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PDE-Mediated Cyclic Nucleotide Compartmentation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: From Basic to a Clinical Perspective. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 9:jcdd9010004. [PMID: 35050214 PMCID: PMC8777754 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are major components of blood vessels and are involved in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. In healthy vessels, vascular SMCs contribute to vasotone and regulate blood flow by cyclic nucleotide intracellular pathways. However, vascular SMCs lose their contractile phenotype under pathological conditions and alter contractility or signalling mechanisms, including cyclic nucleotide compartmentation. In the present review, we focus on compartmentalized signaling of cyclic nucleotides in vascular smooth muscle. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms clarifies the most relevant axes for the regulation of vascular tone. Furthermore, this allows the detection of possible changes associated with pathological processes, which may be of help for the discovery of novel drugs.
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2
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Stimulation of electro-olfactogram responses in the main olfactory epithelia by airflow depends on the type 3 adenylyl cyclase. J Neurosci 2013; 32:15769-78. [PMID: 23136416 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2180-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons are the primary sensory organelles for olfaction. The detection of odorants by the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) depends on coupling of odorant receptors to the type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3) in olfactory cilia. We monitored the effect of airflow on electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses and found that the MOE of mice can sense mechanical forces generated by airflow. The airflow-sensitive EOG response in the MOE was attenuated when cAMP was increased by odorants or by forskolin suggesting a common mechanism for airflow and odorant detection. In addition, the sensitivity to airflow was significantly impaired in the MOE from AC3(-/-) mice. We conclude that AC3 in the MOE is required for detecting the mechanical force of airflow, which in turn may regulate odorant perception during sniffing.
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Bogard AS, Adris P, Ostrom RS. Adenylyl cyclase 2 selectively couples to E prostanoid type 2 receptors, whereas adenylyl cyclase 3 is not receptor-regulated in airway smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:586-95. [PMID: 22619251 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.193425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are important regulators of airway smooth muscle function, because β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonists stimulate AC activity and cAMP production. We have previously shown in a number of cell types that AC6 selectively couples to βAR and these proteins are coexpressed in lipid rafts. We overexpressed AC2, AC3, and AC6 in mouse bronchial smooth muscle cells (mBSMCs) and human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells by using recombinant adenoviruses and assessed their localization and regulation by various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). AC3 and AC6 were expressed primarily in caveolin-rich fractions, whereas AC2 expression was excluded from these domains. AC6 expression enhanced cAMP production in response to isoproterenol but did not increase responses to butaprost, reflecting the colocalization of AC6 with β(2)AR but not E prostanoid type 2 receptor (EP(2)R) in lipid raft fractions. AC2 expression enhanced butaprost-stimulated cAMP production but had no effect on the β(2)AR-mediated response. AC3 did not couple to any GPCR tested. Forskolin-induced arborization of mBSMCs was assessed as a functional readout of cAMP signaling. Arborization was enhanced by overexpression of AC6 and AC3, but AC2 had no effect. GPCR-stimulated arborization mirrored the selective coupling observed for cAMP production. With the addition of the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor rolipram AC2 accelerated forskolin-stimulated arborization. Thus, AC2 selectively couples to EP(2)R, but signals from this complex are limited by PDE4 activity. AC3 does not seem to couple to GPCR in either mBSMCs or HEK-293 cells, so it probably exists in a distinct signaling domain in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Bogard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Ave., Crowe 115, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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4
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Choreographing the adenylyl cyclase signalosome: sorting out the partners and the steps. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 385:5-12. [PMID: 22012074 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases are a ubiquitous family of enzymes and are critical regulators of metabolic and cardiovascular function. Multiple isoforms of the enzyme are expressed in a range of tissues. However, for many processes, the adenylyl cyclase isoforms have been thought of as essentially interchangeable, with their impact more dependent on their common actions to increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate content regardless of the isoform involved. It has long been appreciated that each subfamily of isoforms demonstrate a specific pattern of "upstream" regulation, i.e., specific patterns of ion dependence (e.g., calcium-dependence) and specific patterns of regulation by kinases (protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), raf). However, more recent studies have suggested that adenylyl cyclase isoform-selective patterns of signaling are a wide-spread phenomenon. The determinants of these selective signaling patterns relate to a number of factors, including: (1) selective coupling of specific adenylyl cyclase isoforms with specific G protein-coupled receptors, (2) localization of specific adenylyl cyclase isoforms in defined structural domains (AKAP complexes, caveolin/lipid rafts), and (3) selective coupling of adenylyl cyclase isoforms with specific downstream signaling cascades important in regulation of cell growth and contractility. The importance of isoform-specific regulation has now been demonstrated both in mouse models as well as in humans. Adenylyl cyclase has not been viewed as a useful target for therapeutic regulation, given the ubiquitous expression of the enzyme and the perceived high risk of off-target effects. Understanding which isoforms of adenylyl cyclase mediate distinct cellular effects would bring new significance to the development of isoform-specific ligands to regulate discrete cellular actions.
