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Li J, Zou Y, Kantapan J, Su H, Wang L, Dechsupa N. TGF‑β/Smad signaling in chronic kidney disease: Exploring post‑translational regulatory perspectives (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:143. [PMID: 38904198 PMCID: PMC11208996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the onset of glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present review delves into the intricate post‑translational modulation of this pathway and its implications in CKD. Specifically, the impact of the TGF‑β/Smad pathway on various biological processes was investigated, encompassing not only renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, inflammation, myofibroblast activation and cellular aging, but also its role in autophagy. Various post‑translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play a crucial role in modulating the intensity and persistence of the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway. They also dictate the functionality, stability and interactions of the TGF‑β/Smad components. The present review sheds light on recent findings regarding the impact of PTMs on TGF‑β receptors and Smads within the CKD landscape. In summary, a deeper insight into the post‑translational intricacies of TGF‑β/Smad signaling offers avenues for innovative therapeutic interventions to mitigate CKD progression. Ongoing research in this domain holds the potential to unveil powerful antifibrotic treatments, aiming to preserve renal integrity and function in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Li
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxia Zou
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jiraporn Kantapan
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Hongwei Su
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Ye J, Hua Z, Xiao J, Shao Y, Li S, Yin H, Wu M, Rong Y, Hong B, Guo Y, Ma Y, Wang J. p-Smad3 differentially regulates the cytological behavior of osteoclasts before and after osteoblasts maturation. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:525. [PMID: 38632128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of previous investigations have revealed that p-Smad3 plays a facilitative role in the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, while also regulating the expression of certain intercellular communication factors. However, the effects of p-Smad3 in osteoblasts before and after maturation on the proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis and other cellular behaviors of osteoclasts have not been reported. METHODS MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium for varying durations, After that, the corresponding conditioned medium was collected and the osteoclast lineage cells were treated. To elucidate the regulatory role of p-Smad3 within osteoblasts, we applied the activator TGF-β1 and inhibitor SIS3 to immature and mature osteoblasts and collected corresponding conditioned media for osteoclast intervention. RESULTS We observed an elevation of p-Smad3 and Smad3 during the early stage of osteoblast differentiation, followed by a decline in the later stage. we discovered that as osteoblasts mature, their conditioned media inhibit osteoclasts differentiation and the osteoclast-coupled osteogenic effect. However, it promotes apoptosis in osteoclasts and the angiogenesis coupled with osteoclasts. p-Smad3 in immature osteoblasts, through paracrine effects, promotes the migration, differentiation, and osteoclast-coupled osteogenic effects of osteoclast lineage cells. For mature osteoblasts, p-Smad3 facilitates osteoclast apoptosis and the angiogenesis coupled with osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS As pre-osteoblasts undergo maturation, p-Smad3 mediated a paracrine effect that transitions osteoclast cellular behaviors from inducing differentiation and stimulating bone formation to promoting apoptosis and coupling angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Ye
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Zhen Hua
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Jirimutu Xiao
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Mongolian Medicine College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010159, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Shaoshuo Li
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Mao Wu
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Bowen Hong
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214071, China.
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Park A, Choi S, Do J, Kim Y, Kim KS, Koh E, Park KS. ZO-1 regulates the migration of mesenchymal stem cells in cooperation with α-catenin in response to breast tumor cells. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:19. [PMID: 38212369 PMCID: PMC10784548 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited from the bone marrow into breast tumors, contributing to the creation of a tumor microenvironment that fosters tropism for breast tumors. However, the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the breast tumor microenvironment are still under investigation. Our discoveries identified zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as a specific intrinsic molecule that plays a vital role in mediating the collective migration of MSCs towards breast tumor cells and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which is a crucial factor secreted by breast tumor cells. Upon migration in response to MDA-MB-231 cells and TGF-β, MSCs showed increased formation of adherens junction-like structures (AJs) expressing N-cadherin and α-catenin at their cell-cell contacts. ZO-1 was found to be recruited into the AJs at the cell-cell contacts between MSCs. Additionally, ZO-1 collaborated with α-catenin to regulate AJ formation, dependently on the SH3 and GUK domains of the ZO-1 protein. ZO-1 knockdown led to the impaired migration of MSCs in response to the stimuli and subsequent downregulation of AJs formation at the cell-cell contacts during MSCs migration. Overall, our study highlights the novel role of ZO-1 in guiding MSC migration towards breast tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a new strategy for controlling and re-engineering the breast tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Jungbeom Do
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Eunjin Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ki-Sook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Niculae A, Gherghina ME, Peride I, Tiglis M, Nechita AM, Checherita IA. Pathway from Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease: Molecules Involved in Renal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14019. [PMID: 37762322 PMCID: PMC10531003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease (CKD), including end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as a long-term complication. Besides short-term complications, such as electrolyte and acid-base disorders, fluid overload, bleeding complications or immune dysfunctions, AKI can develop chronic injuries and subsequent CKD through renal fibrosis pathways. Kidney fibrosis is a pathological process defined by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, evidenced in chronic kidney injuries with maladaptive architecture restoration. So far, cited maladaptive kidney processes responsible for AKI to CKD transition were epithelial, endothelial, pericyte, macrophage and fibroblast transition to myofibroblasts. These are responsible for smooth muscle actin (SMA) synthesis and abnormal renal architecture. Recently, AKI progress to CKD or ESRD gained a lot of interest, with impressive progression in discovering the mechanisms involved in renal fibrosis, including cellular and molecular pathways. Risk factors mentioned in AKI progression to CKD are frequency and severity of kidney injury, chronic diseases such as uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and unmodifiable risk factors (i.e., genetics, older age or gender). To provide a better understanding of AKI transition to CKD, we have selected relevant and updated information regarding the risk factors responsible for AKIs unfavorable long-term evolution and mechanisms incriminated in the progression to a chronic state, along with possible therapeutic approaches in preventing or delaying CKD from AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Niculae
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihai-Emil Gherghina
- Department of Nephrology, Ilfov County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 022104 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Peride
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mirela Tiglis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency Clinical Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Nechita
- Department of Nephrology, “St. John” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania
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Jakl V, Popp T, Haupt J, Port M, Roesler R, Wiese S, Friemert B, Rojewski MT, Schrezenmeier H. Effect of Expansion Media on Functional Characteristics of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2105. [PMID: 37626914 PMCID: PMC10453497 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been shown to rely on their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. In order to obtain sufficient numbers of cells for clinical applications, MSCs have to be expanded ex vivo. Expansion media with xenogeneic-free (XF) growth-promoting supplements like human platelet lysate (PL) or serum- and xenogeneic-free (SF/XF) formulations have been established as safe and efficient, and both groups provide different beneficial qualities. In this study, MSCs were expanded in XF or SF/XF media as well as in mixtures thereof. MSCs cultured in these media were analyzed for phenotypic and functional properties. MSC expansion was optimal with SF/XF conditions when PL was present. Metabolic patterns, consumption of growth factors, and secretome of MSCs differed depending on the type and concentration of supplement. The lactate per glucose yield increased along with a higher proportion of PL. Many factors in the supernatant of cultured MSCs showed distinct patterns depending on the supplement (e.g., FGF-2, TGFβ, and insulin only in PL-expanded MSC, and leptin, sCD40L PDGF-AA only in SF/XF-expanded MSC). This also resulted in changes in cell characteristics like migratory potential. These findings support current approaches where growth media may be utilized for priming MSCs for specific therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Jakl
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.)
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937 Munich, Germany (J.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Julian Haupt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937 Munich, Germany (J.H.); (M.P.)
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Army Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937 Munich, Germany (J.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Reinhild Roesler
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Benedikt Friemert
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Army Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus T. Rojewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.)
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.)
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects by Combined Delivery of Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, TGF-β1 and BMP-4 in Heparin-Conjugated Fibrin Hydrogel. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245343. [PMID: 36559710 PMCID: PMC9780905 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of cartilage and osteochondral defects remains one of the most challenging clinical problems in orthopedic surgery. Currently, tissue-engineering techniques based on the delivery of appropriate growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in hydrogel scaffolds are considered as the most promising therapeutic strategy for osteochondral defects regeneration. In this study, we fabricated a heparin-conjugated fibrin (HCF) hydrogel with synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SDMSCs), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) to repair osteochondral defects in a rabbit model. An in vitro study showed that HCF hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility, a slow degradation rate and sustained release of TGF-β1 and BMP-4 over 4 weeks. Macroscopic and histological evaluations revealed that implantation of HCF hydrogel with SDMSCs, TGF-β1 and BMP-4 significantly enhanced the regeneration of hyaline cartilage and the subchondral bone plate in osteochondral defects within 12 weeks compared to hydrogels with SDMSCs or growth factors alone. Thus, these data suggest that combined delivery of SDMSCs with TGF-β1 and BMP-4 in HCF hydrogel may synergistically enhance the therapeutic efficacy of osteochondral defect repair of the knee joints.
