1
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Chavan T, Kanabar D, Patel K, Laflamme TM, Riyazi M, Spratt DE, Muth A. Structural modification of the propyl linker of cjoc42 in combination with sulfonate ester and triazole replacements for enhanced gankyrin binding and anti-proliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 110:117836. [PMID: 39029437 PMCID: PMC11342405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer is a complex disease that involves various oncoproteins and the inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs). Gankyrin is one such oncoprotein, first identified in human hepatocellular carcinoma, that is known to inactivate multiple TSPs, leading to proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Despite this, there has been limited development of small molecule gankyrin binders for the treatment of liver cancer. In this study, we are reporting the structure-based design of gankyrin-binding small molecules which inhibit the proliferation of HuH6 and HepG2 cells while also increasing the levels of certain TSPs, such as Rb and p53. Interestingly the first molecule to exhibit inhibition by 3D structure stabilization is seen. These results suggest a possible mechanism for small-molecule inhibition of gankyrin and demonstrate that gankyrin is a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejashri Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, USA
| | - Dipti Kanabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, USA
| | - Kinjal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, USA
| | - Taylor M Laflamme
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Maryam Riyazi
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Donald E Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, USA.
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2
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Lei M, Zhang YL, Huang FY, Chen HY, Chen MH, Wu RH, Dai SZ, He GS, Tan GH, Zheng WP. Gankyrin inhibits ferroptosis through the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21916. [PMID: 38081931 PMCID: PMC10713534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gankyrin is found in high levels in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and has been established to form a complex with the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 and p53, resulting in the degradation of p53 in hepatocarcinoma cells. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether gankyrin could inhibit ferroptosis through this mechanism in TNBC cells. The expression of gankyrin was investigated in relation to the prognosis of TNBC using bioinformatics. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays were then conducted to determine the presence of a gankyrin and MDM2 complex. RT-qPCR and immunoblotting were used to examine molecules related to ferroptosis, such as gankyrin, p53, MDM2, SLC7A11, and GPX4. Additionally, cell death was evaluated using flow cytometry detection of 7-AAD and a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, as well as lipid peroxide C11-BODIPY. Results showed that the expression of gankyrin is significantly higher in TNBC tissues and cell lines, and is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. Subsequent studies revealed that inhibiting gankyrin activity triggered ferroptosis in TNBC cells. Additionally, silencing gankyrin caused an increase in the expression of the p53 protein, without altering its mRNA expression. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down experiments indicated that gankyrin and MDM2 form a complex. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking both MDM2 and p53, this gankyrin/MDM2 complex was observed to ubiquitinate p53, thus raising the expression of molecules inhibited by ferroptosis, such as SLC7A11 and GPX4. Furthermore, silencing gankyrin in TNBC cells disrupted the formation of the gankyrin/MDM2 complex, hindered the degradation of p53, increased SLC7A11 expression, impeded cysteine uptake, and decreased GPX4 production. Our findings suggest that TNBC cells are able to prevent cell ferroptosis through the gankyrin/p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, indicating that gankyrin may be a useful biomarker for predicting TNBC prognosis or a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Feng-Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Heng-Yu Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Ming-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ri-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Gui-Sheng He
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
| | - Guang-Hong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Wu-Ping Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
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Medur Gurushankar MS, Dalvi S, Venkatraman P. Snapshots of urea-induced early structural changes and unfolding of an ankyrin repeat protein at atomic resolution. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4515. [PMID: 36382986 PMCID: PMC9703593 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein folding and unfolding is a complex process, underscored by the many proteotoxic diseases associated with misfolded proteins. Mapping pathways from a native structure to an unfolded protein or vice versa, identifying the intermediates, and defining the role of sequence and structure en route remain outstanding problems in the field. It is even more challenging to capture the events at atomistic resolution. X-ray diffraction has so far been used to understand how urea interacts with and unfolds two stable globular proteins. Here, we present the case study on PSMD10Gankyrin , a prototype for a moderately stable, non-globular repeat protein, long and rigid, with its termini located at either end. We define structural changes in the time dimension using low urea concentrations to arrive at the following conclusions. (a) Unfolding is rapidly initiated at the C-terminus, slowly at the N-terminus, and proceeds inwards from both ends. (b) C-terminus undergoes an α to 310 helix transition, representing the structure of a potential early unfolding intermediate before disorder sets in. (c) Distinct and progressive changes in the electrostatic landscape of PSMD10Gankyrin were observed, indicative of conformational changes in the seemingly inflexible motif involved in protein-protein interaction. We believe this unique study will open up the field for better and bolder queries and increase the choice of model proteins for a better understanding of the challenging problems of protein folding, protein interactions, protein degradation, and diseases associated with misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Sudharsan Medur Gurushankar
- Protein Interactome Laboratory for Structural and Functional BiologyAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in CancerNavi MumbaiMaharashtraIndia
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Somavally Dalvi
- Protein Interactome Laboratory for Structural and Functional BiologyAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in CancerNavi MumbaiMaharashtraIndia
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Prasanna Venkatraman
- Protein Interactome Laboratory for Structural and Functional BiologyAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in CancerNavi MumbaiMaharashtraIndia
- Homi Bhabha National InstituteMumbaiMaharashtraIndia
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4
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Lindsay PL, Ivanov S, Pumplin N, Zhang X, Harrison MJ. Distinct ankyrin repeat subdomains control VAPYRIN locations and intracellular accommodation functions during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5228. [PMID: 36064777 PMCID: PMC9445082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 70% of vascular flowering plants engage in endosymbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. VAPYRIN (VPY) is a plant protein that is required for intracellular accommodation of AM fungi but how it functions is still unclear. VPY has a large ankyrin repeat domain with potential for interactions with multiple proteins. Here we show that overexpression of the ankyrin repeat domain results in a vpy-like phenotype, consistent with the sequestration of interacting proteins. We identify distinct ankyrin repeats that are essential for intracellular accommodation of arbuscules and reveal that VPY functions in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. VPY interacts with two kinases, including DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3), a nuclear-localized symbiosis signaling kinase. Overexpression of VPY in a symbiosis-attenuated genetic background results in a dmi3 -like phenotype suggesting that VPY negatively influences DMI3 function. Overall, the data indicate a requirement for VPY in the nucleus and cytoplasm where it may coordinate signaling and cellular accommodation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope L Lindsay
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- PLL: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nathan Pumplin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xinchun Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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5