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Nelson CP, Rainbow RD, Brignell JL, Perry MD, Willets JM, Davies NW, Standen NB, Challiss RJ. Principal role of adenylyl cyclase 6 in K⁺ channel regulation and vasodilator signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:694-702. [PMID: 21606183 PMCID: PMC3156907 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Membrane potential is a key determinant of vascular tone and many vasodilators act through the modulation of ion channel currents [e.g. the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP))] involved in setting the membrane potential. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoenzymes are potentially important intermediaries in such vasodilator signalling pathways. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) express multiple AC isoenzymes, but the reason for such redundancy is unknown. We investigated which of these isoenzymes are involved in vasodilator signalling and regulation of vascular ion channels important in modulating membrane potential. METHODS AND RESULTS AC isoenzymes were selectively depleted (by >75%) by transfection of cultured VSMCs with selective short interfering RNA sequences. AC6 was the predominant isoenzyme involved in vasodilator-mediated cAMP accumulation in VSMCs, accounting for ∼60% of the total response to β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) stimulation. AC3 played a minor role in β-AR signalling, whereas AC5 made no significant contribution. AC6 was also the principal isoenzyme involved in β-AR-mediated protein kinase A (PKA) signalling (determined using the fluorescent biosensor for PKA activity, AKAR3) and the substantial β-AR/PKA-dependent enhancement of K(ATP) current. K(ATP) current was shown to play a vital role in setting the resting membrane potential and in mediating the hyperpolarization observed upon β-AR stimulation. CONCLUSION AC6, but not the closely related AC5, plays a principal role in vasodilator signalling and regulation of the membrane potential in VSMCs. These findings identify AC6 as a vital component in the vasodilatory apparatus central to the control of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl P. Nelson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Richard D. Rainbow
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Brignell
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Matthew D. Perry
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jonathon M. Willets
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Noel W. Davies
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Nicholas B. Standen
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - R.A. John Challiss
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Zhu S, Xue R, Zhao P, Fan FL, Kong X, Zheng S, Han Q, Zhu Y, Wang N, Yang J, Guan Y. Targeted disruption of the prostaglandin E2 E-prostanoid 2 receptor exacerbates vascular neointimal formation in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1739-47. [PMID: 21636806 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restenosis after angioplasty remains a major clinical problem. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays an important role in vascular homeostasis. The PGE(2) receptor E-prostanoid 2 (EP2) is involved in the proliferation and migration of various cell types. We aimed to determine the role of EP2 in the pathogenesis of neointimal formation after vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire-mediated vascular injury was induced in the femoral arteries of male wild-type (EP2+/+) and EP2 gene-deficient (EP2-/-) mice. In EP2+/+ mice, EP2 mRNA expression was increased in injured vessels for at least 4 weeks after vascular injury. Neointimal hyperplasia was markedly accelerated in EP2-/- mice, which was associated with increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and increased cyclin D1 expression in the neointima layer. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) treatment resulted in more significant cell proliferation and migration in VSMCs of EP2-/- mice than in those of EP2+/+ mice. Activation and overexpression of EP2 attenuated PDGF-BB-elicited cell proliferation and migration, induced G(1)→S-phase arrest and reduced PDGF-BB-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in EP2+/+ VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a novel role of the EP2 receptor in neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. The EP2 receptor may represent a potential therapeutic target for restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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7
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Weinberg E, Topaz M, Dard M, Lyngstadaas P, Nemcovsky C, Weinreb M. Differential effects of prostaglandin E(2) and enamel matrix derivative on the proliferation of human gingival and dermal fibroblasts and gingival keratinocytes. J Periodontal Res 2011; 45:731-40. [PMID: 20682018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of prostaglandins contribute to periodontal destruction but can impair gingival healing by affecting local fibroblasts. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has beneficial effects on supporting and gingival tissues. We showed that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) inhibits the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and that EMD stimulates it. Prostaglandins and EMD may also affect skin healing by targeting dermal fibroblasts (DFs). Thus, we compared the effects of these two agents on the proliferation of hGFs, human gingival keratinocytes (hGKs) and hDFs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cells from healthy human gingiva or skin were treated with PGE(2) and/or EMD, and proliferation was assessed by measuring cell number and DNA synthesis. RESULTS In hGFs, PGE(2) (1 μm) inhibited proliferation while EMD stimulated it. When present together, EMD abolished the PGE(2) -induced inhibition. Serum increased (by a factor of 10) the amount of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), PGE(2) reduced it (by 70-80%) and EMD restored it when present with PGE(2). Prostaglandin E(2) stimulated cAMP production in hGFs while serum or EMD did not. Enamel matrix derivative stimulated hDF proliferation, but the inhibitory effect of PGE(2) was milder than with hGFs. When present together, EMD abolished the PGE(2) -induced inhibition. Enamel matrix derivative inhibited the proliferation of primary hGKs, but PGE(2) had no effect. Finally, we found that hDFs contained about five times less prostaglandin EP(2) receptor mRNA than hGFs, while hGKs contained none. CONCLUSION Prostaglandin E(2) inhibits and EMD stimulates hGF proliferation via distinct pathways. The different sensitivities of hDFs and hGKs to PGE(2) can be explained by the levels of EP(2) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, the Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S
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8