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Zou XZ, Zhang YW, Pan ZF, Hu XP, Xu YN, Huang ZJ, Sun ZY, Yuan MN, Shi JN, Huang P, Liu T. Gentiopicroside alleviates cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in T2DM rats through targeting Smad3 phosphorylation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154389. [PMID: 36037771 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis is a major structural change observed in the heart of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ultimately resulting in heart failure (HF). Suppression of inflammation is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating cardiac fibrosis and HF. Gentiopicroside (GPS), the primary component of Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, its cardioprotective role remains elusive. PURPOSE We explored the potential cardioprotective role of GPS in T2DM rats and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS T2DM rats built by high-fat diet and streptozotocin were orally administered 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg GPS, daily for 8 weeks. The positive control drug was Metformin (200 mg/kg/day). Primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were induced by high glucose (30 mM) and subsequently treated with GPS (100 μM). Cardiac function and pathological changes were analyzed using echocardiography and histological staining. Potential targets of GPS were predicted using Molecular docking. Real-time PCR as well as western blotting were applied to verify the expression of objective genes. RESULTS All three doses reduced fasting blood glucose levels, but only 50 and 100 mg/kg GPS improved cardiac function and alleviated inflammation and fibrosis in T2DM rats. GPS (100 mg/kg) exhibited a better effect, similar to that of metformin. Mechanistically, binding between GPS and the MH2 domain of Smad3 blocked high glucose-induced Smad3 phosphorylation, thus attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation in CFs. CONCLUSION We, for the first time, demonstrated that GPS improved cardiac function in T2DM rats and elucidated the underlying mechanism through which GPS targeted Smad3 phosphorylation to suppress inflammation and activation in CFs, thereby revealing the potential application of GPS in HF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhou Zou
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zong-Fu Pan
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin-Ning Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Sun
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Nan Yuan
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Na Shi
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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Ning LJ, Cui J, He SK, Hu RN, Yao X, Zhang Y, Ding W, Zhang YJ, Luo JC, Qin TW. Constructing a highly bioactive tendon-regenerative scaffold by surface modification of tissue-specific stem cell derived extracellular matrix. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac020. [PMID: 35480863 PMCID: PMC9036902 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing highly bioactive scaffold materials to promote stem cell migration, proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation is a crucial requirement in current tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Our previous work has demonstrated that the decellularized tendon slices (DTSs) are able to promote stem cell proliferation and tenogenic differentiation in vitro and show certain pro-regenerative capacity for rotator cuff tendon regeneration in vivo. In this study, we present a strategy to further improve the bioactivity of the DTSs for constructing a novel highly bioactive tendon-regenerative scaffold by surface modification of tendon-specific stem cell-derived extracellular matrix (tECM), which is expected to greatly enhance the capacity of scaffold material in regulating stem cell behavior, including migration, proliferation and tenogenic differentiation. We prove that the modification of tECM could change the highly aligned surface topographical cues of the DTSs, retain the surface stiffness of the DTSs and significantly increase the content of multiple ECM components in the tECM-DTSs. As a result, the tECM-DTSs dramatically enhance the migration, proliferation as well as tenogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived stem cells compared with the DTSs. Collectively, this strategy would provide a new way for constructing ECM-based biomaterials with enhanced bioactivity for in situ tendon regeneration applications. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ju Ning
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cui
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Kun He
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Nan Hu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
- Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Cong Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Wu Qin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
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9
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Gorbacheva AM, Uvarova AN, Ustiugova AS, Bhattacharyya A, Korneev KV, Kuprash DV, Mitkin NA. EGR1 and RXRA transcription factors link TGF-β pathway and CCL2 expression in triple negative breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14120. [PMID: 34239022 PMCID: PMC8266896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the main cytokine responsible for the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells, which is a hallmark of tumor transformation to the metastatic phenotype. Recently, research demonstrated that the chemokine CCL2 gene expression level directly correlates with the TGF-β activity in breast cancer patients. CCL2 attracts tumor-associated macrophages and is, therefore, considered as an important inductor of breast cancer progression; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its regulation by TGF-β are unknown. Here, we studied the behavior of the CCL2 gene in MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937 breast cancer cells representing mesenchymal-like phenotype activated by TGF-β. Using bioinformatics, deletion screening and point mutagenesis, we identified binding sites in the CCL2 promoter and candidate transcription factors responsible for its regulation by TGF-β. Among these factors, only the knock-down of EGR1 and RXRA made CCL2 promoter activity independent of TGF-β. These factors also demonstrated binding to the CCL2 promoter in a TGF-β-dependent manner in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and point mutations in the EGR1 and RXRA binding sites totally abolished the effect of TGF-β. Our results highlight the key role of EGR1 and RXRA transcription factors in the regulation of CCL2 gene in response to TGF-β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Gorbacheva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aksinya N Uvarova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alina S Ustiugova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Nikita A Mitkin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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10
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Xu S, Kamato D. Curcumin Inhibits Lysophosphatidic Acid Mediated MCP-1 Expression via Blocking ROCK Signalling. Molecules 2021; 26:2320. [PMID: 33923651 PMCID: PMC8073974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural compound that has been widely used as a food additive and medicine in Asian countries. Over several decades, diverse biological effects of curcumin have been elucidated, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a key inflammatory marker during the development of atherosclerosis, and curcumin blocks MCP-1 expression stimulated by various ligands. Hence, we studied the action of curcumin on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediated MCP-1 expression and explored the specific underlying mechanisms. In human vascular smooth muscle cells, LPA induces Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) dependent transforming growth factor receptor (TGFBR1) transactivation, leading to glycosaminoglycan chain elongation. We found that LPA also signals via the TGFBR1 transactivation pathway to regulate MCP-1 expression. Curcumin blocks LPA mediated TGFBR1 transactivation and subsequent MCP-1 expression by blocking the ROCK signalling. In the vasculature, ROCK signalling regulates smooth muscle cell contraction, inflammatory cell recruitment, endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodelling. Therefore, curcumin as a ROCK signalling inhibitor has the potential to prevent atherogenesis via multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (Y.Z.); (D.K.)
| | - Peter J. Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (Y.Z.); (D.K.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230037, China;
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (Y.Z.); (D.K.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
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11
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Mukhamedshina Y, Zhuravleva M, Sergeev M, Zakirova E, Gracheva O, Mukhutdinova D, Rizvanov A. Improving Culture Conditions, Proliferation, and Migration of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Model in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 209:236-247. [PMID: 33508824 DOI: 10.1159/000511865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) are promising for cell therapy in spinal cord injury (SCI). The pig is one of the most approximate models of many human diseases, including SCI. In our study, we selected the optimal conditions for the culture of porcine AD-MSCs and developed an in vitro SCI model based on the culture of cells in injured spinal cord extracts (SCE) 3 days and 6 weeks after SCI. We show that Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 20% serum content, supplemented with a combination of 5 mM L-ascorbate-2-phosphate and nonessential amino acids, stimulated a typical fibroblast-like morphology and high proliferation of porcine AD-MSCs. SCE caused a higher proliferation of porcine AD-MSCs compared with extracts from an intact spinal cord. The optimal proliferating effect was achieved using rostral 3 days SCE, and proliferation was lower in caudal and central SCE. Porcine AD-MSCs migration to the 3 days and 6 weeks SCE was higher than to an intact one and preferred the rostral SCE, avoiding central and caudal SCE. We also studied 13 cytokines contained in SCE but did not observe any definite relationship between some analyte concentrations and a change in the behavior of AD-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Mukhamedshina
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation, .,Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russian Federation,
| | - Margarita Zhuravleva
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Sergeev
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, Obstetrics and Small Animal Pathology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Zakirova
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Gracheva
- Department of Therapy and Clinical Diagnostics with Radiology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Dina Mukhutdinova
- Department of Therapy and Clinical Diagnostics with Radiology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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12
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Wang J, Su Y, Xu L, Li D. Micro-patterned surface construction on BCP ceramics and the regulation on inflammation-involved osteogenic differentiation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Aung KT, Akiyama K, Kunitomo M, Mun AY, Tosa I, Nguyen HTT, Zhang J, Kohno T, Ono M, Hara ES, Kuboki T. Aging-Affected MSC Functions and Severity of Periodontal Tissue Destruction in a Ligature-Induced Mouse Periodontitis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218103. [PMID: 33143068 PMCID: PMC7663404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play important roles in the repair of lost or damaged tissues and immunotolerance. On the other hand, aging is known to impair MSC function. However, little is currently known about how aged MSCs affect the host response to the local inflammatory condition and tissue deterioration in periodontitis, which is a progressive destructive disease of the periodontal tissue potentially leading to multiple tooth loss. In this study, we examined the relationship between aging-induced impairment of MSC function and the severity of periodontal tissue destruction associated with the decrease in host immunomodulatory response using a ligature-induced periodontitis model in young and aged mice. The results of micro computerized tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis revealed a more severe bone loss associated with increased osteoclast activity in aged (50-week-old) mice compared to young (5-week-old) mice. Immunostaining analysis revealed that, in aged mice, the accumulation of inflammatory T and B cells was higher, whereas the percentage of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα)+ MSCs, which are known to modulate the apoptosis of T cells, was significantly lower than in young mice. In vitro analysis of MSC function showed that the expression of surface antigen markers for MSCs (Sca-1, CD90, CD146), colony formation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of aged MSCs were significantly declined compared to those of young MSCs. Moreover, a significantly higher proportion of aged MSCs were positive for the senescence-associated β galactosidase activity. Importantly, aged MSCs presented a decreased expression of FAS-L, which was associated with a lower immunomodulatory property of aged MSCs to induce T cell apoptosis in co-cultures compared with young MSCs. In summary, this is the first study showing that aging-induced impairment of MSC function, including immunomodulatory response, is potentially correlated with progressive periodontal tissue deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Thu Aung
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Kentaro Akiyama
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-6682; Fax: +81-86-235-6684
| | - Masayoshi Kunitomo
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Aung Ye Mun
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Ikue Tosa
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Ha Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Teisaku Kohno
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.A.); (M.K.); (A.Y.M.); (I.T.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.Z.); (T.K.); (T.K.)
