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Lungu CN, Mangalagiu II, Gurau G, Mehedinti MC. Variations of VEGFR2 Chemical Space: Stimulator and Inhibitory Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7787. [PMID: 39063029 PMCID: PMC11276785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The kinase pathway plays a crucial role in blood vessel function. Particular attention is paid to VEGFR type 2 angiogenesis and vascular morphogenesis as the tyrosine kinase pathway is preferentially activated. In silico studies were performed on several peptides that affect VEGFR2 in both stimulating and inhibitory ways. This investigation aims to examine the molecular properties of VEGFR2, a molecule primarily involved in the processes of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. These relationships were defined by the interactions between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and the structural features of the systems. The chemical space of the inhibitory peptides and stimulators was described using topological and energetic properties. Furthermore, chimeric models of stimulating and inhibitory proteins (for VEGFR2) were computed using the protein system structures. The interaction between the chimeric proteins and VEGFR was computed. The chemical space was further characterized using complex manifolds and high-dimensional data visualization. The results show that a slightly similar chemical area is shared by VEGFR2 and stimulating and inhibitory proteins. On the other hand, the stimulator peptides and the inhibitors have distinct chemical spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu N. Lungu
- Department of Functional and Morphological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (M.C.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol 1st Bvd, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionel I. Mangalagiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol 1st Bvd, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Gurau
- Department of Functional and Morphological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (M.C.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol 1st Bvd, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Cezarina Mehedinti
- Department of Functional and Morphological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (M.C.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol 1st Bvd, 700506 Iasi, Romania
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2
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Solov'eva TF, Bakholdina SI, Naberezhnykh GA. Host Defense Proteins and Peptides with Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Activity from Marine Invertebrates and Their Therapeutic Potential in Gram-Negative Sepsis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:581. [PMID: 37999405 PMCID: PMC10672452 DOI: 10.3390/md21110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infectious process that results from the excessive and uncontrolled activation of the host's pro-inflammatory immune response to a pathogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, which is a major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane, plays a key role in the development of Gram-negative sepsis and septic shock in humans. To date, no specific and effective drug against sepsis has been developed. This review summarizes data on LPS-binding proteins from marine invertebrates (ILBPs) that inhibit LPS toxic effects and are of interest as potential drugs for sepsis treatment. The structure, physicochemical properties, antimicrobial, and LPS-binding/neutralizing activity of these proteins and their synthetic analogs are considered in detail. Problems that arise during clinical trials of potential anti-endotoxic drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Fedorovna Solov'eva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Svetlana Ivanovna Bakholdina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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3
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Loo S, Kam A, Tam JP. Hyperstable EGF-like bleogen derived from cactus accelerates corneal healing in rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:942168. [PMID: 36052138 PMCID: PMC9424907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.942168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal scarring reduces corneal transparency, compromises vision, and is a major cause of vision loss worldwide. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which is the prototypic member of the EGF receptor (EGFR) agonists, is present in tears to provide repair and regeneration. Recently, we discovered bleogen pB1 in the cactus plant Pereskia bleo and showed that it is a non-canonical and hyperstable EGFR agonist with EGF-like wound healing properties for diabetic rats. Here, we apply bleogen pB1 to accelerate corneal wound healing in rats. To assess the corneal healing effects of bleogen pB1, we induced an acute alkali burn to the right eye of male Wistar rats. After five consecutive ophthalmic applications, fluorescein staining and opacity scores of the bleogen pB1-treated, and the positive control EGF-treated groups improved significantly compared to the saline control group. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that infiltrated CD68+ macrophages and the expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly decreased in the bleogen pB1- and the EGF-treated groups. By employing a differential gene expression analysis of bleogen pB1- and EGF-treated keratinocytes through RNA-seq, we demonstrated that bleogen pB1 or EGF treatments can affect the expression of genes associated with inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix remodeling. Taken together, our results indicate that the plant-derived EGFR agonist bleogen pB1 can produce similar effects to those of EGF in accelerating corneal wound healing as well as in reducing persistent inflammation and myofibroblast accumulation in the cornea.
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Equilibrium Between Dimeric and Monomeric Forms of Human Epidermal Growth Factor is Shifted Towards Dimers in a Solution. Protein J 2022; 41:245-259. [PMID: 35348971 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An interplay between monomeric and dimeric forms of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) affecting its interaction with EGF receptor (EGFR) is poorly understood. While EGF dimeric structure was resolved at pH 8.1, the possibility of EGF dimerization under physiological conditions is still unclear. This study aimed to describe the oligomeric state of EGF in a solution at physiological pH value. With centrifugal ultrafiltration followed by blue native gel electrophoresis, we showed that synthetic human EGF in a solution at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml exists mainly in the dimeric form at pH 7.4 and temperature of 37 °C, although a small fraction of its monomers was also observed. Based on bioinformatics predictions, we introduced the D46G substitution to examine if EGF C-terminal part is directly involved in the intermolecular interface formation of the observed dimers. We found a reduced ability of the resulting EGF D46G dimers to dissociate at temperatures up to 50 °C. The D46G substitution also increased the intermolecular antiparallel β-structure content within the EGF peptide in a solution according to the CD spectra analysis that was confirmed by HATR-FTIR results. Additionally, the energy transfer between Tyr and Trp residues was detected by fluorescence spectroscopy for the EGF D46G mutant, but not for the native EGF. This allowed us to suggest the elongation and rearrangement of the intermolecular β-structure that leads to the observed stabilization of EGF D46G dimers. The results imply EGF dimerization under physiological pH value and temperature and the involvement of EGF C-terminal part in this process.
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Tyrp1 Mutant Variants Associated with OCA3: Computational Characterization of Protein Stability and Ligand Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910203. [PMID: 34638544 PMCID: PMC8508144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the TYRP1 gene. Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) is involved in eumelanin synthesis, catalyzing the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase (DHICA) to 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid (IQCA). Here, for the first time, four OCA3-causing mutations of Tyrp1, C30R, H215Y, D308N, and R326H, were investigated computationally to understand Tyrp1 protein stability and catalytic activity. Using the Tyrp1 crystal structure (PDB:5M8L), global mutagenesis was conducted to evaluate mutant protein stability. Consistent with the foldability parameter, C30R and H215Y should exhibit greater instability, and two other mutants, D308N and R326H, are expected to keep a native conformation. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of the purified recombinant proteins confirmed that the foldability parameter correctly predicted the effect of mutations critical for protein stability. Further, the mutant variant structures were built and simulated for 100 ns to generate free energy landscapes and perform docking experiments. Free energy landscapes formed by Y362, N378, and T391 indicate that the binding clefts of C30R and H215Y mutants are larger than the wild-type Tyrp1. In docking simulations, the hydrogen bond and salt bridge interactions that stabilize DHICA in the active site remain similar among Tyrp1, D308N, and R326H. However, the strengths of these interactions and stability of the docked ligand may decrease proportionally to mutation severity due to the larger and less well-defined natures of the binding clefts in mutants. Mutational perturbations in mutants that are not unfolded may result in allosteric alterations to the active site, reducing the stability of protein-ligand interactions.