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Yokoyama U, Minamisawa S, Katayama A, Tang T, Suzuki S, Iwatsubo K, Iwasaki S, Kurotani R, Okumura S, Sato M, Yokota S, Hammond HK, Ishikawa Y. Differential regulation of vascular tone and remodeling via stimulation of type 2 and type 6 adenylyl cyclases in the ductus arteriosus. Circ Res 2010; 106:1882-92. [PMID: 20431059 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.214924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prostaglandin (PG)E(2), which increases intracellular cAMP via activation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), induces vasodilation and hyaluronan-mediated intimal thickening (IT) in the ductus arteriosus (DA) during late gestation. After birth, however, differential regulation of vasodilation and IT is preferable for treatment of patients with patent DA and DA-dependent congenital cardiac malformations. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to examine whether AC isoforms play differential roles in DA vasodilation and IT. METHODS AND RESULTS AC2 and AC6 were more highly expressed in rat DA than in the aorta during the perinatal period. AC6-targeted siRNA counteracted PGE(1)-induced hyaluronan production in rat DA smooth muscle cells. Overexpression of AC6 enhanced PGE(1)-induced hyaluronan production and induced IT in DA explants. Furthermore, IT of the DA was less marked in mice lacking AC6 than in wild-type and AC5-deficient mice. Stimulation of AC2 attenuated AC6-induced hyaluronan production via inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and AC6-induced IT of the DA. An AC2/6 activator, 6-[N-(2-isothiocyanatoethyl) aminocarbonyl] forskolin (FD1), did not induce hyaluronan-mediated IT in DA explants, although an AC5/6 activator, 6-[3-(dimethylamino)propionyl]-14,15-dihydroforskolin (FD6) did. Moreover, FD1 induced longer vasodilation of the DA than did PGE(1) without significant adverse effects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AC6 is responsible for hyaluronan-mediated IT of the DA and AC2 inhibited AC6-induced hyaluronan production. Stimulation of both AC2 and AC6 by FD1 induced longer vasodilation without hyaluronan-mediated IT in the DA in vivo. FD1 may be a novel alternative therapy to currently available PGE therapy for patients with DA-dependent congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako Yokoyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, TWIns, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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9
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Gueguen M, Keuylian Z, Mateo V, Mougenot N, Lompré AM, Michel JB, Meilhac O, Lipskaia L, Limon I. Implication of adenylyl cyclase 8 in pathological smooth muscle cell migration occurring in rat and human vascular remodelling. J Pathol 2010; 221:331-42. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Dunn TA, Storm DR, Feller MB. Calcium-dependent increases in protein kinase-A activity in mouse retinal ganglion cells are mediated by multiple adenylate cyclases. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7877. [PMID: 19924297 PMCID: PMC2774513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons undergo long term, activity dependent changes that are mediated by activation of second messenger cascades. In particular, calcium-dependent activation of the cyclic-AMP/Protein kinase A signaling cascade has been implicated in several developmental processes including cell survival, axonal outgrowth, and axonal refinement. The biochemical link between calcium influx and the activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway is primarily mediated through adenylate cyclases. Here, dual imaging of intracellular calcium concentration and PKA activity was used to assay the role of different classes of calcium-dependent adenylate cyclases (ACs) in the activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Surprisingly, depolarization-induced calcium-dependent PKA transients persist in barrelless mice lacking AC1, the predominant calcium-dependent adenylate cyclase in RGCs, as well as in double knockout mice lacking both AC1 and AC8. Furthermore, in a subset of RGCs, depolarization-induced PKA transients persist during the inhibition of all transmembrane adenylate cyclases. These results are consistent with the existence of a soluble adenylate cyclase that plays a role in calcium-dependent activation of the cAMP/PKA cascade in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Dunn
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marla B. Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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11
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Pons J, Kitlinska J, Jacques D, Perreault C, Nader M, Everhart L, Zhang Y, Zukowska Z. Interactions of multiple signaling pathways in neuropeptide Y-mediated bimodal vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:438-48. [PMID: 18641693 PMCID: PMC2923562 DOI: 10.1139/y08-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic cotransmitter, acts via G protein-coupled receptors to stimulate constriction and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation through interactions with its Y1 receptors. However, VSMC proliferation appears bimodal, with high- and low-affinity peaks differentially blocked by antagonists of both Y1 and Y5 receptors. Here, we sought to determine the signaling mechanisms of NPY-mediated bimodal mitogenesis. In rat aortic VSMCs, NPY's mitogenic effect at all concentrations was blocked by pertussis toxin and was associated with decreased forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels. NPY also increased intracellular calcium levels; in contrast to mitogenesis, this effect was dose dependent. The rise in intracellular Ca2+ depended on extracellular Ca2+ and was mediated via activation of Y1 receptors, but not Y5 receptors. Despite differences in calcium, the signaling pathways activated at low and high NPY concentrations were similar. The mitogenic effect of the peptide at all doses was completely blocked by inhibitors of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MEK1/2. Thus, in VSMCs, NPY-mediated mitogenesis signals primarily via Y1 receptors activating 2 Ca2+-dependent, growth-promoting pathways -- PKC and CaMKII. At the high-affinity peak, these 2 pathways are amplified by Y5 receptor-mediated, calcium-independent inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase - protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. All 3 mechanisms converge to the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) signaling cascade and lead to VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pons
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
| | - Joanna Kitlinska
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
| | - Danielle Jacques
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claudine Perreault
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Everhart
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zofia Zukowska
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
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12
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Col JAD, Matsuo T, Storm DR, Rodriguez I. Adenylyl cyclase-dependent axonal targeting in the olfactory system. Development 2007; 134:2481-9. [PMID: 17537788 DOI: 10.1242/dev.006346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate olfactory bulb is a remarkably organized neuronal structure,in which hundreds of functionally different sensory inputs are organized into a highly stereotyped topographical map. How this wiring is achieved is not yet understood. Here, we show that the olfactory bulb topographical map is modified in adenylyl cyclase 3 (adenylate cyclase 3)-deficient mice. In these mutants, axonal projection targets corresponding to specific odorant receptors are disorganized, are no longer exclusively innervated by functionally identical axonal projections and shift dramatically along the anteroposterior axis of the olfactory bulb. Moreover, the cyclase depletion leads to the prevention of neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) expression in olfactory sensory neuron axonal projections. Taken together, our data point to a major role played by a crucial element of the odorant-induced transduction cascade, adenylyl cyclase 3, in the targeting of olfactory sensory neuron axons towards the brain. This mechanism probably involves the regulation of receptor genes known to be crucial in axonal guidance processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A Dal Col
