Progesterone and Sex Steroids on Mineralocorticoid Receptor Transactivation in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 83:000374112. [PMID: 25896481 DOI: 10.1159/000374112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency leads to accumulation of steroid precursors and adrenal androgens. These steroids may have a biological effect on the steroid receptor with clinical consequences on diagnostics and treatment in CAH patients. Therefore, we analysed the effect of accumulated steroids [17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone] on aldosterone-mediated transactivation of the human mineralocorticoid receptor (hMR). METHODS A transactivation assay using transiently transfected COS7 cells was employed. Cells were co-transfected with hMR-cDNA, MMTV-luciferase and renilla-luciferase expression vectors. Transfected cells were incubated with six different steroid concentrations in addition to aldosterone (10-10M). Luciferase and renilla activities were measured to quantify hMR transactivation. RESULTS Linear regression analysis showed statistically significant linear inhibition of transactivation of the hMR by 10-10M aldosterone in the presence of increasing 17OHP [F(1,5) = 11.34, p = 0.019] and progesterone [F(1,5) = 11.08, p = 0.021] concentrations. In contrast, neither androstenedione nor testosterone affected hMR transactivation by aldosterone at a concentration of 10-10M. CONCLUSION Our study shows for the first time that neither androstenedione nor testosterone has a biological effect on aldosterone-mediated transactivation of the hMR. 17OHP and progesterone have an anti-mineralocorticoid effect in vitro that may clinically lead to an increased requirement of mineralocorticoids in poorly controlled CAH patients. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan F Mooij
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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27
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Therapeutic targeting of aldosterone: a novel approach to the treatment of glomerular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:527-35. [PMID: 25671776 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have established a role for mineralocorticoids in the development of renal fibrosis. Originally, the research focus for mineralocorticoid-induced fibrosis was on the collecting duct, where 'classical' mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) involved with electrolyte transport are present. Epithelial cells in this segment can, under selected circumstances, also respond to MR activation by initiating pro-fibrotic pathways. More recently, 'non-classical' MRs have been described in kidney cells not associated with electrolyte transport, including mesangial cells and podocytes within the glomerulus. Activation of MRs in these cells appears to lead to glomerular sclerosis. Mechanistically, aldosterone induces excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in glomerular cells through activation of NADPH oxidase. In mesangial cells, aldosterone also has pro-apoptotic, mitogenic and pro-fibrogenic effects, all of which potentially promote active remodelling and expansion of the mesangium. Although mitochondrial dysfunction seems to mediate the aldosterone-induced mesangial apoptosis, the ROS dependent epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation is probably responsible for aldosterone-induced mesangial mitosis and proliferation. In podocytes, mitochondrial dysfunction elicited by oxidative stress is an early event associated with aldosterone-induced podocyte injury. Both the p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling and the redox-sensitive glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β pathways are centrally implicated in aldosterone-induced podocyte death. Aldosterone-induced GSK3β over-activity could potentially cause hyperphosphorylation and over-activation of putative GSK3β substrates, including structural components of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, all of which lead to cell injury and death. Clinically, proteinuria significantly decreases when aldosterone inhibitors are included in the treatment of many glomerular diseases further supporting the view that mineralocorticoids are important players in glomerular pathology.