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Kanabar D, Goyal M, Kane EI, Chavan T, Kabir A, Wang X, Shukla S, Almasri J, Goswami S, Osman G, Kokolis M, Spratt DE, Gupta V, Muth A. Small-Molecule Gankyrin Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Breast and Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8975-8997. [PMID: 35758870 PMCID: PMC9524259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gankyrin is an oncoprotein responsible for the development of numerous cancer types. It regulates the expression levels of multiple tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) in liver cancer; however, gankyrin's regulation of these TSPs in breast and lung cancers has not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, no small-molecule gankyrin inhibitor has been developed which demonstrates potent anti-proliferative activity against gankyrin overexpressing breast and lung cancers. Herein, we are reporting the structure-based design of gankyrin-binding small molecules which potently inhibited the proliferation of gankyrin overexpressing A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, reduced colony formation, and inhibited the growth of 3D spheroids in an in vitro tumor simulation model. Investigations demonstrated that gankyrin inhibition occurs through either stabilization or destabilization of its 3D structure. These studies shed light on the mechanism of small-molecule inhibition of gankyrin and demonstrate that gankyrin is a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Kanabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Mimansa Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Emma I. Kane
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester MA 01610, USA
| | - Tejashri Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Abbas Kabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Snehal Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Joseph Almasri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Sona Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Gizem Osman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Marino Kokolis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Donald E. Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester MA 01610, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John’s University, Queens NY 11439, USA
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6
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Ren W, Zhang X, Li Q, Pu C, Zhang D. Activating IL-6/STAT3 Enhances Protein Stability of Proteasome 20S α+ β in Colorectal Cancer by miR-1254. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4250013. [PMID: 35615012 PMCID: PMC9125429 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4250013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A widely recognized feature of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an increase in cytokine levels, which result in an inflammatory environment in the tumor. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a robust protumor cytokine. Several studies suggest that IL-6 plays a role in the development of tumors. Most intracellular protein breakdown occurs in eukaryotes via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; this mechanism may also be involved in cancer pathogenesis. The tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues were collected from 90 patients with colorectal cancer. The expressions of pSTAT3, proteasome 20S α+β, miR-1254, and PSMD1 in tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and qRT-PCR, and the effects of pSTAT3 and proteasome 20s α+β expressions on the survival of patients were studied. HCT116 and HCT116-R cells were cultured and added IL-6, AG490, STAT3 plasmid, or overexpression/knockdown of miR-1254 in cells. Immunofluorescence, western blot, qRT-PCR, double luciferase gene reporter assay, and flow cytometry were used to detect the expression of pSTAT3, STAT3, proteasome 20s α+β, miR-1254, and PSMD1 and cell cycle. The nude mouse xenograft model was constructed and divided into 3 groups: PBS group, IL-6 treatment group, and IL-6+miR-1254 mimic group. After 28 days, the tumor tissues were collected, and the expressions of miR-1254, pSTST3, proteasome 20s α+β, and PSMD1 in the tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Our study discovered that the level of proteasome 20S α+β had a strong connection with pSTAT3 in CRC patients. They were also linked to the development and clinical outcome of CRC. In addition, we found that IL-6 dramatically increased the expression of proteasome 20S α+β and pSTAT3; however, it did not affect the proteasome 20S α+β mRNA synthesis. Circulating proteasome concentration correlated with tumor tissue proteasome 20S α+β. STAT3 could occupy the miR-1254 promoter to inhibit transcription, and it could suppressed miR-1254 which targeted PSMD10, promoting proteasome 20S α+β protein stability. This is a prospective target for developing a new colorectal cancer therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xuexiu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Oncology Department, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, China
| | - Chibin Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Decai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
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Li J, Guo S, Chai F, Sun Q, Li P, Gao L, Dai L, Ouyang X, Zhou Z, Zhou L, Cheng W, Qi S, Lu K, Ren H. Genetically incorporated crosslinkers reveal NleE attenuates host autophagy dependent on PSMD10. eLife 2021; 10:e69047. [PMID: 34254583 PMCID: PMC8324295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy acts as a pivotal innate immune response against infection. Some virulence effectors subvert the host autophagic machinery to escape the surveillance of autophagy. The mechanism by which pathogens interact with host autophagy remains mostly unclear. However, traditional strategies often have difficulty identifying host proteins that interact with effectors due to the weak, dynamic, and transient nature of these interactions. Here, we found that Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) regulates autophagosome formation in host cells dependent on effector NleE. The 26S Proteasome Regulatory Subunit 10 (PSMD10) was identified as a direct interaction partner of NleE in living cells by employing genetically incorporated crosslinkers. Pairwise chemical crosslinking revealed that NleE interacts with the N-terminus of PSMD10. We demonstrated that PSMD10 homodimerization is necessary for its interaction with ATG7 and promotion of autophagy, but not necessary for PSMD10 interaction with ATG12. Therefore, NleE-mediated PSMD10 in monomeric state attenuates host autophagosome formation. Our study reveals the mechanism through which EPEC attenuates host autophagy activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Li
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Shupan Guo
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Fangni Chai
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Qi Sun
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Pan Li
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Li Gao
- Department of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Ouyang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Haiyan Ren
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
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8
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Kanabar D, Kabir A, Chavan T, Kong J, Yoganathan S, Muth A. Identification of novel gankyrin binding scaffolds by high throughput virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128043. [PMID: 33865970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Kanabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Abbas Kabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Tejashri Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Sabesan Yoganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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9
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Structural Insights into Ankyrin Repeat-Containing Proteins and Their Influence in Ubiquitylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020609. [PMID: 33435370 PMCID: PMC7826745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat (AR) domains are considered the most abundant repeat motif found in eukaryotic proteins. AR domains are predominantly known to mediate specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) without necessarily recognizing specific primary sequences, nor requiring strict conformity within its own primary sequence. This promiscuity allows for one AR domain to recognize and bind to a variety of intracellular substrates, suggesting that AR-containing proteins may be involved in a wide array of functions. Many AR-containing proteins serve a critical role in biological processes including the ubiquitylation signaling pathway (USP). There is also strong evidence that AR-containing protein malfunction are associated with several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, the structure and mechanism of key AR-containing proteins are discussed to suggest and/or identify how each protein utilizes their AR domains to support ubiquitylation and the cascading pathways that follow upon substrate modification.