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, and NCCR Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Feldman RD, Gros R. New insights into the regulation of cAMP synthesis beyond GPCR/G protein activation: implications in cardiovascular regulation. Life Sci 2007; 81:267-71. [PMID: 17604058 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP is one of the most ubiquitous mechanisms for regulating cellular functions. Further, the manner in which cAMP production is regulated via G proteins at the level of adenylyl cyclase activation has been studied extensively. This review focuses instead on the recently identified mechanisms and roles for regulation of adenylyl cyclase functions beyond G protein activation. These mechanisms include: a) the coupling of particular isoforms of adenylyl cyclase to function within a single cell type b) regulation of membrane trafficking of higher order enzyme aggregates and c) raf kinase-dependent phosphorylation and sensitization of adenylyl cyclases--an important pathway for crosstalk between tyrosine kinase signaling cascades with regulation of cAMP-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Feldman
- Cell Biology and Vascular Biology Research Groups, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Askari B, Kanter JE, Sherrid AM, Golej DL, Bender AT, Liu J, Hsueh WA, Beavo JA, Coleman RA, Bornfeldt KE. Rosiglitazone inhibits acyl-CoA synthetase activity and fatty acid partitioning to diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-independent mechanism in human arterial smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Diabetes 2007; 56:1143-52. [PMID: 17259370 PMCID: PMC2819351 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing agent that has recently been shown to exert beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. In addition to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, rosiglitazone can affect other targets, such as directly inhibiting recombinant long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL)-4 activity. Because it is unknown if ACSL4 is expressed in vascular cells involved in atherosclerosis, we investigated the ability of rosiglitazone to inhibit ACSL activity and fatty acid partitioning in human and murine arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages. Human and murine SMCs and human macrophages expressed Acsl4, and rosiglitazone inhibited Acsl activity in these cells. Furthermore, rosiglitazone acutely inhibited partitioning of fatty acids into phospholipids in human SMCs and inhibited fatty acid partitioning into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol in human SMCs and macrophages through a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism. Conversely, murine macrophages did not express ACSL4, and rosiglitazone did not inhibit ACSL activity in these cells, nor did it affect acute fatty acid partitioning into cellular lipids. Thus, rosiglitazone inhibits ACSL activity and fatty acid partitioning in human and murine SMCs and in human macrophages through a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism likely to be mediated by ACSL4 inhibition. Therefore, rosiglitazone might alter the biological effects of fatty acids in these cells and in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Askari
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jenny E. Kanter
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashley M. Sherrid
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deidre L. Golej
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew T. Bender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joey Liu
- Departments of Nutrition and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Willa A. Hsueh
- Departments of Nutrition and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A. Beavo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rosalind A. Coleman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, David E. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karin E. Bornfeldt
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Li W, Takahashi M, Shibukawa Y, Yokoe S, Gu J, Miyoshi E, Honke K, Ikeda Y, Taniguchi N. Introduction of bisecting GlcNAc in N-glycans of adenylyl cyclase III enhances its activity. Glycobiology 2007; 17:655-62. [PMID: 17324955 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the synthesis of cAMP in response to extracellular and intracellular signals and are responsible for a wide variety of biological activities including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. There are nine, currently known, isoforms of transmembrane ACs, and the primary structure of the catalytic unit and the potential N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved among them. The enzyme beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) catalyzes the addition of a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to N-glycans. We have been studying the function of GnT-III on signaling molecules. In this study, we report on the effects of a bisecting GlcNAc on AC signaling. We established GnT-III stable expressing cell lines of Neuro-2a mouse neuroblastoma cells and B16 mouse melanoma cells. Forskolin-induced AC activation and downstream signaling, such as the synthesis of cAMP and the phosphorylation of transcriptional factor CRE-binding protein were upregulated in the GnT-III transfectants compared with mock transfectants or a dominant negative mutant of GnT-III-transfected cells. Since endogenous AC expression levels in Neuro-2a and B16 cells were too low to permit the glycosylation status to be examined, AC type III (ACIII) was overexpressed in a stable expression system using Flp-In-293 cells. The N-glycans of ACIII in the GnT-III transfectants were confirmed to be modified by the introduction of a bisecting GlcNAc, and AC activity was found to be significantly up-regulated in the GnT-III transfectants. Thus, the structure of N-glycans of ACIII regulates its enzymatic activity and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Yokoyama U, Minamisawa S, Quan H, Ghatak S, Akaike T, Segi-Nishida E, Iwasaki S, Iwamoto M, Misra S, Tamura K, Hori H, Yokota S, Toole BP, Sugimoto Y, Ishikawa Y. Chronic activation of the prostaglandin receptor EP4 promotes hyaluronan-mediated neointimal formation in the ductus arteriosus. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:3026-34. [PMID: 17080198 PMCID: PMC1626128 DOI: 10.1172/jci28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PGE, a potent vasodilator, plays a primary role in maintaining the patency of the ductus arteriosus (DA). Genetic disruption of the PGE-specific receptor EP4, however, paradoxically results in fatal patent DA (PDA) in mice. Here we demonstrate that EP4-mediated signals promote DA closure by hyaluronic acid-mediated (HA-mediated) intimal cushion formation (ICF). Chronic EP4 stimulation by ONO-AE1-329, a selective EP4 agonist, significantly enhanced migration and HA production in rat DA smooth muscle cells. When HA production was inhibited, EP4-mediated migration was negated. Activation of EP4, adenylyl cyclase, and PKA all increased HA production and the level of HA synthase 2 (HAS2) transcripts. In immature rat DA explants, ICF was promoted by EP4/PKA stimuli. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated Has2 gene transfer was sufficient to induce ICF in EP4-disrupted DA explants in which the intimal cushion had not formed. Accordingly, signals through EP4 have 2 essential roles in DA development, namely, vascular dilation and ICF. The latter would lead to luminal narrowing, helping adhesive occlusion and permanent closure of the vascular lumen. Our results imply that HA induction serves as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PDA to the current one, i.e., inhibition of PGE signaling by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, which might delay PGE-mediated ICF in immature infants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Ductus Arteriosus/cytology