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6
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Dong Y, Tao B, Xue X, Feng C, Ren Y, Ma H, Zhang J, Si Y, Zhang S, Liu S, Li H, Zhou J, Li G, Wang Z, Xie J, Zhu Z. Molecular mechanism of Epicedium treatment for depression based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:222. [PMID: 34479552 PMCID: PMC8417989 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing attention has been paid to the effect of Epimedium on the nervous system, particularly anti-depression function. In the present study, we applied network pharmacology to introduce a testable hypothesis on the multi-target mechanisms of Epicedium against depression. Methods By reconstructing the network of protein–protein interaction and drug–component–target, we predicted the key protein targets of Epicedium for the treatment of depression. Then, through molecular docking, the interaction of the main active components of Epicedium and predicted candidate targets were verified. Results Nineteen active compounds were selected from Epicedium. There were 200 targets associated with Epicedium and 537 targets related to depression. The key targets of Epicedium for treating depression were IL6, VEGFA, AKT1, and EGF. According to gene ontology functional enrichment analysis, 22 items of biological process (BP), 13 items of cell composition (CC) and 9 items of molecular function (MF) were obtained. A total of 56 signaling pathways (P < 0.05) were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, mainly involving depression-related pathways such as dopaminergic synapse, TNF signaling pathway, and prolactin signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that the most important activity components, including luteoklin, quercetin and kaempferol, were well combined with the key targets. Conclusions Luteoklin, quercetin, kaempferol and other active compounds in Epicedium can regulate multiple signaling pathways and targets such as IL6, AKT1, and EGF, therefore playing therapeutic roles in depression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03389-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No.154, Tianjin, 300052, Heping District, China
| | - Xing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Caixia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yating Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hengyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yufang Si
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College,Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Juanping Xie
- Qinba Chinese Medicine Resources R&D Center, School of Medicine, Ankang University, Ankang, 710069, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China.
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Goh S, Kolakowski J, Holder A, Pfuhl M, Ngugi D, Ballingall K, Tombacz K, Werling D. Development of a Potential Yeast-Based Vaccine Platform for Theileria parva Infection in Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674484. [PMID: 34305904 PMCID: PMC8297500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa with more than 1 million cattle dying from infection every year. Disease prevention relies on the so-called "Infection and Treatment Method" (ITM), which is costly, complex, laborious, difficult to standardise on a commercial scale and results in a parasite strain-specific, MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell response. We therefore attempted to develop a safe, affordable, stable, orally applicable and potent subunit vaccine for ECF using five different T. parva schizont antigens (Tp1, Tp2, Tp9, Tp10 and N36) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an expression platform. Full-length Tp2 and Tp9 as well as fragments of Tp1 were successfully expressed on the surface of S. cerevisiae. In vitro analyses highlighted that recombinant yeast expressing Tp2 can elicit IFNγ responses using PBMCs from ITM-immunized calves, while Tp2 and Tp9 induced IFNγ responses from enriched bovine CD8+ T cells. A subsequent in vivo study showed that oral administration of heat-inactivated, freeze-dried yeast stably expressing Tp2 increased total murine serum IgG over time, but more importantly, induced Tp2-specific serum IgG antibodies in individual mice compared to the control group. While these results will require subsequent experiments to verify induction of protection in neonatal calves, our data indicates that oral application of yeast expressing Theileria antigens could provide an affordable and easy vaccination platform for sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluation of antigen-specific cellular immune responses, especially cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immunity in cattle will further contribute to the development of a yeast-based vaccine for ECF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Goh
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Kolakowski
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Holder
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Pfuhl
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ngugi
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kata Tombacz
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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8
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Denisov SS, Ippel JH, Castoldi E, Mans BJ, Hackeng TM, Dijkgraaf I. Molecular basis of anticoagulant and anticomplement activity of the tick salivary protein Salp14 and its homologs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100865. [PMID: 34118237 PMCID: PMC8294578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During feeding, a tick's mouthpart penetrates the host's skin and damages tissues and small blood vessels, triggering the extrinsic coagulation and lectin complement pathways. To elude these defense mechanisms, ticks secrete multiple anticoagulant proteins and complement system inhibitors in their saliva. Here, we characterized the inhibitory activities of the homologous tick salivary proteins tick salivary lectin pathway inhibitor, Salp14, and Salp9Pac from Ixodesscapularis in the coagulation cascade and the lectin complement pathway. All three proteins inhibited binding of mannan-binding lectin to the polysaccharide mannan, preventing the activation of the lectin complement pathway. In contrast, only Salp14 showed an appreciable effect on coagulation by prolonging the lag time of thrombin generation. We found that the anticoagulant properties of Salp14 are governed by its basic tail region, which resembles the C terminus of tissue factor pathway inhibitor alpha and blocks the assembly and/or activity of the prothrombinase complex in the same way. Moreover, the Salp14 protein tail contributes to the inhibition of the lectin complement pathway via interaction with mannan binding lectin-associated serine proteases. Furthermore, we identified BaSO4-adsorbing protein 1 isolated from the tick Ornithodoros savignyi as a distant homolog of tick salivary lectin pathway inhibitor/Salp14 proteins and showed that it inhibits the lectin complement pathway but not coagulation. The structure of BaSO4-adsorbing protein 1, solved here using NMR spectroscopy, indicated that this protein adopts a noncanonical epidermal growth factor domain-like structural fold, the first such report for tick salivary proteins. These data support a mechanism by which tick saliva proteins simultaneously inhibit both the host coagulation cascade and the lectin complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan S Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Castoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Loo S, Kam A, Li BB, Feng N, Wang X, Tam JP. Discovery of Hyperstable Noncanonical Plant-Derived Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Agonist and Analogs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7746-7759. [PMID: 34015925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the discovery of the first plant-derived and noncanonical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agonist, the 36-residue bleogen pB1 from Pereskia bleo of the Cactaceae family. We show that bleogen pB1 is a low-affinity EGFR agonist using a suite of chemical, biochemical, cellular, and animal experiments which include incisor eruption and wound-healing mouse models. A focused positional scanning pB1 library of Ala- and d-amino acid scans yielded a high-affinity pB1 analog, [K29k]pB1, with a 60-fold-improved EGFR affinity and mitogenicity. We show that the potency of [K29k]pB1 and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) is comparable in a diabetic mouse wound-healing model. We also show that both bleogen pB1 and [K29k]pB1 are hyperstable, being >100-fold more stable than EGF against proteolytic degradation. Overall, our discovery of a noncanonical proteolytic-resistant EGFR agonist scaffold could open new avenues for developing wound healing and skin regeneration therapeutics and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shining Loo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Antony Kam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Bin Bin Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Nan Feng
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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10