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10
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Misiewicz-Krzeminska I, de Ramón C, Corchete LA, Krzeminski P, Rojas EA, Isidro I, García-Sanz R, Martínez-López J, Oriol A, Bladé J, Lahuerta JJ, San Miguel J, Rosiñol L, Mateos MV, Gutiérrez NC. Quantitative expression of Ikaros, IRF4, and PSMD10 proteins predicts survival in VRD-treated patients with multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2020; 4:6023-6033. [PMID: 33284947 PMCID: PMC7724915 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for biomarkers based on the mechanism of drug action has not been thoroughly addressed in the therapeutic approaches to multiple myeloma (MM), mainly because of the difficulty in analyzing proteins obtained from purified plasma cells. Here, we investigated the prognostic impact of the expression of 12 proteins involved in the mechanism of action of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRD), quantified by capillary nanoimmunoassay, in CD138-purified samples from 174 patients with newly diagnosed MM treated according to the PETHEMA/GEM2012 study. A high level of expression of 3 out of 5 proteasome components tested (PSMD1, PSMD4, and PSMD10) negatively influenced survival. The 5 analyzed proteins involved in lenalidomide's mode of action were associated with time to progression (TTP); low levels of cereblon and IRF4 protein and high levels of Ikaros, AGO2, and Aiolos were significantly associated with shorter TTP. Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) level by itself had no significant impact on MM prognosis, a high XPO1 (exportin 1)/GCR ratio was associated with shorter TTP and progression-free survival (PFS). The multivariate Cox model identified high levels of PSMD10 (hazard ratio [HR] TTP, 3.49; P = .036; HR PFS, 5.33; P = .004) and Ikaros (HR TTP, 3.01, P = .014; HR PFS, 2.57; P = .028), and low levels of IRF4 protein expression (HR TTP, 0.33; P = .004; HR PFS, 0.35; P = .004) along with high-risk cytogenetics (HR TTP, 3.13; P < .001; HR PFS, 2.69; P = .002), as independently associated with shorter TTP and PFS. These results highlight the value of assessing proteins related to the mechanism of action of drugs used in MM for predicting treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Misiewicz-Krzeminska
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cristina de Ramón
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis A Corchete
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patryk Krzeminski
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Nanobiotechnology and Experimental Ecology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elizabeta A Rojas
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Isidro
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Sanz
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Oriol
- Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús San Miguel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - María-Victoria Mateos
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Norma C Gutiérrez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Salamanca-National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Exploring gankyrin's role in cancer development and its potential as a therapeutic target. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1603-1606. [PMID: 32892644 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Kanabar D, Farrales P, Kabir A, Juang D, Gnanmony M, Almasri J, Torrents N, Shukla S, Gupta V, Dukhande VV, D'Souza A, Muth A. Optimizing the aryl-triazole of cjoc42 for enhanced gankyrin binding and anti-cancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127372. [PMID: 32738965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin is an oncoprotein overexpressed in numerous cancer types and appears to play a key role in regulating cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell migration. These roles are largely due to gankyrin's protein-protein interaction with the 26S proteasome. We previously published a study exploring the aryl sulfonate ester of cjoc42 in an effort to enhance gankyrin binding and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In order to further improve the gankyrin binding ability of the cjoc42 scaffold, an extensive SAR for the aryl-triazole moiety of cjoc42 was developed. Our cjoc42 derivatives exhibited enhanced gankyrin binding, as well as enhanced antiproliferative activity against Hep3B, HepG2, A549, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Kanabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Pamela Farrales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Abbas Kabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Daniel Juang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Manu Gnanmony
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joseph Almasri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nicolas Torrents
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Snehal Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vikas V Dukhande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Amber D'Souza
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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13
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Hao P, Yue F, Xian X, Ren Q, Cui H, Wang Y. Inhibiting effect of MicroRNA-3619-5p/PSMD10 axis on liver cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 254:117632. [PMID: 32437796 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide owing to its delayed diagnosis and absence of efficient treatment at advanced TNM stages. Increasing evidence demonstrated that microRNAs are implicated in tumorgenesis and cancer development by regulating cancer-related proteins. This study aimed to explore the effect of miR-3619-5p on cell growth in liver cancer. MAIN METHODS The effect of miR-3619-5p on cell proliferation was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Immunofluorescence assay. The interaction between miR-3619-5p and PSMD10 was validated using dual-luciferase. The expression of PSMD10 and Ki67 was further determined by immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS MiR-3619-5p over-expression remarkably inhibited cell proliferation and induced G1 phase arrest, accompanied with reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The expression of miR-3619-5p was negatively correlated to that of PSMD10, and PSMD10 was validated to be a downstream target of miR-3619-5p. Moreover, miR-3619-5p induced suppressed proliferation and G1 phase arrest were abrogated by elevated the expression of PSMD10 in liver cancer cells. PSMD10 over-expression also induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and retinoblastoma protein (Rb1). Besides, elevated cyclin A, cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression supported that PSMD10 promoted the progress of cell cycle. In addition, miR-3619-5p inhibited tumor growth in vivo by targeting PSMD10, accompanied with blocked cell cycle. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our findings revealed that miR-3619-5p inhibits cancer cell proliferation by targeting PSMD10, and miR-3619-5p as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Hao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Center of Stem Cell and Immune Cell Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengming Yue
- Center of Stem Cell and Immune Cell Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Xian Xian
- Center of Stem Cell and Immune Cell Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Center of Stem Cell and Immune Cell Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Center of Stem Cell and Immune Cell Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of General Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Kanabar D, Farrales P, Gnanamony M, Almasri J, Abo-Ali EM, Otmankel Y, Shah H, Nguyen D, El Menyewi M, Dukhande VV, D'Souza A, Muth A. Structural modification of the aryl sulfonate ester of cjoc42 for enhanced gankyrin binding and anti-cancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Yu G, Li N, Wang W, Niu M, Feng X. p28GANK overexpression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:505-512. [PMID: 31897164 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 of the human 26S proteasome (p28GANK) has been implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of several types of malignant tumor. The aim of the present study was to detect the expression of p28GANK in ovarian cancer (OC) and investigate its association with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of OC. The expression levels of p28GANK were determined in 114 OC tissue samples and 30 normal ovarian tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. An association was observed between p28GANK overexpression and certain clinicopathological factors, including advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P=0.042), residual tumor size (P=0.005) and response to chemotherapy (P<0.001). Furthermore, patients with high expression of p28GANK demonstrated worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates compared with patients with low expression of p28GANK (both P<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that overexpression of p28GANK was an independent prognostic factor of OS and DFS in patients with OC (P=0.013 and P=0.001, respectively). In summary, the current results indicate that p28GANK may be a predictive marker and a therapeutic target for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.,Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Ming Niu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
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16
