1
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Pervin B, Gizer M, Şeker ME, Erol ÖD, Gür SN, Polat EG, Değirmenci B, Korkusuz P, Aerts‐Kaya F. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells support regeneration of intestinal damage in a colitis mouse model, independent of their CXCR4 expression. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13821. [PMID: 38742709 PMCID: PMC11092303 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronically dysregulated immune response in the gastrointestinal tract. Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells have an important immunomodulatory function and support regeneration of inflamed tissue by secretion of soluble factors as well as through direct local differentiation. CXCR4 is the receptor for CXCL12 (SDF-1, stromal-derived factor-1) and has been shown to be the main chemokine receptor, required for homing of MSCs. Increased expression of CXCL12 by inflamed intestinal tissue causes constitutive inflammation by attracting lymphocytes but can also be used to direct MSCs to sites of injury/inflammation. Trypsin is typically used to dissociate MSCs into single-cell suspensions but has also been shown to digest surface CXCR4. Here, we assessed the regenerative effects of CXCR4high and CXCR4low MSCs in an immune-deficient mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. We found that transplantation of MSCs resulted in clinical improvement and histological recovery of intestinal epithelium. In contrary to our expectations, the levels of CXCR4 on transplanted MSCs did not affect their regenerative supporting potential, indicating that paracrine effects of MSCs may be largely responsible for their regenerative/protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Pervin
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PediSTEM)AnkaraTurkey
| | - Merve Gizer
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Micro‐Electro‐Mechanic Systems (MEMS) CenterMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Şeker
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PediSTEM)AnkaraTurkey
| | - Özgür Doğuş Erol
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PediSTEM)AnkaraTurkey
| | - Sema Nur Gür
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PediSTEM)AnkaraTurkey
| | - Ece Gizem Polat
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PediSTEM)AnkaraTurkey
| | - Bahar Değirmenci
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Micro‐Electro‐Mechanic Systems (MEMS) CenterMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyHacettepe University Faculty of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
| | - Fatima Aerts‐Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell SciencesHacettepe University Graduate School of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PediSTEM)AnkaraTurkey
- Hacettepe University Experimental Animals Application and Research Center (HÜDHAM)AnkaraTurkey
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2
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Kessler N, Akabayov SR, Cohen LS, Scherf T, Naider F, Anglister J. The chemokines CCL5 and CXCL12 exhibit high-affinity binding to N-terminal peptides of the non-cognate receptors CXCR4 and CCR5, respectively. FEBS J 2024; 291:458-476. [PMID: 37997026 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
CC and CXC chemokines are distinct chemokine subfamilies. CC chemokines usually do not bind CXC-chemokine receptors and vice versa. CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors are activated by CCL5 and CXCL12 chemokines, respectively, and are also used as HIV-1 coreceptors. CCL5 contains one conserved binding site for a sulfated tyrosine residue, whereas CXCL12 is unique in having two additional sites for sulfated/nonsulfated tyrosine residues. In this study, N-terminal (Nt) CXCR4 peptides were found to bind CCL5 with somewhat higher affinities in comparison to those of short Nt-CCR5(8-20) peptides with the same number of sulfated tyrosine residues. Similarly, a long Nt-CCR5(1-27)(s Y3,s Y10,s Y14) peptide cross reacts with CXCL12 and with lower KD in comparison to its binding to CCL5. Intermolecular nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) measurements were used to decipher the mechanism of the chemokine/Nt-receptor peptide binding. The Nt-CXCR4 peptides interact with the conserved CCL5 tyrosine sulfate-binding site by an allovalency mechanism like that observed for CCL5 binding of Nt-CCR5 peptides. Nt-CCR5 peptides bind CXCL12 in multiple modes analogous to their binding to HIV-1 gp120 and interact with all three tyrosine/sulfated tyrosine-binding pockets of CXCL12. We suggest that the chemokine-receptors Nt-segments bind promiscuously to cognate and non-cognate chemokines and in a mechanism that is dependent on the number of binding pockets for tyrosine residues found on the chemokine. In conclusion, common features shared among the chemokine-receptors' Nt-segments such as multiple tyrosine residues that are potentially sulfated, and a large number of negatively charged residues are the reason of the cross binding observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kessler
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sabine R Akabayov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leah S Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Tali Scherf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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3
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Sonawani A, Naglekar A, Kharche S, Sengupta D. Assessing Protein-Protein Docking Protocols: Case Studies of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2780:257-280. [PMID: 38987472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3985-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The interactions of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with other proteins are critical in several cellular processes but resolving their structural dynamics remains challenging. An increasing number of GPCR complexes have been experimentally resolved but others including receptor variants are yet to be characterized, necessitating computational predictions of their interactions. Although integrative approaches with multi-scale simulations would provide rigorous estimates of their conformational dynamics, protein-protein docking remains a first tool of choice of many researchers due to the availability of open-source programs and easy to use web servers with reasonable predictive power. Protein-protein docking algorithms have limited ability to consider protein flexibility, environment effects, and entropy contributions and are usually a first step towards more integrative approaches. The two critical steps of docking: the sampling and scoring algorithms have improved considerably and their performance has been validated against experimental data. In this chapter, we provide an overview and generalized protocol of a few docking protocols using GPCRs as test cases. In particular, we demonstrate the interactions of GPCRs with extracellular protein ligands and an intracellular protein effectors (G-protein) predicted from docking approaches and test their limitations. The current chapter will help researchers critically assess docking protocols and predict experimentally testable structures of GPCR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Sonawani
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Naglekar
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Durba Sengupta
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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4
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van Stevendaal MME, Hazegh Nikroo A, Mason AF, Jansen J, Yewdall NA, van Hest JCM. Regulating Chemokine-Receptor Interactions through the Site-Specific Bioorthogonal Conjugation of Photoresponsive DNA Strands. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2089-2095. [PMID: 37856672 PMCID: PMC10655040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide conjugation has emerged as a versatile molecular tool for regulating protein activity. A state-of-the-art labeling strategy includes the site-specific conjugation of DNA, by employing bioorthogonal groups genetically incorporated in proteins through unnatural amino acids (UAAs). The incorporation of UAAs in chemokines has to date, however, remained underexplored, probably due to their sometimes poor stability following recombinant expression. In this work, we designed a fluorescent stromal-derived factor-1β (SDF-1β) chemokine fusion protein with a bioorthogonal functionality amenable for click reactions. Using amber stop codon suppression, p-azido-L-phenylalanine was site-specifically incorporated in the fluorescent N-terminal fusion partner, superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP). Conjugation to single-stranded DNAs (ssDNA), modified with a photocleavable spacer and a reactive bicyclononyne moiety, was performed to create a DNA-caged species that blocked the receptor binding ability. This inhibition was completely reversible by means of photocleavage of the ssDNA strands. The results described herein provide a versatile new direction for spatiotemporally regulating chemokine-receptor interactions, which is promising for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen
H. M. E. van Stevendaal
- Laboratory
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hazegh Nikroo
- Laboratory
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F. Mason
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Department
of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N. Amy Yewdall
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, 8041 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Laboratory
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Grudzien P, Neufeld H, Ebe Eyenga M, Gaponenko V. Development of tolerance to chemokine receptor antagonists: current paradigms and the need for further investigation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184014. [PMID: 37575219 PMCID: PMC10420067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine G-protein coupled receptors are validated drug targets for many diseases, including cancer, neurological, and inflammatory disorders. Despite much time and effort spent on therapeutic development, very few chemokine receptor antagonists are approved for clinical use. Among potential reasons for the slow progress in developing chemokine receptor inhibitors, antagonist tolerance, a progressive reduction in drug efficacy after repeated administration, is likely to play a key role. The mechanisms leading to antagonist tolerance remain poorly understood. In many cases, antagonist tolerance is accompanied by increased receptor concentration on the cell surface after prolonged exposure to chemokine receptor antagonists. This points to a possible role of altered receptor internalization and presentation on the cell surface, as has been shown for agonist (primarily opioid) tolerance. In addition, examples of antagonist tolerance in the context of other G-protein coupled receptors suggest the involvement of noncanonical signal transduction in opposing the effects of the antagonists. In this review, we summarize the available progress and challenges in therapeutic development of chemokine receptor antagonists, describe the available knowledge about antagonist tolerance, and propose new avenues for future investigation of this important phenomenon. Furthermore, we highlight the modern methodologies that have the potential to reveal novel mechanisms leading to antagonist tolerance and to propel the field forward by advancing the development of potent "tolerance-free" antagonists of chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Pawnikar S, Akhter S, Miao Y. Structural dynamics of chemokine receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:645-662. [PMID: 37718001 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in awide range of physiological and pathological cellular processes. Binding of extracellular signals to GPCRs, including hormones, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, can activate intracellular signaling cascades via G protein interaction. Chemokine receptors are key GPCRs implicated in cancers, immune responses, cell migration and inflammation. Specifically, the CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors serve as important therapeutic targets against Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into human cells. Maraviroc and Vicriviroc, two clinically used HIV entry inhibitors, are antagonists of the CCR5 receptor. These drugs block HIV entry, but ultimately resistance develops, due to emergence of viruses that can utilize the CXCR4 co-receptor. Unfortunately, development of chemokine receptor antagonists as selective drugs of HIV infection has been greatly hindered as their target orthosteric site is conserved among different receptor subtypes. Accordingly, it is important to understand the structural dynamics of these receptors to develop more effective therapeutics. In this chapter, we describe the latest advances in studies of these two key chemokine receptors with respect to their structures, dynamics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Pawnikar