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Sabbah DA, Hajjo R, Sweidan K. Review on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Structure, Signaling Pathways, Interactions, and Recent Updates of EGFR Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:815-834. [PMID: 32124699 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200303123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. EGFR signaling cascade is a key regulator in cell proliferation, differentiation, division, survival, and cancer development. In this review, the EGFR structure and its mutations, signaling pathway, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, EGF/EGFR interaction, and the progress in the development of EGFR inhibitors have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Kamal Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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11
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Nakano A, Hirata I, Pham BV, Shakya A, Tanimoto K, Kato K. Evaluation of a peptide motif designed for protein tethering to polymer surfaces. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:76-92. [PMID: 32867596 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1816870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In search for peptide motifs that allow us to efficiently tether fusion proteins onto polymer surfaces, we designed a KLKLKLKLKL (KL5) decapeptide in which basic and hydrophobic amino acids were alternately linked. By means of genetic engineering technology together with a bacterial expression system, the KL5 fusions of epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor, and stromal cell-derived factor-1α were prepared together with their control counterparts without KL5. The adsorption experiments were performed for these fusion proteins on the surface of polystyrene, hydrophilized polystyrene, and polycaprolactone by surface plasmon resonance analysis. To understand the results of the binding assays, the structure of the fusion proteins was predicted by ab initio computer simulation and analyzed empirically by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The result of structural analyses suggested that the KL5 peptide is exposed to the outside and has a negligible effect on the structure of the protein partners. However, it was found that the efficiency of KL5 as a peptide motif greatly depends on protein partners. Our results showed that KL5 exerts most effectively its function as a peptide motif when fused to acidic proteins such as EGF. Indeed, the number of living human mesenchymal stem cells determined after 7-day culture was larger on the polystyrene and polycaprolactone surfaces with EGF tethered through the KL5 peptide than control surfaces. According to the results obtained in this study, we conclude that KL5 is useful as a peptide motif for tethering a specific class of protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Nakano
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Hirata
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Binh Vinh Pham
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Ajay Shakya
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Community Dentistry, Chitwan Medical College & Hospital, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Nanomedicine Research Division, Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Grapa CM, Mocan T, Gonciar D, Zdrehus C, Mosteanu O, Pop T, Mocan L. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Its Role in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Mediated by Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9693-9706. [PMID: 31849462 PMCID: PMC6910098 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s226628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a disease with a high incidence and a dreary prognosis. Its lack of symptomatology and late diagnosis contribute to the dearth and inefficiency of therapeutic schemes. Studies show that overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common occurrence, linking this to the progression of pancreatic cancer, although the association between its expression and the survival rate is rather controversial. EGFR-targeted therapy has not shown the results expected, leaving at hand more questions than answers; clearly, there is a need for a better understanding of the molecular pathways involved. Nanoparticles have been used in trying to improve the efficacy of antitumor treatment; thus, using EGFR's ligand, EGF, for nanoconjugation, showed promising results in increasing the cellular uptake mechanisms and apoptosis of the targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Maria Grapa
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Physiology Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gonciar
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 3rd Surgery Clinic, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudiu Zdrehus
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 3rd Surgery Clinic, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ofelia Mosteanu
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 3rd Surgery Clinic, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Pop
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 3rd Surgery Clinic, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Gocheva G, Ivanova A. A Look at Receptor–Ligand Pairs for Active-Targeting Drug Delivery from Crystallographic and Molecular Dynamics Perspectives. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3293-3321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Gocheva
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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14
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Lypova N, Telang S, Chesney J, Imbert-Fernandez Y. Increased 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 activity in response to EGFR signaling contributes to non-small cell lung cancer cell survival. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10530-10543. [PMID: 31126985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) because of somatic mutations of the EGFR gene is commonly observed in tumors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Consequently, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting the EGFR are among the most effective therapies for patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations. Clinical responses to the EGFR-targeting TKIs are evaluated through 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (18FDG)-PET uptake, which is decreased in patients responding favorably to therapy and is positively correlated with survival. Recent studies have reported that EGFR signaling drives glucose metabolism in NSCLC cells; however, the precise downstream effectors required for this EGFR-driven metabolic effect are largely unknown. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3) is an essential glycolytic regulator that is consistently overexpressed in lung cancer. Here, we found that PFKFB3 is an essential target of EGFR signaling and that PFKFB3 activation is required for glycolysis stimulation upon EGFR activation. We demonstrate that exposing NSCLC cells harboring either WT or mutated EGFR to EGF rapidly increases PFKFB3 phosphorylation, expression, and activity and that PFKFB3 inhibition markedly reduces the EGF-mediated increase in glycolysis. Furthermore, we found that prolonged NSCLC cell exposure to the TKI erlotinib drives PFKFB3 expression and that chemical PFKFB3 inhibition synergizes with erlotinib in increasing erlotinib's anti-proliferative activity in NSCLC cells. We conclude that PFKFB3 has a key role in mediating glucose metabolism and survival of NSCLC cells in response to EGFR signaling. These results support the potential clinical utility of using PFKFB3 inhibitors in combination with EGFR-TKIs to manage NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiia Lypova
- From the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Sucheta Telang
- From the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Jason Chesney
- From the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Yoannis Imbert-Fernandez
- From the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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15
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Hossein-Nejad-Ariani H, Althagafi E, Kaur K. Small Peptide Ligands for Targeting EGFR in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2723. [PMID: 30804365 PMCID: PMC6389950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy for cancer treatment can be increased by targeted drug delivery to the cancer cells. This is particularly important for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) for which chemotherapy is a major form of treatment. Here we designed and screened a library of 30 peptides starting with a previously reported epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting peptide GE11 (YHWYGYTPQNVI). A direct peptide array-whole cell binding assay, where the peptides are conjugated to a cellulose membrane, was used to identify four peptides with enhanced binding to TNBC cells. Next, the four peptides were synthesized as FITC-labelled soluble peptides to study their direct uptake by TNBC cells using flow cytometry. The results showed that peptide analogue 22 had several fold higher uptake by the TNBC cells compared to the lead peptide GE11. The specific uptake of the peptide analogue 22 was confirmed by competition experiment using pure EGF protein. Further, peptide 22 showed dose dependent uptake by the TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells (105) with uptake saturating at around 2 μM peptide concentration. Thus, peptide 22 is a promising EGFR specific TNBC cell binding peptide that can be conjugated directly to a chemotherapeutic drug or to nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Hossein-Nejad-Ariani
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, California, 92618-1908, USA
| | - Emad Althagafi
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, California, 92618-1908, USA
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, California, 92618-1908, USA.
