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Yang JX, Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Liu YL, Lai CY, Lee AYL, Huang CYF, Hong YR, Chuang TH. Tumor promoting effect of PDLIM2 downregulation involves mitochondrial ROS, oncometabolite accumulations and HIF-1α activation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:169. [PMID: 38880883 PMCID: PMC11181580 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is characterized by dysregulated cellular metabolism. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying these metabolic alterations is important for developing targeted therapies. In this study, we investigated the pro-tumoral effect of PDZ and LIM domain 2 (PDLIM2) downregulation in lung cancer growth and its association with the accumulation of mitochondrial ROS, oncometabolites and the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) α in the process. METHODS Databases and human cancer tissue samples were analyzed to investigate the roles of PDLIM2 and HIF-1α in cancer growth. DNA microarray and gene ontology enrichment analyses were performed to determine the cellular functions of PDLIM2. Seahorse assay, flow cytometric analysis, and confocal microscopic analysis were employed to study mitochondrial functions. Oncometabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse model was established to assess the in vivo function of PDLIM2 and HIF-1α. RESULTS The expression of PDLIM2 was downregulated in lung cancer, and this downregulation correlated with poor prognosis in patients. PDLIM2 highly regulated genes associated with mitochondrial functions. Mechanistically, PDLIM2 downregulation resulted in NF-κB activation, impaired expression of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle genes particularly the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This disturbance contributed to the accumulation of succinate and other oncometabolites, as well as the buildup of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), leading to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Furthermore, the expression of HIF-1α was increased in all stages of lung cancer. The expression of PDLIM2 and HIF-1α was reversely correlated in lung cancer patients. In the animal study, the orally administered HIF-1α inhibitor, PX-478, significantly reduces PDLIM2 knockdown-promoted tumor growth. CONCLUSION These findings shed light on the complex action of PDLIM2 on mitochondria and HIF-1α activities in lung cancer, emphasizing the role of HIF-1α in the tumor-promoting effect of PDLIM2 downregulation. Additionally, they provide new insights into a strategy for precise targeted treatment by suggesting that HIF-1α inhibitors may serve as therapy for lung cancer patients with PDLIM2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Liu
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yang Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan.
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Song X, Qu Z. NF-κB1 deficiency promotes macrophage-derived adrenal tumors but decreases neurofibromas in HTLV-I LTR-Tax transgenic mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303138. [PMID: 38722890 PMCID: PMC11081228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic virus whose infection can cause diverse diseases, most notably adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL), an aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4 T cells. The oncogenic ability of HTLV-I is mostly attributed to the viral transcriptional transactivator Tax. Tax alone is sufficient to induce specific tumors in mice depending on the promotor used to drive Tax expression, thereby being used to understand HTLV-I tumorigenesis and model the tumor types developed in Tax transgenic mice. Tax exerts its oncogenic role predominantly by activating the cellular transcription factor NF-κB. Here, we report that genetic deletion of NF-κB1, the prototypic member of the NF-κB family, promotes adrenal medullary tumors but suppresses neurofibromas in mice with transgenic Tax driven by the HTLV-I Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter. The adrenal tumors are derived from macrophages. Neoplastic macrophages also infiltrate the spleen and lymph nodes, causing splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy in mice. Nevertheless, the findings could be human relevant, because macrophages are important target cells of HTLV-I infection and serve as a virus reservoir in vivo. Moreover, the spleen, lymph nodes and adrenal glands are the most common sites of tumor cell infiltration in HTLV-I-infected patients. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the complex interaction between Tax and NF-κB, therefore improving our understanding of HTLV-I oncogenic pathogenesis. They also expand our knowledge and establish a new animal model of macrophage neoplasms and adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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3
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Sun F, Xiao Y, Shapiro SD, Qu Z, Xiao G. Critical and distinct roles of cell type-specific NF-κB2 in lung cancer. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e164188. [PMID: 38385745 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Different from the well-studied canonical NF-κB member RelA, the role of the noncanonical NF-κB member NF-κB2 in solid tumors, and lung cancer in particular, is poorly understood. Here we report that in contrast to the tumor-promoting role of RelA, NF-κB2 intrinsic to lung epithelial and tumor cells had no marked effect on lung tumorigenesis and progression. On the other hand, NF-κB2 limited dendritic cell number and activation in the lung but protected lung macrophages and drove them to promote lung cancer through controlling activation of noncanonical and canonical NF-κB, respectively. NF-κB2 was also required for B cell maintenance and T cell activation. The antitumor activity of lymphocyte NF-κB2 was dominated by the protumor function of myeloid NF-κB2; thus, NF-κB2 has an overall tumor-promoting activity. These studies reveal a cell type-dependent role for NF-κB2 in lung cancer and help understand the complexity of NF-κB action and lung cancer pathogenesis for better design of NF-κB-targeted therapy against this deadliest cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yadong Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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4
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Sun F, Yan P, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Shapiro SD, Xiao G, Qu Z. Improving PD-1 blockade plus chemotherapy for complete remission of lung cancer by nanoPDLIM2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.23.550248. [PMID: 37546791 PMCID: PMC10402062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.23.550248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and their combination with other therapies such as chemotherapy, fail in most cancer patients. We previously identified the PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) as a bona fide tumor suppressor that is repressed in lung cancer to drive cancer and its chemo and immunotherapy resistance, suggesting a new target for lung cancer therapy improvement. Methods Human clinical samples and data were used to investigate PDLIM2 genetic and epigenetic changes in lung cancer. Using an endogenous mouse lung cancer model faithfully recapitulating refractory human lung cancer and a clinically feasible nano-delivery system, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy, action mechanism, and safety of systemically administrated PDLIM2 expression plasmids encapsulated in nanoparticles (nanoPDLIM2) and its combination with PD-1 antibody and chemotherapeutic drugs. Results PDLIM2 repression in human lung cancer involves both genetic deletion and epigenetic alteration. NanoPDLIM2 showed low toxicity, high tumor specificity, antitumor activity, and greatly improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1 and chemotherapeutic drugs, with complete tumor remission in most mice and substantial tumor reduction in the remaining mice by their triple combination. Mechanistically, nanoPDLIM2 increased major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression, suppressed multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) induction and survival genes and other tumor-related genes expression in tumor cells, and enhanced lymphocyte tumor infiltration, turning the cold tumors hot and sensitive to ICIs and rendering them vulnerable to chemotherapeutic drugs and activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) including those unleashed by ICIs. Conclusions These studies established a clinically applicable PDLIM2-based combination therapy with great efficacy for lung cancer and possibly other cold cancers.
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Jiang X, Xu Z, Jiang S, Wang H, Xiao M, Shi Y, Wang K. PDZ and LIM Domain-Encoding Genes: Their Role in Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5042. [PMID: 37894409 PMCID: PMC10605254 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PDZ-LIM family proteins (PDLIMs) are a kind of scaffolding proteins that contain PDZ and LIM interaction domains. As protein-protein interacting molecules, PDZ and LIM domains function as scaffolds to bind to a variety of proteins. The PDLIMs are composed of evolutionarily conserved proteins found throughout different species. They can participate in cell signal transduction by mediating the interaction of signal molecules. They are involved in many important physiological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and the maintenance of cellular structural integrity. Studies have shown that dysregulation of the PDLIMs leads to tumor formation and development. In this paper, we review and integrate the current knowledge on PDLIMs. The structure and function of the PDZ and LIM structural domains and the role of the PDLIMs in tumor development are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yueli Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; (X.J.); (Z.X.); (S.J.); (H.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; (X.J.); (Z.X.); (S.J.); (H.W.); (M.X.)