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sana Akhter
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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7
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Asadollahi K, Scott DJ, Gooley PR. NMR applications to GPCR recognition by peptide ligands. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 70:102366. [PMID: 37003111 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptides form the largest group of ligands that modulate the activity of more than 120 different GPCRs. Among which linear disordered peptide ligands usually undergo significant conformational changes upon binding that is essential for receptor recognition and activation. Conformational selection and induced fit are the extreme mechanisms of coupled folding and binding that can be distinguished by analysis of binding pathways by methods that include NMR. However, the large size of GPCRs in membrane-mimetic environments limits NMR applications. In this review, we highlight advances in the field that can be adopted to address coupled folding and binding of peptide ligands to their cognate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Asadollahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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8
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Caspar B, Cocchiara P, Melet A, Van Emelen K, Van der Aa A, Milligan G, Herbeuval JP. CXCR4 as a novel target in immunology: moving away from typical antagonists. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 4:FDD77. [PMID: 35875591 PMCID: PMC9298491 DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 has been a target of interest in drug discovery for numerous years. However, so far, most if not all studies focused on finding antagonists of CXCR4 function. Recent studies demonstrate that targeting a minor allosteric pocket of CXCR4 induces an immunomodulating effect in immune cells expressing CXCR4, connected to the TLR pathway. Compounds binding in this minor pocket seem to be functionally selective with inverse agonistic properties in selected GPCR signaling pathways (Gi activation), but additional signaling pathways are likely to be involved in the immunomodulating effects. In depth research into these CXCR4-targeted immunomodulators could lead to novel treatment options for (auto)-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Caspar
- CNRS UMR-8601, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, F-75006, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modelling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Pietro Cocchiara
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Armelle Melet
- CNRS UMR-8601, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, F-75006, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modelling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Kristof Van Emelen
- Ermium Therapeutics, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, 29 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Annegret Van der Aa
- Ermium Therapeutics, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, 29 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, F-75006, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modelling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, F-75006, France
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9
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Allosteric modulation of the chemokine receptor-chemokine CXCR4-CXCL12 complex by tyrosine sulfation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:812-822. [PMID: 35306016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its cognate ligand CXCL12 mediate pathways that lead to cell migration and chemotaxis. Although the structural details of related receptor-ligand complexes have been resolved, the roles of the N-terminal domain of the receptor and post-translational sulfation that are determinants of ligand selectivity and affinity remain unclear. Here, we analyze the structural dynamics induced by receptor sulfation by combining molecular dynamics, docking and network analysis. The sulfotyrosine residues, 7YsN-term, 12YsN-term and 21YsN-term allow the N-terminal domain of the apo-sulfated receptor to adopt an "open" conformation that appears to facilitate ligand binding. The overall topology of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex is independent of the sulfation state, but an extensive network of protein-protein interactions characterizes the sulfated receptor, in line with its increased ligand affinity. The altered interactions of sulfotyrosine residues, such as 21YsN-term-47RCXCL12 replacing the 21YN-term-13FCXCL12 interaction, propagate via allosteric pathways towards the receptor lumen. In particular, our results suggest that the experimentally-reported receptor-ligand interactions 262D6.58-8RCXCL12 and 277E7.28-12RCXCL12 could be dependent on the sulfation state of the receptor and need to be carefully analyzed. Our work is an important step in understanding chemokine-receptor interactions and how post-translational modifications could modulate receptor-ligand complexes.
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10
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Molina-Peña R, Haji Mansor M, Najberg M, Thomassin JM, Gueza B, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Garcion E, Jérôme C, Boury F. Nanoparticle-containing electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for sustained release of SDF-1α. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121205. [PMID: 34670119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines such as stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) regulate the migration of cancer cells that can spread from their primary tumor site by migrating up an SDF-1α concentration gradient, facilitating their local invasion and metastasis. Therefore, the implantation of SDF-1α-releasing scaffolds can be a useful strategy to trap cancer cells expressing the CXCR4 receptor. In this work, SDF-1α was encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles and subsequently electrospun with chitosan to produce nanofibrous scaffolds of average fiber diameter of 261 ± 45 nm, intended for trapping glioblastoma (GBM) cells. The encapsulated SDF-1α maintained its biological activity after the electrospinning process as assessed by its capacity to induce the migration of cancer cells. The scaffolds could also provide sustained release of SDF-1α for at least 5 weeks. Using NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, human Thp-1 macrophages, and rat primary astrocytes we showed that the scaffolds possessed high cytocompatibility in vitro. Furthermore, a 7-day follow-up of Fischer rats bearing implanted scaffolds demonstrated the absence of adverse effects in vivo. In addition, the nanofibrous structure of the scaffolds provided excellent anchoring sites to support the adhesion of human GBM cells by extension of their pseudopodia. The scaffolds also demonstrated slow degradation kinetics, which may be useful in maximizing the time window for trapping GBM cells. As surgical resection does not permit a complete removal of GBM tumors, our results support the future implantation of these scaffolds into the walls of the resection cavity to evaluate their capacity to attract and trap the residual GBM cells in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Molina-Peña
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Muhammad Haji Mansor
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM-UR, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathie Najberg
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Thomassin
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM-UR, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Baya Gueza
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Garcion
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM-UR, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Boury
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France.
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11
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Spiller S, Wippold T, Bellmann-Sickert K, Franz S, Saalbach A, Anderegg U, Beck-Sickinger AG. Protease-Triggered Release of Stabilized CXCL12 from Coated Scaffolds in an Ex Vivo Wound Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101597. [PMID: 34683890 PMCID: PMC8539926 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are designed to improve impaired healing of injured tissue. To accomplish better cell integration, we suggest to coat biomaterial surfaces with bio-functional proteins. Here, a mussel-derived surface-binding peptide is used and coupled to CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1α), a chemokine that activates CXCR4 and consequently recruits tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. CXCL12 variants with either non-releasable or protease-mediated-release properties were designed and compared. Whereas CXCL12 was stabilized at the N-terminus for protease resistance, a C-terminal linker was designed that allowed for specific cleavage-mediated release by matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 2, since both enzymes are frequently found in wound fluid. These surface adhesive CXCL12 derivatives were produced by expressed protein ligation. Functionality of the modified chemokines was assessed by inositol phosphate accumulation and cell migration assays. Increased migration of keratinocytes and primary mesenchymal stem cells was demonstrated. Immobilization and release were studied for bioresorbable PCL-co-LC scaffolds, and accelerated wound closure was demonstrated in an ex vivo wound healing assay on porcine skin grafts. After 24 h, a significantly improved CXCL12-specific growth stimulation of the epithelial tips was already observed. The presented data display a successful application of protein-coated biomaterials for skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Spiller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Tom Wippold
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (T.W.); (S.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Sandra Franz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (T.W.); (S.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Anja Saalbach
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (T.W.); (S.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (T.W.); (S.F.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (U.A.); (A.G.B.-S.); Tel.: +49-341-972-5881 (U.A.); +49-341-973-6900 (A.G.B.-S.); Fax: +49-341-972-5878 (U.A.); +49-341-973-6909 (A.G.B.-S.)