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14
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Yang Z, Li H, Yuan Z, Fu L, Jiang S, Gao C, Wang F, Zha K, Tian G, Sun Z, Huang B, Wei F, Cao F, Sui X, Peng J, Lu S, Guo W, Liu S, Guo Q. Endogenous cell recruitment strategy for articular cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:31-52. [PMID: 32652223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of timely and proper treatments, injuries to articular cartilage (AC) can lead to cartilage degeneration and ultimately result in osteoarthritis. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering techniques are emerging as promising approaches for AC regeneration and repair. Although the use of cell-seeded scaffolds prior to implantation can regenerate and repair cartilage lesions to some extent, these approaches are still restricted by limited cell sources, excessive costs, risks of disease transmission and complex manufacturing practices. Recently developed acellular scaffold approaches that rely on the recruitment of endogenous cells to the injured sites avoid these drawbacks and offer great promise for in situ AC regeneration. Multiple endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs) are found in joint-resident niches and have the capability to migrate to sites of injury to participate in AC regeneration. However, the natural recruitment of ESPCs is insufficient, and the local microenvironment is hostile after injury. Hence, an endogenous cell recruitment strategy based on the combination of chemoattractants and acellular scaffolds to effectively and specifically recruit ESPCs and improve local microenvironment may provide new insights into in situ AC regeneration. This review provides a brief overview of: (1) the status of endogenous cell recruitment strategy; (2) the subpopulations, potential migration routes (PMRs) of joint-resident ESPCs and their immunomodulatory and reparative effects; (3) chemoattractants and their potential adverse effects; (4) scaffold-based drug delivery systems (SDDSs) that are utilized for in situ AC regeneration; and (5) the challenges and future perspectives of endogenous cell recruitment strategy for AC regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although the endogenous cell recruitment strategy for articular cartilage (AC) regeneration has been investigated for several decades, much work remains to be performed in this field. Future studies should have the following aims: (1) reporting the up-to-date progress in the endogenous cell recruitment strategies; (2) determining the subpopulations of ESPCs, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the migration of these cells and their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and reparative effects; (3) elucidating the chemoattractants that enhance ESPC recruitment and their potential adverse effects; and (4) developing advanced SDDSs for chemoattractant dispatch. Herein, we present a systematic overview of the aforementioned issues to provide a better understanding of endogenous cell recruitment strategies for AC regeneration and repair.
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15
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Su J, Du Z, Xiao L, Wei F, Yang Y, Li M, Qiu Y, Liu J, Chen J, Xiao Y. Graphene oxide coated Titanium Surfaces with Osteoimmunomodulatory Role to Enhance Osteogenesis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:110983. [PMID: 32487397 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives are currently being explored for the modification of bone biomaterials. However, the effect of GO coatings on immunoregulation and subsequent impacts on osteogenesis are not known. In this study, GO was coated on pure titanium using dopamine. GO-coated titanium (Ti-GO) surfaces exhibited good biocompatibility, with the ability to stimulate the expression of osteogenic genes, and extracellular matrix mineralization in human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Interestingly, it was found that GO-coated surfaces could manipulate the polarization of macrophages and expression of inflammatory cytokines via the Toll-like receptor pathway. Under physiological conditions, Ti-GO activated macrophages and induced mild inflammation and a pro-osteogenic environment, characterized by a slight increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as increased expression of the TGF-β1 and oncostatin M genes. In an environment mimicking acute inflammatory conditions, Ti-GO attenuated inflammatory responses, as shown by the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Conditioned medium collected from macrophages stimulated by Ti-GO played a significant stimulatory role in the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. In summary, GO-coated surfaces displayed beneficial immunomodulatory effects in osteogenesis, indicating that GO could be a potential substance for the modification of bone scaffolds and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Su
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lan Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fei Wei
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mengting Li
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yubei Qiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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16
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Cao C, Tarlé S, Kaigler D. Characterization of the immunomodulatory properties of alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32138791 PMCID: PMC7059346 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to have immunomodulatory properties which hold promise for their clinical use to treat inflammatory conditions. Relative to bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs), which are typically isolated from the iliac crest, we have recently demonstrated that MSCs can be predictably isolated from the alveolar bone (aBMSCs) by less invasive means. As such, the aim of this study was to characterize the immunomodulatory properties of aBMSCs relative to BMSCs. Methods aBMSCs isolated from the human alveolar bone and BMSCs isolated from the human bone marrow of the iliac crest were cultured in the same conditions. Cytokine arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of a conditioned medium were used to evaluate differences in the secretion of cytokines. In different functional assays, aBMSCs and BMSCs were cocultured with different types of immune cells including THP-1 monocytes, macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to evaluate their effects on important immune cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, and activation. Results The protein arrays identified interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 to be the major cytokines secreted by aBMSCs and BMSCs. ELISA determined that aBMSCs secreted 268.64 ± 46.96 pg/mL of IL-6 and 196.14 ± 97.31 pg/mL of MCP-1 per microgram of DNA, while BMSCs secreted 774.86 ± 414.29 pg/mL of IL-6 and 856.37 ± 433.03 pg/mL of MCP-1 per microgram of DNA. The results of the coculture studies showed that aBMSCs exhibited immunosuppressive effects on monocyte activation and T cell activation and proliferation similar to BMSCs. Both aBMSCs and BMSCs drove macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype with increased phagocytic ability. Taken together, these data suggest that aBMSCs have potent immunomodulatory properties comparable to those of BMSCs. Conclusions The findings of this study have important implications for the development of immunomodulatory stem cell therapies aimed to treat inflammatory conditions using aBMSCs, a more feasible tissue source of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Susan Tarlé
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Darnell Kaigler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Chompre G, Martinez-Orengo N, Cruz M, Porter JT, Noel RJ. TGFβRI antagonist inhibits HIV-1 Nef-induced CC chemokine family ligand 2 (CCL2) in the brain and prevents spatial learning impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:262. [PMID: 31829243 PMCID: PMC6905066 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) progression is related to continued inflammation despite undetectable viral loads and may be caused by early viral proteins expressed by latently infected cells. Astrocytes represent an HIV reservoir in the brain where the early viral neurotoxin negative factor (Nef) is produced. We previously demonstrated that astrocytic expression of Nef in the hippocampus of rats causes inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and memory impairment. Since these processes are affected by TGFβ signaling pathways, and TGFβ-1 is found at higher levels in the central nervous system of HIV-1+ individuals and is released by astrocytes, we hypothesized a role for TGFβ-1 in our model of Nef neurotoxicity. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we compared cytokine gene expression by cultured astrocytes expressing Nef or green fluorescent protein. To determine the role of Nef and a TGFβRI inhibitor on memory and learning, we infused astrocytes expressing Nef into the hippocampus of rats and then treated them daily with an oral dose of SD208 (10 mg/kg) or placebo for 7 days. During this time, locomotor activity was recorded in an open field and spatial learning tested in the novel location recognition paradigm. Postmortem tissue analyses of inflammatory and signaling molecules were conducted using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS TGFβ-1 was induced in cultures expressing Nef at 24 h followed by CCL2 induction which was prevented by blocking TGFβRI with SD208 (competitive inhibitor). Interestingly, Nef seems to change the TGFβRI localization as suggested by the distribution of the immunoreactivity. Nef caused a deficit in spatial learning that was recovered upon co-administration of SD208. Brain tissue from Nef-treated rats given SD208 showed reduced CCL2, phospho-SMAD2, cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), and GFAP immunoreactivity compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our previous findings, rats treated with Nef showed deficits in spatial learning and memory in the novel location recognition task. In contrast, rats treated with Nef + SD208 showed better spatial learning suggesting that Nef disrupts memory formation in a TGFβ-1-dependent manner. The TGFβRI inhibitor further reduced the induction of inflammation by Nef which was concomitant with decreased TGFβ signaling. Our findings suggest that TGFβ-1 signaling is an intriguing target to reduce neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Chompre
- Biology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Neysha Martinez-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA
| | - Myrella Cruz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA
| | - James T Porter
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA
| | - Richard J Noel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA.