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28
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Brain mineralocorticoid receptors in cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. Steroids 2014; 91:20-31. [PMID: 25173821 PMCID: PMC4302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate diverse functions supporting osmotic and hemodynamic homeostasis, response to injury and inflammation, and neuronal changes required for learning and memory. Inappropriate MR activation in kidneys, heart, vessels, and brain hemodynamic control centers results in cardiovascular and renal pathology and hypertension. MR binds aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone with similar affinity, while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has less affinity for cortisol and corticosterone. As glucocorticoids are more abundant than aldosterone, aldosterone activates MR in cells co-expressing enzymes with 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase activity to inactivate them. MR and GR co-expressed in the same cell interact at the molecular and functional level and these functions may be complementary or opposing depending on the cell type. Thus the balance between MR and GR expression and activation is crucial for normal function. Where 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that inactivates cortisol and corticosterone in aldosterone target cells of the kidney and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is not expressed, as in most neurons, MR are activated at basal glucocorticoid concentrations, GR at stress concentrations. An exception may be pre-autonomic neurons of the PVN which express MR and 11β-HSD1 in the absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase required to generate the requisite cofactor for reductase activity, thus it acts as a dehydrogenase. MR antagonists, valuable adjuncts to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, also inhibit MR in the brain that are crucial for memory formation and exacerbate detrimental effects of excessive GR activation on cognition and mood. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors combat metabolic and cognitive diseases related to glucocorticoid excess, but may exacerbate MR action where 11β-HSD1 acts as a dehydrogenase, while non-selective 11β-HSD1&2 inhibitors cause injurious disruption of MR hemodynamic control. MR functions in the brain are multifaceted and optimal MR:GR activity is crucial. Therefore selectively targeting down-stream effectors of MR specific actions may be a better therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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29
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Andrieu T, Fustier P, Alikhani-Koupaei R, Ignatova ID, Guettinger A, Frey FJ, Frey BM. Insulin, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and lactate regulate the human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene expression in colon cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105354. [PMID: 25133511 PMCID: PMC4136812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta-HSD) modulate mineralocorticoid receptor transactivation by glucocorticoids and regulate access to the glucocorticoid receptor. The isozyme 11beta-HSD2 is selectively expressed in mineralocorticoid target tissues and its activity is reduced in various disease states with abnormal sodium retention and hypertension, including the apparent mineralocorticoid excess. As 50% of patients with essential hypertension are insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic, we hypothesized that insulin downregulates the 11beta-HSD2 activity. In the present study we show that insulin reduced the 11beta-HSD2 activity in cancer colon cell lines (HCT116, SW620 and HT-29) at the transcriptional level, in a time and dose dependent manner. The downregulation was reversible and required new protein synthesis. Pathway analysis using mRNA profiling revealed that insulin treatment modified the expression of the transcription factor family C/EBPs (CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins) but also of glycolysis related enzymes. Western blot and real time PCR confirmed an upregulation of C/EBP beta isoforms (LAP and LIP) with a more pronounced increase in the inhibitory isoform LIP. EMSA and reporter gene assays demonstrated the role of C/EBP beta isoforms in HSD11B2 gene expression regulation. In addition, secretion of lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, was shown to mediate insulin-dependent HSD11B2 downregulation. In summary, we demonstrate that insulin downregulates HSD11B2 through increased LIP expression and augmented lactate secretion. Such mechanisms are of interest and potential significance for sodium reabsorption in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrieu
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fustier
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Rasoul Alikhani-Koupaei
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Irena D. Ignatova
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Guettinger
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Felix J. Frey
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte M. Frey
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Hunter RW, Ivy JR, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids and renal Na+ transport: implications for hypertension and salt sensitivity. J Physiol 2014; 592:1731-44. [PMID: 24535442 PMCID: PMC4001748 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of glucocorticoid excess include central obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, electrolyte abnormalities and hypertension. A century on from Cushing's original case study, these cardinal features are prevalent in industrialized nations. Hypertension is the major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease and reflects underlying abnormalities of Na+ homeostasis. Aldosterone is a master regulator of renal Na+ transport but here we argue that glucocorticoids are also influential, particularly during moderate excess. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis can affect renal Na+ homeostasis on multiple levels, systemically by increasing mineralocorticoid synthesis and locally by actions on both the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, both of which are expressed in the kidney. The kidney also expresses both of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes. The intrarenal generation of active glucocorticoid by 11βHSD1 stimulates Na+ reabsorption; failure to downregulate the enzyme during adaption to high dietary salt causes salt-sensitive hypertension. The deactivation of glucocorticoid by 11βHSD2 underpins the regulatory dominance for Na+ transport of mineralocorticoids and defines the ‘aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron’. In summary, glucocorticoids can stimulate renal transport processes conventionally attributed to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Importantly, Na+ and volume homeostasis do not exert negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These actions are therefore clinically relevant and may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in conditions associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels, such as the metabolic syndrome and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Hunter
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Menani JV, De Luca LA, Johnson AK. Role of the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of sodium appetite. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R201-10. [PMID: 24401989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In states of sodium deficiency many animals seek and consume salty solutions to restore body fluid homeostasis. These behaviors reflect the presence of sodium appetite that is a manifestation of a pattern of central nervous system (CNS) activity with facilitatory and inhibitory components that are affected by several neurohumoral factors. The primary focus of this review is on one structure in this central system, the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). However, before turning to a more detailed discussion of the LPBN, a brief overview of body fluid balance-related body-to-brain signaling and the identification of the primary CNS structures and humoral factors involved in the control of sodium appetite is necessary. Angiotensin II, mineralocorticoids, and extracellular osmotic changes act on forebrain areas to facilitate sodium appetite and thirst. In the hindbrain, the LPBN functions as a key integrative node with an ascending output that exerts inhibitory influences on forebrain regions. A nonspecific or general deactivation of LPBN-associated inhibition by GABA or opioid agonists produces NaCl intake in euhydrated rats without any other treatment. Selective LPBN manipulation of other neurotransmitter systems [e.g., serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), glutamate, ATP, or norepinephrine] greatly enhances NaCl intake when accompanied by additional treatments that induce either thirst or sodium appetite. The LPBN interacts with key forebrain areas that include the subfornical organ and central amygdala to determine sodium intake. To summarize, a model of LPBN inhibitory actions on forebrain facilitatory components for the control of sodium appetite is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; and Departments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Health, and Human Physiology and the Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Jutla SK, Yuyun MF, Quinn PA, Ng LL. Plasma cortisol and prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2014; 15:33-41. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328364100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pandya K, Dietrich D, Seibert J, Vederas JC, Odermatt A. Synthesis of sterically encumbered 11β-aminoprogesterone derivatives and evaluation as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lee SR, Kim HK, Song IS, Youm J, Dizon LA, Jeong SH, Ko TH, Heo HJ, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim N, Han J. Glucocorticoids and their receptors: insights into specific roles in mitochondria. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 112:44-54. [PMID: 23603102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) affect most physiological systems and are the most frequently used drugs for multiple disorders and organ transplantation. GC functions depend on a balance between circulating GC and cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor II (GR). Mitochondria individually enclose circular, double-stranded DNA that is expressed and replicated in response to nuclear-encoded factors imported from the cytoplasm. Fine-tuning and response to cellular demands should be coordinately regulated by the nucleus and mitochondria; thus mitochondrial-nuclear interaction is vital to optimal mitochondrial function. Elucidation of the direct and indirect effects of steroids, including GCs, on mitochondria is an important and emerging field of research. Mitochondria may also be under GC control because GRs are present in mitochondria, and glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) reside in the mitochondrial genome. Therefore, mitochondrial gene expression can be regulated by GCs via at least two different mechanisms: direct action on mitochondrial DNA and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes, or by an indirect effect through interaction with nuclear genes. In this review, we outline possible mechanisms of regulation of mitochondrial genes in response to GCs in view of translocation of the GR into mitochondria and the possible regulation of OXPHOS genes by GREs in the mitochondrial genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegeum-Dong, Busanjin-Gu, 613-735 Busan, Republic of Korea