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (K.B.-S.)
- Correspondence: (U.A.); (A.G.B.-S.); Tel.: +49-341-972-5881 (U.A.); +49-341-973-6900 (A.G.B.-S.); Fax: +49-341-972-5878 (U.A.); +49-341-973-6909 (A.G.B.-S.)
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12
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Audi ZF, Saker Z, Rizk M, Harati H, Fares Y, Bahmad HF, Nabha SM. Immunosuppression in Medulloblastoma: Insights into Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:83. [PMID: 34328587 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain malignancy, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of around 65%. The conventional MB treatment, comprising surgical resection followed by irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy, often leads to impairment in normal body functions and poor quality of life, especially with the increased risk of recurrence and subsequent development of secondary malignancies. The development and progression of MB are facilitated by a variety of immune-evading mechanisms such as the secretion of immunosuppressive molecules, activation of immunosuppressive cells, inhibition of immune checkpoint molecules, impairment of adhesive molecules, downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, protection against apoptosis, and activation of immunosuppressive pathways. Understanding the tumor-immune relationship in MB is crucial for effective development of immune-based therapeutic strategies. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the immunological aspect of the brain, focusing on the current knowledge tackling the mechanisms of MB immune suppression and evasion. We also highlight several key immunotherapeutic approaches developed to date for the treatment of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa F Audi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Saker
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi Rizk
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Sanaa M Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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13
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Higo J, Kawabata T, Kusaka A, Kasahara K, Kamiya N, Fukuda I, Mori K, Hata Y, Fukunishi Y, Nakamura H. Molecular Interaction Mechanism of a 14-3-3 Protein with a Phosphorylated Peptide Elucidated by Enhanced Conformational Sampling. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4867-4880. [PMID: 32910853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced conformational sampling, a genetic-algorithm-guided multidimensional virtual-system coupled molecular dynamics, can provide equilibrated conformational distributions of a receptor protein and a flexible ligand at room temperature. The distributions provide not only the most stable but also semistable complex structures and propose a ligand-receptor binding process. This method was applied to a system consisting of a receptor protein, 14-3-3ε, and a flexible peptide, phosphorylated myeloid leukemia factor 1 (pMLF1). The results present comprehensive binding pathways of pMLF1 to 14-3-3ε. We identified four thermodynamically stable clusters of MLF1 on the 14-3-3ε surface and free-energy barriers among some clusters. The most stable cluster includes two high-density spots connected by a narrow corridor. When pMLF1 passes the corridor, a salt-bridge relay (switching) related to the phosphorylated residue of pMLF1 occurs. Conformations in one high-density spot are similar to the experimentally determined complex structure. Three-dimensional distributions of residues in the intermolecular interface rationally explain the binding constant changes resulting from the alanine mutation experiment for the residues. We also performed a simulation of nonphosphorylated peptide and 14-3-3ε, which demonstrated that the complex structure was unstable, suggesting that phosphorylation of the peptide is crucially important for binding to 14-3-3ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Higo
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawabata
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kusaka
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kota Kasahara
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Narutoshi Kamiya
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Maizuru College, 234 Shiroya, Maizuru, Kyoto 625-8511 Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Fukunishi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Development of a Novel SPR Assay to Study CXCR4-Ligand Interactions. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10100150. [PMID: 33096938 PMCID: PMC7589327 DOI: 10.3390/bios10100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a plethora of different diseases. Consequently, these proteins are considered as an important class of drug targets. Measuring detailed kinetic information on these types of proteins has been challenging. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can provide this information, however, the use of SPR on GPCRs remains a complex issue. Here, we report an SPR assay to investigate the interactions between the full-length chemokine receptor CXCR4 and nanobody-Fc (Nb-Fc) ligands. Nb-Fcs consist of two monovalent VHH domains fused with an Fc domain of a human IgG molecule. The CXCR4 protein used in this assay was produced with a C-terminal 10x-histidine tag and was immobilized on a nitrilotriacetic acid chip. In order to verify the sensitivity and effectiveness of this assay, the results were compared to data obtained from cellular assays as well as from another SPR assay using CXCR4 virus-like particles (VLPs). CXCR4 remained intact and stable for at least 12 h, and the kinetic results correlated well with both the cellular assays and the VLP SPR assay results. Apart from determining the binding kinetics of Nb-Fc with CXCR4, our results contributed to understanding CXCR4 interaction dynamics. In conclusion, this assay provides a viable experimental platform that has high potential to be expanded for studying other molecules as well as other histidine-tagged GPCRs.
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15
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Capturing Peptide-GPCR Interactions and Their Dynamics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204724. [PMID: 33076289 PMCID: PMC7587574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological functions of peptides are mediated through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Upon ligand binding, GPCRs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the binding and activation of multiple effectors. GPCRs regulate nearly all physiological processes and are a favorite pharmacological target. In particular, drugs are sought after that elicit the recruitment of selected effectors only (biased ligands). Understanding how ligands bind to GPCRs and which conformational changes they induce is a fundamental step toward the development of more efficient and specific drugs. Moreover, it is emerging that the dynamic of the ligand–receptor interaction contributes to the specificity of both ligand recognition and effector recruitment, an aspect that is missing in structural snapshots from crystallography. We describe here biochemical and biophysical techniques to address ligand–receptor interactions in their structural and dynamic aspects, which include mutagenesis, crosslinking, spectroscopic techniques, and mass-spectrometry profiling. With a main focus on peptide receptors, we present methods to unveil the ligand–receptor contact interface and methods that address conformational changes both in the ligand and the GPCR. The presented studies highlight a wide structural heterogeneity among peptide receptors, reveal distinct structural changes occurring during ligand binding and a surprisingly high dynamics of the ligand–GPCR complexes.
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16
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Soave M, Heukers R, Kellam B, Woolard J, Smit MJ, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Monitoring Allosteric Interactions with CXCR4 Using NanoBiT Conjugated Nanobodies. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1250-1261.e5. [PMID: 32610042 PMCID: PMC7573392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Camelid single-domain antibody fragments (nanobodies) offer the specificity of an antibody in a single 15-kDa immunoglobulin domain. Their small size allows for easy genetic manipulation of the nanobody sequence to incorporate protein tags, facilitating their use as biochemical probes. The nanobody VUN400, which recognizes the second extracellular loop of the human CXCR4 chemokine receptor, was used as a probe to monitor specific CXCR4 conformations. VUN400 was fused via its C terminus to the 11-amino-acid HiBiT tag (VUN400-HiBiT) which complements LgBiT protein, forming a full-length functional NanoLuc luciferase. Here, complemented luminescence was used to detect VUN400-HiBiT binding to CXCR4 receptors expressed in living HEK293 cells. VUN400-HiBiT binding to CXCR4 could be prevented by orthosteric and allosteric ligands, allowing VUN400-HiBiT to be used as a probe to detect allosteric interactions with CXCR4. These data demonstrate that the high specificity offered by extracellular targeted nanobodies can be utilized to probe receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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17
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Chang CC, Liou JW, Dass KTP, Li YT, Jiang SJ, Pan SF, Yeh YC, Hsu HJ. Internal water channel formation in CXCR4 is crucial for G i-protein coupling upon activation by CXCL12. Commun Chem 2020; 3:133. [PMID: 36703316 PMCID: PMC9814148 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a major drug target for numerous diseases because of its involvement in the regulation of cell migration and the developmental process. In this study, atomic-level molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine the activation mechanism and internal water formation of CXCR4 in complex with chemokine CXCL12 and Gi-protein. The results indicated that CXCL12-bound CXCR4 underwent transmembrane 6 (TM6) outward movement and a decrease in tyrosine toggle switch by eliciting the breakage of hydrophobic layer to form a continuous internal water channel. In the GDP-bound Gαi-protein state, the rotation and translation of the α5-helix of Gαi-protein toward the cytoplasmic pocket of CXCR4 induced an increase in interdomain distance for GDP leaving. Finally, an internal water channel formation model was proposed based on our simulations for CXCL12-bound CXCR4 in complex with Gαi-protein upon activation for downstream signaling. This model could be useful in anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | | | - Ya-Tzu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
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18
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Microtiter plate-based antibody-competition assay to determine binding affinities and plasma/blood stability of CXCR4 ligands. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16036. [PMID: 32994431 PMCID: PMC7525492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is involved in several intractable disease processes, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell progression, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, CXCR4 represents a promising drug target and several CXCR4 antagonizing agents are in preclinical or clinical development. Important parameters in drug lead evaluation are determination of binding affinities to the receptor and assessment of their stability and activity in plasma or blood of animals and humans. Here, we designed a microtiter plate-based CXCR4 antibody competition assay that enables to measure inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) and affinity constants (Ki values) of CXCR4 targeting drugs. The assay is based on the observation that most if not all CXCR4 antagonists compete with binding of the fluorescence-tagged CXCR4 antibody 12G5 to the receptor. We demonstrate that this antibody-competition assay allows a convenient and cheap determination of binding affinities of various CXCR4 antagonists in living cells within just 3 h. Moreover, the assay can be performed in the presence of high concentrations of physiologically relevant body fluids, and thus is a useful readout to evaluate stability (i.e. half-life) of CXCR4 ligands in serum/plasma, and even whole human and mouse blood ex vivo. Thus, this optimized 12G5 antibody-competition assay allows a robust and convenient determination and calculation of various important pharmacological parameters of CXCR4 receptor-drug interaction and may not only foster future drug development but also animal welfare by reducing the number of experimental animals.