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Lin J, Huang G, Ye W, Zhu C, Gao J, Liu G, Jiang H, Wu B, Ding Z. [Effect of stromal cell-derived factor 1α/cysteine X cysteine receptor 4 signaling pathway on axial stress stimulation promoting bone regeneration]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:689-697. [PMID: 31197995 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201811031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective To observe the change of stromal cell-derived factor 1α/cysteine X cysteine receptor 4 (SDF-1α/CXCR4) signaling pathway during the process of axial stress stimulation promoting bone regeneration, and to further explore its mechanism. Methods A total of 72 male New Zealand white rabbits were selected to prepare the single cortical bone defect in diameter of 8 mm at the proximal end of the right tibia that repaired with deproteinized cancellous bone. All models were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=24). Group A was treated with intraperitoneally injection of PBS; Group B was treated with stress stimulation and intraperitoneally injection of PBS; Group C was treated with stress stimulation and intraperitoneally injection of AMD3100 solution. The X-ray films were taken and Lane-Sandhu scores of bone healing were scored at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after operation, while specimens were harvested for HE staining, immunohistochemical staining of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CXCR4, and Western blot (SDF-1α and CXCR4). The bone healing area was scanned by Micro-CT at 12 weeks after operation, and the volume and density of new bone were calculated. Results X-ray film showed that the Lane-Sandhu scores of bone healing in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A and C at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after operation ( P<0.05). Micro-CT scan showed that the bone defect was repaired in group B and the pulp cavity was re-passed at 12 weeks after operation. The volume and density of new bone were higher in group B than in groups A and C ( P<0.05). HE staining showed that the new bone growth in bone defect area and the degradation of scaffolds were faster in group B than in groups A and C after 4 weeks. The immunohistochemical staining showed that the expressions of VEGF and CXCR4 in 3 groups reached the peak at 4 weeks, and group B was higher than groups A and C ( P<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A and C at 4 and 8 weeks after operation ( P<0.05). Conclusion Axial stress stimulation can promote the expression of SDF-1α in bone defect tissue, activate and regulate the CXCR4 signal collected by marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and accelerate bone regeneration in bone defect area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099, P.R.China
| | - Guofeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099,
| | - Wenbin Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099, P.R.China
| | - Cong Zhu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian, 361102, P.R.China
| | - Jianting Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099, P.R.China
| | - Guojun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099, P.R.China
| | - Huixiang Jiang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian, 361102, P.R.China
| | - Benwen Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099, P.R.China
| | - Zhenqi Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, the 909th Hospital, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363099,
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19
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Nikmanesh M, Cancel LM, Shi Z, Tarbell JM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan, integrin, and syndecan‐4 are mechanosensors mediating cyclic strain‐modulated endothelial gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived endothelial cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2730-2741. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikmanesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New YorkCUNY New York New York
| | - Limary M. Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New YorkCUNY New York New York
| | - Zhong‐Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center New York New York
| | - John M. Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New YorkCUNY New York New York
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20
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The Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vascular Calcification. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2875189. [PMID: 31065272 PMCID: PMC6466855 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2875189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), characterized by hydroxyapatite crystal depositing in the vessel wall, is a common pathological condition shared by many chronic diseases and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Recently, VC is regarded as an active, dynamic cell-mediated process, during which calcifying cell transition is critical. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with a multidirectional differentiation ability and great potential for clinical application, play a duplex role in the VC process. MSCs facilitate VC mainly through osteogenic transformation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, several studies have reported the protective role of MSCs. Anti-inflammation, blockade of the BMP2 signal, downregulation of the Wnt signal, and antiapoptosis through paracrine signaling are possible mechanisms. This review displays the evidence both on the facilitating role and on the protective role of MSCs, then discusses the key factors determining this divergence.
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21
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Strauss FJ, Di Summa F, Stähli A, Matos L, Vaca F, Schuldt G, Gruber R. TGF-β activity in acid bone lysate adsorbs to titanium surface. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2019; 21:336-343. [PMID: 30817088 PMCID: PMC6593995 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Osteoblasts lay down new bone on implant surfaces. The underlying cellular mechanism and the spatio‐temporal mode of action, however, remain unclear. It can be proposed that growth factors released upon acidification by osteoclasts adsorb to the implant surface and control the early stages of osseointegration. Methods To simulate bone lysis by osteoclasts, titanium discs were exposed to acid bone lysate (ABL) followed by vigorous washing and seeding of oral fibroblasts. The expression of TGF‐β target genes interleukin 11 (IL11) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and IL11 ELISA. TGF‐β signaling activation was assessed via Smad2/3 immunofluorescence. The impact of ABL on osteogenic differentiation was determined with murine ST2 mesenchymal stromal cells. Results We report here that ABL‐conditioned titanium discs, independent of turned or rough surface, increased the expression of IL11 and NOX4. This increase was blocked by the TGF‐β receptor 1 antagonist SB431542. Further support for the TGF‐β signaling activation came from the translocation of Smad2/3 into the nucleus of oral fibroblasts. Moreover, titanium discs exposed to ABL decreased alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin in ST2 cells. Conclusions These in vitro findings suggest that titanium can adsorb TGF‐β from ABLs. The data provide a strong impetus for studies on the protein adsorption on implant surfaces in vitro and in vivo, specifically for growth factors including bone‐derived TGF‐β during successful and failed osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Josef Strauss
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesca Di Summa
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luiza Matos
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabiola Vaca
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenther Schuldt
- Department of Periodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Grande Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Meng XM. Inflammatory Mediators and Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:381-406. [PMID: 31399975 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal inflammation is the initial, healthy response to renal injury. However, prolonged inflammation promotes the fibrosis process, which leads to chronic pathology and eventually end-stage kidney disease. There are two major sources of inflammatory cells: first, bone marrow-derived leukocytes that include neutrophils, macrophages, fibrocytes and mast cells, and second, locally activated kidney cells such as mesangial cells, podocytes, tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These activated cells produce many profibrotic cytokines and growth factors that cause accumulation and activation of myofibroblasts, and enhance the production of the extracellular matrix. In particular, activated macrophages are key mediators that drive acute inflammation into chronic kidney disease. They produce large amounts of profibrotic factors and modify the microenvironment via a paracrine effect, and they also transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts directly, although the origin of myofibroblasts in the fibrosing kidney remains controversial. Collectively, understanding inflammatory cell functions and mechanisms during renal fibrosis is paramount to improving diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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23
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Bar A, Ruvinov E, Cohen S. Live imaging flow bioreactor for the simulation of articular cartilage regeneration after treatment with bioactive hydrogel. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2205-2216. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Bar
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein‐Goren Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Emil Ruvinov
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein‐Goren Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Smadar Cohen
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein‐Goren Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research CenterBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
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24
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Fröhlich K, Hartzke D, Schmidt F, Eucker J, Gurlo A, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Delayed release of chemokine CCL25 with bioresorbable microparticles for mobilization of human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:290-300. [PMID: 29408710 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are guiding cues for directional trafficking of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) upon injury and local chemokine delivery at injury sites is an up-to-date strategy to potentiate and prolong recruitment of MSC. In this study we present the chemokine CCL25, also referred to as thymus-expressed chemokine, to mobilize human MSC along positive but not along negative gradients. We hence proceeded to design a biodegradable and injectable release device for CCL25 on the basis of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The conducted studies had the objective to optimize PLGA microparticle fabrication by varying selected formulation parameters, such as polymer type, microparticle size and interior phase composition. We found that microparticles of DV,50∼75 µm and fabricated using end-capped polymers, BSA as carrier protein and vortex mixing to produce the primary emulsion yielded high chemokine loading and delayed CCL25 release. To determine bioactivity, we investigated CCL25 released during the microparticle erosion phase and showed that deacidification of the release medium was required to induce significant MSC mobilization. The designed PLGA microparticles represent an effective and convenient off-the-shelf delivery tool for the delayed release of CCL25. However, continuative in vivo proof-of-concept studies are required to demonstrate enhanced recruitment of MSC and/or therapeutical effects in response to CCL25 release microparticles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE With the discovery of chemokines, particularly CXCL12, as stimulators of stem cell migration, the development of devices that release CXCL12 has proceeded quickly in the last few years. In this manuscript we introduce CCL25 as chemokine to induce mobilization of human MSC. This study proceeds to demonstrate how selection of key formulation parameters of CCL25 loading into PLGA microparticles exerts considerable influence on CCL25 release. This is important for a broad range of efforts in in situ tissue engineering where the candidate chemokine and the delivery device need to be selected carefully. The use of such a cell-free CCL25 release device may provide a new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fröhlich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - David Hartzke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Materials Science and Technologies, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Eucker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Department of Materials Science and Technologies, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Materials Science and Technologies, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Mandal PK, Biswas S, Mandal G, Purohit S, Gupta A, Majumdar (Giri) A, Roy Chowdhury S, Bhattacharyya A. CCL2 conditionally determines CCL22-dependent Th2-accumulation during TGF-β-induced breast cancer progression. Immunobiology 2018; 223:151-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Liao M, Yang P, Wang F, Berceli SA, Ali YH, Chan KL, Jiang Z. Smooth muscle cell-specific Tgfbr1 deficiency attenuates neointimal hyperplasia but promotes an undesired vascular phenotype for injured arteries. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13056. [PMID: 27923978 PMCID: PMC5357823 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) and inward wall remodeling cause arterial restenosis and failure of bypass vein grafts. Previous studies from our group suggest that transforming growth factor (TGF) β promotes these pathologies via regulating cell kinetics at the early stage and matrix metabolism at the late stage. Although these temporal TGFβ effects may result from its signaling in different cell groups, the responsible cell type has not been identified. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of smooth muscle cell (SMC)‐specific TGFβ signaling through its type I receptor TGFBR1 on NIH and wall remodeling of the injured femoral arteries (FAs). An inducible Cre/loxP system was employed to delete SMC Tgfbr1 (Tgfbr1iko). Mice not carrying the Cre allele (Tgfbr1f/f) served as controls. The injured FAs were evaluated on d3, d7, and d28 postoperatively. Tgfbr1iko attenuated NIH by 92%, but had insignificant influence on arterial caliber when compared with Tgfbr1f/f controls on d28. This attenuation correlated with greater cellularity and reduced collagen content. Compared with Tgfbr1f/fFAs, however, Tgfbr1ikoFAs exhibited persistent neointimal cell proliferation and cell apoptosis, with both events at a greater rate on d28. Tgfbr1ikoFAs additionally contained fewer SMCs and more inflammatory infiltrates in the neointima and displayed a thicker adventitia than did Tgfbr1f/fFAs. More MMP9 proteins were detected in the adventitia of Tgfbr1ikoFAs than in that of Tgfbr1f/f controls. Our results suggest that disruption of SMC Tgfbr1 inhibits arterial NIH in the short term, but the overall vascular phenotype may not favor long‐term performance of the injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Liao