- Ductus Arteriosus/embryology
- Ductus Arteriosus/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Glucuronosyltransferase/genetics
- Hyaluronan Synthases
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Signal Transduction
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Susumu Minamisawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hong Quan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shibnath Ghatak
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Toru Akaike
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiho Iwasaki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mari Iwamoto
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Suniti Misra
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hideaki Hori
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shumpei Yokota
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bryan P. Toole
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Cardiology Services, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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18
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19
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Millen J, MacLean MR, Houslay MD. Hypoxia-induced remodelling of PDE4 isoform expression and cAMP handling in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:679-91. [PMID: 16458997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASM cells) express PDE4A10, PDE4A11, PDE4B2, PDE4C and PDE4D5 isoforms. Hypoxia causes a transient up-regulation of PDE4B2 that reaches a maximum after 7 days and sustained up-regulation of PDE4A10/11 and PDE4D5 over 14 days in hypoxia. Seven days in hypoxia increases both intracellular cAMP levels, protein kinase A (PKA) activity and activated, phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK) but does not alter either PKA isoform expression or total cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) activity or cAMP phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) activity. Both the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin and the ERK inhibitors, UO126 and PD980589 reverse the hypoxia-induced increase in intracellular cAMP levels back to those seen in normoxic hPASM cells. Challenge of normoxic hPASM cells with prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) elevates cAMP to levels comparable to those seen in hypoxic cells but fails to increase intracellular cAMP levels in hypoxic hPASM cells. The adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin increases cAMP levels in both normoxic and hypoxic hPASM cells to comparable elevated levels. Challenge of hypoxic hPASM cells with indomethacin attenuates total PDE4 activity whilst challenge with UO126 increases total PDE4 activity. We propose that the hypoxia-induced activation of ERK initiates a phospholipase A(2)/COX-driven autocrine effect whereupon PGE(2) is generated, causing the activation of adenylyl cyclase and increase in intracellular cAMP. Despite the hypoxia-induced increases in the expression of PDE4A10/11, PDE4B2 and PDE4D5 and activation of certain of these long PDE4 isoforms through PKA phosphorylation, we suggest that the failure to see any overall increase in PDE4 activity is due to ERK-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of particular PDE4 long isoforms. Such hypoxia-induced increase in expression of PDE4 isoforms known to interact with certain signalling scaffold proteins may result in alterations in compartmentalised cAMP signalling. The hypoxia-induced increase in cAMP may represent a compensatory protective mechanism against hypoxia-induced mitogens such as endothelin-1 and serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Millen
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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20
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Ibe BO, Portugal AM, Raj JU. Levalbuterol inhibits human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation: therapeutic implications in the management of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 139:225-36. [PMID: 16446544 DOI: 10.1159/000091168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racemic albuterol is a mixture of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of albuterol. Its pharmacological activity and clinical efficacy reside in the (R)-enantiomer (levalbuterol), but the (S)-enantiomer exacerbates airway reactivity in nonclinical models. The role of albuterols in airway smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is not well understood. METHODS The effect of levalbuterol on human bronchial SMC growth was compared with the effects of racemic albuterol and (S)-albuterol. Cells were fed albuterols and 3H-thymidine in 5% FBS and incubated for 24 h. The effect of (S)-albuterol on levalbuterol actions was also studied and so were the effects of cAMP/PKA, PI-3 kinase, NK-kappaB, and retinoblastoma (Rb) proteins on albuterols and human bronchial SMC proliferation. RESULTS Levalbuterol inhibited cell proliferation at low concentrations. The growth-inhibitory effect of levalbuterol occurs via activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. Addition of (S)-albuterol to levalbuterol decreased the growth-inhibitory effect of levalbuterol, and (S)-albuterol attenuated levalbuterol-induced cAMP release by 65%. Levalbuterol inhibited NF-kappaB and Rb protein expressions. ICI-118551 abrogated the inhibitory properties of levalbuterol. The PAF receptor antagonist CV-3988 inhibited (S)-albuterol-induced cell growth, with no effect on levalbuterol. CONCLUSIONS Levalbuterol inhibits cell growth by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway and inhibiting PI-3 kinase, NF-kappaB and Rb protein expression, and (S)-albuterol induces cell growth by activating PAF-receptor-mediated cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil O Ibe
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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21