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19
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Haque N, Fareez IM, Fong LF, Mandal C, Kasim NHA, Kacharaju KR, Soesilawati P. Role of the CXCR4-SDF1-HMGB1 pathway in the directional migration of cells and regeneration of affected organs. World J Stem Cells 2020. [DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.0000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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20
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Haque N, Fareez IM, Fong LF, Mandal C, Abu Kasim NH, Kacharaju KR, Soesilawati P. Role of the CXCR4-SDF1-HMGB1 pathway in the directional migration of cells and regeneration of affected organs. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:938-951. [PMID: 33033556 PMCID: PMC7524697 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have reported positive outcomes of cell-based therapies despite insufficient engraftment of transplanted cells. These findings have created a huge interest in the regenerative potential of paracrine factors released from transplanted stem or progenitor cells. Interestingly, this notion has also led scientists to question the role of proteins in the secretome produced by cells, tissues or organisms under certain conditions or at a particular time of regenerative therapy. Further studies have revealed that the secretomes derived from different cell types contain paracrine factors that could help to prevent apoptosis and induce proliferation of cells residing within the tissues of affected organs. This could also facilitate the migration of immune, progenitor and stem cells within the body to the site of inflammation. Of these different paracrine factors present within the secretome, researchers have given proper consideration to stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) that plays a vital role in tissue-specific migration of the cells needed for regeneration. Recently researchers recognized that SDF1 could facilitate site-specific migration of cells by regulating SDF1-CXCR4 and/or HMGB1-SDF1-CXCR4 pathways which is vital for tissue regeneration. Hence in this study, we have attempted to describe the role of different types of cells within the body in facilitating regeneration while emphasizing the HMGB1-SDF1-CXCR4 pathway that orchestrates the migration of cells to the site where regeneration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Haque
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Ismail M Fareez
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Liew Fong Fong
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Chanchal Mandal
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Faculty of Dentistry, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 411007, Indonesia
| | - Kranthi Raja Kacharaju
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry MAHSA University, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Pratiwi Soesilawati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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21
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Murphy JW, Rajasekaran D, Merkel J, Skeens E, Keeler C, Hodsdon ME, Lisi GP, Lolis E. High-Throughput Screening of a Functional Human CXCL12-CXCR4 Signaling Axis in a Genetically Modified S. cerevisiae: Discovery of a Novel Up-Regulator of CXCR4 Activity. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:164. [PMID: 32766282 PMCID: PMC7378375 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 activates CXCR4 and is involved in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. It has pathological roles in HIV-1, WHIM disease, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. An antagonist, AMD3100, is used for the release of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow for autologous transplantation for lymphoma or multiple myeloma patients. Adverse effects are tolerated due to its short-term treatment, but AMD3100 is cardiotoxic in clinical studies for HIV-1. In an effort to determine whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a functional human CXCR4 could be used as a platform for identifying a ligand from a library of less ∼1,000 compounds, a high-throughput screening was developed. We report that 2-carboxyphenyl phosphate (fosfosal) up-regulates CXCR4 activation only in the presence of CXCL12. This is the first identification of a compound that increases CXCR4 activity by any mechanism. We mapped the fosfosal binding site on CXCL12, described its mechanism of action, and studied its chemical components, salicylate and phosphate, to conclude that they synergize to achieve the functional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Deepa Rajasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Janie Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Erin Skeens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Camille Keeler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael E Hodsdon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - George P Lisi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, United States
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22
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Groblewska M, Litman-Zawadzka A, Mroczko B. The Role of Selected Chemokines and Their Receptors in the Development of Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103704. [PMID: 32456359 PMCID: PMC7279280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst prognosis. In their development, certain chemokine/receptor axes play important roles and promote proliferation, survival, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. However, little is known about the significance of atypical receptors for chemokines (ACKRs) in these tumors. The objective of the study was to present the role of chemokines and their conventional and atypical receptors in CNS tumors. Therefore, we performed a thorough search for literature concerning our investigation via the PubMed database. We describe biological functions of chemokines/chemokine receptors from various groups and their significance in carcinogenesis, cancer-related inflammation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of chemokines in glioma development, with particular regard to their function in the transition from low-grade to high-grade tumors and angiogenic switch. We also depict various chemokine/receptor axes, such as CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL12-CXCR4, CXCL16-CXCR6, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, CCL2-CCR2, and CCL5-CCR5 of special importance in gliomas, as well as atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1-4, CCRL2, and PITPMN3. Additionally, the diagnostic significance and usefulness of the measurement of some chemokines and their receptors in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of glioma patients is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Ala Litman-Zawadzka
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8785
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23
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Jaracz-Ros A, Bernadat G, Cutolo P, Gallego C, Gustavsson M, Cecon E, Baleux F, Kufareva I, Handel TM, Bachelerie F, Levoye A. Differential activity and selectivity of N-terminal modified CXCL12 chemokines at the CXCR4 and ACKR3 receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1123-1135. [PMID: 32374043 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0320-383rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play critical roles in numerous physiologic and pathologic processes through their action on seven-transmembrane (TM) receptors. The N-terminal domain of chemokines, which is a key determinant of signaling via its binding within a pocket formed by receptors' TM helices, can be the target of proteolytic processing. An illustrative case of this regulatory mechanism is the natural processing of CXCL12 that generates chemokine variants lacking the first two N-terminal residues. Whereas such truncated variants behave as antagonists of CXCR4, the canonical G protein-coupled receptor of CXCL12, they are agonists of the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7), suggesting the implication of different structural determinants in the complexes formed between CXCL12 and its two receptors. Recent analyses have suggested that the CXCL12 N-terminus first engages the TM helices of ACKR3 followed by the receptor N-terminus wrapping around the chemokine core. Here we investigated the first stage of ACKR3-CXCL12 interactions by comparing the activity of substituted or N-terminally truncated variants of CXCL12 toward CXCR4 and ACKR3. We showed that modification of the first two N-terminal residues of the chemokine (K1R or P2G) does not alter the ability of CXCL12 to activate ACKR3. Our results also identified the K1R variant as a G protein-biased agonist of CXCR4. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes formed by ACKR3 either with CXCL12 or with the P2G variant identified interactions between the N-terminal 2-4 residues of CXCL12 and a pocket formed by receptor's TM helices 2, 6, and 7 as critical determinants for ACKR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jaracz-Ros
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | | | - Pasquale Cutolo
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Carmen Gallego
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Jolla, Louisiana, California, USA
| | - Erika Cecon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Baleux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Jolla, Louisiana, California, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Jolla, Louisiana, California, USA
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Angélique Levoye
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
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24