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Brem AS, Morris DJ, Li X, Ge Y, Shaw S, Gong R. Adrenalectomy amplifies aldosterone induced injury in cardiovascular tissue: an effect attenuated by adrenally derived steroids. Steroids 2013; 78:347-55. [PMID: 23287650 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone induces fibrotic changes in cardiovascular tissues but its effects have usually been demonstrated in models of pre-existing renal injury and/or hypertension. This study tests the hypothesis that aldosterone can directly induce vascular fibrotic changes in the absence of prior renal injury or hypertension. Experiments were conducted in intact or adrenalectomized (ADX) mice. Mice were divided into groups and treated for 1 week with vehicle or aldosterone (8 μg/kg/day)± inhibitor (800 μg/kg/day): CONTROLS, mice treated with aldosterone, ADX-CONTROLS, ADX+corticosterone (CORT 8 μg/kg/day), ADX with aldosterone, ADX with aldosterone plus the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist RU-318, ADX with aldosterone+CORT (CORT inhibitor dose), and ADX with aldosterone+11-dehydro-CORT. Aortic smooth muscle to collagen ratio, aorta intimal thickness (μm), heart weight/body weight ratio (mg/gm), and left ventricular collagen (%) were measured. Prior to sacrifice, blood pressures were normal in all animals. Lower dose CORT alone had no effect on any of the variables examined. Aldosterone exposure was associated with extra-cellular matrix accumulation in cardiovascular tissues in intact mice and adrenalectomy exacerbated these effects. RU-318, CORT (inhibitor dose), and 11-deydro-CORT each attenuated the early fibrotic changes induced by aldosterone. In the heart, aldosterone exposure affected all the parameters measured and caused intimal hypercellularity with monocytes adhering to endothelial cells lining coronary vessels. Cultured endothelial cells exposed to aldosterone (10nM) released E-selectin, produced collagen, and promoted monocyte adhesion. These effects were inhibited by RU-318 and 11-deydro-CORT but not by CORT. Thus, adrenalectomy enhances aldosterone induced early fibrotic changes in heart and aorta. Aldosterone initially targets vascular endothelial cells. MR antagonists and 11-dehydro-CORT, an 11β-HSD dehydrogenase end-product, directly attenuate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Formenti S, Bassi M, Nakamura NB, Schoorlemmer GHM, Menani JV, Colombari E. Hindbrain mineralocorticoid mechanisms on sodium appetite. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00385.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone acting on the brain stimulates sodium appetite and sympathetic activity by mechanisms that are still not completely clear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic infusion of aldosterone and acute injection of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist RU 28318 into the fourth ventricle (4th V) on sodium appetite. Male Wistar rats (280–350 g) with a stainless-steel cannula in either the 4th V or lateral ventricle (LV) were used. Daily intake of 0.3 M NaCl increased to 46 ± 15 and 130 ± 6 ml/24 h after 6 days of infusion of 10 and 100 ng/h of aldosterone into the 4th V (intake with vehicle infusion: 2 ± 1 ml/24 h). Water intake fell slightly and not consistently, and food intake was not affected by aldosterone. Sodium appetite induced by diuretic (furosemide) combined with 24 h of a low-sodium diet fell from 12 ± 1.7 ml/2 h to 5.6 ± 0.8 ml/2 h after injection of the MR antagonist RU 28318 (100 ng/2 μl) into the 4th V. RU 28318 also reduced the intake of 0.3 M NaCl induced by 9 days of a low-sodium diet from 9.5 ± 2.6 ml/2 h to 1.2 ± 0.6 ml/2 h. Infusion of 100 or 500 ng/h of aldosterone into the LV did not affect daily intake of 0.3 M NaCl. The results are functional evidence that aldosterone acting on MR in the hindbrain activates a powerful mechanism involved in the control of sodium appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmara Formenti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Mirian Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália B. Nakamura
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guus H. M. Schoorlemmer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - José V. Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; and
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nixon M, Andrew R, Chapman KE. It takes two to tango: dimerisation of glucocorticoid receptor and its anti-inflammatory functions. Steroids 2013; 78:59-68. [PMID: 23127816 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
For a number of years, there has been a widespread view that the adverse side-effects of prolonged glucocorticoid (GC) treatment are a result of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene activation, whilst the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects result from GR-mediated 'transrepression'. Since the introduction of the dimerisation-deficient GR mutant, GR(dim), was apparently unable to activate gene transcription, yet still able to repress pro-inflammatory gene transcription, the search for novel GR modulators has centred on the separation of gene activation from repression by prevention of GR dimerisation. However, recent work has questioned the conclusions drawn from these early GR(dim) studies, with evidence that GR(dim) mutants not only activate gene transcription, but that, in direct contradiction to the initial GR(dim) work, are also capable of forming dimers. This review of the current literature highlights the versatility of the GR in forming homodimer interactions, as well as the ability to bind to alternate nuclear receptors, and investigates the potential implications such varying GR dimer conformations may have for the design of GR ligands with a safer side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nixon