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High Expression of PDLIM2 Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Prostate Cancer and Is Correlated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Immune Cell Infiltration. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2922832. [PMID: 35707002 PMCID: PMC9192325 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2922832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To elucidate the clinical and prognostic role of PDZ and LIM domain protein (PDLIM) genes and the association to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune cell infiltration in patients with prostate cancer (PRAD). Methods The data of RNA-seq, DNA methylation, and clinical features of PRAD patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to define the prognostic value of PDLIM gene expression and the association with EMT and immune cell infiltration. A tissue microarray including 134 radical prostatectomy specimens was served as validation by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining analysis. Results The mRNA levels of PDLIM1/2/3/4/6/7 were significantly downregulated, while PDLIM5 was upregulated in PRAD (P < 0.05). High expression of PDLIM2 mRNA suggests poor progression free interval in PRAD patients. DNA methylation of PDLIM2 was correlated with its mRNA expression level, and that the cg22973076 methylation site in PDLIM2 was associated with shorter PFI (P < 0.05) in PRAD. Single-sample gene-set enrichment and gene functional enrichment results showed that PDLIM2 was correlated with EMT and immune processes. Spearman's test showed a significant correlation with six reported EMT signatures and several EMT signature-related genes. Tumor microenvironment analysis revealed that the PDLIM2 mRNA expression was positively correlated with the immune score, stromal score, and various tumor infiltrating immune cells. Additionally, the results showed that patients in the high-PDLIM2 mRNA expression group may be more sensitive to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Finally, IHC analysis further implicated the protein level of PDLIM2 was upregulated in PRAD and acts as a novel potential biomarker in predicting tumor progression. Conclusion Our study suggests that PDLIM family genes might be significantly correlated with oncogenesis and the progression of PRAD. PDLIM2 correlated with EMT and immune cell infiltration by acting as an oncogene in PRAD, which may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for PRAD patients.
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7
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Guo ZS, Qu Z. PDLIM2: Signaling pathways and functions in cancer suppression and host immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188630. [PMID: 34571051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PDZ and LIM domains-containing proteins play pivotal functions in cell cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization and differentiation. As a key member of the family, PDLIM2 regulates stability and activity of transcription factors such as NF-κB, STATs and β-catenin, and thus exert it functions in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. PDLIM2 functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple tissues and it is often genetically mutated or epigenetically silenced in human cancers derived from lung, breast, ovarian and other histologies. However, in certain types of cancers, PDLIM2 may promote cancer cell proliferation and metastases. Therefore, PDLIM2 is added to a long list of genes that can function as tumor suppressor or oncogenic protein. During tumorigenesis induced by oncogenic viruses, PDLIM2 is a key target. Through promotion of NF-κB/RelA and STAT3 degradation, PDLIM2 enhances expression of proteins involved in antigen presentation and promotes T-cell activation while repressing multidrug resistance genes, thereby rendering mutated cells susceptible to immune surveillance and cytotoxicity mediated by immune cells and chemotherapeutic drugs. Intriguingly, PDLIM2 in alveolar macrophages (AMs) plays key roles in monitoring lung tumorigenesis, as its selective genetic deletion leads to constitutive activation of STAT3, driving monocyte differentiation to AMs with pro-tumorigenic polarization and activation. PDLIM2 has also been explored as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. At the end of this review, we provide perspectives on this important molecule and discuss the future directions of both basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Sun F, Li L, Xiao Y, Gregory AD, Shapiro SD, Xiao G, Qu Z. Alveolar Macrophages Inherently Express Programmed Death-1 Ligand 1 for Optimal Protective Immunity and Tolerance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:110-114. [PMID: 34135059 PMCID: PMC8674373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in lung physiology and pathology. In this study, we show in mice that alveolar macrophages (AMs), unlike other macrophage types (interstitial, peritoneal, and splenic macrophages), constitutively express programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), thereby possessing a superior phagocytic ability and the capacity to repress CTLs by cis- and trans-interacting with CD80 and programmed death-1 (PD-1), respectively. This extraordinary ability of AMs assures optimal protective immunity and tolerance within the lung. These findings uncover a unique characteristic of AMs and an innate immune function of PD-L1 and CD80 and therefore help in the understanding of lung physiology, diseases, and PD-L1/PD-1-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Liwen Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Yadong Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alyssa D Gregory
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; and
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9
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PDLIM2 Suppression Inhibit Proliferation and Metastasis in Kidney Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122991. [PMID: 34203785 PMCID: PMC8232651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kidney cancer is a common malignant tumor in both men and women and accounts for approximately 5% of all cancer incidences. Advances in imaging technology and the increasing use of health care facilities have led to the early detection of kidney cancer cases. However, many individuals are still diagnosed with metastatic kidney cancer. If the cancer is accompanied by metastases at the time of diagnosis, the 5-year survival rate is 12%. Despite the beneficial effects of anticancer drug treatment on the survival of patients with metastatic kidney cancer, survival may be less than a year. PDLIM2 plays an essential role in cancer formation and inhibition. To verify oncogenic function of the PDLIM2, we conducted several experiments and animal experiments. Our findings indicating that PDLIM2 may be a new therapeutic target for metastatic kidney cancer. Abstract We evaluated the expression of PDLIM2 in human kidney cancer cell lines from primary or metastatic origins and found that PDLIM2 expression was highly elevated in metastatic kidney cancers. We evaluated the effect of PDLIM2 inhibition by RNA interference method. PDLIM2 knockdown showed the decreased proliferation and metastatic character in human metastatic kidney cancer cells. By repeated round of orthotopic injection of RenCa mouse kidney cancer cell line, we obtained metastatic prone mouse kidney cancer cell lines. PDLIM2 expression was highly expressed in these metastatic prone cells comparing parental cells. In addition, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of PDLIM2 knockout on the tumor formation and metastasis of kidney cancer cells using a PDLIM2 knockout mice. The experimental metastasis model with tail vein injection and orthotopic metastasis model injected into kidney all showed reduced lung metastasis cancer formation in PDLIM2 knockout mice comparing control Balb/c mice. Overall, our findings indicate that PDLIM2 is required for cancer formation and metastasis in metastatic kidney cancer, indicating that PDLIM2 may be a new therapeutic target for metastatic kidney cancer.
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Sun F, Guo ZS, Gregory AD, Shapiro SD, Xiao G, Qu Z. Dual but not single PD-1 or TIM-3 blockade enhances oncolytic virotherapy in refractory lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000294. [PMID: 32461344 PMCID: PMC7254155 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy fails in the majority of patients with cancer. Oncolytic viruses represent a new class of therapeutic agents, yet the therapeutic efficacy is still disappointing. Moreover, intratumoral injection of viruses is the main approach and preclinical studies mainly employ syngeneic or xenograft models. Methods Use an endogenous mouse lung cancer model that faithfully recapitulates human lung cancer, and various in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays, to investigate the efficacy, mechanism of action and resistance of systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV), immunotherapy and their combination, to find an effective therapy for refractory lung cancer. Results Resembling human lung cancers, the majority of which are largely resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and with decreased PD-L1 expression and T-cell activation by our analysis, urethane-induced endogenous lung tumors in mice show reduced PD-L1 expression, low tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and innate resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Intravenous administration of oVV has efficacy and synergizes with simultaneous but not single blockade of PD-1 and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) in this cancer model. Besides direct tumor cell killing, oVV induces T-cell lung recruitment, tumor infiltration, along with expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 on T cells and PD-1 and TIM-3 ligands on tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells. Blockade of PD-1 or TIM-3 also causes their mutual induction on T cells. Conclusions While systemic administration of oVV shows efficacy in lung cancer by killing tumor cells directly and recruiting and activating T cells for indirect tumor killing, its induction of PD-1 and TIM-3 on T cells and PD-1 and TIM-3 ligands on tumors and tumor-associated immune cells as well as mutual induction of PD-1 or TIM-3 on T cells by their blockade restricts the efficacy of oVV or its combination with single PD-1 or TIM-3 blockade. The triple combination therapy is more effective for refractory lung cancer, and possibly other cold cancers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa D Gregory
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Li L, Sun F, Han L, Liu X, Xiao Y, Gregory AD, Shapiro SD, Xiao G, Qu Z. PDLIM2 repression by ROS in alveolar macrophages promotes lung tumorigenesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144394. [PMID: 33539325 PMCID: PMC8021114 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most fundamental and challenging questions in the field of cancer is how immunity is transformed from tumor immunosurveillance to tumor-promoting inflammation. Here, we identified the tumor suppressor PDZ-LIM domain–containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) as a checkpoint of alveolar macrophages (AMs) important for lung tumor suppression. During lung tumorigenesis, PDLIM2 expression in AMs is downregulated by ROS-activated transcription repressor BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1). PDLIM2 downregulation leads to constitutive activation of the transcription factor STAT3, driving AM protumorigenic polarization/activation and differentiation from monocytes attracted from the circulation to suppress cytotoxic T lymphocytes and promote lung cancer. PDLIM2 downregulation also decreases AM phagocytosis. These findings establish ROS/BACH1/PDLIM2/STAT3 as a signaling pathway driving AMs for lung tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fan Sun
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lei Han
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xujie Liu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yadong Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa D Gregory