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Ngo T, Stephens BS, Gustavsson M, Holden LG, Abagyan R, Handel TM, Kufareva I. Crosslinking-guided geometry of a complete CXC receptor-chemokine complex and the basis of chemokine subfamily selectivity. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000656. [PMID: 32271748 PMCID: PMC7173943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are orchestrators of cell migration in humans. Because dysregulation of the receptor-chemokine system leads to inflammation and cancer, both chemokines and receptors are highly sought therapeutic targets. Yet one of the barriers for their therapeutic targeting is the limited understanding of the structural principles behind receptor-chemokine recognition and selectivity. The existing structures do not include CXC subfamily complexes and lack information about the receptor distal N-termini, despite the importance of the latter in signaling, regulation, and bias. Here, we report the discovery of the geometry of the complex between full-length CXCR4, a prototypical CXC receptor and driver of cancer metastasis, and its endogenous ligand CXCL12. By comprehensive disulfide cross-linking, we establish the existence and the structure of a novel interface between the CXCR4 distal N-terminus and CXCL12 β1-strand, while also recapitulating earlier findings from nuclear magnetic resonance, modeling and crystallography of homologous receptors. A cross-linking-informed high-resolution model of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex pinpoints the interaction determinants and reveals the occupancy of the receptor major subpocket by the CXCL12 proximal N terminus. This newly found positioning of the chemokine proximal N-terminus provides a structural explanation of CXC receptor-chemokine selectivity against other subfamilies. Our findings challenge the traditional two-site understanding of receptor-chemokine recognition, suggest the possibility of new affinity and signaling determinants, and fill a critical void on the structural map of an important class of therapeutic targets. These results will aid the rational design of selective chemokine-receptor targeting small molecules and biologics with novel pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan S. Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren G. Holden
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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25
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Park SH, Lee JH. Dynamic G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Probed by Solution NMR Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1065-1080. [PMID: 32092261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating various dynamic features of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. In this Perspective, we focus on NMR techniques to characterize ligand-dependent conformational dynamics of GPCRs as well as the interaction of GPCRs with their environment and ligands. We also describe circumstances under which each technique should be applied, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they can be combined with other strategies to deepen the understanding of GPCR signaling at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hee Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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26
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Gustavsson M. New insights into the structure and function of chemokine receptor:chemokine complexes from an experimental perspective. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1115-1122. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1219-288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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27
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Higo J, Kasahara K, Wada M, Dasgupta B, Kamiya N, Hayami T, Fukuda I, Fukunishi Y, Nakamura H. Free-energy landscape of molecular interactions between endothelin 1 and human endothelin type B receptor: fly-casting mechanism. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:297-308. [PMID: 31608410 PMCID: PMC7052515 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The free-energy landscape of interaction between a medium-sized peptide, endothelin 1 (ET1), and its receptor, human endothelin type B receptor (hETB), was computed using multidimensional virtual-system coupled molecular dynamics, which controls the system's motions by introducing multiple reaction coordinates. The hETB embedded in lipid bilayer was immersed in explicit solvent. All molecules were expressed as all-atom models. The resultant free-energy landscape had five ranges with decreasing ET1-hETB distance: completely dissociative, outside-gate, gate, binding pocket, and genuine-bound ranges. In the completely dissociative range, no ET1-hETB interaction appeared. In the outside-gate range, an ET1-hETB attractive interaction was the fly-casting mechanism. In the gate range, the ET1 orientational variety decreased rapidly. In the binding pocket range, ET1 was in a narrow pathway with a steep free-energy slope. In the genuine-bound range, ET1 was in a stable free-energy basin. A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) might capture its ligand from a distant place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Higo
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kota Kasahara
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Shiga, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Wada
- Technology Research Association for Next Generation Natural Products Chemistry, 2-3-26, Aomi, Tokyo, Koto-ku 135-0064, Japan
| | - Bhaskar Dasgupta
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Narutoshi Kamiya
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hayami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Fukunishi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26, Aomi, Tokyo, Koto-ku 135-0064, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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28
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Caccuri F, Bugatti A, Corbellini S, Roversi S, Zani A, Mazzuca P, Marsico S, Caruso A, Giagulli C. The Synthetic Dipeptide Pidotimod Shows a Chemokine-Like Activity through CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 (CXCR3). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215287. [PMID: 31653015 PMCID: PMC6862300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years immunomodulators have gained a strong interest and represent nowadays an active expanding area of research for the control of microbial diseases and for their therapeutic potential in preventing, treating and reducing the morbidity and mortality of different diseases. Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiaziolidine-4carboxylic acid, PDT) is a synthetic dipeptide, which possesses immunomodulatory properties and exerts a well-defined pharmacological activity against infections, but its real mechanism of action is still undefined. Here, we show that PDT is capable of activating tyrosine phosphorylation-based cell signaling in human primary monocytes and triggering rapid adhesion and chemotaxis. PDT-induced monocyte migration requires the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and chemokine receptor CXCR3. Indeed, a mAb to CXCR3 and a specific receptor inhibitor suppressed significantly PDT-dependent chemotaxis, and CXCR3-silenced primary monocytes lost responsiveness to PDT chemoattraction. Moreover, our results highlighted that the PDT-induced migratory activity is sustained by the CXCR3A isoform, since CXCR3-transfected L1.2 cells acquired responsiveness to PDT stimulation. Finally, we show that PDT, as CXCR3 ligands, is also able to direct the migration of IL-2 activated T cells, which express the highest levels of CXCR3 among CXCR3-expressing cells. In conclusion, our study defines a chemokine-like activity for PDT through CXCR3A and points on the possible role that this synthetic dipeptide may play in leukocyte trafficking and function. Since recent studies have highlighted diverse therapeutic roles for molecules which activates CXCR3, our findings call for an exploration of using this dipeptide in different pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Corbellini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sara Roversi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Pietro Mazzuca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Marsico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Giagulli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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29
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Gustavsson M, Dyer DP, Zhao C, Handel TM. Kinetics of CXCL12 binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal a role for the receptor N terminus in chemokine binding. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/598/eaaw3657. [PMID: 31506383 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines bind to membrane-spanning chemokine receptors, which signal through G proteins and promote cell migration. However, atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) does not appear to couple to G proteins, and instead of directly promoting cell migration, it regulates the extracellular concentration of chemokines that it shares with the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CXCR3 and CXCR4, thereby influencing the responses of these receptors. Understanding how these receptors bind their ligands is important for understanding these different processes. Here, we applied association and dissociation kinetic measurements coupled to β-arrestin recruitment assays to investigate ACKR3:chemokine interactions. Our results showed that CXCL12 binding is unusually slow and driven by the interplay between multiple binding epitopes. We also found that the amino terminus of the receptor played a key role in chemokine binding and activation by preventing chemokine dissociation. It was thought that chemokines initially bind receptors through interactions between the globular domain of the chemokine and the receptor amino terminus, which then guides the chemokine amino terminus into the transmembrane pocket of the receptor to initiate signaling. On the basis of our kinetic data, we propose an alternative mechanism in which the amino terminus of the chemokine initially forms interactions with the extracellular loops and transmembrane pocket of the receptor, which is followed by the receptor amino terminus wrapping around the core of the chemokine to prolong its residence time. These data provide insight into how ACKR3 competes and cooperates with canonical GPCRs in its function as a scavenger receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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30
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NMR investigation of protein-ligand interactions for G-protein coupled receptors. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1811-1825. [PMID: 31287732 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we report NMR studies of ligand-GPCR interactions, including both ligand-observed and protein-observed NMR experiments. Published studies exemplify how NMR can be used as a powerful tool to design novel GPCR ligands and investigate the ligand-induced conformational changes of GPCRs. The strength of NMR also lies in its capability to explore the diverse signaling pathways and probe the allosteric modulation of these highly dynamic receptors. By offering unique opportunities for the identification, structural and functional characterization of GPCR ligands, NMR will likely play a major role for the generation of novel molecules both as new tools for the understanding of the GPCR function and as therapeutic compounds for a large diversity of pathologies.