- Endocrinology, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Chantong B, Kratschmar DV, Nashev LG, Balazs Z, Odermatt A. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors differentially regulate NF-kappaB activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in murine BV-2 microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2012. [PMID: 23190711 PMCID: PMC3526453 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia, the resident macrophage-like cells in the brain, regulate innate immune responses in the CNS to protect neurons. However, excessive activation of microglia contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Corticosteroids are potent modulators of inflammation and mediate their effects by binding to mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Here, the coordinated activities of GR and MR on the modulation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in murine BV-2 microglial cells were studied. Methods BV-2 cells were treated with different corticosteroids in the presence or absence of MR and GR antagonists. The impact of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) was determined by incubating cells with 11-dehydrocorticosterone, with or without selective inhibitors. Expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), and 11β-HSD1 mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR and IL-6 protein expression by ELISA. NF-κB activation and translocation upon treatment with various corticosteroids were visualized by western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and translocation assays. Results GR and MR differentially regulate NF-κB activation and neuroinflammatory parameters in BV-2 cells. By converting inactive 11-dehydrocorticosterone to active corticosterone, 11β-HSD1 essentially modulates the coordinated action of GR and MR. Biphasic effects were observed for 11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone, with an MR-dependent potentiation of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression and NF-κB activation at low/moderate concentrations and a GR-dependent suppression at high concentrations. The respective effects were confirmed using the MR ligand aldosterone and the antagonist spironolactone as well as the GR ligand dexamethasone and the antagonist RU-486. NF-κB activation could be blocked by spironolactone and the inhibitor of NF-κB translocation Cay-10512. Moreover, an increased expression of TNFR2 was observed upon treatment with 11-dehydrocorticosterone and aldosterone, which was reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and/or spironolactone and Cay-10512. Conclusions A tightly coordinated GR and MR activity regulates the NF-κB pathway and the control of inflammatory mediators in microglia cells. The balance of GR and MR activity is locally modulated by the action of 11β-HSD1, which is upregulated by pro-inflammatory mediators and may represent an important feedback mechanism involved in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonrat Chantong
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Lee SR, Kim HK, Youm JB, Dizon LA, Song IS, Jeong SH, Seo DY, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim N, Han J. Non-genomic effect of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular system. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:549-59. [PMID: 23001133 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential steroid hormones for homeostasis, development, metabolism, and cognition and possess anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Since glucocorticoid receptor II (GR) is nearly ubiquitous, chronic activation or depletion of GCs leads to dysfunction of diverse organs, including the heart and blood vessels, resulting predominantly from changes in gene expression. Most studies, therefore, have focused on the genomic effects of GC to understand its related pathophysiological manifestations. The nongenomic effects of GCs clearly differ from well-known genomic effects, with the former responding within several minutes without the need for protein synthesis. There is increasing evidence that the nongenomic actions of GCs influence various physiological functions. To develop a GC-mediated therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, understanding the genomic and nongenomic effects of GC on the cardiovascular system is needed. This article reviews our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of GCs on cardiovascular diseases and stress, as well as how nongenomic GC signaling contributes to these conditions. We suggest that manipulation of GC action based on both GC and GR metabolism, mitochondrial impact, and the action of serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase 1 may provide new information with which to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegeum-Dong, Busanjin-Gu, Busan, Korea
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Ruhs S, Strätz N, Schlör K, Meinel S, Mildenberger S, Rabe S, Gekle M, Grossmann C. Modulation of transcriptional mineralocorticoid receptor activity by nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1088-100. [PMID: 22749806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in salt and water homeostasis and pathological tissue modifications, such as cardiovascular and renal fibrosis. Importantly, MR activation by aldosterone per se is not sufficient for the deleterious effects but requires the additional presence of a certain pathological milieu. Phenomenologically, this milieu could be generated by enhanced nitrosative stress. However, little is known regarding the modulation of MR transcriptional activity in a pathological milieu. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the closest relative of the MR, binds to the same hormone-response element but elicits protective effects on the cardiovascular system. To investigate the possible modulation of MR and GR by nitrosative stress under controlled conditions we used human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and measured MR and GR transactivation after stimulation with the nitric oxide (NO)-donor SNAP and the peroxynitrite-donor Sin-1. In the presence of corticosteroids NO led to a general reduced corticosteroid receptor activity by repression of corticosteroid receptor-DNA interaction. The NO-induced diminished transcriptional MR activity was most pronounced during stimulation with physiological aldosterone concentrations, suggesting that NO treatment prevented its pathophysiological overactivation. In contrast, single peroxynitrite administration specifically induced the MR transactivation activity whereas genomic GR activity remained unchanged. Mechanistically, peroxynitrite permitted nuclear MR translocation whereas the cytosolic GR distribution was unaffected. Consequently, peroxynitrite represents a MR-specific aldosterone mimetic. In summary, our data indicate that the genomic function of corticosteroid receptors can be modulated by nitrosative stress which may induce the shift from physiological toward pathophysiological MR effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ruhs