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rauscher S, Greil R, Geisberger R. Re-Sensitizing Tumor Cells to Cancer Drugs with Epigenetic Regulators. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:353-359. [PMID: 33423645 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666210108102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer drug resistance is a major problem for cancer therapy. While many drugs can be effective in first-line treatments, cancer cells can become resistant due to genetic (mutations and chromosomal aberrations) but also epigenetic changes. Hence, many research studies addressed epigenetic drugs in circumventing resistance to conventional therapeutics in different tumor entities and in increasing the efficiency of immune checkpoint therapies. Furthermore, repositioning of already approved drugs in combination with epigenetic modifiers could potentiate their efficacy and thus could be an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Summarizing, we recapitulate current data on epigenetic drugs and their targets in modulating sensitivity towards conventional and immune therapies, providing evidence that altering expression profiles by epigenetic modifiers holds great potential to improve the clinical outcome of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Rauscher
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Guo Q, Xu J, Shi Q, Wu S. PDLIM2 protects articular chondrocytes from lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis, degeneration and inflammatory injury through down-regulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106883. [PMID: 32805696 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory response-induced apoptosis and the degeneration of articular chondrocytes contribute to the development and progression of osteoarthritis. PDZ and LIM domain containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) has emerged as one of the pivotal regulators in orchestrating an inflammatory response through regulating the activity of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. However, whether PDLIM2 participates in the articular chondrocyte-associated inflammatory response in osteoarthritis remains unknown. In the current study, we aimed to explore the biological function of PDLIM2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated articular chondrocytes, an in vitro model of osteoarthritis. Herein, we found that PDLIM2 expression was significantly down-regulated in chondrocytes in response to LPS exposure. Functional experiments revealed that PDLIM2 overexpression increased the viability and decreased the apoptosis of chondrocytes following LPS treatment. Moreover, PDLIM2 overexpression attenuated LPS-induced degeneration of chondrocytes via the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 and the up-regulation of COL2A1 and ACAN. In addition, the overexpression of PDLIM2 decreased LPS-induced production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In contrast, depletion of PDLIM2 exhibited the opposite effect. Mechanism research elucidated that PDLIM2 repressed the activation of NF-κB signaling associated with the down-regulation of NF-κB p65 protein expression. PDLIM2 depletion-exacerbated LPS-induced injury was significantly reversed by NF-κB inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PDLIM2 overexpression attenuates LPS-induced injury of articular chondrocytes through the inactivation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qindong Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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14
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Shi H, Ji Y, Li W, Zhong Y, Ming Z. PDLIM2 acts as a cancer suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer via the down regulation of NF-κB signaling. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101628. [PMID: 32621848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PDZ and LIM domain containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) has been identified as a vital tumor-associated gene that is aberrantly expressed in various types of tumors. Yet, the involvement of PDLIM2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is currently undetermined. The design of the current study was to evaluate whether PDLIM2 plays a role in NSCLC. We found that PDLIM2 expression was commonly decreased in NSCLC tissues. Moreover, low expression of PDLIM2 was also detected in NSCLC cell lines and demethylation treatment restored PDLIM2 expression. The re-expression of PDLIM2 impeded the proliferative, colony-forming, and invasive capabilities of NCLCL cells. In contrast, depletion of PDLIM2 markedly enhanced the malignant behaviors of NSCLC cells. Notably, PDLIM2 overexpression downregulated the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit and repressed NF-κB transcription reporter activity in NSCLC cells. The overexpression of p65 significantly reversed PDLIM2-mediated antitumor effects in NSCLC cells. Additionally, the Xenograft tumor formation assay revealed that the overexpression of PDLIM2 markedly restricted the tumor growth of NSCLC in vivo. Overall, our study confirms that PDLIM2 acts as a tumor-inhibitor in NSCLC through the inactivation of NF-κB, suggesting PDLIM2 as a candidate therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yuqiang Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zongjuan Ming
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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15
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Causative role of PDLIM2 epigenetic repression in lung cancer and therapeutic resistance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5324. [PMID: 31757943 PMCID: PMC6876573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancers are resistant to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and chemotherapy. Herein we identify PDLIM2 as a tumor suppressor particularly important for lung cancer therapeutic responses. While PDLIM2 is epigenetically repressed in human lung cancer, associating with therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis, its global or lung epithelial-specific deletion in mice causes increased lung cancer development, chemoresistance, and complete resistance to anti-PD-1 and epigenetic drugs. PDLIM2 epigenetic restoration or ectopic expression shows antitumor activity, and synergizes with anti-PD-1, notably, with chemotherapy for complete remission of most lung cancers. Mechanistically, through repressing NF-κB/RelA and STAT3, PDLIM2 increases expression of genes involved in antigen presentation and T-cell activation while repressing multidrug resistance genes and cancer-related genes, thereby rendering cancer cells vulnerable to immune attacks and therapies. We identify PDLIM2-independent PD-L1 induction by chemotherapeutic and epigenetic drugs as another mechanism for their synergy with anti-PD-1. These findings establish a rationale to use combination therapies for cancer treatment. PDLIM2 is repressed epigenetically in lung cancers, which are frequently resistant to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and chemotherapy. Here, the authors describe the mechanism through which epigenetic restoration of PDLIM2 synergises with anti-PD-1 and chemotherapy in lung cancers.
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16
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Cui L, Cheng Z, Hu K, Pang Y, Liu Y, Qian T, Quan L, Dai Y, Pang Y, Ye X, Shi J, Fu L. Prognostic value of the PDLIM family in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:6124-6131. [PMID: 31632581 PMCID: PMC6789254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically complex, highly aggressive hematological malignancy. Prognosis is usually with grim. PDZ and LIM domain proteins (PDLIM) are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including cytoskeletal organization, cell differentiation, organ development, neural signaling or tumorigenesis. The clinical and prognostic value of the PDLIM family in AML is unclear. To understand the role of PDLIM expression in AML, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was screened and 155 de novo AML patients with complete clinical information and the expression data of the PDLIM family were included in the study. The clinical and molecular characteristics associated with the expression of different members of the PDLIM family were summarized using various statistical methods. In 84 patients who only received chemotherapy, univariate analysis indicated that high expression of PDLIM2 or PDLIM7 was associated with shorter EFS and OS (both P<0.05 for PDLIM2, and both P<0.01 for PDLIM7). Multivariate analysis suggested that high expression of PDLIM7 was an independent risk factor for EFS and OS (both P<0.05). In the other 71 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), survival was unaffected by PDLIM expressions. In summary, high expression of PDLIM2 and PDLIM7, especially the latter, could serve as adverse prognostic factors for AML, but their prognostic effects could be reversed by allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhen Cui
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan UniversityKaifeng 475000, Henan, China
- Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan UniversityKaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Zhiheng Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third HospitalBeijing 100191, China
| | - Yifan Pang
- Department of Medicine, William Beaumont HospitalRoyal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan UniversityKaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Quan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Dai
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Ying Pang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Ye
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Department of Medical Big Data, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan UniversityKaifeng 475000, Henan, China
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17
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Song G, Xu J, He L, Sun X, Xiong R, Luo Y, Hu X, Zhang R, Yue Q, Liu K, Feng G. Systematic profiling identifies PDLIM2 as a novel prognostic predictor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5751-5761. [PMID: 31222932 PMCID: PMC6653303 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Till now, no appropriate biomarkers for high‐risk population screening and prognosis prediction have been identified for patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, by the combined use of data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)‐oesophageal carcinoma (ESCA), we aimed to screen dysregulated genes with prognostic value in ESCC and the genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying the dysregulation. About 222 genes that had at least fourfold change in ESCC compared with adjacent normal tissues were identified using the microarray data in GDS3838. Among these genes, only PDLIM2 was associated with nodal invasion and overall survival (OS) at the same time. The high PDLIM2 expression group had significantly longer OS and its expression was independently associated with better OS (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43‐0.95, P = 0.03), after adjustment for gender and pathologic stages. The expression of its exon 7/8/9/10 had the highest AUC value (0.724) and better prognostic value (HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22‐0.83, P = 0.01) than total PDLIM2 expression. PDLIM2 DNA copy deletion was common in ESCC and was associated with decreased gene expression. The methylation status of two CpG sites (cg23696886 and cg20449614) in the proximal promoter region of PDLIM2 showed a moderate negative correlation with the gene expression in PDLIM2 copy neutral/amplification group. In conclusion, we infer that PDLIM2 expression might be a novel prognostic indicator for ESCC patients. Its exon 7/8/9/10 expression had the best prognostic value. Its down‐regulation might be associated with gene‐level copy deletion and promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Song
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Biology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Lang He
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Rong Xiong
