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Karadkhelkar NM, Gupta P, Barasa L, Chilamakuri R, Hlordzi CK, Acharekar N, Agarwal S, Chen ZS, Yoganathan S. Chemical Derivatization Leads to the Discovery Of Novel Analogs of Azotochelin, a Natural Siderophore, as Promising Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2024:e202300715. [PMID: 38598189 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are structurally unique medicinal natural products and exhibit considerable therapeutic potential. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of azotochelin, a natural siderophore, and an extensive library of azotochelin analogs and their anticancer properties. We modified the carboxylic acid and the aromatic ring of azotochelin using various chemical motifs. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of the compounds against six different cancer cell lines (KB-3-1, SNB-19, MCF-7, K-562, SW-620, and NCI-H460) and a non-cancerous cell line (HEK-293). Among the twenty compounds tested, the IC50 values of nine compounds (14, 32, 35-40, and 54) were between 0.7 and 2.0 μM against a lung cancer cell line (NCI-H460). Moreover, several compounds showed good cytotoxicity profile (IC50 <10 μM) against the tested cancer cell lines. The flow cytometry analysis showed that compounds 36 and 38 induced apoptosis in NCI-H460 in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle analysis indicated that compounds 36 and 38 significantly arrested the cell cycle at the S phase to block cancer cell proliferation in the NCI-H460 cell line. The study has produced various novel azotochelin analogs that are potentially effective anticancer agents and lead compounds for further synthetic and medicinal chemistry exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant M Karadkhelkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
- Current affiliation: The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605
| | - Rameswari Chilamakuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
| | - Christopher K Hlordzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
| | - Nikita Acharekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
| | - Saurabh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
| | - Sabesan Yoganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439
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2
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Wegrecki M. CD1a-mediated immunity from a molecular perspective. Mol Immunol 2023; 158:43-53. [PMID: 37116273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Human CD1a is a non-polymorphic glycoprotein that presents lipid antigens to T cells. The most obvious role of CD1a is associated with its expression on Langerhans cells in epidermis, where it is involved in responses to pathogens. Antigen-specific T cells are believed to co-recognise CD1a presenting bacterial antigens such as species of lipopeptides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, human skin contains large amount of endogenous lipids that can activate distinct subsets of CD1a-restricted autoreactive T cells, mostly belonging to the αβ lineage, which are abundant in human blood and skin and are important for skin homeostasis in healthy individuals. CD1a and CD1a-restricted T cells have been linked to certain autoimmune conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and contact hypersensitivity becoming a potential candidate for clinical interventions. A significant progress has been made in the last twenty years towards our understanding of the molecular processes that orchestrate CD1a-lipid binding, antigen presentation and mechanism of CD1a recognition by αβ and γδ T cells. This review summarises the recent developments within the field of CD1a-mediated immunity from a molecular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Wegrecki M, Ocampo TA, Gunasinghe SD, von Borstel A, Tin SY, Reijneveld JF, Cao TP, Gully BS, Le Nours J, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J. Atypical sideways recognition of CD1a by autoreactive γδ T cell receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3872. [PMID: 35790773 PMCID: PMC9256601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1a is a monomorphic antigen-presenting molecule on dendritic cells that presents lipids to αβ T cells. Whether CD1a represents a ligand for other immune receptors remains unknown. Here we use CD1a tetramers to show that CD1a is a ligand for Vδ1+ γδ T cells. Functional studies suggest that two γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) bound CD1a in a lipid-independent manner. The crystal structures of three Vγ4Vδ1 TCR-CD1a-lipid complexes reveal that the γδ TCR binds at the extreme far side and parallel to the long axis of the β-sheet floor of CD1a's antigen-binding cleft. Here, the γδ TCR co-recognises the CD1a heavy chain and β2 microglobulin in a manner that is distinct from all other previously observed γδ TCR docking modalities. The 'sideways' and lipid antigen independent mode of autoreactive CD1a recognition induces TCR clustering on the cell surface and proximal T cell signalling as measured by CD3ζ phosphorylation. In contrast with the 'end to end' binding of αβ TCRs that typically contact carried antigens, autoreactive γδ TCRs support geometrically diverse approaches to CD1a, as well as antigen independent recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tonatiuh A Ocampo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Sachith D Gunasinghe
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shin Yi Tin
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine F Reijneveld
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thinh-Phat Cao
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Gully
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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4