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Pelletier S, Julien C, Popoff MR, Lamarche-Vane N, Meloche S. Cyclic AMP induces morphological changes of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting a Rac-dependent signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:412-22. [PMID: 15706595 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a pleiotropic second messenger that regulates numerous cellular processes. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), these include cell proliferation, migration, and contractility. Here we show that cAMP-elevating agents induce dramatic morphological changes in VSMCs, characterized by cell rounding and formation of long branching processes. The stellate morphology is associated with disassembly of actin stress fibers and lamellipodia, loss of focal adhesions, and the formation of small F-actin rings. Because of the importance of Rho family GTPases in regulating actin dynamics, we analyzed their individual roles in the cAMP phenotype. We found that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Rac mimics cAMP effect in inducing a stellate morphology of VSMCs. Expression of activated Rac1 prevents forskolin-induced cAMP stellation, suggesting that cAMP affects cell morphology by inhibiting Rac function. Consistent with this, treatment with forskolin inhibits agonist-stimulated Rac activation in VSMCs. We further show that activated Rac1 containing the F37A effector loop substitution fails to rescue the cAMP phenotype. Our results suggest that cAMP modulates the morphology of VSMCs by inhibiting a Rac-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Immunovirologie et Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Dyer JL, Liu Y, de la Huerga IP, Taylor CW. Long lasting inhibition of adenylyl cyclase selectively mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-evoked calcium release. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:8936-44. [PMID: 15632122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410045200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In A7r5 smooth muscle cells, vasopressin stimulates release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry, and it inhibits adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. Inhibition of AC is prevented by inhibition of phospholipase C or when the increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] is prevented by the Ca2+ buffer, BAPTA. It is unaffected by pertussis toxin, inhibition of protein kinase C, or L-type Ca2+ channels or by removal of extracellular Ca2+. The independence of extracellular Ca2+ occurs despite inhibition of AC by vasopressin persisting for at least 15 min, whereas the cytosolic [Ca2+] returns to its basal level within 1-2 min in Ca2+-free medium. Although capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), activated by emptying stores with thapsigargin, inhibits AC, Ca2+ entry via CCE or L-type Ca2+ channels activated by vasopressin is ineffective. Temporally separating vasopressin-evoked Ca2+ release from the assessment of AC activity revealed that the transient Ca2+ signal resulting from Ca2+ mobilization causes a long lasting inhibition of AC. By contrast, inhibition of AC by thapsigargin-evoked CCE reverses rapidly after removal of extracellular Ca2+. Inhibition of AC by vasopressin is prevented by inhibition of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. We conclude that persistent inhibition of AC (probably AC-3) by vasopressin is mediated by inositol trisphosphate-evoked Ca2+ release causing activation of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Our results establish that an important interaction between two ubiquitous signaling pathways is tuned selectively to Ca2+ release via inositol trisphosphate receptors and that the interaction transduces a transient Ca2+ signal into a long lasting inhibition of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette L Dyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
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23
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Bulin C, Albrecht U, Bode JG, Weber AA, Schrör K, Levkau B, Fischer JW. Differential Effects of Vasodilatory Prostaglandins on Focal Adhesions, Cytoskeletal Architecture, and Migration in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:84-9. [PMID: 15458982 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000146814.81581.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 are expressed in atherosclerotic arteries, and local generation of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) occurs. However, the role of cyclooxygenases and individual prostaglandins during plaque progression is currently uncertain. The present study characterizes the effect of vasodilatory prostaglandins on morphology, focal adhesion (FA) function, and migration in human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS The stable prostacyclin analog iloprost transiently induced: (1) disassembly of FA and stress fibers, (2) partial retraction and rounding of SMCs, (3) hypophosphorylation of FA kinase (FAK) and paxillin, and (4) inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced migration. Inhibition of FAK phosphorylation and morphological changes were mimicked by forskolin, inhibited by H89, and prevented by the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate and by calpeptin. PGE2 was by far less efficient with respect to all parameters investigated. This difference correlated with the respective cAMP induction in response to iloprost and PGE2. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of FAK phosphorylation and FA function is a new target of vasodilatory prostaglandins, which might be causally involved in the antimigratory effects of prostaglandins. Importantly, prostacyclin analogs and PGE2 differ dramatically with respect to dephosphorylation of FAK and inhibition of migration, which might be of relevance for their respective functions in atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Aorta/chemistry
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Focal Adhesions/metabolism
- Humans
- Iloprost/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle
- Phosphorylation
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Vasodilation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bulin
- Molecular Pharmacology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Rödel J, Prochnau D, Prager K, Baumert J, Schmidt KH, Straube E. Chlamydia pneumoniae decreases smooth muscle cell proliferation through induction of prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4900-4. [PMID: 15271958 PMCID: PMC470606 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4900-4904.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae may modulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in atherosclerotic plaques. Conditioned medium from C. pneumoniae-infected SMC decreased the proliferation of uninfected SMC. Treatment of infected cells with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 [N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide] suppressed the up-regulation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and abolished the antimitogenic effect of conditioned medium, suggesting that C. pneumoniae can decrease SMC proliferation via stimulation of PGE(2) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Semmelweisstr. 4, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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Zhu JS, Shen B, Chen JL, Chen GQ, Yu XH, Yu HF, Zhu ZM. Molecule action mechanisms of NM-3 on human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells in vivo or in vitro. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2366-9. [PMID: 14562415 PMCID: PMC4656500 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the molecule action mechanisms of NM-3 on the growth of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells in vivo or in vitro.