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16
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Insights into the suitability of utilizing brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a model for healing spinal cord injury with epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-II by predicting protein-protein interactions. Comput Biol Med 2019; 104:220-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Zhang Q, Reinhard BM. Ligand Density and Nanoparticle Clustering Cooperate in the Multivalent Amplification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10473-10485. [PMID: 30289688 PMCID: PMC6252274 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent presentation of ligands on nanoparticles (NPs) is considered a general strategy for enhancing receptor binding and activation through amplification of ligand-receptor interactions within the footprint of the individual NPs. The spatial clustering of ligand-functionalized NPs represents an additional, less well understood mechanism for increasing local ligand-receptor interactions, especially for receptors that form higher-order assemblies, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). To shed light on the interplay between ligand density ( i.e., multivalency) and NP clustering in signal amplification, we apply EGF-functionalized 72 ± 1 nm gold nanoparticles (NP-EGF) with known ligand loading (10-200 EGF/NP) as quantifiable and experimentally tractable units of EGFR activation and characterize the NP-mediated amplification of EGFR phosphorylation as a function of both EGF surface density and NP-EGF clustering for two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MDA-MB-468). The measurements confirm a strong multivalent amplification of EGFR phosphorylation through NP-EGF on the cellular level that results in EGF-loading-dependent maximum EGFR phosphorylation levels. A microscopic analysis of NP-EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation reveals a heterogeneous spatial distribution of EGFR activation across the cell surface. Clustering of multivalent NP-EGF on sub-diffraction-limited length scales is found to result in a local enhancement of EGFR phosphorylation in signaling "hot spots" from where the signal can spread laterally in an EGF-independent fashion. Increasing EGF loadings of the NP enhances NP-EGF clustering and intensifies EGFR phosphorylation. These observations suggest that NP-EGF clustering and the associated local enhancement of ligand-receptor interactions are intrinsic components of the multivalent amplification of phosphorylation for the heterogeneously distributed EGFR through NP-EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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18
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Mehrabi M, Mahdiuni H, Rasouli H, Mansouri K, Shahlaei M, Khodarahmi R. Comparative experimental/theoretical studies on the EGFR dimerization under the effect of EGF/EGF analogues binding: Highlighting the importance of EGF/EGFR interactions at site III interface. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:401-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Bhattacharjee TT, Castilho ML, de Oliveira IR, Jesus VPS, Hewitt KC, Raniero L. FTIR study of secondary structure changes in Epidermal Growth Factor by gold nanoparticle conjugation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:495-500. [PMID: 29122663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conformation of protein is vital to its function, but may get affected when processing to manufacture products. It is therefore important to understand structural changes during each step of production. In this study, we investigate secondary structure changes in the targeting protein Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) during synthesis of theranostic bifunctional nanoparticle, devised for Photodynamic therapy of breast cancer. We acquired FTIR spectra of EGF; unconjugated, post treatment with α-lipoic acid, attached to gold nanoparticle, and bound to the bifunctional nanoprobe. We observed decreasing disordered structures and turns, and increasing loops, as the synthesis process progressed. There was an overall increase in β-sheets in final product compared to pure EGF, but this increase was not linear and fluctuated. Previous crystal structure studies on EGF-EGFR complex have shown loops and β-sheets to be important in the binding interaction. Since our study found increase in these structures in the final product, no adverse effect on binding function of EGF was expected. This was confirmed by functional assays. Such studies may help modify synthesis procedures, and thus secondary structures of proteins, enabling increased functionality and optimum results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Bhattacharjee
- Laboratório de Nanossensores, Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil
| | - M L Castilho
- Laboratório de Bionanotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil
| | - I R de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cerâmicas Avançadas, Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil
| | - V P S Jesus
- Laboratório de Bionanotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil
| | - K C Hewitt
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - L Raniero
- Laboratório de Nanossensores, Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil.
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20
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Mehrabi M, Mansouri K, Soleymani B, Hoseinkhani Z, Shahlaie M, Khodarahmi R. Development of a human epidermal growth factor derivative with EGFR-blocking and depleted biological activities: A comparative in vitro study using EGFR-positive breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:275-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Lai X, Wichers HJ, Soler‐Lopez M, Dijkstra BW. Structure of Human Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 Reveals a Binuclear Zinc Active Site Important for Melanogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Lai
- Laboratory of Biophysical ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Structural Biology GroupEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facility 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Harry J. Wichers
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Soler‐Lopez
- Structural Biology GroupEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facility 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Bauke W. Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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22
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Lai X, Wichers HJ, Soler-Lopez M, Dijkstra BW. Structure of Human Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 Reveals a Binuclear Zinc Active Site Important for Melanogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9812-9815. [PMID: 28661582 PMCID: PMC5601231 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (TYRP1) is one of three tyrosinase‐like glycoenzymes in human melanocytes that are key to the production of melanin, the compound responsible for the pigmentation of skin, eye, and hair. Difficulties with producing these enzymes in pure form have hampered the understanding of their activity and the effect of mutations that cause albinism and pigmentation disorders. Herein we show that the typical tyrosinase‐like subdomain of TYRP1 contains two zinc ions in the active site instead of copper ions as found in tyrosinases, which explains why TYRP1 does not exhibit tyrosinase redox activity. In addition, the structures reveal for the first time that the Cys‐rich subdomain, which is unique to vertebrate melanogenic proteins, has an epidermal growth factor‐like fold and is tightly associated with the tyrosinase subdomain. Our structures suggest that most albinism‐related mutations of TYRP1 affect its stability or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Lai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Soler-Lopez
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Mehrabi M, Khodarahmi R, Shahlaei M. Critical effects on binding of epidermal growth factor produced by amino acid substitutions. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1085-1101. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1171799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masomeh Mehrabi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
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24
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Zheng X, Wu X, Fu X, Dai D, Wang F. Expression and purification of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) fused with GB1. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1166984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xingli Fu
- Jiangsu University Health Science Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongping Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feihu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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25