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.,Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yasmin H Ali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kelvin L Chan
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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27
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Wang X, Xie L, Crane J, Zhen G, Li F, Yang P, Gao M, Deng R, Wang Y, Jia X, Fan C, Wan M, Cao X. Aberrant TGF-β activation in bone tendon insertion induces enthesopathy-like disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:846-860. [PMID: 29355842 DOI: 10.1172/jci96186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enthesopathy is a disorder of bone, tendon, or ligament insertion. It represents one-fourth of all tendon-ligament diseases and is one of the most difficult tendon-ligament disorders to treat. Despite its high prevalence, the exact pathogenesis of this condition remains unknown. Here, we show that TGF-β was activated in both a semi-Achilles tendon transection (SMTS) mouse model and in a dorsiflexion immobilization (DI) mouse model of enthesopathy. High concentrations of active TGF-β recruited mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) and led to excessive vessel formation, bone deterioration, and fibrocartilage calcification. Transgenic expression of active TGF-β1 in bone also induced enthesopathy with a phenotype similar to that observed in SMTS and DI mice. Systemic inhibition of TGF-β activity by injection of 1D11, a TGF-β-neutralizing antibody, but not a vehicle antibody, attenuated the excessive vessel formation and restored uncoupled bone remodeling in SMTS mice. 1D11-treated SMTS fibrocartilage had increased proteoglycan and decreased collagen X and matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression relative to control antibody treatment. Notably, inducible knockout of the TGF-β type II receptor in mouse MSCs preserved the bone microarchitecture and fibrocartilage composition after SMTS relative to the WT littermate controls. Thus, elevated levels of active TGF-β in the enthesis bone marrow induce the initial pathological changes of enthesopathy, indicating that TGF-β inhibition could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Janet Crane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Manman Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Spinal Surgery/Orthopedic Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guandong, China
| | - Ruoxian Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yiguo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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28
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Chen J, Li Y, Wang B, Yang J, Heng BC, Yang Z, Ge Z, Lin J. TGF-β1 affinity peptides incorporated within a chitosan sponge scaffold can significantly enhance cartilage regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:675-687. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold incorporated with affinity peptides can efficiently promote cartilage regeneration without exogenous addition of growth factors and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yijiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Arthritis Clinic and Research Center
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jiabei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry
- Department of Endodontology
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Tissue Engineering Program
- Life Sciences Institute
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117510
- Singapore
| | - Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Arthritis Clinic and Research Center
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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29
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Liposome-induced immunosuppression and tumor growth is mediated by macrophages and mitigated by liposome-encapsulated alendronate. J Control Release 2017; 271:139-148. [PMID: 29277680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal nanoparticles are the most commonly used drug nano-delivery platforms. However, recent reports show that certain pegylated liposomal nanoparticles (PLNs) and polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to enhance tumor growth and inhibit antitumor immunity in murine cancer models. We sought herein to identify the mechanisms and determine whether PLN-associated immunosuppression and tumor growth can be reversed using alendronate, an immune modulatory drug. By conducting in vivo and ex vivo experiments with the immunocompetent TC-1 murine tumor model, we found that macrophages were the primary cells that internalized PLN in the tumor microenvironment and that PLN-induced tumor growth was dependent on macrophages. Treatment with PLN increased immunosuppression as evidenced by increased expression of arginase-1 in CD11b+Gr1+ cells, diminished M1 functionality in macrophages, and globally suppressed T-cell cytokine production. Encapsulating alendronate in PLN reversed these effects on myeloid cells and shifted the profile of multi-cytokine producing T-cells towards an IFNγ+ perforin+ response, suggesting increased cytotoxic functionality. Importantly, we also found that PLN-encapsulated alendronate (PLN-alen), but not free alendronate, abrogated PLN-induced tumor growth and increased progression-free survival. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism of PLN-induced tumor growth through macrophage polarization and immunosuppression that can be targeted and inactivated to improve the anticancer efficacy of PLN-delivered drugs. Importantly, we also determined that PLN-alen not only reversed protumoral effects of the PLN carrier, but also had moderate antitumor activity. Our findings strongly support the inclusion of immune-responsive tumor models and in-depth immune functional studies in the preclinical drug development paradigm for cancer nanomedicines, and the further development of chemo-immunotherapy strategies to co-deliver alendronate and chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
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30
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Guan SP, Lam ATL, Newman JP, Chua KLM, Kok CYL, Chong ST, Chua MLK, Lam PYP. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 facilitates MSC migration via cleavage of IGF-2/IGFBP2 complex. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 8:15-26. [PMID: 29321953 PMCID: PMC5757182 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanism underlying the tumor tropism of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cancer is not well defined. We previously showed that the migration potential of MSCs correlated with the expression and protease activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1. Furthermore, highly tumor‐tropic MSCs expressed higher levels of MMP‐1 and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐2 than poorly migrating MSCs. In this study, we examined the functional roles of IGF‐2 and MMP‐1 in mediating the tumor tropism of MSCs. Exogenous addition of either recombinant IGF‐2 or MMP‐1 could stimulate MSC migration. The correlation between IGF‐2, MMP‐1 expression, and MSC migration suggests that MMP‐1 may play a role in regulating MSC migration via the IGF‐2 signaling cascade. High concentrations of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) can inhibit IGF‐stimulated functions by blocking its binding to its receptors and proteolysis of IGFBP is an important mechanism for the regulation of IGF signaling. We thus hypothesized that MMP‐1 acts as an IGFBP2 proteinase, resulting in the cleavage of IGF‐2/IGFBP2 complex and extracellular release of free IGF‐2. Indeed, our results showed that conditioned media from highly migrating MSCs, which expressed high levels of MMP‐1, cleaved the IGF‐2/IGFBP2 complex. Taken together, these results showed that the MMP‐1 secreted by highly tumor‐tropic MSCs cleaved IGF‐2/IGFBP2 complex. Free IGF‐2 released from the complex may facilitate MSC migration toward tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou P Guan
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Alan T L Lam
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Present address: BTIASTAR Centros Singapore
| | - Jennifer P Newman
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Present address: Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd Singapore
| | - Kevin L M Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Catherine Y L Kok
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Siao T Chong
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Oncology Academic Program Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Paula Y P Lam
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cells Biology Program Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Singapore.,Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
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31
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Deng M, Mei T, Hou T, Luo K, Luo F, Yang A, Yu B, Pang H, Dong S, Xu J. TGFβ3 recruits endogenous mesenchymal stem cells to initiate bone regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:258. [PMID: 29126441 PMCID: PMC5681754 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recruitment of a sufficient number of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is the first stage of in-situ tissue regeneration. Transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFβ3) could recruit stem or progenitor cells and endothelial cells to participate in tissue regeneration. However, the mechanism of TGFβ3 recruiting MSCs toward bone regeneration has remained obscure. Methods We estimated the promigratory property of TGFβ3 on human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs) cocultured with the vascular cells (human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells) or not by Transwell assay. After the addition of the inhibitor (SB431542) or Smad3 siRNA, the levels of MCP1 and SDF1 in coculture medium were tested by ELISA kit, and then the migratory signaling pathway of hBMSCs induced by TGFβ3 was investigated by western blot analysis. In vivo, a 2-mm FVB/N mouse femur defect model was used to evaluate chemokine secretion, endogenous cell homing, and bone regeneration induced by scaffolds loading 1 μg TGFβ3 through qPCR, immunofluorescent staining, immunohistochemical analysis, and Micro-CT, compared to the vehicle group. Results TGFβ3 (25 ng/ml) directly showed a nearly 40% increase in migrated hBMSCs via the TGFβ signaling pathway, compared to the vehicle treatment. Then, in the coculture system of hBMSCs and vascular cells, TGFβ3 further upregulated nearly 3-fold MCP1 secretion from vascular cells in a Smad3-dependent manner, to indirectly enhance nearly more than 50% of migrated hBMSCs. In vivo, TGFβ3 delivery improved MCP1 expression by nearly 7.9-fold, recruited approximately 2.0-fold CD31+ vascular cells and 2.0-fold Sca-1+ PDGFR-α+ MSCs, and achieved 2.5-fold bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and 2.0-fold bone mineral density, relative to TGFβ3-free delivery. Conclusions TGFβ3, as a MSC homing molecule, recruited MSCs to initiate bone formation in the direct-dependent and indirect-dependent mechanisms. This may shed light on the improvement of MSC homing in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyuan Deng
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tieniu Mei
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyong Hou
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keyu Luo
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Luo
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Yu
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Pang
- Department of Surgery, Fuzhou Mawei Naval Hospital, Fujian, China.