METHODS: SGC-7901 from human non-differentiated gastric cancer cell line was cultured with NM-3 at 100 mg/mL for 24 h. We observed its inhibitory rate and the density of micro-vascular growth in grafted mice with human gastric cancer SGC-7901. The apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 was revealed in NM-3 treatment group by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-uridine triphosphate-fluorescene nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and flow cytometry analysis.
RESULTS: The growth of SGC-7901 cells was markedly inhibited compared with control growp, which was smaller than that in normal saline control group (4.17 g ± 0.22 g vs 9.45 g ± 1.38 g, P < 0.01). The level of apoptosis of human gastric cell line SGC-7901 was obviously increased in NM-3 treatment group at 1 mg.L-1 for 24 h. NM-3 inducing apoptotic index in NM-3 plus carboplatin group was 3.5 times that of carboplatin control group (TUNEL: 27.98% ± 6.12% vs 12.94% ± 2.12%, FACScan: 26.86% ± 5.69% vs 11.86% ± 1.09%, P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed that the apoptotic index of human gastric cancer was elevated for 12, 24 and 36 h with an evident time-effect relationship in groups at 100 mg.L-1. NM-3 enhanced the inhibitive effects and sensitivity of chemotherapy for human gastric cancer in nude mice. These results suggested that NM-3 played a key inhibitive role in the growth of grafted human gastric cancer in nude mice.
CONCLUSION: NM-3 can inhibit the growth of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, and enhance the sensitivity of carboplatin on SGC-7901 and induced its apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shui Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
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26
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Goncharova EA, Billington CK, Irani C, Vorotnikov AV, Tkachuk VA, Penn RB, Krymskaya VP, Panettieri RA. Cyclic AMP-mobilizing agents and glucocorticoids modulate human smooth muscle cell migration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:19-27. [PMID: 12600820 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0254oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia and cell migration of smooth muscle are features of both airway and pulmonary vascular diseases. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate smooth muscle migration in the lungs remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of cAMP-mobilizing agents and steroids on smooth muscle cell migration. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor significantly stimulated cell migration in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (PVSM) cells. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) migration was also stimulated by PDGF, transforming growth factor-alpha, and basic fibroblast growth factor, but vascular endothelial growth factor was without effect. Interestingly, the smooth muscle mitogen thrombin did not stimulate migration of either cell type. Agents capable of elevating intracellular cAMP inhibited basal (unstimulated) cell migration in both cell types, whereas their effects on PDGF-stimulated migration were more variable. Prostaglandin E2, salmeterol, and the phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor cilomolast inhibited basal ASM and PVSM migration by 30-60%. Prostaglandin E2 and cilomolast also inhibited PDGF-stimulated migration of ASM and PVSM cells, but salmeterol was without effect. Preincubation of ASM cells with dexamethasone or fluticasone inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated migration, and enabled an inhibitory effect of salmeterol on PDGF-induced cell migration. Steroids alone did not stimulate cAMP production or cAMP/PKA-dependent gene transcription (CRE-Luc activity), but slightly augmented salmeterol-stimulated CRE-Luc activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that cAMP-mobilizing agents and steroids modulate human smooth muscle cell migration, likely by distinct mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Albuterol/analogs & derivatives
- Albuterol/pharmacology
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Fluticasone
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Response Elements/drug effects
- Response Elements/genetics
- Salmeterol Xinafoate
- Transforming Growth Factor alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Goncharova
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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27
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Horner K, Livera G, Hinckley M, Trinh K, Storm D, Conti M. Rodent oocytes express an active adenylyl cyclase required for meiotic arrest. Dev Biol 2003; 258:385-96. [PMID: 12798295 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular levels of cAMP play a critical role in the meiotic arrest of mammalian oocytes. However, it is debated whether this second messenger is produced endogenously by the oocytes or is maintained at levels inhibitory to meiotic resumption via diffusion from somatic cells. Here, we demonstrate that adenylyl cyclase genes and corresponding proteins are expressed in rodent oocytes. The mRNA coding for the AC3 isoform of adenylyl cyclase was detected in rat and mouse oocytes by RT-PCR and by in situ hybridization. The expression of AC3 protein was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis in oocytes in situ. Cyclic AMP accumulation in denuded oocytes was increased by incubation with forskolin, and this stimulation was abolished by increasing intraoocyte Ca(2+) with the ionophore A23187. The Ca(2+) effects were reversed by an inhibitor of Ca(2+), calmodulin-dependent kinase II. These regulations of cAMP levels indicate that the major cyclase that produces cAMP in the rat oocyte has properties identical to those of recombinant or endogenous AC3 expressed in somatic cells. Furthermore, mouse oocytes deficient in AC3 show signs of a defect in meiotic arrest in vivo and accelerated spontaneous maturation in vitro. Collectively, these data provide evidence that an adenylyl cyclase is functional in rodent oocytes and that its activity is involved in the control of oocyte meiotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Horner