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Pouranvari S, Ebrahimi F, Javadi G, Maddah B. Cloning, Expression, and Cost Effective Purification of Authentic Human Epidermal Growth Factor With High Activity. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e24966. [PMID: 27247796 PMCID: PMC4884627 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.24966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a fundamental role in the healing of wounds relating to skin damage, the cornea, and the gastrointestinal tract. Objectives: The aim of this study is the cloning, expression, and purification of recombinant human EGF (rhEGF), and an assessment of its activity. Materials and Methods: In the present experimental study, a synthetic pET28a (+) -hEGF construct was prepared. In order to ligate hEGF into pET24a (+), the PCR technique was performed, using special primers that possess restriction enzyme sites, which are also located in appropriate sites in pET24a (+). After transferring this construct into E. coli cells, protein expression was performed under standard conditions. Protein solubilization was done by urea. hEGF purification and refolding were carried out using gradient dialysis against the urea. We used RP-HPLC to compare between rhEGF and commercial rhEGF as a control. Finally, an MTT assay was performed to assess the viability of the NIH 3T3 cells treated with various concentrations of rhEGF. Results: Dialysis after urea solubilization caused precipitation of unwanted proteins, resulting in achievement of purified EGF with > 90% purity, without the need for expensive and time-consuming process. The MTT assay results showed that our rhEGF activate significantly higher proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells in comparison to the control (P-values were < 0.0001), in total concentrations and times evaluated Conclusions: Via our purification protocol, a sufficient amount of bioactive recombinant human epidermal growth factor was obtained in just a few affordable steps, with superlative purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pouranvari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Firouz Ebrahimi
- Biology Research Center, Basic Sciences Faculty, Imam Hossein University (IHU), Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Firouz Ebrahimi, Biology Research Center, Basic Sciences Faculty, Imam Hossein University (IHU), Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9123068466, Fax: +98-02177104934, E-mail:
| | - Gholamreza Javadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Bozorgmehr Maddah
- Department of Chemistry, Basic Sciences Faculty, Imam Hossein University (IHU), Tehran, IR Iran
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Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Fujimoto K, Kato Y, Kitano H, Inoue Y, Ishihara K. Advantages of anchoring growth factors to materials for neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6213-6220. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We tried to clarify the mechanisms underlying immobilized-growth factor in NSPC regulation using approaches from materials science and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Nakaji-Hirabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-8555
- Japan
| | - K. Fujimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-8555
- Japan
| | - Y. Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-8555
- Japan
| | - H. Kitano
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-8555
- Japan
| | - Y. Inoue
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - K. Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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27
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Lin MH, Chang CA, Fischer WB. Estimating binding free energy of a putative growth factors EGF–VEGF complex – a computational bioanalytical study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1717-24. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1090342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Lin
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, and Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - C. Allen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang B. Fischer
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, and Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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28
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29
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Roskoski R. The ErbB/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Pharmacol Res 2013; 79:34-74. [PMID: 24269963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family consists of four members that belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1-4). These receptors consist of a glycosylated extracellular domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane segment, and an intracellular portion with a juxtamembrane segment, a protein kinase domain, and a carboxyterminal tail. Seven ligands bind to EGFR including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor α, none bind to ErbB2, two bind to ErbB3, and seven ligands bind to ErbB4. The ErbB proteins function as homo and heterodimers. The heterodimer consisting of ErbB2, which lacks a ligand, and ErbB3, which is kinase impaired, is surprisingly the most robust signaling complex of the ErbB family. Growth factor binding to EGFR induces a large conformational change in the extracellular domain, which leads to the exposure of a dimerization arm in domain II of the extracellular segment. Two ligand-EGFR complexes unite to form a back-to-back dimer in which the ligands are on opposite sides of the aggregate. Following ligand binding, EGFR intracellular kinase domains form an asymmetric homodimer that resembles the heterodimer formed by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase. The carboxyterminal lobe of the activator kinase of the dimer interacts with the amino-terminal lobe of the receiver kinase thereby leading to its allosteric stimulation. Downstream ErbB signaling modules include the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PKB) pathway, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, and the phospholipase C (PLCγ) pathway. Several malignancies are associated with the mutation or increased expression of members of the ErbB family including lung, breast, stomach, colorectal, head and neck, and pancreatic carcinomas and glioblastoma (a brain tumor). Gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are orally effective protein-kinase targeted quinazoline derivatives that are used in the treatment of ERBB1-mutant lung cancer. Lapatinib is an orally effective quinazoline derivative used in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. Trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, which are given intravenously, are monoclonal antibodies that target the extracellular domain and are used for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer; ado-trastuzumab emtansine is an antibody-drug conjugate that delivers a cytotoxic drug to cells overexpressing ErbB2. Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies that target ErbB1 and are used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancers treated with these targeted drugs eventually become resistant to them. The role of combinations of targeted drugs or targeted drugs with cytotoxic therapies is being explored in an effort to prevent or delay drug resistance in the treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, USA.
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Targeting tumor micro-environment for design and development of novel anti-angiogenic agents arresting tumor growth. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:333-54. [PMID: 24139944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis: a process of generation of new blood vessels has been proved to be necessary for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Inhibiting angiogenesis pathway has long been remained a significant hope for the development of novel, effective and target orientated antitumor agents arresting the tumor proliferation and metastasis. The process of neoangiogenesis as a biological process is regulated by several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 and transforming growth factor. Every endothelial cell destined for vessel formation is equipped with receptors for these angiogenic peptides. Moreover, numerous other angiogenic cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PGDF), placenta growth factor (PGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), stem-cell factor (SCF), and interleukins-2, 4, 6 etc. These molecular players performs critical role in regulating the angiogenic switch. Couple of decade's research in molecular aspects of tumor biology has unraveled numerous structural and functional mysteries of these angiogenic peptides. In present article, a detailed update on the functional and structural peculiarities of the various angiogenic peptides is described focusing on structural opportunities made available that has potential to be used to modulate function of these angiogenic peptides in developing therapeutic agents targeting neoplastic angiogenesis. The data may be useful in the mainstream of developing novel anticancer agents targeting tumor angiogenesis. We also discuss major therapeutic agents that are currently used in angiogenesis associated therapies as well as those are subject of active research or are in clinical trials.
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Mutation of fibulin-1 causes a novel syndrome involving the central nervous system and connective tissues. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:640-3. [PMID: 24084572 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibulin-1 is an extracellular matrix protein that has an important role in the structure of elastic fibers and basement membranes of various tissues. Using homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, we discovered a missense mutation, p.(Cys397Phe), in fibulin-1 in three patients from a consanguineous family presented with a novel syndrome of syndactyly, undescended testes, delayed motor milestones, mental retardation and signs of brain atrophy. The mutation discovered segregated with the phenotype and was not found in 374 population-matched alleles. The affected cysteine is highly conserved across vertebrates and its mutation is predicted to abolish a disulfide bond that defines the tertiary structure of fibulin-1. Our findings emphasize the crucial role fibulin-1 has in development of the central nervous system and various connective tissues.