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Burchill L, Williams SJ. From the banal to the bizarre: unravelling immune recognition and response to microbial lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:925-940. [PMID: 34989357 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbes produce a rich array of lipidic species that through their location in the cell wall and ability to mingle with host lipids represent a privileged class of immune-active molecules. Lipid-sensing immunity recognizes microbial lipids from pathogens and commensals causing immune responses. Yet microbial lipids are often heterogeneous, in limited supply and in some cases their structures are incompletely defined. Total synthesis can assist in structural determination, overcome supply issues, and provide access to high-purity, homogeneous samples and analogues. This account highlights synthetic approaches to lipidic species from pathogenic and commensal bacteria and fungi that have supported immunological studies involving lipid sensing through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle and cell-mediated immunity through the CD1-T cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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5
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Chan KH, Groves JT. Concise Modular Synthesis and NMR Structural Determination of Gallium Mycobactin T. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15453-15468. [PMID: 34699221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthesis of mycobactin T and its N-acetyl analogue is reported in a route that facilitates permutation of the lipid tails. A key feature is the generation of N(α)-Cbz-N(ε)-benzyloxy-N(ε)-Boc-lysine (A4) with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane in 59% yield. Selective hydroxamate N-acylation was achieved with acyl fluorides, enabling installation of lipids tails in the final step. O-Benzyl-dehydrocobactin T (B4) was prepared by modifying a known five-step sequence with an overall yield of 49%. 2-Hydroxyphenyl-4-carboxyloxazoline (C3) was prepared from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and l-serine methyl ester in three steps with an overall yield of 55%. Ester coupling of A4 and B4 with EDCI afforded MbI-1 in 73% yield. Catalytic hydrogenation with Pd/BaSO4 and 50 psi of H2 simultaneously effected alkene reduction and debenzylation to afford MbI-2 in 96% yield. Fragment C3 was converted into acyl fluoride C4, which coupled with MbI-2 to afford MbI-3 in 51% yield. Finally, Boc-removal with HCl/EtOAc and treatment of the resultant hydroxylamine with stearyl fluoride furnished mycobactin T in 65% yield. Overall, the yield is 4% over 14 steps. The gallium mycobactin T-N-acetyl derivative (GaMbT-NAc) structure was determined by 1H NMR. The structure shows an octahedral Ga and two internal hydrogen bonds between peptidic N-Hs and two of the oxygen atoms coordinating Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiat Hwa Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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6
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Abstract
Innate lymphocyte populations are emerging as key effectors in tissue homeostasis, microbial defense, and inflammatory skin disease. The cells are evolutionarily ancient and carry conserved principles of function, which can be achieved through shared or unique specific mechanisms. Recent technological and treatment advances have provided insight into heterogeneity within and between individuals and species. Similar pathways can extend through to adaptive lymphocytes, which softens the margins with innate lymphocyte populations and allows investigation of nonredundant pathways of immunity and inflammation that might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Here, we review advances in understanding of innate lymphocyte biology with a focus on skin disease and the roles of commensal and pathogen responses and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Koshika Yadava
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom;
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8
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Wu J, Mu R, Liu ZJ, Lu SC, Liu G. Scalable total synthesis of a mycobactin T analogue utilizing a novel synthetic and protection strategy. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobactin T analogue 1 (MbT-1) is a mycobacterial-specific siderophore analogue, which is usually employed to conjugate therapeutic drugs to induce selective antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Ran Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jie Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Shi-Chao Lu
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Gang Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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9
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Deicke M, Mohr JF, Roy S, Herzsprung P, Bellenger JP, Wichard T. Metallophore profiling of nitrogen-fixingFrankiaspp. to understand metal management in the rhizosphere of actinorhizal plants. Metallomics 2019; 11:810-821. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00344k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Frankiaspp. are widespread nitrogen-fixing and metallophore releasing soil bacteria, which often live in symbiosis with a broad spectrum of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Deicke
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Jan Frieder Mohr
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Centre SÈVE
- Département de Biologie
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | - Peter Herzsprung
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
- Department Lake Research
- 39114 Magdeburg
- Germany
| | | | - Thomas Wichard
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
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10