| | - Shiwu Dong
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Singh NK, Janjanam J, Rao GN. p115 RhoGEF activates the Rac1 GTPase signaling cascade in MCP1 chemokine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14080-14091. [PMID: 28655771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of Rho proteins in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases is well studied, little is known about the role of their upstream regulators, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). Here, we sought to identify the RhoGEFs involved in monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1)-induced vascular wall remodeling. We found that, among the RhoGEFs tested, MCP1 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p115 RhoGEF but not of PDZ RhoGEF or leukemia-associated RhoGEF in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, p115 RhoGEF inhibition suppressed MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation. Consistent with these observations, balloon injury (BI) induced p115 RhoGEF tyrosine phosphorylation in rat common carotid arteries, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of its levels substantially attenuated BI-induced smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, resulting in reduced neointima formation. Furthermore, depletion of p115 RhoGEF levels also abrogated MCP1- or BI-induced Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling, which, as we reported previously, is involved in vascular wall remodeling. Our findings also show that protein kinase N1 (PKN1) downstream of Rac1-cyclin D1/CDK6 and upstream of CDK4-PAK1 in the p115 RhoGEF-Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling axis is involved in the modulation of vascular wall remodeling. Of note, we also observed that CCR2-Gi/o-Fyn signaling mediates MCP1-induced p115 RhoGEF and Rac1 GTPase activation. These findings suggest that p115 RhoGEF is critical for MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation in vitro and for injury-induced neointima formation in vivo by modulating Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Stoltz JF, Bensoussan D, De Isla N, Zhang L, Han Z, Magdalou J, Huselstein C, Ye J, Leballe B, Decot V, Reppel L. Stem cells and vascular regenerative medicine: A mini review. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 64:613-633. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-168036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-F. Stoltz
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (UTCT) (FR CNRS-INSERM-UHP-CHU), Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - D. Bensoussan
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (UTCT) (FR CNRS-INSERM-UHP-CHU), Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - N. De Isla
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - L. Zhang
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recherche, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Z. Han
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recvherche sur les cellules souches, Beijing et Tianjin, China
| | - J. Magdalou
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - C. Huselstein
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - J.S. Ye
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recherche, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, China
| | | | - V. Decot
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (UTCT) (FR CNRS-INSERM-UHP-CHU), Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - L. Reppel
- CNRS, UMR 7365, Biopole, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS – GDRI France-Chine « Stem cells and Regenerative medicine », Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (UTCT) (FR CNRS-INSERM-UHP-CHU), Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
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DUBON MARIAJOSE, PARK KISOOK. The mechanisms of substance P-mediated migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-like ST2 cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1105-11. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chang CZ, Wu SC. 4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-5-O-Methylvisamminol, A Natural Histone H3 Phosphorylation Epigenetic Suppressor, Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway on Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. World Neurosurg 2016; 89:474-88. [PMID: 26868427 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A bursting inflammation has been observed that compromises neurologic function in patients who experience stroke. We sought to examine the neuroprotective efficacy of 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (OGOMV), a novel histone H3 phosphorylation epigenetic suppressor) in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). METHODS A rodent tMCAO model was used. Administration with 400 μg/kg/day OGOMV was initiated 12 hours before (prevention) and 1 hour after animals were subjected to tMCAO (reversal). The cerebral cortex was harvested to examine protein kinase B (PI3D/Akt), 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (Western blot), and caspases (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). In addition, cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected to examine interleukin 1-β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). RESULTS Cortical 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and phospho-PI3D/Akt were reduced in tMCAO animals, compared with the healthy controls but increased in the OGOMV treatment and prevention groups. Activated cortical caspase-3,-6, and -9a as well as increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels were observed in the tMCAO animals (P < 0.05). Both prevention and treatment with OGOMV significantly reduced cleaved caspase-3 and -9a groups, but no significant change in caspase-6 was noted. Perifosine, an Akt inhibitor, was added to reduce the bioexpression of phospho-P13D/Akt, and Bcl-2 level and increased cleaved caspase-9a level in both OGOMV prevention and treatment tMCAO groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OGOMV could exert a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the P13D/Akt protein, attenuating inflammation, and cleaved caspase-3- and -9a-related apoptosis. This study also lends credence to support the notion that the prevention of OGOMV could attenuate proinflammatory cytokine mRNA and late-onset caspases in tMCAO and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chuan Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: Myth or Reality of the 21th Century. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:734731. [PMID: 26300923 PMCID: PMC4537770 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1960s and the therapeutic use of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow origin, there has been an increasing interest in the study of undifferentiated progenitors that have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into various tissues. Stem cells (SC) with different potency can be isolated and characterised. Despite the promise of embryonic stem cells, in many cases, adult or even fetal stem cells provide a more interesting approach for clinical applications. It is undeniable that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow, adipose tissue, or Wharton's Jelly are of potential interest for clinical applications in regenerative medicine because they are easily available without ethical problems for their uses. During the last 10 years, these multipotent cells have generated considerable interest and have particularly been shown to escape to allogeneic immune response and be capable of immunomodulatory activity. These properties may be of a great interest for regenerative medicine. Different clinical applications are under study (cardiac insufficiency, atherosclerosis, stroke, bone and cartilage deterioration, diabetes, urology, liver, ophthalmology, and organ's reconstruction). This review focuses mainly on tissue and organ regeneration using SC and in particular MSC.
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Platelet-rich concentrates differentially release growth factors and induce cell migration in vitro. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:1635-43. [PMID: 25690170 PMCID: PMC4385378 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich concentrates are used as a source of growth factors to improve the healing process. The diverse preparation protocols and the gaps in knowledge of their biological properties complicate the interpretation of clinical results. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES In this study we aimed to (1) analyze the concentration and kinetics of growth factors released from leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF), leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP), and natural blood clot during in vitro culture; (2) investigate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a functional response to the factors released; and (3) uncover correlations between individual growth factors with the initial platelet/leukocyte counts or the induced cell migration. METHODS L-PRF, L-PRP, and natural blood clot prepared from 11 donors were cultured in vitro for 28 days and media supernatants collected after 8 hours and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Released transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin growth factor (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured in the supernatants with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Migration of MSC and HUVEC induced by the supernatants was evaluated in Boyden chambers. RESULTS More TGF-ß1 was released (mean ± SD in pg/mL of blood) from L-PRF (37,796 ± 5492) compared with L-PRP (23,738 ± 6848; p < 0.001) and blood clot (3739 ± 4690; p < 0.001), whereas more VEGF and IL-1ß were released from blood clot (1933 ± 704 and 2053 ± 908, respectively) compared with both L-PRP (642 ± 208; p < 0.001 and 273 ± 386; p < 0.001, respectively) and L-PRF (852 ± 376; p < 0.001 and 65 ± 56, p < 0.001, respectively). No differences were observed in IGF-1 and PDGF-AB released from any of the concentrates. TGF-β1 release peaked at Day 7 in L-PRF and at 8 hours and Day 7 in L-PRP and 8 hours and Day 14 in blood clot. In all concentrates, main release of VEGF occurred between 3 and 7 days and of IL-1β between Days 1 and 7. IGF-1 and PDGF-AB were released until Day 1 in L-PRP and blood clot, in contrast to sustained release over the first 3 days in L-PRF. The strongest migration of MSC occurred in response to L-PRF, and more HUVEC migration was seen in L-PRF and blood clot compared with L-PRP. TGF-β1 correlated with initial platelet counts in L-PRF (Pearson r = 0.66, p = 0.0273) and initial leukocyte counts in L-PRP (Pearson r = 0.83, p = 0.0016). A positive correlation of IL-1β on migration of MSC and HUVEC was revealed (Pearson r = 0.16, p = 0.0208; Pearson r = 0.31, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In comparison to L-PRP, L-PRF had higher amounts of released TGF-β1, a long-term release of growth factors, and stronger induction of cell migration. Future preclinical studies should confirm these data in a defined injury model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE By characterizing the biologic properties of different platelet concentrates in vitro, we may gain a better understanding of their clinical effects and develop guidelines for specific future applications.