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie der Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Wang R, Liu X, Küster-Schöck E, Fagotto F. Proteomic analysis of differences in ectoderm and mesoderm membranes by DiGE. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4575-93. [PMID: 22852788 DOI: 10.1021/pr300379m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ectoderm and mesoderm can be considered as prototypes for epithelial and mesenchymal cell types. These two embryonic tissues display clear differences in adhesive and motility properties, which are phenomenologically well characterized but remain largely unexplored at the molecular level. Because the key downstream regulations must occur at the plasma membrane and in the underlying actin cortical structures, we have set out to compare the protein content of membrane fractions from Xenopus ectoderm and mesoderm tissues using 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (DiGE). We have thus identified several proteins that are enriched in one or the other tissues, including regulators of the cytoskeleton and of cell signaling. This study represents to our knowledge the first attempt to use proteomics specifically targeted to the membrane-cortex compartment of embryonic tissues. The identified components should help unraveling a variety of tissue-specific functions in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Kratschmar DV, Calabrese D, Walsh J, Lister A, Birk J, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Moulin P, Goldring CE, Odermatt A. Suppression of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response by glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation in hepatic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36774. [PMID: 22606287 PMCID: PMC3350474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor regulating a plethora of detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant genes involved in drug metabolism and defence against oxidative stress. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor involved in the regulation of energy supply for metabolic needs to cope with various stressors. GR activity is controlled by glucocorticoids, which are synthesized in the adrenal glands and regenerated mainly in the liver from inactive cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1). Methods and Principal Findings Using transfected HEK-293 cells and hepatic H4IIE cells we show that glucocorticoids, activated by 11β-HSD1 and acting through GR, suppress the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The expression of the marker genes NQO1, HMOX1 and GST2A was suppressed upon treatment of 11β-HSD1 expressing cells with cortisone, an effect that was reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that elevated glucocorticoids lowered the ability of cells to detoxify H2O2. Moreover, a comparison of gene expression in male and female rats revealed an opposite sexual dimorphism with an inverse relationship between 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target gene expression. Conclusions The results demonstrate a suppression of the cellular antioxidant defence capacity by glucocorticoids and suggest that elevated 11β-HSD1 activity may lead to impaired Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The gender-specific differences in hepatic expression levels of 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target genes and the impact of pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 on improving cellular capacity to cope with oxidative stress warrants further studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise V. Kratschmar
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Calabrese
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jo Walsh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Lister
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appenzeller-Herzog
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) differs from the other steroid receptors in that it responds to two physiological ligands, aldosterone and cortisol. In epithelial tissues, aldosterone selectivity is determined by the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, while in other tissues, including the heart and regions of the central nervous system, cortisol is the primary ligand for the MR where it may act as an antagonist. Clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of MR antagonists in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, though their use has been limited by concurrent hyperkalaemia. In order to better target the MR, an understanding of the structural determinants of tissue- and ligand-specific MR activation is needed. Interactions of the MR have been identified, which exhibit ligand discrimination and/or specificity. These interactions include those of the ligand-binding domain with ligand, with the N-terminal domain and with putative co-regulatory molecules. Agonist and antagonist binding have been characterised using chimeras between the human MR and the glucocorticoid receptor or the zebra fish MR together with molecular modelling. The interaction between the N-terminus and the C-terminus is aldosterone dependent but is unexpectedly antagonised by cortisol and deoxycorticosterone in the human MR. Nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation is critically dependent on, and modulated by, co-regulatory molecules. Proteins that interact with the MR in the presence of either aldosterone or cortisol, but not both, have been identified. The successful identification of ligand-specific interactions of the MR may provide the basis for the development of novel MR ligands with tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Prince Henry's Institute and the Monash University, Department of Medicine, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Odermatt A, Kratschmar DV. Tissue-specific modulation of mineralocorticoid receptor function by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:168-86. [PMID: 21820034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade significant progress has been made in the understanding of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function and its implications for physiology and disease. The knowledge on the essential role of MR in the regulation of electrolyte concentrations and blood pressure has been significantly extended, and the relevance of excessive MR activation in promoting inflammation, fibrosis and heart disease as well as its role in modulating neuronal cell viability and brain function is now widely recognized. Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms of MR function in various cell-types are still poorly understood. Key modulators of MR function include the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may affect MR function by formation of heterodimers and by differential genomic and non-genomic responses on gene expression, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs), which determine the availability of intracellular concentrations of active glucocorticoids. In this review we attempted to provide an overview of the knowledge on MR expression with regard to the presence or absence of GR, 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1/hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) in various tissues and cell types. The consequences of cell-specific differences in the coexpression of MR with these proteins need to be further investigated in order to understand the role of this receptor in a given tissue as well as its systemic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
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48
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Tokarz J, Mindnich R, Norton W, Möller G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Adamski J. Discovery of a novel enzyme mediating glucocorticoid catabolism in fish: 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:202-13. [PMID: 22061621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are involved in metabolism and pre-receptor regulation of steroid hormones. While 17beta-HSDs and 11beta-HSDs are extensively studied in mammals, only few orthologs are characterized in fish. We discovered a novel zebrafish HSD candidate closely related to 17beta-HSD types 3 and 12, which has orthologs in other species. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to 20beta-hydroxycortisone identified by LC-MS/MS. We named the new enzyme 20beta-HSD type 2. All 20beta-HSD type 2 orthologs localize in the endoplasmic reticulum. Zebrafish 20beta-HSD type 2 is expressed during embryonic development showing the same expression pattern as 11beta-HSD type 2 known to oxidize cortisol to cortisone. In adult tissues 20beta-HSD type 2 shows a ubiquitous expression pattern with some minor sex-specific differences. In contrast to other enzymes metabolizing C21-steroids and being mostly involved in reproduction we propose that novel type 2 20beta-HSDs in teleost fish are important enzymes in cortisol catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Warden M, Gomez-Sanchez MT, Hou X, Gomez-Sanchez EP. Diverse immunostaining patterns of mineralocorticoid receptor monoclonal antibodies. Steroids 2011; 76:1541-5. [PMID: 21945398 PMCID: PMC3217130 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a widely distributed ligand activated nuclear transcription factor that is bound by various chaperone proteins that alter its conformation depending upon its location in the cell and whether it is ligand-bound. We describe the development and characterization of new monoclonal antibodies produced against a rat recombinant protein corresponding to aminoacids 5-550 of the MR to produce antibodies that recognize the receptor in specific conformations. Most of the resulting monoclonal antibodies studied were similar to those we produced by immunization with peptide isotopes, however two detected a single band at the appropriate molecular mass as the MR and had distinct immunostaining characteristics in neurons. One labeled cytosolic MR, the other labeled membranes and cytosol, including axons. These antibodies will permit study of the subcellular localization of the MR under various physiological and pathological conditions. We have also confirmed that the MR is highly unstable and requires special handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39110, USA.
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Brem AS, Morris DJ, Gong R. Aldosterone-induced fibrosis in the kidney: questions and controversies. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 58:471-9. [PMID: 21705125 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, aldosterone has been a favorite topic of renal physiologists given its role in the maintenance of body fluids. Investigators only recently are coming to appreciate a second proinflammatory and profibrotic role for this hormone. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone trigger a profibrotic process that in many respects mimics the early phase of wound healing. Depending on the type of cell involved, aldosterone may activate the profibrotic process through classic mineralocorticoid receptors, nonclassic membrane-associated mineralocorticoid receptors, and/or glucocorticoid receptors. In the kidney, the actions of aldosterone can be attenuated by 11-dehydro metabolites of endogenous glucocorticoids generated by isoforms of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD-1 and 11β-HSD-2). Thus, the renal 11β-HSD isoforms may have 2 functions: to block the improper activation of mineralocorticoid receptors by binding endogenous glucocorticoids and to synthesize agents that limit the actions of aldosterone. Although sodium in the diet has been implicated in aggravating aldosterone-induced renal fibrotic processes, preliminary findings are consistent with the view that aldosterone alone can initiate matrix production in renal tissue even in the absence of active sodium transport. Thus, there is a growing body of laboratory and clinical evidence supporting the use of inhibitors of aldosterone action in patients with both glomerular and tubular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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