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Ruan RQ, Wang SS, Wang CL, Zhang L, Zhang YJ, Zhou W, Ding WP, Jin PP, Wei PF, Man N, Wen LP. Transdermal delivery of human epidermal growth factor facilitated by a peptide chaperon. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:405-9. [PMID: 23385091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide chaperon TD1 was discovered to facilitate several proteins' transdermal delivery via topical co-administration. To design a practical, safe system for advanced transdermal peptide, a novel method was carried out. Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) was selected as the model biological agent and a fusion protein: TD1-hEGF was designed. Study showed that TD1-hEGF not only had the similar bioactivity with native hEGF, but also possessed considerable higher transdermal ability than hEGF and a co-administration of TD1 and hEGF. These results provided convincing evidence for the advantages of TD1-hEGF in cosmetic and medical applications. Moreover, the fusion pattern between the cargoes and TD1 offered a new approach to facilitate other hydrophilic drugs' transdermal delivery for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Quan Ruan
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
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Immobilization of epidermal growth factor on titanium and stainless steel surfaces via dopamine treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Extraction of PLGA-Microencapsulated Proteins Using a Two-Immiscible Liquid Phases System Containing Surfactants. Pharm Res 2012; 30:606-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Twigg S, Lloyd D, Jenkins D, Elçioglu N, Cooper C, Al-Sannaa N, Annagür A, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Hüning I, Knight S, Goodship J, Keavney B, Beales P, Gileadi O, McGowan S, Wilkie A. Mutations in multidomain protein MEGF8 identify a Carpenter syndrome subtype associated with defective lateralization. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:897-905. [PMID: 23063620 PMCID: PMC3487118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpenter syndrome is an autosomal-recessive multiple-congenital-malformation disorder characterized by multisuture craniosynostosis and polysyndactyly of the hands and feet; many other clinical features occur, and the most frequent include obesity, umbilical hernia, cryptorchidism, and congenital heart disease. Mutations of RAB23, encoding a small GTPase that regulates vesicular transport, are present in the majority of cases. Here, we describe a disorder caused by mutations in multiple epidermal-growth-factor-like-domains 8 (MEGF8), which exhibits substantial clinical overlap with Carpenter syndrome but is frequently associated with abnormal left-right patterning. We describe five affected individuals with similar dysmorphic facies, and three of them had either complete situs inversus, dextrocardia, or transposition of the great arteries; similar cardiac abnormalities were previously identified in a mouse mutant for the orthologous Megf8. The mutant alleles comprise one nonsense, three missense, and two splice-site mutations; we demonstrate in zebrafish that, in contrast to the wild-type protein, the proteins containing all three missense alterations provide only weak rescue of an early gastrulation phenotype induced by Megf8 knockdown. We conclude that mutations in MEGF8 cause a Carpenter syndrome subtype frequently associated with defective left-right patterning, probably through perturbation of signaling by hedgehog and nodal family members. We did not observe any subject with biallelic loss-of function mutations, suggesting that some residual MEGF8 function might be necessary for survival and might influence the phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R.F. Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Deborah Lloyd
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dagan Jenkins
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nursel E. Elçioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical Faculty, 34660 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Christopher D.O. Cooper
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nouriya Al-Sannaa
- Pediatrics Services Division, Dhahran Health Center, Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Dhahran-31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Annagür
- Division of Neonatology, Selçuk University, Faculty of Medicine, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Irina Hüning
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Samantha J.L. Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Judith A. Goodship
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bernard D. Keavney
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon J. McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Karmakar A, Iancu C, Bartos DM, Mahmood MW, Ghosh A, Xu Y, Dervishi E, Collom SL, Khodakovskaya M, Mustafa T, Watanabe F, Biris AR, Zhang Y, Ali SF, Casciano D, Hassen S, Nima Z, Biris AS. Raman spectroscopy as a detection and analysis tool for in vitro specific targeting of pancreatic cancer cells by EGF-conjugated, single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:365-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alokita Karmakar
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Cornel Iancu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’; Surgery Clinic III; Cluj-Napoca; 3400; Romania
| | - Dana Monica Bartos
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’; Surgery Clinic III; Cluj-Napoca; 3400; Romania
| | - Meena W. Mahmood
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Chemistry Department; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Yang Xu
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Enkeleda Dervishi
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Samuel L. Collom
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Chemistry Department; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Mariya Khodakovskaya
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Thikra Mustafa
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Alexandru R. Biris
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies; PO Box 700; R-400293; Cluj-Napoca; Romania
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- National Center for Toxicological Research; Food and Drug Administration; 3900 NCTR Road; Jefferson; AR; 72079; USA
| | - Syed F. Ali
- National Center for Toxicological Research; Food and Drug Administration; 3900 NCTR Road; Jefferson; AR; 72079; USA
| | - Dan Casciano
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Samar Hassen
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Zeid Nima
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Applied Science Department, Nanotechnology Center; Little Rock; AR; 72204; USA
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Chim SM, Qin A, Tickner J, Pavlos N, Davey T, Wang H, Guo Y, Zheng MH, Xu J. EGFL6 promotes endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22035-46. [PMID: 21531721 PMCID: PMC3121348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is required for bone development, growth, and repair. It is influenced by the local bone environment that involves cross-talks between endothelial cells and adjacent bone cells. However, data regarding factors that directly contribute to angiogenesis by bone cells remain poorly understood. Here, we report that EGFL6, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat superfamily proteins, induces angiogenesis by a paracrine mechanism in which EGFL6 is expressed in osteoblastic-like cells but promotes migration and angiogenesis of endothelial cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that EGFL6 is secreted in culture medium as a homodimer protein. Using scratch wound healing and transwell assays, we found that conditioned medium containing EGFL6 potentiates SVEC (a simian virus 40-transformed mouse microvascular endothelial cell line) endothelial cell migration. In addition, EGFL6 promotes the endothelial cell tube-like structure formation in Matrigel assays and angiogenesis in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Furthermore, we show that EGFL6 recombinant protein induces phosphorylation of ERK in SVEC endothelial cells. Inhibition of ERK impaired EGFL6-induced ERK activation and endothelial cell migration. Together, these results demonstrate, for the first time, that osteoblastic-like cells express EGFL6 that is capable of promoting endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis via ERK activation. Thus, the EGLF6 mediates a paracrine mechanism of cross-talk between vascular endothelial cells and osteoblasts and might offer an important new target for the potential treatment of bone diseases, including osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, and fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shek Man Chim
- From the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - An Qin
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- the Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011
| | | | - Nathan Pavlos
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Tamara Davey
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- the International Joint Cancer Institute and 301 General Hospital Cancer Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433
- the National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering and Antibody, Shanghai 201203, and
- the Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Center for Antibody Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- the International Joint Cancer Institute and 301 General Hospital Cancer Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433