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31
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Gao JH, Yu XH, Tang CK. CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) in atherosclerosis: An underlying therapeutic target. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:538-544. [PMID: 31145896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is a specific chemokine ligand and plays a significant role in cell chemotaxis. Upon binding to CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) or CXCR7, CXCL12 can activate different signaling cascades to regulate cell proliferation, migration, and metabolism. CXCL12 exerts a pro-atherogenic action by aggravating multiple pathogenesis of atherogenesis, including dyslipidemia, inflammation, neointima hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and insulin resistance. Serum CXCL12 levels are also markedly increased in patients with atherosclerosis-associated disease. The present review focuses on recent advances in CXCL12 research in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis together with its clinical values. This may provide insight into potential novel therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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32
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Cornelison RC, Brennan CE, Kingsmore KM, Munson JM. Convective forces increase CXCR4-dependent glioblastoma cell invasion in GL261 murine model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17057. [PMID: 30451884 PMCID: PMC6242861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer. Its invasive nature limits treatment efficacy and promotes inevitable recurrence. Previous in vitro studies showed that interstitial fluid flow, a factor characteristically increased in cancer, increases glioma cell invasion through CXCR4-CXCL12 signaling. It is currently unknown if these effects translate in vivo. We used the therapeutic technique of convection enhanced delivery (CED) to test if convective flow alters glioma invasion in a syngeneic GL261 mouse model of glioblastoma. The GL261 cell line was flow responsive in vitro, dependent upon CXCR4 and CXCL12. Additionally, transplanting GL261 intracranially increased the populations of CXCR4+ and double positive cells versus 3D culture. We showed that inducing convective flow within implanted tumors indeed increased invasion over untreated controls, and administering the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (5 mg/kg) effectively eliminated this response. These data confirm that glioma invasion is stimulated by convective flow in vivo and depends on CXCR4 signaling. We also showed that expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 is increased in patients having received standard therapy, when CED might be elected. Hence, targeting flow-stimulated invasion may prove beneficial as a second line of therapy, particularly in patients chosen to receive treatment by convection enhanced delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chase Cornelison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Caroline E Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kathryn M Kingsmore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jennifer M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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33
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GPCR drug discovery: integrating solution NMR data with crystal and cryo-EM structures. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 18:59-82. [PMID: 30410121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 826 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the human proteome regulate key physiological processes and thus have long been attractive drug targets. With the crystal structures of more than 50 different human GPCRs determined over the past decade, an initial platform for structure-based rational design has been established for drugs that target GPCRs, which is currently being augmented with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of higher-order GPCR complexes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution is one of the key approaches for expanding this platform with dynamic features, which can be accessed at physiological temperature and with minimal modification of the wild-type GPCR covalent structures. Here, we review strategies for the use of advanced biochemistry and NMR techniques with GPCRs, survey projects in which crystal or cryo-EM structures have been complemented with NMR investigations and discuss the impact of this integrative approach on GPCR biology and drug discovery.
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34
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De Filippo K, Rankin SM. CXCR4, the master regulator of neutrophil trafficking in homeostasis and disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12949. [PMID: 29734477 PMCID: PMC6767022 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines play a critical role in orchestrating the distribution and trafficking of neutrophils in homeostasis and disease. RESULTS The CXCR4/CXCL12 chemokine axis has been identified as a central regulator of these processes. CONCLUSION In this review, we focus on the role of CXCR4/CXCL12 chemokine axis in regulating neutrophil release from the bone marrow and the trafficking of senescent neutrophils back to the bone marrow for clearance under homeostasis and disease. We also discuss the role of CXCR4 in fine-tuning neutrophil responses in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia De Filippo
- IRD Section, Respiratory Division, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara M Rankin
- IRD Section, Respiratory Division, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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35
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Hitchinson B, Eby JM, Gao X, Guite-Vinet F, Ziarek JJ, Abdelkarim H, Lee Y, Okamoto Y, Shikano S, Majetschak M, Heveker N, Volkman BF, Tarasova NI, Gaponenko V. Biased antagonism of CXCR4 avoids antagonist tolerance. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/552/eaat2214. [PMID: 30327409 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated dosing of drugs targeting G protein-coupled receptors can stimulate antagonist tolerance, which reduces their efficacy; thus, strategies to avoid tolerance are needed. The efficacy of AMD3100, a competitive antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 that mobilizes leukemic blasts from the bone marrow into the blood to sensitize them to chemotherapy, is reduced after prolonged treatment. Tolerance to AMD3100 increases the abundance of CXCR4 on the surface of leukemic blasts, which promotes their rehoming to the bone marrow. AMD3100 inhibits both G protein signaling by CXCR4 and β-arrestin1/2-dependent receptor endocytosis. We demonstrated that biased antagonists of G protein-dependent chemotaxis but not β-arrestin1/2 recruitment and subsequent receptor endocytosis avoided tolerance. The peptide antagonist X4-2-6, which is derived from transmembrane helix 2 and extracellular loop 1 of CXCR4, limited chemotaxis and signaling but did not promote CXCR4 accumulation on the cell surface or cause tolerance. The activity of X4-2-6 was due to its distinct mechanism of inhibition of CXCR4. The peptide formed a ternary complex with the receptor and its ligand, the chemokine CXCL12. Within this complex, X4-2-6 released the portion of CXCL12 critical for receptor-mediated activation of G proteins but enabled the rest of the chemokine to recruit β-arrestins to the receptor. In contrast, AMD3100 displaced all components of the chemokine responsible for CXCR4 activation. We further identified a small molecule with similar biased antagonist properties to those of X4-2-6, which may provide a viable alternative to patients when antagonist tolerance prevents drugs from reaching efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hitchinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan M Eby
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Francois Guite-Vinet
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hazem Abdelkarim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Youngshim Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Biomolecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukari Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sojin Shikano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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36
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Divergent Expression Patterns and Function of Two cxcr4 Paralogs in Hermaphroditic Epinephelus coioides. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102943. [PMID: 30262794 PMCID: PMC6213054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor Cxcr4 evolved two paralogs in the teleost lineage. However, cxcr4a and cxcr4b have been characterized only in a few species. In this study, we identified two cxcr4 paralogs from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The phylogenetic relationship and gene structure and synteny suggest that the duplicated cxcr4a/b should result from the teleost-specific genome duplication (Ts3R). The teleost cxcr4 gene clusters in two paralogous chromosomes exhibit a complementary gene loss/retention pattern. Ec_cxcr4a and Ec_cxcr4b show differential and biased expression patterns in grouper adult tissue, gonads, and embryos at different stages. During embryogenesis, Ec_cxcr4a/b are abundantly transcribed from the neurula stage and mainly expressed in the neural plate and sensory organs, indicating their roles in neurogenesis. Ec_Cxcr4a and Ec_Cxcr4b possess different chemotactic migratory abilities from the human SDF-1α, Ec_Cxcl12a, and Ec_Cxcl12b. Moreover, we uncovered the N-terminus and TM5 domain as the key elements for specific ligand⁻receptor recognition of Ec_Cxcr4a-Ec_Cxcl12b and Ec_Cxcr4b-Ec_Cxcl12a. Based on the biased and divergent expression patterns of Eccxcr4a/b, and specific ligand⁻receptor recognition of Ec_Cxcl12a/b⁻Ec_Cxcr4b/a, the current study provides a paradigm of sub-functionalization of two teleost paralogs after Ts3R.