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Fang J, Chen X, Wang S, Xie T, Du X, Liu H, Wang S, Li X, Chen J, Zhang B, Liang H, Yang Y, Zhang W. The expression of P2X₇ receptors in EPCs and their potential role in the targeting of EPCs to brain gliomas. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:498-510. [PMID: 25839324 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1016663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to use endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as a therapeutic and imaging probe to overcome antiangiogenic resistance for gliomas, how to enhance proliferation and targeting ability of transplanted EPCs is a high priority. Here, we confirmed, for the first time, the expression of P2X7 receptors in rat spleen-derived EPCs. Activation of P2X7 receptors in EPCs by BzATP promoted cells proliferation and migration, rather than apoptosis. In vivo, the homing of transplanted EPCs after long-term suppression of P2X7 receptors by persistent BBG stimulation was evaluated by MRI, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Compared to the group without BBG treatment, less transplanted EPCs homed to gliomas in the group with BBG treatment, especially integrated into the vessels containing tumor-derived endothelial cells in gliomas. Moreover, western blot showed that CXCL1 expression was downregulated in gliomas with BBG treatment, which meant P2X7 receptors suppression inhibited the homing of EPCs to gliomas through down-regulation of CXCLl expression. Further, effects of P2X7 receptors on C6 glioma cells or gliomas were evaluated at the same dose of BzATP or BBG used in EPCs experiments in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay and MRI revealed that P2X7 receptors exerted no significant promoting effect on C6 glioma cells proliferation, gliomas growth and angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings imply the possibility of promoting proliferation and targeting ability of transplanted EPCs to brain gliomas in vivo through P2X7 receptors, which may provide new perspectives on application of EPCs as a therapeutic and imaging probe to overcome antiangiogenic resistance for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Fang
- a Department of Radiology; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing , China
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Mechano growth factor (MGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 functionalized silk scaffolds enhance articular hyaline cartilage regeneration in rabbit model. Biomaterials 2015; 52:463-75. [PMID: 25818452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Damaged cartilage has poor self-healing ability and usually progresses to scar or fibrocartilaginous tissue, and finally degenerates to osteoarthritis (OA). Here we demonstrated that one of alternative isoforms of IGF-1, mechano growth factor (MGF) acted synergistically with transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) embedded in silk fibroin scaffolds to induce chemotactic homing and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Combination of MGF and TGF-β3 significantly increased cell recruitment up to 1.8 times and 2 times higher than TGF-β3 did in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MGF increased Collagen II and aggrecan secretion of TGF-β3 induced hMSCs chondrogenesis, but decreased Collagen I in vitro. Silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds have been widely used for tissue engineering, and we showed that methanol treated pured SF scaffolds were porous, similar to compressive module of native cartilage, slow degradation rate and excellent drug released curves. At 7 days after subcutaneous implantation, TGF-β3 and MGF functionalized silk fibroin scaffolds (STM) recruited more CD29+/CD44+cells (P<0.05). Similarly, more cartilage-like extracellular matrix and less fibrillar collagen were detected in STM scaffolds than that in TGF-β3 modified scaffolds (ST) at 2 months after subcutaneous implantation. When implanted into articular joints in a rabbit osteochondral defect model, STM scaffolds showed the best integration into host tissues, similar architecture and collagen organization to native hyaline cartilage, as evidenced by immunostaining of aggrecan, collagen II and collagen I, as well as Safranin O and Masson's trichrome staining, and histological evalution based on the modified O'Driscoll histological scoring system (P<0.05), indicating that MGF and TGF-β3 might be a better candidate for cartilage regeneration. This study demonstrated that TGF-β3 and MGF functionalized silk fibroin scaffolds enhanced endogenous stem cell recruitment and facilitated in situ articular cartilage regeneration, thus providing a novel strategy for cartilage repair.
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Kaku M, Akiba Y, Akiyama K, Akita D, Nishimura M. Cell-based bone regeneration for alveolar ridge augmentation--cell source, endogenous cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function. J Prosthodont Res 2015; 59:96-112. [PMID: 25749435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar ridge plays a pivotal role in supporting dental prosthesis particularly in edentulous and semi-dentulous patients. However the alveolar ridge undergoes atrophic change after tooth loss. The vertical and horizontal volume of the alveolar ridge restricts the design of dental prosthesis; thus, maintaining sufficient alveolar ridge volume is vital for successful oral rehabilitation. Recent progress in regenerative approaches has conferred marked benefits in prosthetic dentistry, enabling regeneration of the atrophic alveolar ridge. In order to achieve successful alveolar ridge augmentation, sufficient numbers of osteogenic cells are necessary; therefore, autologous osteoprogenitor cells are isolated, expanded in vitro, and transplanted to the specific anatomical site where the bone is required. Recent studies have gradually elucidated that transplanted osteoprogenitor cells are not only a source of bone forming osteoblasts, they appear to play multiple roles, such as recruitment of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells and immunomodulatory function, at the forefront of bone regeneration. This review focuses on the current consensus of cell-based bone augmentation therapies with emphasis on cell sources, transplanted cell survival, endogenous stem cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function of transplanted osteoprogenitor cells. Furthermore, if we were able to control the mobilization of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells, large-scale surgery may no longer be necessary. Such treatment strategy may open a new era of safer and more effective alveolar ridge augmentation treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Akiba
- Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Akiyama
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akita
- Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Lejmi E, Perriraz N, Clément S, Morel P, Baertschiger R, Christofilopoulos P, Meier R, Bosco D, Bühler LH, Gonelle-Gispert C. Inflammatory Chemokines MIP-1δ and MIP-3α Are Involved in the Migration of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Induced by Hepatoma Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1223-35. [PMID: 25579056 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been identified at sites of tumors, suggesting that specific signals mobilize and activate MSC to migrate to areas surrounding tumors. The signals and migratory mechanisms that guide MSC are not well understood. Here, we investigated the migration of human MSC induced by conditioned medium of Huh-7 hepatoma cells (Huh-7 CM). Using a transwell migration system, we showed that human MSC migration was increased in the presence of Huh-7 CM. Using a human cytokine antibody array, we detected increased levels of MIP-1δ and MIP-3α in Huh-7 CM. Recombinant chemokines MIP-1δ and MIP-3α induced MSC migration. Anti-MIP-1δ and anti-MIP-3α antibodies added to Huh-7 CM decreased MSC migration, further suggesting that MIP-1δ and MIP-3α were implicated in the Huh-7 CM-induced MSC migration. By real-time polymerase chain reaction, we observed an absence of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CXCR2 and low expression of CCR1, CCR5, and CCR6 in MSC. Expression of these chemokine receptors was not regulated by Huh-7 CM. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) expression was strongly increased in MSC after incubation with Huh-7 CM, suggesting that MSC migration depends on MMP-1 activity. The signaling pathway MAPK/ERK was activated by Huh-7 CM but its inhibition by PD98059 did not impair Huh-7 CM-induced MSC migration. Further, long-term incubation of MSC with MIP-1δ increased α-smooth muscle actin expression, suggesting its implication in the Huh-7 CM-induced evolvement of MSC into myofibroblasts. In conclusion, we report that two inflammatory cytokines, MIP-1δ and MIP-3α, are able to increase MSC migration in vitro. These cytokines might be responsible for migration and evolvement of MSC into myofibroblasts around tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Lejmi
- 1 Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
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Mesenchymal stromal cells for sphincter regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:123-36. [PMID: 25451135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as the involuntary loss of considerable amounts of urine during increased abdominal pressure (exertion, effort, sneezing, coughing, etc.), is a severe problem to the individuals affected and a significant medical, social and economic challenge. SUI is associated with pelvic floor debility, absence of detrusor contraction, or a loss of control over the sphincter muscle apparatus. The pathology includes an increasing loss of muscle cells, replacement of muscular tissue with fibrous tissue, and general aging associated processes of the sphincter complex. When current therapies fail to cure or improve SUI, application of regeneration-competent cells may be an alternative therapeutic option. Here we discuss different aspects of the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells, which are relevant to their clinical applications and for regenerating the sphincter complex. However, there are reports in favor of and against cell-based therapies. We therefore summarize the potential and the risks of cell-based therapies for the treatment of SUI.