- the National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering and Antibody, Shanghai 201203, and
- the Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Center for Antibody Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ming Hao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- From the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
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38
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Lovelace LL, Cooper CL, Sodetz JM, Lebioda L. Structure of human C8 protein provides mechanistic insight into membrane pore formation by complement. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17585-92. [PMID: 21454577 PMCID: PMC3093833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.219766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C8 is one of five complement proteins that assemble on bacterial membranes to form the lethal pore-like "membrane attack complex" (MAC) of complement. The MAC consists of one C5b, C6, C7, and C8 and 12-18 molecules of C9. C8 is composed of three genetically distinct subunits, C8α, C8β, and C8γ. The C6, C7, C8α, C8β, and C9 proteins are homologous and together comprise the MAC family of proteins. All contain N- and C-terminal modules and a central 40-kDa membrane attack complex perforin (MACPF) domain that has a key role in forming the MAC pore. Here, we report the 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of human C8 purified from blood. This is the first structure of a MAC family member and of a human MACPF-containing protein. The structure shows the modules in C8α and C8β are located on the periphery of C8 and not likely to interact with the target membrane. The C8γ subunit, a member of the lipocalin family of proteins that bind and transport small lipophilic molecules, shows no occupancy of its putative ligand-binding site. C8α and C8β are related by a rotation of ∼22° with only a small translational component along the rotation axis. Evolutionary arguments suggest the geometry of binding between these two subunits is similar to the arrangement of C9 molecules within the MAC pore. This leads to a model of the MAC that explains how C8-C9 and C9-C9 interactions could facilitate refolding and insertion of putative MACPF transmembrane β-hairpins to form a circular pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie L. Lovelace
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Christopher L. Cooper
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - James M. Sodetz
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Lukasz Lebioda
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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Abstract
Current non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens, although showing definite survival benefit, still leave patients with a disappointing 15% 5-year overall survival rate. Because of the need to improve traditional outcomes, research has focused on identifying specific tumorigenic pathways that may serve as therapeutic targets. The most successful strategies to date are those aimed at the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found to be upregulated in 40%-80% of NSCLC. Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed that inhibit the EGFR receptor and have demonstrated clinical benefit in trials as single agents and in combination regimens. Here we discuss one such agent, the mAb nimotuzumab, the background of its development, its clinical experience in NSCLC thus far, and the rationale for expanding its use to other NSCLC treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Boland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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Wang Y, Cooke MJ, Lapitsky Y, Wylie RG, Sachewsky N, Corbett D, Morshead CM, Shoichet MS. Transport of epidermal growth factor in the stroke-injured brain. J Control Release 2010; 149:225-35. [PMID: 21035512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a neurological disorder that currently has no cure. Intrathecal delivery of growth factors, specifically recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF), stimulates endogenous neural precursor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and promotes tissue regeneration in animal models of stroke. In this model, rhEGF is delivered with an invasive minipump/catheter system, which causes trauma to the brain. A less invasive strategy is to deliver rhEGF from the brain cortex; however, this requires the protein to diffuse through the brain, from the site of injection to the SVZ. Although this method of delivery has great potential, diffusion is limited by rapid removal from the extracellular space and hence for successful translation into the clinic strategies are needed to increase the diffusion distance. Using integrative optical imaging we investigate diffusion of rhEGF vs. poly(ethylene glycol)-modified rhEGF (PEG-rhEGF) in brain slices of both uninjured and stroke-injured animals. For the first time, we quantitatively show that PEG modification reduces the rate of growth factor elimination by over an order of magnitude. For rhEGF this corresponds to a two to threefold increase in predicted brain penetration distance, which we confirm with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E5
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42
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Huang HW, Mohan SK, Yu C. The NMR solution structure of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) at physiological pH and its interactions with suramin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:705-10. [PMID: 21029725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) induces the proliferation, differentiation and survival of various cell types including tumor-derived cells. Generally, hEGF performs its biological function by binding to a specific receptor (hEGFR) on the cell surface, thereby inducing signal transduction. Suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea that acts as a growth factor blocker, exhibits antiproliferative activity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells that overexpress EGFR on the cell surface. We determined the solution structure of hEGF under physiological conditions and investigated the interaction of suramin with hEGF using isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The solution structure of hEGF presented in this paper is different from the bound form of hEGF present in the crystal structure of the 2:2 EGF-EGFR complex because its C-tail contains a hydrophobic core. This conformational difference supports the hypothesis that hEGF undergoes a conformational change when it binds to hEGFR and subsequently induces signal transduction. Based on the docking structure of the hEGF-suramin complex, we demonstrated how suramin blocks hEGF by binding to its receptor binding site (the C-terminal region around Arg45) and inhibits the crucial conformational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, ROC.
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43
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Yan C, Pattani V, Tunnell JW, Ren P. Temperature-induced unfolding of epidermal growth factor (EGF): insight from molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:2-12. [PMID: 20466569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal disruption of protein structure and function is a potentially powerful therapeutic vehicle. With the emerging nanoparticle-targeting and femtosecond laser technology, it is possible to deliver heating locally to specific molecules. It is therefore important to understand how fast a protein can unfold or lose its function at high temperatures, such as near the water boiling point. In this study, the thermal damage of EGF was investigated by combining the replica exchange (136 replicas) and conventional molecular dynamics simulations. The REMD simulation was employed to rigorously explore the free-energy landscape of EGF unfolding. Interestingly, besides the native and unfolded states, we also observed a distinct molten globule (MG) state that retained substantial amount of native contacts. Based on the understanding that which the unfolding of EGF is a three-state process, we have examined the unfolding kinetics of EGF (N-->MG and MG-->D) with multiple 20-ns conventional MD simulations. The Arrhenius prefactors and activation energy barriers determined from the simulation are within the range of previously studied proteins. In contrast to the thermal damage of cells and tissues which take place on the time scale of seconds to hours at relatively low temperatures, the denaturation of proteins occur in nanoseconds when the temperature of heat bath approaches the boiling point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Dextrin–rhEGF conjugates as bioresponsive nanomedicines for wound repair. J Control Release 2008; 130:275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Structural basis for EGFR ligand sequestration by Argos. Nature 2008; 453:1271-5. [PMID: 18500331 DOI: 10.1038/nature06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ErbB/HER family and their activating ligands are essential regulators of diverse developmental processes. Inappropriate activation of these receptors is a key feature of many human cancers, and its reversal is an important clinical goal. A natural secreted antagonist of EGFR signalling, called Argos, was identified in Drosophila. We showed previously that Argos functions by directly binding (and sequestering) growth factor ligands that activate EGFR. Here we describe the 1.6-A resolution crystal structure of Argos bound to an EGFR ligand. Contrary to