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Muli CS, Tian W, Trader DJ. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Proteasome's Regulatory Particle. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1739-1753. [PMID: 30740849 PMCID: PMC6765334 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells need to synthesize and degrade proteins consistently. Maintaining a balanced level of protein in the cell requires a carefully controlled system and significant energy. Degradation of unwanted or damaged proteins into smaller peptide units can be accomplished by the proteasome. The proteasome is composed of two main subunits. The first is the core particle (20S CP), and within this core particle are three types of threonine proteases. The second is the regulatory complex (19S RP), which has a myriad of activities including recognizing proteins marked for degradation and shuttling the protein into the 20S CP to be degraded. Small-molecule inhibitors of the 20S CP have been developed and are exceptional treatments for multiple myeloma (MM). 20S CP inhibitors disrupt the protein balance, leading to cellular stress and eventually to cell death. Unfortunately, the 20S CP inhibitors currently available have dose-limiting off-target effects and resistance can be acquired rapidly. Herein, we discuss small molecules that have been discovered to interact with the 19S RP subunit or with a protein closely associated with 19S RP activity. These molecules still elicit their toxicity by preventing the proteasome from degrading proteins, but do so through different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S. Muli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wenzhi Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Darci J. Trader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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17
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Fujita J, Sakurai T. The Oncoprotein Gankyrin/PSMD10 as a Target of Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:63-71. [PMID: 31576540 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin (also called PSMD10, p28, or p28GANK) is a crucial oncoprotein that is upregulated in various cancers and assumed to play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of tumors. Although the in vitro function of gankyrin is relatively well characterized, its role in vivo remains to be elucidated. We have investigated the function of gankyrin in vivo by producing mice with liver parenchymal cell-specific gankyrin ablation (Alb-Cre;gankyrinf/f) and gankyrin deletion both in liver parenchymal and in non-parenchymal cells (Mx1-Cre;gankyrinf/f). Gankyrin deficiency both in non-parenchymal cells and parenchymal cells, but not in parenchymal cells alone, reduced STAT3 activity, interleukin-6 production, and cancer stem cell marker expression, leading to attenuated tumorigenic potential in the diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis model. Essentially similar results were obtained by analyzing mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific gankyrin ablation (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and gankyrin deletion both in myeloid and epithelial cells (Mx1-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) in the colitis-associated cancer model. Clinically, gankyrin expression in the tumor microenvironment was negatively correlated with progression-free survival in patients undergoing treatment with Sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinomas. These findings indicate important roles played by gankyrin in non-parenchymal cells as well as parenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of liver cancers and colorectal cancers, and suggest that by acting both on cancer cells and on the tumor microenvironment, anti-gankyrin agents would be promising as therapeutic and preventive strategies against various cancers, and that an in vitro cell culture models that incorporate the effects of non-parenchymal cells and gankyrin would be useful for the study of human cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujita
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Taheri T, Jamialahmadi K, Khadijeh F. Unexpected Lower Expression of Oncoprotein Gankyrin in Drug Resistant ABCG2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3413-3418. [PMID: 29286612 PMCID: PMC5980903 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype to chemotherapy remains a major barrier in
the treatment of cancer. Gankyrin (p28, p28GANK or PSMD10) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in different carcinoma
cell lines. The aim of this study was to compare Gankyrin expression level in MDR cells (MCF-7/ADR and MCF-7/
MX) and non-MDR counterparts (MCF-7). Methods: Gankyrin, MDR1 (also known as ABCB1; the ATP-binding
cassette sub-family B member 1) and ABCG2 (also known as BCRP; the human breast cancer resistance protein)
mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression
levels of Gankyrin. Results: The PCR results showed that the expression of Gankyrin was significantly lower in the
ABCG2 overexpressing cell line MCF-7/MX than in non-resistanct MCF-7 cells. In contrast, there were no significant
differences in mRNA expression of Gankyrin in the MDR1 overexpressing cell line MCF-7/ADR in comparison with
MCF-7 cells. Similarly, Western blot analysis confirmed lower expression of Gankyrin protein in the MCF-7/MX cell
line (26% compared to controls) but not in MCF-7/ADR cells. Conclusion: These findings showed that there may be
a relation between down-regulation of Gankyrin and overexpression of ABCG2 but without any clear relationship with
MDR1 expression in breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheri Taheri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Payam Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Sakurai T, Yada N, Hagiwara S, Arizumi T, Minaga K, Kamata K, Takenaka M, Minami Y, Watanabe T, Nishida N, Kudo M. Gankyrin induces STAT3 activation in tumor microenvironment and sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1996-2003. [PMID: 28777492 PMCID: PMC5623735 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) develop as a result of chronic liver inflammation. We have shown that the oncoprotein gankyrin is critical for inflammation‐induced tumorigenesis in the colon. Although the in vitro function of gankyrin is well known, its role in vivo remains to be elucidated. We investigated the effect of gankyrin in the tumor microenvironment of mice with liver parenchymal cell‐specific gankyrin ablation (Alb‐Cre;gankyrinf/f) and gankyrin deletion both in liver parenchymal and non‐parenchymal cells (Mx1‐Cre;gankyrinf/f). Gankyrin upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor cells. Gankyrin binds to Src homology 2 domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase‐1 (SHP‐1), mainly expressed in liver non‐parenchymal cells, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Gankyrin deficiency in non‐parenchymal cells, but not in parenchymal cells, reduced STAT3 activity, interleukin (IL)‐6 production, and cancer stem cell marker (Bmi1 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM]) expression, leading to attenuated tumorigenic potential. Chronic inflammation enhances gankyrin expression in the human liver. Gankyrin expression in the tumor microenvironment is negatively correlated with progression‐free survival in patients undergoing sorafenib treatment for HCC. Thus, gankyrin appears to play a critical oncogenic function in tumor microenvironment and may be a potential target for developing therapeutic and preventive strategies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Hagiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Arizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Wang C, Cheng L. Gankyrin as a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:655-661. [PMID: 28527132 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin is an oncoprotein that plays a central role in the development of cancer. Although researchers have increasingly focused on the relationships of gankyrin with carcinogenesis, metastasis and prognosis of different cancers, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In recent years, several interacting partners of gankyrin and cell signaling pathways regulated by gankyrin have been elucidated. In addition, accumulating evidence has indicated the contribution of microRNAs to regulating gankyrin expression in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the major known roles of gankyrin in cancer cells and highlight the potential clinical relevance of targeting gankyrin. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China.
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21
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Chao CCK. Inhibition of apoptosis by oncogenic hepatitis B virus X protein: Implications for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1061-1066. [PMID: 27660672 PMCID: PMC5026997 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i25.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) is a cellular oncogene that is upregulated in a majority of HCC cases. We highlight here recent findings demonstrating a link between HBx, HURP and anti-apoptosis effects observed in cisplatin-treated HCC cells. We observed that Hep3B cells overexpressing HBx display increased HURP mRNA and protein levels, and show resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of HURP in HBx-expressing cells reverses this effect, and sensitizes cells to cisplatin. The anti-apoptotic effect of HBx requires activation of the p38/MAPK pathway as well as expression of SATB1, survivin and HURP. Furthermore, silencing of HURP using short-hairpin RNA promotes accumulation of p53 and reduces cell proliferation in SK-Hep-1 cells (p53+/–), whereas these effects are not observed in p53-mutant Mahlavu cells. Similarly, HURP silencing does not affect the proliferation of H1299 lung carcinoma cells or Hep3B HCC cells which lack p53. Silencing of HURP sensitizes SK-Hep-1 cells to cisplatin. While HURP overexpression promotes p53 ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, HURP silencing reverses these effects. Inoculation of SK-Hep-1 cancer cells in which HURP has been silenced produces smaller tumors than control in nude mice. Besides, gankyrin, a positive regulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, is upregulated following HURP expression, and silencing of gankyrin reduces HURP-mediated downregulation of p53. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between HURP and gankyrin protein levels in HCC patients (r2 = 0.778; n = 9). These findings suggest a role for the viral protein HBx and the host protein HURP in preventing p53-mediated apoptosis during cancer progression and establishment of chemoresistance.