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Chancellor A, Gadola SD, Mansour S. The versatility of the CD1 lipid antigen presentation pathway. Immunology 2018; 154:196-203. [PMID: 29460282 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I like CD1 molecules has an emerging role in human disease. Group 1 CD1 includes CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, which function to display lipids on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells for direct recognition by T-cells. The recent advent of CD1 tetramers and the identification of novel lipid ligands has contributed towards the increasing number of CD1-restricted T-cell clones captured. These advances have helped to identify novel donor unrestricted and semi-invariant T-cell populations in humans and new mechanisms of T-cell recognition. However, although there is an opportunity to design broadly acting lipids and harness the therapeutic potential of conserved T-cells, knowledge of their role in health and disease is lacking. We briefly summarize the current evidence implicating group 1 CD1 molecules in infection, cancer and autoimmunity and show that although CD1 are not as diverse as MHC, recent discoveries highlight their versatility as they exhibit intricate mechanisms of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephan D Gadola
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK.,F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah Mansour
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK
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11
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Harrington-Kandt R, Stylianou E, Eddowes LA, Lim PJ, Stockdale L, Pinpathomrat N, Bull N, Pasricha J, Ulaszewska M, Beglov Y, Vaulont S, Drakesmith H, McShane H. Hepcidin deficiency and iron deficiency do not alter tuberculosis susceptibility in a murine M.tb infection model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191038. [PMID: 29324800 PMCID: PMC5764373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the macrophage-tropic pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a highly prevalent infectious disease. Since an immune correlate of protection or effective vaccine have yet to be found, continued research into host-pathogen interactions is important. Previous literature reports links between host iron status and disease outcome for many infections, including TB. For some extracellular bacteria, the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin is essential for protection against infection. Here, we investigated hepcidin (encoded by Hamp1) in the context of murine M.tb infection. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with M.tb Erdman via aerosol. Hepatic expression of iron-responsive genes was measured by qRT-PCR and bacterial burden determined in organ homogenates. We found that hepatic Hamp1 mRNA levels decreased post-infection, and correlated with a marker of BMP/SMAD signalling pathways. Next, we tested the effect of Hamp1 deletion, and low iron diets, on M.tb infection. Hamp1 knockout mice did not have a significantly altered M.tb mycobacterial load in either the lungs or spleen. Up to 10 weeks of dietary iron restriction did not robustly affect disease outcome despite causing iron deficiency anaemia. Taken together, our data indicate that unlike with many other infections, hepcidin is decreased following M.tb infection, and show that hepcidin ablation does not influence M.tb growth in vivo. Furthermore, because even severe iron deficiency did not affect M.tb mycobacterial load, we suggest that the mechanisms M.tb uses to scavenge iron from the host must be extremely efficient, and may therefore represent potential targets for drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Stylianou
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A. Eddowes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Naomi Bull
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Pasricha
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yulia Beglov
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut Cochin, INSERM 567, CNRS 8104, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HD); (HMcS)
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HD); (HMcS)
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12
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Kaczmarek R, Pasciak M, Szymczak-Kulus K, Czerwinski M. CD1: A Singed Cat of the Three Antigen Presentation Systems. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:201-214. [PMID: 28386696 PMCID: PMC5434122 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to general view that the MHC Class I and II are the kapellmeisters of recognition and response to antigens, there is another big player in that part of immunity, represented by CD1 glycoproteins. In contrast to MHC Class I or II, which present peptides, CD1 molecules present lipids. Humans express five CD1 proteins (CD1a-e), four of which (CD1a-d) are trafficked to the cell surface, where they may display lipid antigens to T-cell receptors. This interaction may lead to both non-cognate and cognate T cell help to B cells, the latter eliciting anti-lipid antibody response. All CD1 proteins can bind a broad range of structurally different exogenous and endogenous lipids, but each shows a preference to one or more lipid classes. This unorthodox binding behavior is the result of elaborate architectures of CD1 binding clefts and distinct intracellular trafficking routes. Together, these features make CD1 system a versatile player in immune response, sitting at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. While CD1 system may be involved in numerous infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, its involvement may lead to opposite outcomes depending on different pathologies. Despite these ambiguities and complexity, CD1 system draws growing attention and continues to show glimmers of therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about CD1 proteins, their structures, lipid-binding profiles, and roles in immunity, and evaluate the role of CD1 proteins in eliciting humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Pasciak
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Physiotherapy and Physical Education, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland.