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Abstract
Prostaglandins released by injured vascular tissue can modulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. The mechanism of action of PGE(2) was investigated with porcine coronary artery SMCs obtained by explant culture. DNA and RNA syntheses exhibited a concentration-dependent increase following treatment of quiescent SMCs with PGE(2), while PGI(2) had no effect. PGE(2) also elevated PCNA expression, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and cell number, indicative of a hyperplastic growth response. Furthermore, induction of c-fos expression required activation of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Contrary to these data, treatment of proliferating cells with PGE(2) caused a reduction in DNA synthesis. A role for PKA in either growth stimulation or inhibition was excluded. Interestingly, only quiescent SMCs expressed EP2 receptors, and the selective EP2 receptor agonist butaprost confirmed that this receptor was essential for growth stimulation and possibly inhibition. These data suggest that the growth state-dependent actions of PGE(2) on SMC proliferation may be mediated via the EP2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Yau
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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29
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Cho H, Harrison K, Schwartz O, Kehrl JH. The aorta and heart differentially express RGS (regulators of G-protein signalling) proteins that selectively regulate sphingosine 1-phosphate, angiotensin II and endothelin-1 signalling. Biochem J 2003; 371:973-80. [PMID: 12564955 PMCID: PMC1223344 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2002] [Revised: 01/31/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal cardiovascular development and physiology depend in part upon signalling through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors and endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor. Since regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS) proteins function as GTPase-activating proteins for the G alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, these proteins undoubtedly have functional roles in the cardiovascular system. In the present paper, we show that human aorta and heart differentially express RGS1, RGS2, RGS3S (short-form), RGS3L (long-form), PDZ-RGS3 (PDZ domain-containing) and RGS4. The aorta prominently expresses mRNAs for all these RGS proteins except PDZ-RGS3. Various stimuli that are critical for both cardiovascular development and function regulate dynamically the mRNA levels of several of these RGS proteins in primary human aortic smooth muscle cells. Both RGS1 and RGS3 inhibit signalling through the S1P(1) (formerly known as EDG-1), S1P(2) (formerly known as EDG-5) and S1P(3) (formerly known as EDG-3) receptors, whereas RGS2 and RGS4 selectively attenuate S1P(2)-and S1P(3)-receptor signalling respectively. All of the tested RGS proteins inhibit AT(1)-receptor signalling, whereas only RGS3 and, to a lesser extent, RGS4 inhibit ET(A)-receptor signalling. The conspicuous expression of RGS proteins in the cardiovascular system and their selective effects on relevant GPCR-signalling pathways provide additional evidence that they have functional roles in cardiovascular development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseon Cho
- B-cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Room 11B-08, Building 10, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1876, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA
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30
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Ostrom RS, Liu X, Head BP, Gregorian C, Seasholtz TM, Insel PA. Localization of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and G protein-coupled receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells: expression in caveolin-rich and noncaveolin domains. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:983-92. [PMID: 12391260 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.5.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of different agonists activate G protein-coupled receptors to stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC), increase cAMP formation, and promote relaxation in vascular smooth muscle. To more fully understand this stimulation of AC, we assessed the expression, regulation, and compartmentation of AC isoforms in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected expression of AC3, AC5, and AC6 mRNA, whereas immunoblot analysis indicated expression of AC3 and AC5/6 protein primarily in caveolin-rich membrane (cav) fractions relative to noncaveolin (noncav) fractions. Beta(1)-adrenergic receptors (AR), beta(2)AR, and G(s) were detected in both cav and noncav fractions, whereas the prostanoid receptors EP(2)R and EP(4)R were excluded from cav fractions. We used an adenoviral construct to increase AC6 expression. Overexpressed AC6 localized only in noncav fractions. Two-fold overexpression of AC6 caused enhancement of forskolin-, isoproterenol- and prostaglandin E(2)-stimulated cAMP formation but no changes in basal levels of cAMP. At higher levels of AC6 overexpression, basal and adenosine receptor-stimulated cAMP levels were increased. Stimulation of cAMP levels by agents that increase Ca(2+) in native cells was consistent with the expression of AC3, but overexpression of AC6, which is inhibited by Ca(2+), blunted the Ca(2+)-stimulable cAMP response. These data indicate that: 1) RASMC express multiple AC isoforms that localize in both caveolin-rich and noncaveolin domains, 2) expression of AC6 in non-caveolin-rich membranes can increase basal levels of cAMP and response to several stimulatory agonists, and 3) Ca(2+)-mediated regulation of cAMP formation depends upon expression of different AC isoforms in RASMC. Compartmentation of GPCRs and AC is different in cardiomyocytes than in RASMC, indicating that targeting of these components to caveolin-rich membranes can be cell-specific. Moreover, our results imply that the colocalization of GPCRs and the AC isoforms they activate need not occur in caveolin-rich fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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