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- The First Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Ruolan Zhang
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiuju Yue
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
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18
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Cox OT, Edmunds SJ, Simon-Keller K, Li B, Moran B, Buckley NE, Bustamante-Garrido M, Healy N, O'Flanagan CH, Gallagher WM, Kennedy RD, Bernards R, Caldas C, Chin SF, Marx A, O'Connor R. PDLIM2 Is a Marker of Adhesion and β-Catenin Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2619-2633. [PMID: 30885980 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PDLIM2 protein regulates stability of transcription factors including NF-κB and STATs in epithelial and hemopoietic cells. PDLIM2 is strongly expressed in certain cancer cell lines that exhibit an epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotype, and its suppression is sufficient to reverse this phenotype. PDLIM2 supports the epithelial polarity of nontransformed breast cells, suggesting distinct roles in tumor suppression and oncogenesis. To better understand its overall function, we investigated PDLIM2 expression and activity in breast cancer. PDLIM2 protein was present in 60% of tumors diagnosed as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and only 20% of other breast cancer subtypes. High PDLIM2 expression in TNBC was positively correlated with adhesion signaling and β-catenin activity. Interestingly, PDLIM2 was restricted to the cytoplasm/membrane of TNBC cells and excluded from the nucleus. In breast cell lines, PDLIM2 retention in the cytoplasm was controlled by cell adhesion, and translocation to the nucleus was stimulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 or TGFβ. Cytoplasmic PDLIM2 was associated with active β-catenin and ectopic expression of PDLIM2 was sufficient to increase β-catenin levels and its transcriptional activity in reporter assays. Suppression of PDLIM2 inhibited tumor growth in vivo, whereas overexpression of PDLIM2 disrupted growth in 3D cultures. These results suggest that PDLIM2 may serve as a predictive biomarker for a large subset of TNBC whose phenotype depends on adhesion-regulated β-catenin activity and which may be amenable to therapies that target these pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that PDLIM2 expression defines a subset of triple-negative breast cancer that may benefit from targeting the β-catenin and adhesion signaling pathways. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/10/2619/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla T Cox
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shelley J Edmunds
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Bo Li
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce Moran
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh E Buckley
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Milan Bustamante-Garrido
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nollaig Healy
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara H O'Flanagan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard D Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Rosemary O'Connor
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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19
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Jin M, Lou J, Yu H, Miao M, Wang G, Ai H, Huang Y, Han S, Han D, Yu G. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes inflammation in mouse testes: The critical role of Klotho in Sertoli cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Suppression of NF-κB activation by PDLIM2 restrains hepatic lipogenesis and inflammation in high fat diet induced mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:564-571. [PMID: 29852170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and a systemic pro-inflammatory response, a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we showed that PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) was an effective suppressor of steatohepatitis. After 16 weeks on a high fat diet (HFD), obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic dyslipidemia and inflammation were markedly aggravated in PDLIM2-knockout (KO) mice. PDLIM2 deletion resulted in lipid accumulation in liver tissue samples of HFD-induced mice, as evidenced by the significant increase of hepatic TG and TC through reducing the expression of lipogenesis- and transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism-related genes and enhancing fatty acid oxidation-associated molecules. In addition, PDLIM2-ablation promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, as supported by the remarkable increase of phosphorylated IKKβ, IκBα and NF-κB expressions in liver of HFD-fed mice. Of note, the in vitro study demonstrated that PDLIM2 ablation-enhanced inflammatory response and disorder of lipid metabolism were abrogated by suppressing NF-κB activity. Collectively, the findings could lead to the development of potential therapeutic strategy to prevent NAFLD and associated metabolic disorders by targeting PDLIM2.
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Li L, Han L, Sun F, Zhou J, Ohaegbulam KC, Tang X, Zang X, Steinbrecher KA, Qu Z, Xiao G. NF-κB RelA renders tumor-associated macrophages resistant to and capable of directly suppressing CD8 + T cells for tumor promotion. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1435250. [PMID: 29872577 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1435250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is assumed to contribute to tumor promotion. However, whether and how NF-κB drives the antitumor macrophages to become pro-tumorigenic have not been determined in any cancer type yet. Similarly, how TAMs repress CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) remains largely unknown, although their importance in regulatory T (Treg) cell regulation and tumor promotion has been well appreciated. Here, using an endogenous lung cancer model we uncover a direct crosstalk between TAMs and CTLs. TAMs suppress CTLs through the T-cell inhibitory molecule B7x (B7-H4/B7S1) in a cell-cell contact manner, whereas CTLs kill TAMs in a tumor antigen-specific manner. Remarkably, TAMs secrete the known T-cell suppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) to activate, but not to repress, CTLs. Notably, one major role of cell-intrinsic NF-κB RelA is to drive TAMs to suppress CTLs for tumor promotion. It induces B7x expression in TAMs directly, and restricts IL-10 expression indirectly by repressing expression of the NF-κB cofactor Bcl3 and subsequent Bcl3/NF-κB1-mediated transcription of IL-10. It also renders TAMs resistant to CTLs by up-regulating anti-apoptotic genes. These studies help understand how immunity is shaped in lung tumorigenesis, and suggest a RelA-targeted immunotherapy for this deadliest cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Li
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lei Han
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fan Sun
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingjiao Zhou
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kim C Ohaegbulam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xudong Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Chen M, Sun F, Han L, Qu Z. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) microRNA K12-1 functions as an oncogene by activating NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33363-73. [PMID: 27166260 PMCID: PMC5078101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oncogenic virus Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most common cause of malignancies among AIDS patients. KSHV possesses over hundred genes, including 25 microRNAs (miRNAs). The roles of these miRNAs and many other viral genes in KSHV biology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Accordingly, the molecular mechanisms by which KSHV induces tumorigenesis are still poorly defined. Here, we identify KSHV miRNA K12-1 (miR-K12-1) as a novel viral oncogene by activating two important transcription factors, nuclear factor-κb (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Interestingly, miR-K12-1 activates STAT3 indirectly through inducing NF-κB activation and NF-κB-dependent expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) by repressing the expression of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. Accordingly, expression of ectopic IκBα or knockdown of NF-κB RelA, IL-6 or STAT3 prevents expression of cell growth genes and suppresses the oncogenicities of both miR-K12-1 and KSHV. These data identify miR-K12-1/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 as a novel oncogenic signaling underlying KSHV tumorigenesis. These data also provide the first evidence showing that IL-6/STAT3 signaling acts as an essential mediator of NF-κB oncogenic actions. These findings significantly improve our understanding of KSHV pathogenesis and oncogenic interaction between NF-κB and STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Chen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Sun
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lei Han
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Zhou J, Qu Z, Sun F, Han L, Li L, Yan S, Stabile LP, Chen LF, Siegfried JM, Xiao G. Myeloid STAT3 Promotes Lung Tumorigenesis by Transforming Tumor Immunosurveillance into Tumor-Promoting Inflammation. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:257-268. [PMID: 28108629 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the most fundamental and challenging questions in the cancer field is how immunity in patients with cancer is transformed from tumor immunosurveillance to tumor-promoting inflammation. Here, we identify the transcription factor STAT3 as the culprit responsible for this pathogenic event in lung cancer development. We found that antitumor type 1 CD4+ T-helper (Th1) cells and CD8+ T cells were directly counter balanced in lung cancer development with tumor-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and suppressive macrophages, and that activation of STAT3 in MDSCs and macrophages promoted tumorigenesis through pulmonary recruitment and increased resistance of suppressive cells to CD8+ T cells, enhancement of cytotoxicity toward CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, induction of regulatory T cell (Treg), inhibition of dendritic cells (DC), and polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. The deletion of myeloid STAT3 boosted antitumor immunity and suppressed lung tumorigenesis. These findings increase our understanding of immune programming in lung tumorigenesis and provide a mechanistic basis for developing STAT3-based immunotherapy against this and other solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(3); 257-68. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Zhou
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fan Sun
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Han
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liwen Li
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shapei Yan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura P Stabile
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lin-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gutian Xiao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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24