expectations, Argos contains no EGF-like domain. Instead, a trio of closely related domains (resembling a three-finger toxin fold) form a clamp-like structure around the bound EGF ligand. Although structurally unrelated to the receptor, Argos mimics EGFR by using a bipartite binding surface to entrap EGF. The individual Argos domains share unexpected structural similarities with the extracellular ligand-binding regions of transforming growth factor-beta family receptors. The three-domain clamp of Argos also resembles the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor, which uses a similar mechanism to engulf the EGF-like module of uPA. Our results indicate that undiscovered mammalian counterparts of Argos may exist among other poorly characterized structural homologues. In addition, the structures presented here define requirements for the design of artificial EGF-sequestering proteins that would be valuable anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Kato K, Arima Y, Iwata H. Oriented immobilization of epidermal growth factor onto culture substrates for the selective expansion of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3517-29. [PMID: 17482256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To develop a culture substrate that allows efficient expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs), epidermal growth factor (EGF) was immobilized onto the Ni(II)-chelated surface of a glass-based substrate through coordination of Ni(II) to the histidine tag that was fused to the C-terminal of EGF using recombinant technology. For the preparation of the nickel-chelated surface, a thin gold layer was deposited to the glass surface, and then the self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiol terminated with trivalent carboxylic acids was formed on gold and chelated with Ni(II) ions. In the preparation of a monolayer, triethylene glycol-terminated alkanethiol was mixed with carboxylic acid-terminated alkanethiol at various compositions in order to reduce the non-specific adsorption of EGF. The surface analysis of the monolayers was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Surface plasmon resonance analyses and protein assays were performed for characterizing EGF-immobilized surfaces. The proliferation and differentiation of rat fetal NSCs were examined on the EGF-chelated substrates to assess quantitatively the effects of alkanethiol composition on the efficiency of stem cell amplification. It was shown that the amplification efficiency was dependent on the alkanethiol composition. This result could be attributed to the difference in the surface density of chelated EGF. Under the optimal condition, 98% of proliferated cells expressed NSC marker. In addition, these cells could be subcultured for further expansion, while retained their multipotency. We concluded that the substrate developed here provides the efficient method for the highly selective expansion of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakaji-Hirabayashi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Aybay C, Karakus R, Yucel A. Characterization of human epidermal growth factor in human serum and urine under native conditions. Cytokine 2006; 35:36-43. [PMID: 16908178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular nature of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) in serum and urine samples of normal subjects. Recombinant EGF emerged as a single peak and did not interact with human IgG1 and albumin up to the concentration of 12 microg/ml. Freshly separated human serum contained only trace amounts of EGF. However, EGF appeared and increased in serum separated from blood after spontaneous overnight clotting. The authentic 6 kDa form of EGF made up nearly 40% of the total EGF in serum and revealed relatively homogeneous feature. The remaining immunoreactive fractions corresponded to 160 kDa proEGF. Immunoreactive EGF in blood seemed to be associated with the EGF release from platelets. TSKgel G3000SW chromatography of freshly-voided morning and day urines revealed that urine samples mainly contained two major form of EGF; a high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) forms. In the sense of molecular nature of EGF contents, morning urine was more heterogeneous than day urine of the same individuals. The LMW form of EGF in morning urine, in which its proportion was more than 90% of the total EGF, revealed further heterogeneous feature generally containing three to four different components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemalettin Aybay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
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Alewood D, Nielsen K, Alewood PF, Craik DJ, Andrews P, Nerrie M, White S, Domagala T, Walker F, Rothacker J, Burgess AW, Nice EC. The role of disulfide bonds in the structure and function of murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF). Growth Factors 2005; 23:97-110. [PMID: 16019431 DOI: 10.1080/08977190500096061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study using solid phase peptide synthesis has been undertaken to examine the role of the disulfide bonds in the structure and function of mEGF. A combination of one, two and three native disulfide pair analogues of an active truncated (4-48) form of mEGF have been synthesised by replacing specific cysteine residues with isosteric a-amino-n-butyric acid (Abu). Oxidation of the peptides was performed using either conventional aerobic oxidation at basic pH, in DMSO under acidic conditions or via selective disulfide formation using orthogonal protection of the cysteine pairs. The contribution of individual, or pairs of, disulfide bonds to EGF structure was evaluated by CD and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. The mitogenic activity of each analogue was determined using Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblastsAs we have reported previously (Barnham et al. 1998), the disulfide bond between residues 6 and 20 can be removed with significant retention of biological activity (EC50 20-50 nM). The overall structure of this analogue was similar to that of native mEGF, indicating that the loss of the 6-20 disulfide bridge did not affect the global fold of the molecule. We now show that removal of any other disulfide bond, either singly or in pairs, results in a major disruption of the tertiary structure, and a large loss of activity (EC50>900 nM). Remarkably, the linear analogue appears to have greater activity (EC50 580 nM) than most one and two disulfide bond analogues although it does not have a definable tertiary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Alewood
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Li S, Schmitz KR, Jeffrey PD, Wiltzius JJW, Kussie P, Ferguson KM. Structural basis for inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor by cetuximab. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:301-11. [PMID: 15837620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2005] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent structural studies of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family extracellular regions have identified an unexpected mechanism for ligand-induced receptor dimerization that has important implications for activation and inhibition of these receptors. Here we describe the 2.8 angstroms resolution X-ray crystal structure of the antigen binding (Fab) fragment from cetuximab (Erbitux), an inhibitory anti-EGFR antibody, in complex with the soluble extracellular region of EGFR (sEGFR). The sEGFR is in the characteristic "autoinhibited" or "tethered" inactive configuration. Cetuximab interacts exclusively with domain III of sEGFR, partially occluding the ligand binding region on this domain and sterically preventing the receptor from adopting the extended conformation required for dimerization. We suggest that both these effects contribute to potent inhibition of EGFR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Whitson KB, Beechem JM, Beth AH, Staros JV. Preparation and characterization of Alexa Fluor 594-labeled epidermal growth factor for fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies: application to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Anal Biochem 2004; 324:227-36. [PMID: 14690686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared and characterized a new fluorescent derivative of murine epidermal growth factor (EGF), Alexa Fluor 594-labeled EGF (A-EGF), for fluorescence studies of EGF-EGF receptor interactions. We describe the synthesis of this derivative and its physical and biological characterization. The significant overlap between the excitation and the emission spectra of A-EGF makes this probe well suited to fluorescence resonance energy homo-transfer. Using time-resolved fluorescence to examine the oligomeric state of the EGF receptor, we have observed resonance energy homo-transfer of A-EGF bound to EGF receptors in cells, but not of A-EGF bound to EGF receptors in membrane vesicles. Our results, interpreted in the context of recent crystallographic studies of the ligand-binding domains of EGF receptors, suggest that observed fluorescence resonance energy transfer does not result from transfer within receptor dimers, but rather results from transfer within higher-order oligomers. Furthermore, our results support a structural model for oligomerization of EGF receptors in which dimers are positioned head-to-head with respect to the ligand-binding site, consistent with the head-to-head interactions observed between adjacent receptor dimers by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B Whitson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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