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22
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Gankyrin regulates cell signaling network. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:5675-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Clinicopathologic features and prognostic implications of Gankyrin protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:939-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chapman AM, McNaughton BR. Synthetic Proteins Potently and Selectively Bind the Oncoprotein Gankyrin, Modulate Its Interaction with S6 ATPase, and Suppress Gankyrin/MDM2-Dependent Ubiquitination of p53. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1880-6. [PMID: 25955581 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the ankyrin repeat oncoprotein gankyrin is directly linked to the onset, proliferation, and/or metastasis of many cancers. The role of gankyrin in multiple disease-relevant biochemical processes is profound. In addition to other cellular processes, gankyrin overexpression leads to decreased cellular levels of p53, through a complex that involves MDM2. Thus, inhibition of this interaction is an attractive strategy for modulating oncogenic phenotypes in gankyrin-overexpressing cells. However, the lack of well-defined, hydrophobic, small-molecule binding pockets on the putative ankyrin repeat binding face presents a challenge to traditional small-molecule drug discovery. In contrast, by virtue of their size and relatively high folding energies, synthetic gankyrin-binding proteins could, in principle, compete with physiologically relevant PPIs involving gankyrin. Previously, we showed that a shape-complementary protein scaffold can be resurfaced to bind gankyrin with moderate affinity (KD ∼6 μM). Here, we used yeast display high-throughput screening, error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling, and protein engineering to optimize this complex. The best of these proteins bind gankyrin with excellent affinity (KD ∼21 nM), selectively co-purifies with gankyrin from a complex cellular milieu, modulates an interaction between gankyrin and a physiological binding partner (S6 ATPase), and suppresses gankyrin/MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Chapman
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Hwang JA, Yang HM, Hong DP, Joo SY, Choi YL, Park JH, Lazar AJ, Pollock RE, Lev D, Kim SJ. Gankyrin is a predictive and oncogenic factor in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9065-78. [PMID: 25238053 PMCID: PMC4253419 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposarcoma is one of the most common histologic types of soft tissue sarcoma and is frequently an aggressive cancer with poor outcome. Hence, alternative approaches other than surgical excision are necessary to improve treatment of well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS/DDLPS). For this reason, we performed a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis to identify new factors for WDLPS and DDLPS. Among the selected candidate proteins, gankyrin, known to be an oncoprotein, showed a significantly high level of expression pattern and inversely low expression of p53/p21 in WDLPS and DDLPS tissues, suggesting possible utility as a new predictive factor. Moreover, inhibition of gankyrin not only led to reduction of in vitro cell growth ability including cell proliferation, colony-formation, and migration, but also in vivo DDLPS cell tumorigenesis, perhaps via downregulation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and its p21 target and also reduction of AKT/mTOR signal activation. This study identifies gankyrin, for the first time, as new potential predictive and oncogenic factor of WDLPS and DDLPS, suggesting the potential for service as a future LPS therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ae Hwang
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon, Kyungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Mo Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Pyo Hong
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Joo
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hung Park
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon, Kyungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raphael E Pollock
- Division of Surgical Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dina Lev
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Sarcoma Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Chen YJ, Wu H, Shen XZ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and its potential application in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:245-52. [PMID: 26193663 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a complicated tightly controlled system in charge of degrading 80-90% of proteins, and is central to regulating cellular function and keeping protein homeostasis. Therefore, the components of UPS attract considerable attention as potential targets for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. The clinical success of bortezomib in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma patients has set the precedent for therapeutically targeting this pathway. This review will provide an overview of the UPS in HCC and the current status of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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27
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Zheng T, Hong X, Wang J, Pei T, Liang Y, Yin D, Song R, Song X, Lu Z, Qi S, Liu J, Sun B, Xie C, Pan S, Li Y, Luo X, Li S, Fang X, Bhatta N, Jiang H, Liu L. Gankyrin promotes tumor growth and metastasis through activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling in human cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2014; 59:935-46. [PMID: 24037855 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although gankyrin is involved in the tumorigenicity and metastasis of some malignancies, the role of gankyrin in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is unclear. In this study we investigated the expression of gankyrin in human CCA tissues and cell lines. The effects of gankyrin on CCA tumor growth and metastasis were determined both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that gankyrin was overexpressed in CCA tissues and cell lines. Gankyrin expression was associated with CCA histological differentiation, TNM stage, and metastasis. The multivariate Cox analysis revealed that gankyrin was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival. Gankyrin overexpression promoted CCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while gankyrin knockdown inhibited CCA tumor growth, metastasis, and induced Rb-dependent senescence and G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Gankyrin increased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and promoted the nuclear translocation of p-STAT3. Suppression of STAT3 signaling by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or STAT3 inhibitor interfered with gankyrin-mediated carcinogenesis and metastasis, while interleukin (IL)-6, a known upstream activator of STAT3, could restore the proliferation and migration of gankyrin-silenced CCA cells. The IL-6 level was decreased by gankyrin knockdown, while increased by gankyrin overexpression. Gankyrin regulated IL-6 expression by way of facilitating the phosphorylation of Rb; meanwhile, rIL-6 treatment increased the expression of gankyrin, suggesting that IL-6 was regulated by a positive feedback loop involving gankyrin in CCA. In the xenograft experiments, gankyrin overexpression accelerated tumor formation and increased tumor weight, whereas gankyrin knockdown showed the opposite effects. The in vivo spontaneous metastasis assay revealed that gankyrin promoted CCA metastasis through IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Gankyrin is crucial for CCA carcinogenesis and metastasis by activating IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway through down-regulating Rb protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongsen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Nanaware PP, Ramteke MP, Somavarapu AK, Venkatraman P. Discovery of multiple interacting partners of gankyrin, a proteasomal chaperone and an oncoprotein--evidence for a common hot spot site at the interface and its functional relevance. Proteins 2014; 82:1283-300. [PMID: 24338975 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gankyrin, a non-ATPase component of the proteasome and a chaperone of proteasome assembly, is also an oncoprotein. Gankyrin regulates a variety of oncogenic signaling pathways in cancer cells and accelerates degradation of tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb. Therefore gankyrin may be a unique hub integrating signaling networks with the degradation pathway. To identify new interactions that may be crucial in consolidating its role as an oncogenic hub, crystal structure of gankyrin-proteasome ATPase complex was used to predict novel interacting partners. EEVD, a four amino acid linear sequence seems a hot spot site at this interface. By searching for EEVD in exposed regions of human proteins in PDB database, we predicted 34 novel interactions. Eight proteins were tested and seven of them were found to interact with gankyrin. Affinity of four interactions is high enough for endogenous detection. Others require gankyrin overexpression in HEK 293 cells or occur endogenously in breast cancer cell line- MDA-MB-435, reflecting lower affinity or presence of a deregulated network. Mutagenesis and peptide inhibition confirm that EEVD is the common hot spot site at these interfaces and therefore a potential polypharmacological drug target. In MDA-MB-231 cells in which the endogenous CLIC1 is silenced, trans-expression of Wt protein (CLIC1_EEVD) and not the hot spot site mutant (CLIC1_AAVA) resulted in significant rescue of the migratory potential. Our approach can be extended to identify novel functionally relevant protein-protein interactions, in expansion of oncogenic networks and in identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma P Nanaware
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
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29
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Song X, Wang J, Zheng T, Song R, Liang Y, Bhatta N, Yin D, Pan S, Liu J, Jiang H, Liu L. LBH589 Inhibits proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of gankyrin/STAT3/Akt pathway. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:114. [PMID: 24093956 PMCID: PMC3853770 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gankyrin has shown to be overexpressed in human liver cancers and plays a complex role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Panobinostat (LBH589), a new hydroxamic acid-derived histone deacetylase inhibitor has shown promising anticancer effects recently. Here, we investigated the potential of LBH589 as a form of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Gankyrin plasmid was transfected into HCC cells, and the cells were selected for more than 4 weeks by incubation with G418 for overexpression clones. The therapeutic effects of LBH589 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasive potential, and epithelial-mesenchy-mal transition (EMT) were examined. Results LBH589 significantly inhibited HCC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting analysis indicated that LBH589 could decrease the expression of gankyrin and subsequently reduced serine-phosphorylated Akt and tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 expression although the total Akt and STAT3 were unaffected. LBH589 inhibited metastasis in vitro via down-regulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, TWIST1, VEGF and up-regulation of E-cadherin. LBH589 also induced apoptosis and G1 phase arrest in HCC cell lines. Ectopic expression of gankyrin attenuated the effects of LBH589, which indicates that gankyrin might play an important role in LBH589 mediated anticancer effects. Lastly, in vivo study indicated that LBH589 inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, without discernable adverse effects comparing to control group, with abrogating gankyrin/STAT3/Akt pathway. Conclusions Our results suggested that LBH589 could inhibit HCC growth and metastasis through down-regulating gankyrin/STAT3/Akt pathway. LBH589 may present itself as a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Song