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Intermediate conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels: a novel target for chronic renal diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gao F, Chambon P, Tellides G, Kong W, Zhang X, Li W. Disruption of TGF-β signaling in smooth muscle cell prevents flow-induced vascular remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:245-50. [PMID: 25451249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has been prominently implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling, especially the initiation and progression of flow-induced vascular remodeling. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the principal resident cells in arterial wall and are critical for arterial remodeling. However, the role of TGF-β signaling in SMC for flow-induced vascular remodeling remains unknown. Therefore, the goal of our study was to determine the effect of TGF-β pathway in SMC for vascular remodeling, by using a genetical smooth muscle-specific (SM-specific) TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) deletion mice model. Mice deficient in the expression of Tgfbr2 (MyhCre.Tgfbr2(f/f)) and their corresponding wild-type background mice (MyhCre.Tgfbr2(WT/WT)) underwent partial ligation of left common carotid artery for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Then the carotid arteries were harvested and indicated that the disruption of Tgfbr2 in SMC provided prominent inhibition of vascular remodeling. And the thickening of carotid media, proliferation of SMC, infiltration of macrophage, and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) were all significantly attenuated in Tgfbr2 disruption mice. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that the TGF-β signaling in SMC plays an essential role in flow-induced vascular remodeling and disruption can prevent this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7104; INSERM U596; ULP, Collége de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, ILLKIRCH, Strasbourg, France
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Gao F, Chambon P, Offermanns S, Tellides G, Kong W, Zhang X, Li W. Disruption of TGF-β signaling in smooth muscle cell prevents elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:137-43. [PMID: 25450370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has been significantly implicated in the pathogenesis of aneurysm, prominently the initiation and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) is the principal resident cell in aortic wall and is essential for its structure and function. However, the role of TGF-β pathway in SMC for the formation of AAA remains unknown. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β pathway in SMC for AAA pathogenesis, by using a genetical smooth muscle-specific (SM-specific) TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) disruption animal model. Mice deficient in the expression of Tgfbr2 (MyhCre.Tgfbr2(f/f) and MyhCre.Tgfbr2(WT/f)) and their corresponding wild-type background mice (MyhCre.Tgfbr2(WT/WT)) underwent AAA induction by infrarenal peri-adventitial application of elastase. Fourteen days after elastase treatment, the aortas were analyzed and indicated that disruption of 1 or 2 alleles of Tgfbr2 in SMC provided markedly step-wise protection from AAA formation. And elastin degradation, medial SMC loss, macrophage infiltration, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression were all significantly reduced in Tgfbr2 deletion mice. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that the TGF-β signaling pathway in SMC plays a critical role in AAA and disruption can prevent the aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7104; INSERM U596; ULP, Collége de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, ILLKIRCH, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang M, Sun L, Wang X, Chen S, Kong Y, Liu N, Chen Y, Jia Q, Zhang L, Zhang L. Activin B Promotes BMSC-Mediated Cutaneous Wound Healing by Regulating Cell Migration via the JNK—ERK Signaling Pathway. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1061-1073. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x666999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are able to differentiate into various types of skin cells and participate in skin regeneration and repair. Activin signaling can regulate wound healing and reepithelialization. The present study assessed the impact of activin B on BMSC-mediated cutaneous wound healing in rats and explored the possible mechanism involved. We found that CFSE-labeled BMSCs participated in wound healing in vivo, and compared to administration with PBS, activin B, or BMSCs, activin B plus BMSCs significantly promoted wound healing and hair follicle regeneration. Activin B induced actin stress fiber formation and cell migration in BMSCs in vitro. Activation of JNK and ERK, but not p38, was required for activin B-induced actin stress fiber formation and BMSC migration. These results show that activin B may promote BMSC-mediated wound healing by inducing actin stress fiber formation and BMSC migration via the ERK and JNK signal pathways. Combined administration of BMSCs and cytokines may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueer Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixuan Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nuyun Liu
- Elderly Health Services Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Jia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Elderly Health Services Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Andreas K, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Toward in situ tissue engineering: chemokine-guided stem cell recruitment. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:483-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ishikawa M, Ito H, Kitaori T, Murata K, Shibuya H, Furu M, Yoshitomi H, Fujii T, Yamamoto K, Matsuda S. MCP/CCR2 signaling is essential for recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells during the early phase of fracture healing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104954. [PMID: 25133509 PMCID: PMC4136826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate chemokine profiles and their functional roles in the early phase of fracture healing in mouse models. METHODS The expression profiles of chemokines were examined during fracture healing in wild-type (WT) mice using a polymerase chain reaction array and histological staining. The functional effect of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) on primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells (mBMSCs) was evaluated using an in vitro migration assay. MCP-1-/- and C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-/- mice were fractured and evaluated by histological staining and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). RS102895, an antagonist of CCR2, was continuously administered in WT mice before or after rib fracture and evaluated by histological staining and micro-CT. Bone graft exchange models were created in WT and MCP-1-/- mice and were evaluated by histological staining and micro-CT. RESULTS MCP-1 and MCP-3 expression in the early phase of fracture healing were up-regulated, and high levels of MCP-1 and MCP-3 protein expression observed in the periosteum and endosteum in the same period. MCP-1, but not MCP-3, increased migration of mBMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Fracture healing in MCP-1-/- and CCR2-/- mice was delayed compared with WT mice on day 21. Administration of RS102895 in the early, but not in the late phase, caused delayed fracture healing. Transplantation of WT-derived graft into host MCP-1-/- mice significantly increased new bone formation in the bone graft exchange models. Furthermore, marked induction of MCP-1 expression in the periosteum and endosteum was observed around the WT-derived graft in the host MCP-1-/- mouse. Conversely, transplantation of MCP-1-/- mouse-derived grafts into host WT mice markedly decreased new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in the periosteum and endosteum is essential for the recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the early phase of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Disease, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshiyuki Kitaori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shibuya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Furu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Disease, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- The Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Bustos ML, Huleihel L, Kapetanaki MG, Lino-Cardenas CL, Mroz L, Ellis BM, McVerry BJ, Richards TJ, Kaminski N, Cerdenes N, Mora AL, Rojas M. Aging mesenchymal stem cells fail to protect because of impaired migration and antiinflammatory response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:787-98. [PMID: 24559482 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1043oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Aging is characterized by functional impairment and reduced capacity to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli and injury. With age, there is an increase in the incidence and severity of chronic and acute lung diseases. However, the relationship between age and the lung's reduced ability to repair is far from established and necessitates further research in the field. OBJECTIVES Little is currently known about age-related phenomena in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). On account of their ability to protect the endothelium and the alveolar epithelium through multiple paracrine mechanisms, we looked for adverse effects that aging might cause in MSC biology. Such age-related changes might partly account for the increased susceptibility of the aging lung to injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We demonstrated that old mice have more inflammation in response to acute lung injury. To investigate the causes, we compared the global gene expression of aged and young bone marrow-derived MSCs (B-MSCs). Our results revealed that the expression levels of inflammatory response genes depended on the age of the B-MSCs. We demonstrated that the age-dependent decrease in expression of several cytokine and chemokine receptors is important for the migration and activation of B-MSCs. Finally, we showed by adoptive transfer of aged B-MSCs to young endotoxemic mice that aged cells lacked the antiinflammatory protective effect of their young counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the decreased expression of cytokine and chemokine receptors in aged B-MSCs compromises their protective role by perturbing the potential of B-MSCs to become activated and mobilize to the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Bustos
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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Shi X, DiRenzo D, Guo LW, Franco SR, Wang B, Seedial S, Kent KC. TGF-β/Smad3 stimulates stem cell/developmental gene expression and vascular smooth muscle cell de-differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93995. [PMID: 24718260 PMCID: PMC3981734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic-associated diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. Despite recent progress, interventional treatments for atherosclerosis can be complicated by restenosis resulting from neo-intimal hyperplasia. We have previously demonstrated that TGF-β and its downstream signaling protein Smad3∶1) are up-regulated following vascular injury, 2) together drive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration and 3) enhance the development of intimal hyperplasia. In order to determine a mechanism through which TGF-β/Smad3 promote these effects, Affymetrix gene expression arrays were performed on primary rat SMCs infected with Smad3 and stimulated with TGF-β or infected with GFP alone. More than 200 genes were differentially expressed (>2.0 fold change, p<0.05) in TGF-β/Smad3 stimulated SMCs. We then performed GO term enrichment analysis using the DAVID bioinformatics database and found that TGF-β/Smad3 activated the expression of multiple genes related to either development or cell differentiation, several of which have been shown to be associated with multipotent stem or progenitor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed up-regulation of several developmental genes including FGF1, NGF, and Wnt11 (by 2.5, 6 and 7 fold, respectively) as well as stem/progenitor cell associated genes CD34 and CXCR4 (by 10 and 45 fold, respectively). In addition, up-regulation of these factors at protein levels were also confirmed by Western blotting, or by immunocytochemistry (performed for CXCR4 and NGF). Finally, TGF-β/Smad3 down regulated transcription of SMC contractile genes as well as protein production of smooth muscle alpha actin, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. These combined results suggest that TGF-β/Smad3 stimulation drives SMCs to a phenotypically altered state of de-differentiation through the up-regulation of developmental related genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Cell Dedifferentiation/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcriptome
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel DiRenzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LWG); (KCK)
| | - Sarah R. Franco
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stephen Seedial
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - K. Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LWG); (KCK)
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