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13
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Cheng JMH, Liu L, Pellicci DG, Reddiex SJJ, Cotton RN, Cheng TY, Young DC, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Rossjohn J, Fairlie DP, Godfrey DI, Williams SJ. Total Synthesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dideoxymycobactin-838 and Stereoisomers: Diverse CD1a-Restricted T Cells Display a Common Hierarchy of Lipopeptide Recognition. Chemistry 2017; 23:1694-1701. [PMID: 27925318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces dideoxymycobactin-838 (DDM-838), a lipopeptide that potently activates T cells upon binding to the MHC-like antigen-presenting molecule CD1a. M. tuberculosis produces DDM-838 in only trace amounts and a previous solid-phase synthesis provided sub-milligram quantities. We describe a high-yielding solution-phase synthesis of DDM-838 that features a Mitsunobu substitution that avoids yield-limiting epimerization at lysine during esterification, and amidation conditions that prevent double-bond isomerization of the Z-C20:1 acyl chain, and provides material with equivalent antigenicity to natural DDM-838. Isomers of DDM-838 that varied in stereochemistry at the central lysine and the C20:1 acyl chain were compared for their ability to be recognised by CD1a-restricted T cell receptors (TCRs). These TCRs, derived from unrelated human donors, exhibited a similar spectrum of reactivity towards the panel of DDM-838 isomers, highlighting the exquisite sensitivity of lipopeptide-reactive T cells for the natural DDM stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M H Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott J J Reddiex
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel N Cotton
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David C Young
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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14
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Avalos-Alanís FG, Hernández-Fernández E, Carranza-Rosales P, López-Cortina S, Hernández-Fernández J, Ordóñez M, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Morales-Vargas A, Velázquez-Moreno VM, Santiago-Mauricio MG. Synthesis, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of α,β-unsaturated amides and 2,4-disubstituted oxazoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:821-825. [PMID: 28117200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of six α,β,-unsaturated amides and six 2,4-disubstituted oxazolines derivatives and their evaluation against two Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (sensitive H37Rv and a resistant clinical isolate) is reported. 2,4-Disubstituted oxazolines (S)-3b,d,e were the most active in the sensitive strain with a MIC of 14.2, 13.6 and 10.8μM, respectively, and the compounds (S)-3d,f were the most active against resistant strain with a MIC of 6.8 and 7.4μM. The ex-vivo evaluation of hepatotoxicity on precision-cut rat liver slices was also tested for the α,β-unsaturated amides (S)-2b and (S)-2d,f and for the oxazolines (S)-3b and (S)-3d,f at different concentrations (5, 15 and 30μg/mL). The results indicate that these compounds possess promising antimycobacterial activity and at the same time are not hepatotoxic. These findings open the possibility for development of new drugs against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G Avalos-Alanís
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 66400 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Hernández-Fernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 66400 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Susana López-Cortina
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 66400 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernández-Fernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 66400 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mario Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nancy E Guzmán-Delgado
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64730 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | | | - María G Santiago-Mauricio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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15
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Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecules CD1 and MHC class I-related protein (MR1) display lipids and small molecules to T cells. The antigen display platforms in the four CD1 proteins are laterally asymmetrical, so that the T cell receptor (TCR)-binding surfaces are comprised of roofs and portals, rather than the long grooves seen in the MHC antigen-presenting molecules. TCRs can bind CD1 proteins with left-sided or right-sided footprints, creating unexpected modes of antigen recognition. The use of tetramers of human CD1a, CD1b, CD1c or MR1 proteins now allows detailed analysis of the human T cell repertoire, which has revealed new invariant TCRs that bind CD1b molecules and are different from those that define natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells.
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17
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Holbert S, Branger M, Souriau A, Lamoureux B, Ganneau C, Richard G, Cochard T, Tholoniat C, Bay S, Winter N, Moyen JL, Biet F. Interferon gamma response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific lipopentapeptide antigen L5P in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:118-21. [PMID: 26412530 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response indicative of early Th1 activation may be detected using interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Currently, the purified protein derivatives (PPDs), i.e., the total extract of mycobacteria antigens are used to recall CMI responses against Map. This study aimed to assess the ability of the chemically synthesized Map specific cell wall lipopentapeptide L5P to induce CMI response in cows infected by Map compared to PPD. L5P and PPD elicited an IFN-γ response in 12 and 35 animals from two Map infected herds respectively, but IFN-γ was not detected in the 13 cows recruited from a non-infected herd. Levels of IFN-γ detected were higher with PPD than with L5P. There was no correlation between the IFN-γ response and the humoral response to Map or faecal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Holbert
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Maxime Branger
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Armel Souriau
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Bérénice Lamoureux
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de la Région Centre (GDS Centre), 4 rue Robert Mallet Stevens BP 501, F-36018 Châteauroux, France.
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Gaëlle Richard
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Thierry Cochard
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Christophe Tholoniat
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de la Région Centre (GDS Centre), 4 rue Robert Mallet Stevens BP 501, F-36018 Châteauroux, France.