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, 150001 Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Rinaldi AS, Freund G, Desplancq D, Sibler AP, Baltzinger M, Rochel N, Mély Y, Didier P, Weiss E. The use of fluorescent intrabodies to detect endogenous gankyrin in living cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:838-49. [PMID: 23353833 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of antibody fragments in mammalian cells (intrabodies) is used to probe the target protein or interfere with its biological function. We previously described the in vitro characterisation of a single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragment (F5) isolated from an intrabody library that binds to the oncoprotein gankyrin (GK) in solution. Here, we have isolated several other scFvs that interact with GK in the presence of F5 and tested whether they allow, when fused to fluorescent proteins, to detect by FRET endogenous GK in living cells. The binding of pairs of scFvs to GK was analysed by gel filtration and the ability of each scFv to mediate nuclear import/export of GK was determined. Binding between scFv-EGFP and RFP-labelled GK in living cells was detected by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). After co-transfection of two scFvs fused to EGFP and RFP, respectively, which form a tri-molecular complex with GK in vitro, FRET signal was measured. This system allowed us to observe that GK is monomeric and distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus of several cancer cell lines. Our results show that pairs of fluorescently labelled intrabodies can be monitored by FLIM-FRET microscopy and that this technique allows the detection of lowly expressed endogenous proteins in single living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Rinaldi
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
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31
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Lu JW, Lin YM, Chang JG, Yeh KT, Chen RM, Tsai JJP, Su WW, Hu RM. Clinical implications of deregulated CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression in patients with human hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:379. [PMID: 23292829 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated cell cycle can contribute to the unscheduled proliferation in cancer cells. Overexpression of cell cycle regulators CDK4 and Cyclin D1 has been reported in many cancers. The aim of this study is to determine the clinical implications of CDK4 and Cyclin D1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The levels of mRNA and protein were analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 59 paired HCC and the neighboring noncancer tissues. The relationship between CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression, clinicopathological parameters, and prognosis was investigated. Our data demonstrated that the mRNA level of CDK4 was up-regulated (p = 0.019), while that of Cyclin D1 was down-regulated (p = 0.002), in HCC. Immunohistochemical data confirmed that CDK4 protein was increased in 73 % and Cyclin D1 protein was decreased in 66 % of HCC samples. Overexpression of CDK4 was correlated with HBV (p = 0.054, borderline significant), tumor size (p = 0.014), and stage (p = 0.010). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that high CDK4 was correlated with a poor survival rate (I vs. II, p < 0.001; I vs. III, p < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that tumor size (p = 0.002), stage (p = 0.021), and high CDK4 score (I vs. II-III, p < 0.001) were significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size (p = 0.007) and high CDK4 score (I vs. II-III, p < 0.001) were independent factors for overall survival of HCC. The expression of Cyclin D1 was not correlated with CDK4 expression, tumor grades, survival rate, and any clinicopathological parameters. CDK4 could provide a clinical prognostic marker for HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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32
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Kim YH, Kim JH, Choi YW, Lim SK, Yim H, Kang SY, Chung YS, Lee GY, Park TJ. Gankyrin is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and is associated with ErbB2 expression. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:360-5. [PMID: 23276718 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin is a subunit of the 26S proteasome, and has been known to degrade p53 and retinoblastoma protein and promote the tumorigenicity and metastasis in some malignancies. However, the role of gankyrin in breast cancer has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the expression of gankyrin in breast cancer and evaluated its effect on breast cancer. Representative cancer tissues including normal breasts from 60 patients with breast cancer were stained immunohistochemically for gankyrin, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and ErbB2. We evaluated the relationship between gankyrin expression and clinicopathologic parameters or prognostic markers. We also attempted to clarify the mechanism of gankyrin involved in breast carcinogenesis by using MCF7 breast cancer cells. Gankyrin was weakly expressed in normal breast epithelial cells, however, tumor regions of 37/60 (61.7%) cases showed an overexpression of gankyrin. Gankyrin overexpression was associated with extensive intraductal carcinoma (p=0.014) and ErbB2 positivity (p=0.031) in invasive ductal carcinoma. In MCF7 breast cancer cells, downregulation of gankyrin was associated with a reduction of cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. In conclusion, gankyrin was identified in normal breasts and overexpressed in invasive breast cancers. The overexpression of gankyrin was associated with extensive intraductal carcinoma and ErbB2 expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hwa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
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Grande E, Earl J, Fuentes R, Carrato A. New targeted approaches against the ubiquitin–proteasome system in gastrointestinal malignancies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:457-467. [DOI: 10.1586/era.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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34
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Wilkins SE, Karttunen S, Hampton-Smith RJ, Murchland I, Chapman-Smith A, Peet DJ. Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) recognizes distinct molecular features within hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) versus ankyrin repeat substrates. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8769-81. [PMID: 22270367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.294678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor Inhibiting HIF (FIH) catalyzes the β-hydroxylation of asparagine residues in HIF-α transcription factors as well as ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) proteins such as Notch and Gankyrin. Although FIH-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-α is well characterized, ARDs were only recently identified as substrates, and less is known about their recognition and hydroxylation by FIH. We investigated the molecular determinants of FIH substrate recognition, with a focus on differences between HIF and ARD substrates. We show that for ARD proteins, structural context is an important determinant of FIH-recognition, but analyses of chimeric substrate proteins indicate that the ankyrin fold alone is not sufficient to explain the distinct substrate properties of the ARDs compared with HIF. For both substrates the kinetic parameters of hydroxylation are influenced by the amino acids proximal to the target asparagine. Although FIH tolerates a variety of chemically disparate residues proximal to the asparagine, we demonstrate that certain combinations of amino acids are not permissive to hydroxylation. Finally, we characterize a conserved RLL motif in HIF and demonstrate that it mediates a high affinity interaction with FIH in the presence of cell lysate or macromolecular crowding agents. Collectively, our data highlight the importance of residues proximal to the asparagine in determining hydroxylation, and identify additional substrate-specific elements that contribute to distinct properties of HIF and ARD proteins as substrates for FIH. These distinct features are likely to influence FIH substrate choice in vivo and, therefore, have important consequences for HIF regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wilkins
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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35
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Knockdown of HURP inhibits the proliferation of hepacellular carcinoma cells via downregulation of gankyrin and accumulation of p53. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:758-68. [PMID: 22230478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined earlier that the hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the role of this protein during cancer development and progression remains unknown. Here, we observed that the overexpression of HURP in HEK293 cells promoted the ubiquitination of p53 and its degradation by the proteasome. In contrast, HURP knockdown using short-hairpin RNA reversed these effects. Knockdown of HURP promoted the accumulation of p53 in SK-Hep-1 cells (p53+/-), and these cells showed reduced proliferation, while the p53-mutant Mahlavu cells were not affected. HURP knockdown did not affect the proliferation of H1299 lung carcinoma cells and Hep3B HCC cells which lack p53. Knockdown of HURP also sensitized SK-Hep-1 cells to cisplatin. On the other hand, the expression of exogenous p53 in H1299 and Hep3B cells was decreased following overexpression of HURP, and these cells showed decreased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Importantly, overexpression of HURP promoted the proliferation of HEK293 cells in an anchorage-independent manner, and inoculation of SK-Hep-1 cancer cells that expressed short-hairpin RNA to knockdown HURP resulted in smaller tumors in nude mice. Gankyrin, a positive regulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, was found to be upregulated following HURP expression, and gankyrin knockdown decreased the HURP-mediated downregulation of p53. Notably, we detected a positive correlation between elevated HURP and gankyrin protein levels in HCC patients (r(2) = 0.778; N = 9). Taken together, these results indicate that HURP represents an oncogene that may play a role in HCC progression and chemoresistance.