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Bassiri K, Ferluga S, Sharma V, Syed N, Adams CL, Lasonder E, Hanemann CO. Global Proteome and Phospho-proteome Analysis of Merlin-deficient Meningioma and Schwannoma Identifies PDLIM2 as a Novel Therapeutic Target. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:76-86. [PMID: 28126595 PMCID: PMC5474504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss or mutation of the tumour suppressor Merlin predisposes individuals to develop multiple nervous system tumours, including schwannomas and meningiomas, sporadically or as part of the autosomal dominant inherited condition Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). These tumours display largely low grade features but their presence can lead to significant morbidity. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the only treatment options despite years of research, therefore an effective therapeutic is required. Unbiased omics studies have become pivotal in the identification of differentially expressed genes and proteins that may act as drug targets or biomarkers. Here we analysed the proteome and phospho-proteome of these genetically defined tumours using primary human tumour cells to identify upregulated/activated proteins and/or pathways. We identified over 2000 proteins in comparative experiments between Merlin-deficient schwannoma and meningioma compared to human Schwann and meningeal cells respectively. Using functional enrichment analysis we highlighted several dysregulated pathways and Gene Ontology terms. We identified several proteins and phospho-proteins that are more highly expressed in tumours compared to controls. Among proteins jointly dysregulated in both tumours we focused in particular on PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 (PDLIM2) and validated its overexpression in several tumour samples, while not detecting it in normal cells. We showed that shRNA mediated knockdown of PDLIM2 in both primary meningioma and schwannoma leads to significant reductions in cellular proliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive assessment of the NF2-related meningioma and schwannoma proteome and phospho-proteome. Taken together, our data highlight several commonly deregulated factors, and indicate that PDLIM2 may represent a novel, common target for meningioma and schwannoma. Proteome and phosphoproteome of Merlin-deficient schwannomas and meningiomas were analysed. Comparative studies highlighted several pathways relevant for therapeutic intervention. PDLIM2 was identified as a novel, commonly upregulated protein in both tumours. PDLIM2 knockdown led to a significant reduction in proliferation in both cell types.
Loss or mutation of the protein Merlin causes a genetic condition known as Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) characterised by the growth of schwannomas and meningiomas. We analysed several of these tumour samples and identified over 2000 proteins in comparative experiments between Merlin-deficient schwannoma and meningioma compared to normal controls. We identified PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 (PDLIM2) as overexpressed in both tumour types and further showed that knockdown of PDLIM2 leads to significant reductions in cellular proliferation. Taken together, our data highlight several deregulated signalling pathways, and indicate that PDLIM2 may represent a novel, common target for meningioma and schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Bassiri
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Sara Ferluga
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Vikram Sharma
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
| | - Claire L Adams
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Edwin Lasonder
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
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25
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Zhao L, Yu C, Zhou S, Lau WB, Lau B, Luo Z, Lin Q, Yang H, Xuan Y, Yi T, Zhao X, Wei Y. Epigenetic repression of PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 promotes ovarian cancer via NOS2-derived nitric oxide signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1408-20. [PMID: 26593252 PMCID: PMC4811469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer constitutes one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies worldwide and currently no satisfactory therapeutic approaches have been established. Therefore, elucidation of molecular mechanisms to develop targeted therapy of ovarian cancer is crucial. PDLIM2 is critical to promote ubiquitination of nuclear p65 and thus its role in inflammation has been highlighted recently. We demonstrate that PDLIM2 is decreased in both ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma and in various human ovarian cancer cell lines compared with normal ovary tissues and human ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSE). Further functional analysis revealed that PDLIM2 is epigenetically repressed in ovarian cancer development and inhibition of PDLIM2 promoted ovarian cancer growth both in vivo and in vitro via NOS2-derived nitric oxide signaling, leading to recruitment of M2 type macrophages. These results suggest that PDLIM2 might be involved in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie Lau
- Department of Surgery, Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Zhongyue Luo
- College of Biological Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Lin
- College of Biological Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiliang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Xuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Chengdu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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26
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Wurster KD, Hummel F, Richter J, Giefing M, Hartmann S, Hansmann ML, Kreher S, Köchert K, Krappmann D, Klapper W, Hummel M, Wenzel SS, Lenz G, Janz M, Dörken B, Siebert R, Mathas S. Inactivation of the putative ubiquitin-E3 ligase PDLIM2 in classical Hodgkin and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2016; 31:602-613. [PMID: 27538486 PMCID: PMC5339435 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its unique histopathological appearance with rare tumor cells embedded in an inflammatory background of bystander cells, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by an unusual activation of a broad range of signaling pathways involved in cellular activation. This includes constitutive high-level activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors (TFs) that are physiologically only transiently activated. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of the putative ubiquitin E3-ligase PDLIM2 contributes to this TF activation. PDLIM2 expression is lost at the mRNA and protein levels in the majority of cHL cell lines and Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells of nearly all cHL primary samples. This loss is associated with PDLIM2 genomic alterations, promoter methylation and altered splicing. Reconstitution of PDLIM2 in HRS cell lines inhibits proliferation, blocks NF-κB transcriptional activity and contributes to cHL-specific gene expression. In non-Hodgkin B-cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated PDLIM2 knockdown results in superactivation of TFs NF-κB and AP-1 following phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. Furthermore, expression of PDLIM2 is lost in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) that shares key biological aspects with cHL. We conclude that inactivation of PDLIM2 is a recurrent finding in cHL and ALCL, promotes activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and thereby contributes to their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Wurster
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Hummel
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Richter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Giefing
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - S Hartmann
- Dr Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M-L Hansmann
- Dr Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Kreher
- Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Köchert
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - W Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Haematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S-S Wenzel
- Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Lenz
- Division of Translational Oncology, Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - M Janz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Dörken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Mathas
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Kang M, Lee KH, Lee HS, Park YH, Jeong CW, Ku JH, Kim HH, Kwak C. PDLIM2 suppression efficiently reduces tumor growth and invasiveness of human castration-resistant prostate cancer-like cells. Prostate 2016; 76:273-85. [PMID: 26499308 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although PDLIM2 gene may have a context-dependent role in various human malignancies and can be a potential therapeutic target, only a limited number of in vitro studies addressed the molecular functions of PDLIM2 in prostate cancer. Here, we aimed to explore the role of PDLIM2 and the effect of the PDLIM2 gene suppression on oncogenic phenotypes of human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)-like cells. METHODS We used human CRPC-like cell lines (PC3, DU145, and C4-2B) for our experiments. Transcription levels of PDLIM2 and relevant genes were measured by real time-PCR and protein expression was analyzed by western blot. Cell viability, proliferation, clonogenic growth, and tumor sphere formation were examined after a specific inhibition of PDLIM2 using RNA interference. Flow cytometry was used to examine apoptotic cell death and cell cycle disturbances. Wound healing and transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the invasion capabilities of CRPC-like cells. Additionally, key oncogenic signaling pathways were examined using western blot. Lastly, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of PDLIM2 suppression on tumor growth of human CRPC xenografts in mice. RESULTS We observed a significant enhancement of PDLIM2 expression in human CRPC-like cell lines, while a specific inhibition of PDLIM2 reduced cell viability and proliferation due to apoptotic cell death. Conversely, PDLIM2 overexpression significantly reduced cell proliferation compared to the negative control in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. Moreover, PDLIM2 suppression led to a decrease of clonogenic growth and tumor sphere formation in three-dimensional cultures with the G2/M cell cycle arrest in human CRPC-like cells. PDLIM2 inhibition also attenuated cellular migration and invasion capabilities of human CRPC-like cells, and reduced the expression of mesenchymal marker. Among several oncogenic signaling pathways, only the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade was decreased by PDLIM2 inhibition and reciprocally, ERK inhibition down-regulated PDLIM2 expression. Importantly, PDLIM2 inhibition remarkably compromised tumor growth in a human CRPC xenograft model. CONCLUSION In summary, the suppression of PDLIM2 significantly reduced such oncogenic phenotypes as proliferation, clonogenicity, invasiveness, and tumor cell growth in human CRPC-like cells both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that PDLIM2 may be considered a novel therapeutic target gene for treating human CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Park
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Hoe Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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28
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NF-κB1 p105 suppresses lung tumorigenesis through the Tpl2 kinase but independently of its NF-κB function. Oncogene 2015; 35:2299-310. [PMID: 26300007 PMCID: PMC4548811 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is generally believed to be pro-tumorigenic. Here, we report a tumor-suppressive function for NF-κB1, the prototypical member of NF-κB. While NF-κB1 down-regulation is associated with high lung cancer risk in humans and poor patient survival, NF-κB1 deficient mice are more vulnerable to lung tumorigenesis induced by the smoke carcinogen, urethane. Notably, the tumor suppressive function of NF-κB1 is independent of its classical role as an NF-κB factor, but instead through stabilization of the Tpl2 kinase. NF-κB1 deficient tumors exhibit “normal” NF-κB activity, but a decreased protein level of Tpl2. Reconstitution of Tpl2 or the NF-κB1 p105, but not p50 (the processed product of p105), inhibits the tumorigenicity of NF-κB1 deficient lung tumor cells. Remarkably, Tpl2 knockout mice resemble NF-κB1 knockouts in urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis. Mechanistic studies indicate that p105/Tpl2 signaling is required for suppressing urethane-induced lung damage and inflammation, and activating mutations of the K-Ras oncogene. These studies reveal an unexpected, NF-κB-independent but Tpl2-depenednt role of NF-κB1 in lung tumor suppression. These studies also reveal a previously unexplored role of p105/Tpl2 signaling in lung homeostasis.