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Winter
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Jean Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, 161 av Winston Churchill, 24660 Coulounieix Chamiers, France.
| | - Franck Biet
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRA Centre Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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18
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Siddiqui S, Visvabharathy L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:337. [PMID: 26175733 PMCID: PMC4484338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules presents lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens to T cells. CD1 molecules, unlike classical MHC molecules, display limited polymorphism, making CD1-restricted lipid antigens attractive vaccine targets that could be recognized in a genetically diverse human population. Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells have been implicated to play critical roles in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent discoveries on the development of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells and their function in different infection models. In particular, we focus on (1) newly identified microbial and self-lipid antigens, (2) kinetics, phenotype, and unique properties of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells during infection, and (3) the similarities of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells to the closely related group 2 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
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19
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Abstract
For decades, proteins were thought to be the sole or at least the dominant source of antigens for T cells. Studies in the 1990s demonstrated that CD1 proteins and mycobacterial lipids form specific targets of human αβ T cells. The molecular basis by which T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize CD1-lipid complexes is now well understood. Many types of mycobacterial lipids function as antigens in the CD1 system, and new studies done with CD1 tetramers identify T-cell populations in the blood of tuberculosis patients. In human populations, a fundamental difference between the CD1 and major histocompatibility complex systems is that all humans express nearly identical CD1 proteins. Correspondingly, human CD1 responsive T cells show evidence of conserved TCRs. In addition to natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT cells), conserved TCRs define other subsets of human T cells, including germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T cells. The simple immunogenetics of the CD1 system and new investigative tools to measure T-cell responses in humans now creates a situation in which known lipid antigens can be developed as immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents for tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Kasmar AG, Van Rhijn I, Magalhaes KG, Young DC, Cheng TY, Turner MT, Schiefner A, Kalathur RC, Wilson IA, Bhati M, Gras S, Birkinshaw RW, Tan LL, Rossjohn J, Shires J, Jakobsen S, Altman JD, Moody DB. Cutting Edge: CD1a tetramers and dextramers identify human lipopeptide-specific T cells ex vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:4499-503. [PMID: 24089190 PMCID: PMC3845436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human CD1a mediates foreign Ag recognition by a T cell clone, but the nature of possible TCR interactions with CD1a/lipid are unknown. After incubating CD1a with a mycobacterial lipopeptide Ag, dideoxymycobactin (DDM), we identified and measured binding to a recombinant TCR (TRAV3/ TRBV3-1, KD of ≈100 μM). Detection of ternary CD1a/lipid/TCR interactions enabled development of CD1a tetramers and CD1a multimers with carbohydrate backbones (dextramers), which specifically stained T cells using a mechanism that was dependent on the precise stereochemistry of the peptide backbone and was blocked with a soluble TCR. Furthermore, sorting of human T cells from unrelated tuberculosis patients for bright DDM-dextramer staining allowed recovery of T cells that were activated by CD1a and DDM. These studies demonstrate that the mechanism of T cell activation by lipopeptides occurs via ternary interactions of CD1a/Ag/TCR. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the existence of lipopeptide-specific T cells in humans ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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21
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Seshadri C, Shenoy M, Wells RD, Hensley-McBain T, Andersen-Nissen E, McElrath MJ, Cheng TY, Moody DB, Hawn TR. Human CD1a deficiency is common and genetically regulated. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1586-93. [PMID: 23858036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD1 proteins evolved to present diverse lipid Ags to T cells. In comparison with MHC proteins, CD1 proteins exhibit minimal allelic diversity as a result of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, it is unknown if common SNPs in gene regulatory regions affect CD1 expression and function. We report surprising diversity in patterns of inducible CD1a expression on human dendritic cells (DCs), spanning the full range from undetectable to high density, a finding not seen with other CD1 isoforms. CD1a-deficient DCs failed to present mycobacterial lipopeptide to T cells but had no defects in endocytosis, cytokine secretion, or expression of costimulatory molecules after LPS treatment. We identified an SNP in the 5' untranslated region (rs366316) that was common and strongly associated with low CD1a surface expression and mRNA levels (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively). Using a CD1a promoter-luciferase system in combination with mutagenesis studies, we found that the polymorphic allele reduced luciferase expression by 44% compared with the wild-type variant (p < 0.001). Genetic regulation of lipid Ag presentation by varying expression on human DCs provides a mechanism for achieving population level differences in immune responses despite limited structural variation in CD1a proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Seshadri
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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22
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Nelson KM, Salomon CE, Aldrich CC. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of transvalencin Z. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1037-1043. [PMID: 22616579 PMCID: PMC3381897 DOI: 10.1021/np200972s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging global epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis has created an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic approaches for disease treatment. Transvalencin Z (1) is a natural product from Nocardia transvalensis with relatively potent and selective antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, making it an attractive target for structure-activity and mechanism of action studies. The total synthesis of the four possible diastereomers of transvalencin Z was completed (1a-d), and the absolute configurations were defined using chemical synthesis, HPLC retention times, and optical rotation measurements. Surprisingly, none of the transvalencin Z diastereomers exhibited any inhibitory activity against a panel of microbial pathogens, including several species of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Nelson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | | | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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