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37
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Endogenous Membrane Receptor Labeling by Reactive Cytokines and Growth Factors to Chase Their Dynamics in Live Cells. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Yong KJ, Vaid TM, Shilling PJ, Wu FJ, Williams LM, Deluigi M, Plückthun A, Bathgate RAD, Gooley PR, Scott DJ. Determinants of Ligand Subtype-Selectivity at α 1A-Adrenoceptor Revealed Using Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR. ACS Chem Biol 2018. [PMID: 29537256 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
α1A- and α1B-adrenoceptors (α1A-AR and α1B-AR) are closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate the cardiovascular and nervous systems in response to binding epinephrine and norepinephrine. The GPCR gene superfamily is made up of numerous subfamilies that, like α1A-AR and α1B-AR, are activated by the same endogenous agonists but may modulate different physiological processes. A major challenge in GPCR research and drug discovery is determining how compounds interact with receptors at the molecular level, especially to assist in the optimization of drug leads. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) can provide great insight into ligand-binding epitopes, modes, and kinetics. Ideally, ligand-based NMR methods require purified, well-behaved protein samples. The instability of GPCRs upon purification in detergents, however, makes the application of NMR to study ligand binding challenging. Here, stabilized α1A-AR and α1B-AR variants were engineered using Cellular High-throughput Encapsulation, Solubilization, and Screening (CHESS), allowing the analysis of ligand binding with Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (STD NMR). STD NMR was used to map the binding epitopes of epinephrine and A-61603 to both receptors, revealing the molecular determinants for the selectivity of A-61603 for α1A-AR over α1B-AR. The use of stabilized GPCRs for ligand-observed NMR experiments will lead to a deeper understanding of binding processes and assist structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin J. Yong
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tasneem M. Vaid
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Shilling
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Feng-Jie Wu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Williams
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mattia Deluigi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gooley
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Identification of an Arg-Leu-Arg tripeptide that contributes to the binding interface between the cytokine MIF and the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5171. [PMID: 29581527 PMCID: PMC5979958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MIF is a chemokine-like cytokine that plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. It binds to the chemokine-receptors CXCR2/CXCR4 to trigger atherogenic leukocyte migration albeit lacking canonical chemokine structures. We recently characterized an N-like-loop and the Pro-2-residue of MIF as critical molecular determinants of the CXCR4/MIF binding-site and identified allosteric agonism as a mechanism that distinguishes CXCR4-binding to MIF from that to the cognate ligand CXCL12. By using peptide spot-array technology, site-directed mutagenesis, structure-activity-relationships, and molecular docking, we identified the Arg-Leu-Arg (RLR) sequence-region 87–89 that – in three-dimensional space – ‘extends’ the N-like-loop to control site-1-binding to CXCR4. Contrary to wildtype MIF, mutant R87A-L88A-R89A-MIF fails to bind to the N-terminal of CXCR4 and the contribution of RLR to the MIF/CXCR4-interaction is underpinned by an ablation of MIF/CXCR4-specific signaling and reduction in CXCR4-dependent chemotactic leukocyte migration of the RLR-mutant of MIF. Alanine-scanning, functional competition by RLR-containing peptides, and molecular docking indicate that the RLR residues directly participate in contacts between MIF and CXCR4 and highlight the importance of charge-interactions at this interface. Identification of the RLR region adds important structural information to the MIF/CXCR4 binding-site that distinguishes this interface from CXCR4/CXCL12 and will help to design MIF-specific drug-targeting approaches.
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40
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Two distinct CXCR4 antagonists mobilize progenitor cells in mice by different mechanisms. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1934-1943. [PMID: 29296840 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is used clinically to harvest HPCs for bone marrow transplants. It is now widely accepted that the CXCR4:CXCL12 chemokine axis plays a critical role in the retention of HPCs in the bone marrow, and CXCR4 antagonists have been developed for their mobilization. The first of this class of drugs to be US Food and Drug Administration-approved was the bicyclam AMD3100. In addition to mobilizing HPCs and leukocytes in naïve mice, AMD3100 has been shown to mobilize mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) pretreated mice. AMD3100 binds to the transmembrane region of CXCR4 and is thought to mobilize HPCs by reversing the gradient of CXCL12 across the bone marrow endothelium. Consistent with this hypothesis, our data show that selective neutralization of CXCL12, with chalcone 4-phosphate (C4P), inhibited AMD3100-stimulated mobilization of HPCs and leukocytes in naïve mice and MPCs in VEGF-A pretreated mice. In contrast it is shown here that the CXCR4 antagonist KRH3955 that binds to the extracellular loop of CXCR4 does not reverse the CXCL12 chemokine gradient. However, this drug efficiently mobilizes HPCs, a response that is not inhibited by C4P. In contrast, KRH3955 does not mobilize MPCs in VEGF-A pretreated mice. These data suggest that CXCR4 antagonists that bind to distinct regions of the receptor mobilize progenitor cells by distinct molecular mechanisms.
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41
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NMR as a tool to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of membrane proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 23:468-74. [PMID: 27273629 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-protein NMR occupies a unique niche for determining structures, assessing dynamics, examining folding, and studying the binding of lipids, ligands and drugs to membrane proteins. However, NMR analyses of membrane proteins also face special challenges that are not encountered with soluble proteins, including sample preparation, size limitation, spectral crowding and sparse data accumulation. This Perspective provides a snapshot of current achievements, future opportunities and possible limitations in this rapidly developing field.
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Kufareva I, Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Stephens BS, Handel TM. What Do Structures Tell Us About Chemokine Receptor Function and Antagonism? Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:175-198. [PMID: 28532213 PMCID: PMC5764094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their cell surface G protein-coupled receptors are critical for cell migration, not only in many fundamental biological processes but also in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Recent X-ray structures of two chemokines complexed with full-length receptors provided unprecedented insight into the atomic details of chemokine recognition and receptor activation, and computational modeling informed by new experiments leverages these insights to gain understanding of many more receptor:chemokine pairs. In parallel, chemokine receptor structures with small molecules reveal the complicated and diverse structural foundations of small molecule antagonism and allostery, highlight the inherent physicochemical challenges of receptor:chemokine interfaces, and suggest novel epitopes that can be exploited to overcome these challenges. The structures and models promote unique understanding of chemokine receptor biology, including the interpretation of two decades of experimental studies, and will undoubtedly assist future drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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43
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Ziarek JJ, Kleist AB, London N, Raveh B, Montpas N, Bonneterre J, St-Onge G, DiCosmo-Ponticello CJ, Koplinski CA, Roy I, Stephens B, Thelen S, Veldkamp CT, Coffman FD, Cohen MC, Dwinell MB, Thelen M, Peterson FC, Heveker N, Volkman BF. Structural basis for chemokine recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor and implications for receptor activation. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/471/eaah5756. [PMID: 28325822 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines orchestrate cell migration for development, immune surveillance, and disease by binding to cell surface heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The array of interactions between the nearly 50 chemokines and their 20 GPCR targets generates an extensive signaling network to which promiscuity and biased agonism add further complexity. The receptor CXCR4 recognizes both monomeric and dimeric forms of the chemokine CXCL12, which is a distinct example of ligand bias in the chemokine family. We demonstrated that a constitutively monomeric CXCL12 variant reproduced the G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent responses that are associated with normal CXCR4 signaling and lead to cell migration. In addition, monomeric CXCL12 made specific contacts with CXCR4 that are not present in the structure of the receptor in complex with a dimeric form of CXCL12, a biased agonist that stimulates only G protein-dependent signaling. We produced an experimentally validated model of an agonist-bound chemokine receptor that merged a nuclear magnetic resonance-based structure of monomeric CXCL12 bound to the amino terminus of CXCR4 with a crystal structure of the transmembrane domains of CXCR4. The large CXCL12:CXCR4 protein-protein interface revealed by this structure identified previously uncharacterized functional interactions that fall outside of the classical "two-site model" for chemokine-receptor recognition. Our model suggests a mechanistic hypothesis for how interactions on the extracellular face of the receptor may stimulate the conformational changes required for chemokine receptor-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nir London
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Barak Raveh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicolas Montpas
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julien Bonneterre
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Geneviève St-Onge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Chad A Koplinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ishan Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Bryan Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093, USA
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland
| | | | - Frederick D Coffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Biophysical Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Marion C Cohen
- Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Brown AJ, Sepuru KM, Rajarathnam K. Structural Basis of Native CXCL7 Monomer Binding to CXCR2 Receptor N-Domain and Glycosaminoglycan Heparin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030508. [PMID: 28245630 PMCID: PMC5372524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL7, a chemokine highly expressed in platelets, orchestrates neutrophil recruitment during thrombosis and related pathophysiological processes by interacting with CXCR2 receptor and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). CXCL7 exists as monomers and dimers, and dimerization (~50 μM) and CXCR2 binding (~10 nM) constants indicate that CXCL7 is a potent agonist as a monomer. Currently, nothing is known regarding the structural basis by which receptor and GAG interactions mediate CXCL7 function. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we characterized the binding of CXCL7 monomer to the CXCR2 N-terminal domain (CXCR2Nd) that constitutes a critical docking site and to GAG heparin. We found that CXCR2Nd binds a hydrophobic groove and that ionic interactions also play a role in mediating binding. Heparin binds a set of contiguous basic residues indicating a prominent role for ionic interactions. Modeling studies reveal that the binding interface is dynamic and that GAG adopts different binding geometries. Most importantly, several residues involved in GAG binding are also involved in receptor interactions, suggesting that GAG-bound monomer cannot activate the receptor. Further, this is the first study that describes the structural basis of receptor and GAG interactions of a native monomer of the neutrophil-activating chemokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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45