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Lee SYC, De la Mota-Peynado A, Roelofs J. Loss of Rpt5 protein interactions with the core particle and Nas2 protein causes the formation of faulty proteasomes that are inhibited by Ecm29 protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36641-51. [PMID: 21878651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a large and complex protease formed by 66 polypeptides. The assembly of the proteasome is assisted by at least nine chaperones. One of these chaperones, Nas2/p27, binds to the C-terminal region of the AAA-ATPase Rpt5. We report here that the tail of Rpt5 provides two functions. First, it facilitates the previously reported interaction with the proteasome core particle (CP). Second, it is essential for the interaction with Nas2. Deletion of the C-terminal amino acid of Rpt5 disrupts the CP interaction, but not the binding to Nas2. The latter is surprising considering Nas2 contains a PDZ domain, which is often involved in binding to C termini. Interestingly, deletion of the last three amino acids interferes with both functions. The disruption of the Rpt5-CP interactions gave distinct phenotypes different from disruption of the Nas2-Rpt5 interaction. Additionally, proteasomes purified from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae rpt5-Δ3 strain show a strong enrichment of Ecm29. The function of Ecm29, a proteasome-associated protein, is not well understood. Our data show that Ecm29 can inhibit proteasomes, because our Ecm29-containing proteasomes have reduced suc-LLVY-AMC hydrolytic activity. Consistent with this apparent role as negative regulator, the deletion of ECM29 rescues the phenotypes of rpt5-Δ3 and nas2Δ in an hsm3Δ background. In sum, the interactions facilitated by the tail of Rpt5 act synergistically to minimize the formation of faulty proteasomes, thereby preventing recognition and inhibition by Ecm29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Yu-Chien Lee
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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37
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Overexpression of gankyrin induces liver steatosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:536-48. [PMID: 21722753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin is a small ankyrin-repeat protein that previous research has confirmed to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although relevant literature has reported on gankyrin functions in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis, the exact role of gankyrin is poorly understood in animal model systems. This study analyzed hepatic lipid accumulation in gankyrin transgenic (GK) zebrafish. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells were predominantly increased in the liver bud of GK larvae, indicating that gankyrin functionally promoted cell proliferation at the larval stage in GK fish. However, over 90% of the viable GK adults showed an increased lipid content, leading in turn to liver steatosis. Liver histology and oil red O staining also indicated the accumulation of fatty droplets in GK fish, consistent with the specific pathological features of severe steatosis. Molecular analysis revealed that gankyrin overexpression induced hepatic steatosis and modulated the expression profiles of four hepatic microRNAs, miR-16, miR-27b, miR-122, and miR-126, and 22 genes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, significantly increased hepatic cell apoptosis resulted in liver damage in GK adults, leading to liver failure and death after approximately 10months. This study is the first to report gankyrin as a potential link between microRNAs and liver steatosis in zebrafish.
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38
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Dong LW, Yang GZ, Pan YF, Chen Y, Tan YX, Dai RY, Ren YB, Fu J, Wang HY. The oncoprotein p28GANK establishes a positive feedback loop in β-catenin signaling. Cell Res 2011; 21:1248-61. [PMID: 21691299 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p28(GANK) (also known as PSMD10 or gankyrin) is a novel oncoprotein that is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Through its interaction with various proteins, p28(GANK) mediates the degradation of the tumor suppressor proteins Rb and p53. Although p53 was reported to downregulate β-catenin, whether p28(GANK) is involved in the regulation of β-catenin remains uncertain. Here we report that both growth factors and Ras upregulate p28(GANK) expression through the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT pathway. Upregulation of p28(GANK) expression subsequently enhanced the transcription activity of β-catenin. This effect was observed in p53-deficient cells, suggesting a p53-independent mechanism for the p28(GANK)-mediated activation of β-catenin. p28(GANK) overexpression also reduced E-cadherin protein levels, leading to increased release of free β-catenin into the cytoplasm from the cadherin-bound pool. Interestingly, exogenous expression of p28(GANK) resulted in elevated expression of the endogenous protein. We also observed that both β-catenin and c-Myc were transcriptional activators of p28(GANK), and a correlation between p28(GANK) overexpression and c-Myc, cyclin D1 and β-catenin activation in primary human HCC. Together, these results suggest that p28(GANK) expression is regulated by a positive feedback loop involving β-catenin, which may play a critical role in tumorigenesis and the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-wei Dong
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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39
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Single-chain Fv fragment antibodies selected from an intrabody library as effective mono- or bivalent reagents for in vitro protein detection. J Immunol Methods 2011; 369:42-50. [PMID: 21501618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In spite of their many potential applications, recombinant antibody molecules selected by phage display are rarely available commercially, one reason being the absence of robust bacterial expression systems that yield sufficient quantities of reagents for routine applications. We previously described the construction and validation of an intrabody library that allows the selection of single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments solubly expressed in the cytoplasm. Here, we show that it is possible to obtain monomeric scFvs binding specifically to human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and cellular gankyrin oncoproteins in quantities higher than 0.5 g/L of shake-flask culture in E. coli cytoplasm after auto-induction. In addition, stable bivalent scFvs of increased avidity were produced by tagging the scFvs with the dimeric glutathione-S-transferase enzyme (GST). These minibody-like molecules were further engineered by fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFPuv), leading to high yield of functional bivalent fluorescent antibody fragments. Our results demonstrate that scFvs selected from an intrabody library can be engineered into cost-effective bivalent reagents suitable for many biomedical and industrial applications.
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Sakurai T, Kudo M, Itoh K, Ryu U, Higashitsuji H, Fujita J. Adriamycin Enhances Proteasome-Mediated Generation of the Proapoptotic Processed Form of MAGE-A4 in Hepatoma Cells. Oncology 2011; 81 Suppl 1:30-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000334307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Wakamori M, Umehara T, Yokoyama S. A series of bacterial co-expression vectors with rare-cutter recognition sequences. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Sorokin AV, Kim ER, Ovchinnikov LP. Proteasome system of protein degradation and processing. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 74:1411-42. [PMID: 20210701 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790913001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, degradation of most intracellular proteins is realized by proteasomes. The substrates for proteolysis are selected by the fact that the gate to the proteolytic chamber of the proteasome is usually closed, and only proteins carrying a special "label" can get into it. A polyubiquitin chain plays the role of the "label": degradation affects proteins conjugated with a ubiquitin (Ub) chain that consists at minimum of four molecules. Upon entering the proteasome channel, the polypeptide chain of the protein unfolds and stretches along it, being hydrolyzed to short peptides. Ubiquitin per se does not get into the proteasome, but, after destruction of the "labeled" molecule, it is released and labels another molecule. This process has been named "Ub-dependent protein degradation". In this review we systematize current data on the Ub-proteasome system, describe in detail proteasome structure, the ubiquitination system, and the classical ATP/Ub-dependent mechanism of protein degradation, as well as try to focus readers' attention on the existence of alternative mechanisms of proteasomal degradation and processing of proteins. Data on damages of the proteasome system that lead to the development of different diseases are given separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sorokin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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43
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Meng Y, He L, Guo X, Tang S, Zhao X, Du R, Jin J, Bi Q, Li H, Nie Y, Liu J, Fan D. Gankyrin promotes the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 297:9-17. [PMID: 20483533 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested that gankyrin expression is correlated with a malignant phenotype in colorectal cancer. Here, we investigated the possible role of gankyrin in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Gankyrin expression was significantly increased in pancreatic cancer compared to non-cancerous tissues. This expression significantly enhanced cancer cell proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. Suppression of gankyrin downregulated cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4, PCNA and p-Rb but upregulated p27, Rb and p53. However, gankyrin overexpression led to opposite results. Thus, gankyrin could enhance pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression and p53 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Meng
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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44
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Assembly, structure, and function of the 26S proteasome. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:391-401. [PMID: 20427185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is a large multiprotein complex involved in the regulated degradation of ubiquitinated proteins in the cell. The 26S proteasome has been shown to control an increasing number of essential biochemical mechanisms of the cellular lifecycle including DNA synthesis, repair, transcription, translation, and cell signal transduction. Concurrently, it is increasingly seen that malfunction of the ubiquitin proteasome system contributes to the pathogenesis of disease. The recent identification of four molecular chaperones, in addition to five previously identified chaperones, have provided mechanistic insight into how this cellular megastructure is assembled in the cell. These data, together with new insights into the structure and function of the proteasome, provide a much better understanding of this complex protease.