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29
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Bouchal P, Dvořáková M, Roumeliotis T, Bortlíček Z, Ihnatová I, Procházková I, Ho JTC, Maryáš J, Imrichová H, Budinská E, Vyzula R, Garbis SD, Vojtěšek B, Nenutil R. Combined Proteomics and Transcriptomics Identifies Carboxypeptidase B1 and Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Associated Proteins as Putative Biomarkers of Metastasis in Low Grade Breast Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1814-30. [PMID: 25903579 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current prognostic factors are insufficient for precise risk-discrimination in breast cancer patients with low grade breast tumors, which, in disagreement with theoretical prognosis, occasionally form early lymph node metastasis. To identify markers for this group of patients, we employed iTRAQ-2DLC-MS/MS proteomics to 24 lymph node positive and 24 lymph node negative grade 1 luminal A primary breast tumors. Another group of 48 high-grade tumors (luminal B, triple negative, Her-2 subtypes) was also analyzed to investigate marker specificity for grade 1 luminal A tumors. From the total of 4405 proteins identified (FDR < 5%), the top 65 differentially expressed together with 30 previously identified and control markers were analyzed also at transcript level. Increased levels of carboxypeptidase B1 (CPB1), PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 (PDLIM2), and ring finger protein 25 (RNF25) were associated specifically with lymph node positive grade 1 tumors, whereas stathmin 1 (STMN1) and thymosin beta 10 (TMSB10) associated with aggressive tumor phenotype also in high grade tumors at both protein and transcript level. For CPB1, these differences were also observed by immunohistochemical analysis on tissue microarrays. Up-regulation of putative biomarkers in lymph node positive (versus negative) luminal A tumors was validated by gene expression analysis of an independent published data set (n = 343) for CPB1 (p = 0.00155), PDLIM2 (p = 0.02027) and RELA (p = 0.00015). Moreover, statistically significant connections with patient survival were identified in another public data set (n = 1678). Our findings indicate unique pro-metastatic mechanisms in grade 1 tumors that can include up-regulation of CPB1, activation of NF-κB pathway and changes in cell survival and cytoskeleton. These putative biomarkers have potential to identify the specific minor subpopulation of breast cancer patients with low grade tumors who are at higher than expected risk of recurrence and who would benefit from more intensive follow-up and may require more personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bouchal
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic; §Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dvořáková
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic; §Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Theodoros Roumeliotis
- ¶Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zbyněk Bortlíček
- ‖Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Ihnatová
- ‖Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Procházková
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Maryáš
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic; §Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Imrichová
- ‡‡Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Budinská
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic; ‖Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Vyzula
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- §§University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Division, Institute for Life Sciences-Center for Proteomic Research, Southampton, UK
| | - Bořivoj Vojtěšek
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Nenutil
- From the ‡Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic;
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30
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Sun F, Xiao Y, Qu Z. Oncovirus Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) represses tumor suppressor PDLIM2 to persistently activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and STAT3 transcription factors for tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7362-8. [PMID: 25681443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c115.637918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most common cause of malignancies among AIDS patients. However, how KSHV induces tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that one important mechanism underlying the tumorigenesis of KSHV is through transcriptional repression of the tumor suppressor gene PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 (PDLIM2). PDLIM2 expression is repressed in KSHV-transformed human umbilical vascular endothelial cells as well as in KSHV-associated cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Importantly, PDLIM2 repression is essential for KSHV-induced persistent activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and subsequent tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance. Our mechanistic studies indicate that PDLIM2 repression by KSHV involves DNA methylation. Notably, the epigenetic repression of PDLIM2 can be reversed by 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and vitamin D to suppress KSHV-associated cancer cell growth. These studies not only improve our understanding of KSHV pathogenesis but also provide immediate therapeutic strategies for KSHV-mediated cancers, particularly those associated with AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- From the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yadong Xiao
- From the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, and
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- From the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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31
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Cox OT, O’Shea S, Tresse E, Bustamante-Garrido M, Kiran-Deevi R, O’Connor R. IGF-1 Receptor and Adhesion Signaling: An Important Axis in Determining Cancer Cell Phenotype and Therapy Resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:106. [PMID: 26191041 PMCID: PMC4490239 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF-1R expression and activation levels generally cannot be correlated in cancer cells, suggesting that cellular proteins may modulate IGF-1R activity. Strong candidates for such modulation are found in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion signaling complexes. Activated IGF-1R is present at focal adhesions, where it can stabilize β1 integrin and participate in signaling complexes that promote invasiveness associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resistance to therapy. Whether IGF-1R contributes to EMT or to non-invasive tumor growth may be strongly influenced by the degree of extracellular matrix engagement and the presence or absence of key proteins in IGF-1R-cell adhesion complexes. One such protein is PDLIM2, which promotes both cell polarization and EMT by regulating the stability of transcription factors including NFκB, STATs, and beta catenin. PDLIM2 exhibits tumor suppressor activity, but is also highly expressed in certain invasive cancers. It is likely that distinct adhesion complex proteins modulate IGF-1R signaling during cancer progression or adaptive responses to therapy. Thus, identifying the key modulators will be important for developing effective therapeutic strategies and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla T. Cox
- Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra O’Shea
- Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emilie Tresse
- Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Milan Bustamante-Garrido
- Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ravi Kiran-Deevi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rosemary O’Connor
- Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Rosemary O’Connor, Cell Biology Laboratory, BioSciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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Zhou J, Qu Z, Yan S, Sun F, Whitsett JA, Shapiro SD, Xiao G. Differential roles of STAT3 in the initiation and growth of lung cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3804-3814. [PMID: 25284582 PMCID: PMC4387125 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is linked to multiple cancers, including pulmonary adenocarcinoma. However, the role of STAT3 in lung cancer pathogenesis has not been determined. Using lung epithelial-specific inducible knockout strategies, we demonstrate that STAT3 has contrasting roles in the initiation and growth of both chemically and genetically induced lung cancers. Selective deletion of lung epithelial STAT3 in mice before cancer induction by the smoke carcinogen, urethane, resulted in increased lung tissue damage and inflammation, K-Ras oncogenic mutations and tumorigenesis. Deletion of lung epithelial STAT3 after establishment of lung cancer inhibited cancer cell proliferation. Simultaneous deletion of STAT3 and expression of oncogenic K-Ras in mouse lung elevated pulmonary injury, inflammation and tumorigenesis, but reduced tumor growth. These studies indicate that STAT3 prevents lung cancer initiation by maintaining pulmonary homeostasis under oncogenic stress, whereas it facilitates lung cancer progression by promoting cancer cell growth. These studies also provide a mechanistic basis for targeting STAT3 to lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Zhou