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Gustavsson M, Wang L, van Gils N, Stephens BS, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Yang S, Abagyan R, Chance MR, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Structural basis of ligand interaction with atypical chemokine receptor 3. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14135. [PMID: 28098154 PMCID: PMC5253664 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines drive cell migration through their interactions with seven-transmembrane (7TM) chemokine receptors on cell surfaces. The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) binds chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12 and signals exclusively through β-arrestin-mediated pathways, without activating canonical G-protein signalling. This receptor is upregulated in numerous cancers making it a potential drug target. Here we collected over 100 distinct structural probes from radiolytic footprinting, disulfide trapping, and mutagenesis to map the structures of ACKR3:CXCL12 and ACKR3:small-molecule complexes, including dynamic regions that proved unresolvable by X-ray crystallography in homologous receptors. The data are integrated with molecular modelling to produce complete and cohesive experimentally driven models that confirm and expand on the existing knowledge of the architecture of receptor:chemokine and receptor:small-molecule complexes. Additionally, we detected and characterized ligand-induced conformational changes in the transmembrane and intracellular regions of ACKR3 that elucidate fundamental structural elements of agonism in this atypical receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10009 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Noortje van Gils
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 W Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Thomas J Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 W Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Sichun Yang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10009 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Mark R Chance
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10009 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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46
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Benredjem B, Girard M, Rhainds D, St-Onge G, Heveker N. Mutational Analysis of Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) Interaction with Its Chemokine Ligands CXCL11 and CXCL12. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:31-42. [PMID: 27875312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors do not mediate chemotaxis or G protein signaling, but they recruit arrestin. They also efficiently scavenge their chemokine ligands, thereby contributing to gradient maintenance and termination. ACKR3, also known as CXCR7, binds and degrades the constitutive chemokine CXCL12, which also binds the canonical receptor CXCR4, and CXCL11, which also binds CXCR3. Here we report comprehensive mutational analysis of the ACKR3 interaction with its chemokine ligands, using 30 substitution mutants. Readouts are radioligand binding competition, arrestin recruitment, and chemokine scavenging. Our results suggest different binding modes for both chemokines. CXCL11 depends on the ACKR3 N terminus and some extracellular loop (ECL) positions for primary binding, ECL residues mediate secondary binding and arrestin recruitment potency. CXCL12 binding required key residues Asp-1794.60 and Asp-2756.58 (residue numbering follows the Ballesteros-Weinstein scheme), with no evident involvement of N-terminal residues, suggesting an uncommon mode of receptor engagement. Mutation of residues corresponding to CRS2 in CXCR4 (positions Ser-1032.63 and Gln-3017.39) increased CXCL11 binding, but reduced CXCL12 affinity. Mutant Q301E7.39 did not recruit arrestin. Mutant K118A3.26 in ECL1 showed moderate baseline arrestin recruitment with ablation of ligand-induced responses. Substitutions that affected CXCL11 binding also diminished scavenging. However, detection of reduced CXCL12 scavenging by mutants with impaired CXCL12 affinity required drastically reduced receptor expression levels, suggesting that scavenging pathways can be saturated and that CXCL12 binding exceeds scavenging at higher receptor expression levels. Arrestin recruitment did not correlate with scavenging; although Q301E7.39 degraded chemokines in the absence of arrestin, S103D2.63 had reduced CXCL11 scavenging despite intact arrestin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Benredjem
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and.,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Mélanie Girard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and.,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and.,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Geneviève St-Onge
- Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and .,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
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47
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Connell BJ, Sadir R, Baleux F, Laguri C, Kleman JP, Luo L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lortat-Jacob H. Heparan sulfate differentially controls CXCL12α- and CXCL12γ-mediated cell migration through differential presentation to their receptor CXCR4. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra107. [PMID: 27803285 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines stimulate signals in cells by binding to G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors. These chemoattractant cytokines also interact with heparan sulfate (HS), which provides positional information within tissues in the form of haptotactic gradients along which cells can migrate directionally. To investigate the mechanism by which HS modulates chemokine functions, we used the CXC chemokine CXCL12, which exists in different isoforms that all signal through CXCR4 but have distinct HS-binding domains. In experiments with both cell-associated and solubilized CXCR4, we found that although CXCL12γ bound to CXCR4 with a higher affinity than did CXCL12α, CXCL12γ displayed reduced signaling and chemotactic activities. These properties were caused by the specific carboxyl-terminal region of CXCL12γ, which, by interacting with CXCR4 sulfotyrosines, mediated high-affinity, but nonproductive, binding to CXCR4. HS prevented CXCL12γ from interacting with the CXCR4 sulfotyrosines, thereby functionally presenting the chemokine to its receptor such that its activity was similar to that of CXCL12α. HS had no effects on the binding of CXCL12α to CXCR4 or its biological activity, suggesting that this polysaccharide controls CXCL12 in an isoform-specific manner. These data suggest that the HS-dependent regulation of chemokine functions extends beyond the simple process of immobilization and directly modulates receptor ligation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette J Connell
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Rabia Sadir
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Baleux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, UMR CNRS 3523, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Laguri
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1108, Paris, France
| | | | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-38027 Grenoble, France.
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Kufareva I. Chemokines and their receptors: insights from molecular modeling and crystallography. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 30:27-37. [PMID: 27459124 PMCID: PMC5071139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins that direct cell migration in development, immunity, inflammation, and cancer. They do so by binding and activating specific G protein coupled receptors on the surface of migrating cells. Despite the importance of receptor:chemokine interactions, their structural basis remained unclear for a long time. In 2015, the first atomic resolution insights were obtained with the publication of X-ray structures for two distantly related receptors bound to chemokines. In conjunction with experiment-guided molecular modeling, the structures suggest a conserved receptor:chemokine complex architecture, while highlighting the diverse details and functional roles of individual interaction epitopes. Novel findings promote the development and detailed structural interpretation of the canonical two-site hypothesis of receptor:chemokine recognition, and suggest new avenues for pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Hu Q, Yang H, Wang Y, Xu S. Quantitatively resolving multivalent interactions on a macroscopic scale using force spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3705-8. [PMID: 26864087 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent interactions remain difficult to be characterized and consequently controlled, particularly on a macroscopic scale. Using force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS), we have resolved the single-, double-, and triple-biotin-streptavidin interactions, multivalent DNA interactions and CXCL12-CXCR4 interactions on millimetre-scale surfaces. Our results establish FIRMS as a viable method for systematic resolution and controlled formation of multivalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongzheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Haopeng Yang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Shoujun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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50
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Signal transmission through the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) transmembrane helices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9928-33. [PMID: 27543332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601278113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The atomic-level mechanisms by which G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit extracellular ligand binding events through their transmembrane helices to activate intracellular G proteins remain unclear. Using a comprehensive library of mutations covering all 352 residues of the GPCR CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), we identified 41 amino acids that are required for signaling induced by the chemokine ligand CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1). CXCR4 variants with each of these mutations do not signal properly but remain folded, based on receptor surface trafficking, reactivity to conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies, and ligand binding. When visualized on the structure of CXCR4, the majority of these residues form a continuous intramolecular signaling chain through the transmembrane helices; this chain connects chemokine binding residues on the extracellular side of CXCR4 to G protein-coupling residues on its intracellular side. Integrated into a cohesive model of signal transmission, these CXCR4 residues cluster into five functional groups that mediate (i) chemokine engagement, (ii) signal initiation, (iii) signal propagation, (iv) microswitch activation, and (v) G protein coupling. Propagation of the signal passes through a "hydrophobic bridge" on helix VI that coordinates with nearly every known GPCR signaling motif. Our results agree with known conserved mechanisms of GPCR activation and significantly expand on understanding the structural principles of CXCR4 signaling.
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