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Abstract
The proteasome is the most complex protease known, with a molecular mass of approx. 3 MDa and 33 distinct subunits. Recent studies reported the discovery of four chaperones that promote the assembly of a 19-subunit subcomplex of the proteasome known as the regulatory particle, or RP. These and other findings define a new and highly unusual macromolecular assembly pathway. The RP mediates substrate selection by the proteasome and injects substrates into the CP (core particle) to be degraded. A heterohexameric ring of ATPases, the Rpt proteins, is critical for RP function. These ATPases abut the CP and their C-terminal tails help to stabilize the RP-CP interface. ATPase heterodimers bound to the chaperone proteins are early intermediates in assembly of the ATPase ring. The four chaperones have the common feature of binding the C-domains of Rpt proteins, apparently a remarkable example of convergent evolution; each chaperone binds a specific Rpt subunit. The C-domains are distinct from the C-terminal tails, but are proximal to them. Some, but probably not all, of the RP chaperones appear to compete with CP for binding of the Rpt proteins, as a result of the proximity of the tails to the C-domain. This competition may underlie the release mechanism for these chaperones. Genetic studies in yeast point to the importance of the interaction between the CP and the Rpt tails in assembly, and a recent biochemical study in mammals suggests that RP assembly takes place on pre-assembled CP. These results do not exclude a parallel CP-independent pathway of assembly. Ongoing work should soon clarify the roles of both the CP and the four chaperones in RP assembly.
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46
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Abstract
Gankyrin, a newly defined oncoprotein also known as PSMD10 and P28, functions as a dual-negative regulator of the two most prominent tumor suppressor pathways, the CDK/pRb and HDM2/P53 pathways. Its aberrant expression has been prevalently found in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and esophagus squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC), indicative of the potential of gankyrin as a rational diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancers. Here, we review the unique structural features and functional diversity of gankyrin, and discuss its implication in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics from the perspective of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junan Li
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi Guo
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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47
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Rayburn ER, Ezell SJ, Zhang R. Recent advances in validating MDM2 as a cancer target. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2009; 9:882-903. [PMID: 19538162 PMCID: PMC6728151 DOI: 10.2174/187152009789124628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The MDM2 oncogene is overexpressed in various human cancers. Its expression correlates with the phenotypes of high-grade, late-stage, and more resistant tumors. The auto-regulatory loop between MDM2 and the tumor suppressor p53 has long been considered the epitome of a rational target for cancer therapy. As such, many novel agents have been generated to interfere with the interaction of the two proteins, which results in the activation of p53. Among these agents are several small molecule inhibitors synthesized based upon the crystal structures of the MDM2-p53 complex. With use of high-throughput screening, several specific and effective agents for inhibition of the protein-protein interaction were discovered. Recent investigations, however, have demonstrated that many proteins regulate the MDM2-p53 interaction, and that MDM2 may have p53-independent oncogenic functions. In order for novel MDM2 inhibitors to be translated to the clinic, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the regulation of MDM2 and of the MDM2-p53 interaction. In particular, the implications of various interactions between certain regulator(s) and MDM2/p53 under different circumstances need to be elucidated to determine which pathway(s) represent the best targets for therapy. Targeting both MDM2 itself and regulators of MDM2 and the MDM2-p53 interaction, or use of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with conventional treatments, may improve prospects for tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Rayburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Scharri J. Ezell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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48
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Park S, Roelofs J, Kim W, Robert J, Schmidt M, Gygi SP, Finley D. Hexameric assembly of the proteasomal ATPases is templated through their C termini. Nature 2009; 459:866-70. [PMID: 19412160 PMCID: PMC2722381 DOI: 10.1038/nature08065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Substrates of the proteasome are recognized and unfolded by the regulatory particle, and then translocated into the core particle (CP) to be degraded. A hetero-hexameric ATPase ring, containing subunits Rpt1-6, is situated within the base subassembly of the regulatory particle. The ATPase ring sits atop the CP, with the Rpt carboxy termini inserted into pockets in the CP. Here we identify a previously unknown function of the Rpt proteins in proteasome biogenesis through deleting the C-terminal residue from each Rpt in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results indicate that assembly of the hexameric ATPase ring is templated on the CP. We have also identified an apparent intermediate in base assembly, BP1, which contains Rpn1, three Rpts and Hsm3, a chaperone for base assembly. The Rpt proteins with the strongest assembly phenotypes, Rpt4 and Rpt6, were absent from BP1. We propose that Rpt4 and Rpt6 form a nucleating complex to initiate base assembly, and that this complex is subsequently joined by BP1 to complete the Rpt ring. Our studies show that assembly of the proteasome base is a rapid yet highly orchestrated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Marques AJ, Palanimurugan R, Matias AC, Ramos PC, Dohmen RJ. Catalytic mechanism and assembly of the proteasome. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1509-36. [PMID: 19265443 DOI: 10.1021/cr8004857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- António J Marques
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zulpicher Strasse 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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50
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Andersen KM, Madsen L, Prag S, Johnsen AH, Semple CA, Hendil KB, Hartmann-Petersen R. Thioredoxin Txnl1/TRP32 is a redox-active cofactor of the 26 S proteasome. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15246-54. [PMID: 19349277 PMCID: PMC2685705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900016200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26 S proteasome is a large proteolytic machine, which degrades most intracellular proteins. We found that thioredoxin, Txnl1/TRP32, binds to Rpn11, a subunit of the regulatory complex of the human 26 S proteasome. Txnl1 is abundant, metabolically stable, and widely expressed and is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Txnl1 has thioredoxin activity with a redox potential of about -250 mV. Mutant Txnl1 with one active site cysteine replaced by serine formed disulfide bonds to eEF1A1, a substrate-recruiting factor of the 26 S proteasome. eEF1A1 is therefore a likely physiological substrate. In response to knockdown of Txnl1, ubiquitin-protein conjugates were moderately stabilized. Hence, Txnl1 is the first example of a direct connection between protein reduction and proteolysis, two major intracellular protein quality control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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