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Shapei Yan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Fan Sun
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Divisions of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Minning C, Mokhtar NM, Abdullah N, Muhammad R, Emran NA, Ali SAMD, Harun R, Jamal R. Exploring breast carcinogenesis through integrative genomics and epigenomics analyses. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1959-68. [PMID: 25175708 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many DNA methylation studies on breast cancer which showed various methylation patterns involving tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes but only a few of those studies link the methylation data with gene expression. More data are required especially from the Asian region and to analyse how the epigenome data correlate with the transcriptome. DNA methylation profiling was carried out on 76 fresh frozen primary breast tumour tissues and 25 adjacent non-cancerous breast tissues using the Illumina Infinium(®) HumanMethylation27 BeadChip. Validation of methylation results was performed on 7 genes using either MS-MLPA or MS-qPCR. Gene expression profiling was done on 15 breast tumours and 5 adjacent non-cancerous breast tissues using the Affymetrix GeneChip(®) Human Gene 1.0 ST array. The overlapping genes between DNA methylation and gene expression datasets were further mapped to the KEGG database to identify the molecular pathways that linked these genes together. Supervised hierarchical cluster analysis revealed 1,389 hypermethylated CpG sites and 22 hypomethylated CpG sites in cancer compared to the normal samples. Gene expression microarray analysis using a fold-change of at least 1.5 and a false discovery rate (FDR) at p>0.05 identified 404 upregulated and 463 downregulated genes in cancer samples. Integration of both datasets identified 51 genes with hypermethylation with low expression (negative association) and 13 genes with hypermethylation with high expression (positive association). Most of the overlapping genes belong to the focal adhesion and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction that play important roles in breast carcinogenesis. The present study displayed the value of using multiple datasets in the same set of tissues and how the integrative analysis can create a list of well-focused genes as well as to show the correlation between epigenetic changes and gene expression. These gene signatures can help us understand the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and could be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Minning
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlia Abdullah
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohaizak Muhammad
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aina Emran
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah M D Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Harun
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Extensive nonmuscle expression and epithelial apicobasal localization of the Drosophila ALP/Enigma family protein, Zasp52. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Deevi RK, Cox OT, O'Connor R. Essential function for PDLIM2 in cell polarization in three-dimensional cultures by feedback regulation of the β1-integrin-RhoA signaling axis. Neoplasia 2014; 16:422-31. [PMID: 24863845 PMCID: PMC4198691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PDLIM2 is a cytoskeletal and nuclear PDZ-LIM domain protein that regulates the stability of Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NFκB) and other transcription factors, and is required for polarized cell migration. PDLIM2 expression is suppressed by methylation in different cancers, but is strongly expressed in invasive breast cancer cells that have undergone an Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). PDLIM2 is also expressed in non-transformed breast myoepithelial MCF10A cells and here we asked whether it is important for maintaining the polarized, epithelial phenotype of these cells. Suppression of PDLIM2 in MCF10A cells was sufficient to disrupt cell polarization and acini formation with increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis in the luminal space compared to control acini with hollow lumina. Spheroids with suppressed PDLIM2 exhibited increased expression of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion proteins including beta 1 (β1) integrin. Interestingly, levels of the Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1 R) and Receptor of activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1), which scaffolds IGF-1R to β1 integrin, were also increased, indicating a transformed phenotype. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and cofilin phosphorylation, and RhoA Guanosine Triphosphatase (GTPase) activity were all enhanced in these spheroids compared to control acini. Importantly, inhibition of either FAK or Rho Kinase (ROCK) was sufficient to rescue the polarity defect. We conclude that PDLIM2 expression is essential for feedback regulation of the β1-integrin-RhoA signalling axis and integration of cellular microenvironment signals with gene expression to control the polarity of breast epithelial acini structures. This is a mechanism by which PDLIM2 could mediate tumour suppression in breast epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kiran Deevi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla T Cox
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rosemary O'Connor
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Bowe RA, Cox OT, Ayllón V, Tresse E, Healy NC, Edmunds SJ, Huigsloot M, O'Connor R. PDLIM2 regulates transcription factor activity in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the COP9 signalosome. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:184-95. [PMID: 24196835 PMCID: PMC3873889 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PDLIM2 integrates cytoskeletal signaling with gene expression to enable reversible differentiation of epithelial cancer cells. PDLIM2 associates with the COP9 signalosome and controls its nuclear translocation and the stability of key transcription factors necessary for either a mesenchymal or an epithelial phenotype. Epithelial cell differentiation and polarized migration associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer requires integration of gene expression with cytoskeletal dynamics. Here we show that the PDZ-LIM domain protein PDLIM2 (Mystique/SLIM), a known cytoskeletal protein and promoter of nuclear nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) degradation, regulates transcription factor activity and gene expression through the COP9 signalosome (CSN). Although repressed in certain cancers, PDLIM2 is highly expressed in invasive cancer cells. Here we show that PDLIM2 suppression causes loss of directional migration, inability to polarize the cytoskeleton, and reversal of the EMT phenotype. This is accompanied by altered activity of several transcription factor families, including β-catenin, Ap-1, NFκB, interferon regulatory factors, STATs, JUN, and p53. We also show that PDLIM2 associates with CSN5, and cells with suppressed PDLIM2 exhibit reduced nuclear accumulation and deneddylation activity of the CSN toward the cullin 1 and cullin 3 subunits of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases. Thus PDLIM2 integrates cytoskeleton signaling with gene expression in epithelial differentiation by controlling the stability of key transcription factors and CSN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Bowe
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada 18016, Spain
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PDLIM2 expression is driven by vitamin D and is involved in the pro-adhesion, and anti-migration and -invasion activity of vitamin D. Oncogene 2013; 33:1904-11. [PMID: 23584482 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the biologically active form of vitamin D3, is a pleiotropic hormone that exerts its effects on a wide range of tissues, resulting in different biological responses such as anticancer activity. It is the ligand of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor with transactivating capacity. We demonstrated in this study that 1,25(OH)2D3 induces PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) expression. PDLIM2 is an adaptor molecule that links different components of the cytoskeleton, and was recently shown to be repressed in human breast cancer cells by hypermethylation of regulatory promoter regions, leading to enhanced tumorigenicity. We demonstrated that PDLIM2 was a direct target gene of 1,25(OH)2D3; its upregulation was VDR-dependent and a functional VDRE in the promoter was identified. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 induced demethylation of the PDLIM2 promoter, leading to enhanced transcription. Finally, PDLIM2 was found to be crucial for 1,25(OH)2D3-induced cell adhesion and for mediating the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to suppress cancer cell migration and invasion. This study provides mechanistic insights into the anticancer activities of 1,25(OH)2D3 in human breast cancer cells.
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Abstract
The epithelial tight junction (TJ) is the apical-most intercellular junction and serves as a gatekeeper for the paracellular pathway by permitting regulated passage of fluid and ions while restricting movement of large molecules. In addition to these vital barrier functions, TJ proteins are emerging as major signaling molecules that mediate crosstalk between the extracellular environment, the cell surface, and the nucleus. Biochemical studies have recently determined that epithelial TJs contain over a hundred proteins that encompass transmembrane proteins, scaffolding molecules, cytoskeletal components, regulatory elements, and signaling molecules. Indeed, many of these proteins have defined roles in regulating epithelial polarity, differentiation, and proliferation. This review will focus on recent findings that highlight a role for TJ proteins in controlling cell proliferation during epithelial homeostasis, wound healing, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila E Farkas
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Qu Z, Fu J, Ma H, Zhou J, Jin M, Mapara MY, Grusby MJ, Xiao G. PDLIM2 restricts Th1 and Th17 differentiation and prevents autoimmune disease. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:23. [PMID: 22731402 PMCID: PMC3543335 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PDLIM2 is essential for the termination of the inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and STAT but is dispensable for the development of immune cells and immune tissues/organs. Currently, it remains unknown whether and how PDLIM2 is involved in physiologic and pathogenic processes. Results Here we report that naive PDLIM2 deficient CD4+ T cells were prone to differentiate into Th1 and Th17 cells. PDLIM2 deficiency, however, had no obvious effect on lineage commitment towards Th2 or Treg cells. Notably, PDLIM2 deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a Th1 and/or Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Mechanistic studies further indicate that PDLIM2 was required for restricting expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines, which was in accordance with the role of PDLIM2 in the termination of NF-κB and STAT activation. Conclusion These findings suggest that PDLIM2 is a key modulator of T-cell-mediated immune responses that may be targeted for the therapy of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Qu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Paik H, Kim J, Lee S, Heo HS, Hur CG, Lee D. Prioritization of SNPs for genome-wide association studies using an interaction model of genetic variation, gene expression, and trait variation. Mol Cells 2012; 33:351-61. [PMID: 22460606 PMCID: PMC3887803 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of true causal loci to unravel the statistical evidence of genotype-phenotype correlations and the biological relevance of selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is a challenging issue in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we introduced a novel method for the prioritization of SNPs based on p-values from GWAS. The method uses functional evidence from populations, including phenotype-associated gene expressions. Based on the concept of genetic interactions, such as perturbation of gene expression by genetic variation, phenotype and gene expression related SNPs were prioritized by adjusting the p-values of SNPs. We applied our method to GWAS data related to drug-induced cytotoxicity. Then, we prioritized loci that potentially play a role in druginduced cytotoxicity. By generating an interaction model, our approach allowed us not only to identify causal loci, but also to find intermediate nodes that regulate the flow of information among causal loci, perturbed gene expression, and resulting phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
- Green Bio Research Center,Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749,
Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Hyoung-Sam Heo
- Green Bio Research Center,Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Cheol-Goo Hur
- Green Bio Research Center,Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
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Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), whereas the highly related HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL or other cancers. In addition to ATL leukemogenesis, studies of the HTLV viruses also provide an exceptional model for understanding basic pathogenic mechanisms of virus-host interactions and human oncogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the viral regulatory protein Tax and host inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB are largely responsible for the different pathogenic potentials of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 oncogenic pathogenesis with a focus on the interplay between the Tax oncoprotein and NF-κB pro-oncogenic signaling. We also outline some of the most intriguing and outstanding questions in the fields of HTLV and NF-κB. Answers to those questions will greatly advance our understanding of ATL leukemogenesis and other NF-κB-associated tumorigenesis and will help us design personalized cancer therapies.
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Jain S, Chang TT, Hamilton JP, Lin SY, Lin YJ, Evans AA, Selaru FM, Lin PW, Chen SH, Block TM, Hu CT, Song W, Meltzer SJ, Su YH. Methylation of the CpG sites only on the sense strand of the APC gene is specific for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26799. [PMID: 22073196 PMCID: PMC3206845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), occurs in various malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, reports on the specificity of the methylation of the APC gene for HCC have varied. To gain insight into how these variations occur, bisulfite PCR sequencing was performed to analyze the methylation status of both sense and antisense strands of the APC gene in samples of HCC tissue, matched adjacent non-HCC liver tissue, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and normal liver tissues. DNA derived from fetal liver and 12 nonhepatic normal tissue was also examined. These experiments revealed liver-specific, antisense strand-biased CpG methylation of the APC gene and suggested that, although methylation of the antisense strand of the APC gene exists in normal liver and other non-HCC disease liver tissue, methylation of the sense strand of the APC gene occurs predominantly in HCC. To determine the effect of the DNA strand on the specificity of the methylated APC gene as a biomarker for HCC detection, quantitative methylation-specific PCR assays for sense and antisense strand DNA were developed and performed on DNA isolated from HCC (n = 58), matched adjacent non-HCC (n = 58), cirrhosis (n = 41), and hepatitis (n = 39). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed. With the cutoff value set at the limit of detection, the specificity of sense and antisense strand methylation was 84% and 43%, respectively, and sensitivity was 67.2% and 72.4%, respectively. This result demonstrated that the identity of the methylated DNA strand impacted the specificity of APC for HCC detection. Interestingly, methylation of the sense strand of APC occurred in 40% of HCCs from patients with serum AFP levels less than 20 ng/mL, suggesting a potential role for APC as a biomarker to complement AFP in HCC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Signaling Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - James P. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Selena Y. Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Alison A. Evans
- School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pin- Wen Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Timothy M. Block
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Department of General Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- JBS Science Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Cai FF, Kohler C, Zhang B, Wang MH, Chen WJ, Zhong XY. Epigenetic therapy for breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4465-87. [PMID: 21845090 PMCID: PMC3155363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and epigenetic alterations can control the progression of cancer. Genetic alterations are impossible to reverse, while epigenetic alterations are reversible. This advantage suggests that epigenetic modifications should be preferred in therapy applications. DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases have become the primary targets for studies in epigenetic therapy. Some DNA methylation inhibitors and histone deacetylation inhibitors are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, the uses of epigenetic targets are believed to have great potential as a lasting favorable approach in treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Feng Cai
- Laboratory for Gynecological Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, Women’s Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Room 420, Basel, CH 4031, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.-F.C.); (C.K.); (B.Z.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Corina Kohler
- Laboratory for Gynecological Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, Women’s Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Room 420, Basel, CH 4031, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.-F.C.); (C.K.); (B.Z.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Bei Zhang
- Laboratory for Gynecological Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, Women’s Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Room 420, Basel, CH 4031, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.-F.C.); (C.K.); (B.Z.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Ming-Hong Wang
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wei-Jie Chen
- Laboratory for Gynecological Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, Women’s Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Room 420, Basel, CH 4031, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.-F.C.); (C.K.); (B.Z.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhong
- Laboratory for Gynecological Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, Women’s Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Room 420, Basel, CH 4031, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.-F.C.); (C.K.); (B.Z.); (W.-J.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +41-612-659-248; Fax: +41-612-659-399
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Xiao J, Chen LW, Chen JX, Lin HY, Huang B. Construction of a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing human PDLIM2 gene and its biological activity. Plasmid 2011; 66:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Qu Z, Sun D, Young W. Lithium promotes neural precursor cell proliferation: evidence for the involvement of the non-canonical GSK-3β-NF-AT signaling. Cell Biosci 2011; 1:18. [PMID: 21711903 PMCID: PMC3125208 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium, a drug that has long been used to treat bipolar disorder and some other human pathogenesis, has recently been shown to stimulate neural precursor growth. However, the involved mechanism is not clear. Here, we show that lithium induces proliferation but not survival of neural precursor cells. Mechanistic studies suggest that the effect of lithium mainly involved activation of the transcription factor NF-AT and specific induction of a subset of proliferation-related genes. While NF-AT inactivation by specific inhibition of its upstream activator calcineurin antagonized the effect of lithium on the proliferation of neural precursor cells, specific inhibition of the NF-AT inhibitor GSK-3β, similar to lithium treatment, promoted neural precursor cell proliferation. One important function of lithium appeared to increase inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β, leading to GSK-3β suppression and subsequent NF-AT activation. Moreover, lithium-induced proliferation of neural precursor cells was independent of its role in inositol depletion. These findings not only provide mechanistic insights into the clinical effects of lithium, but also suggest an alternative therapeutic strategy for bipolar disorder and other neural diseases by targeting the non-canonical GSK-3β-NF-AT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Qu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, W, M, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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46
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Shin JE, Park SH, Jang YK. Epigenetic up-regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene during the progression to breast cancer. Mol Cells 2011; 31:181-9. [PMID: 21191816 PMCID: PMC3932684 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin 6 family of cytokines including leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) regulates the progression of several types of cancer. However, although LIF overexpression during breast cancer progression was observed in our previous report, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this deregulation remain largely unknown. Here we show that LIF expression is epigenetically up-regulated via DNA demethylation and changes in histone methylation status within its promoter region in the isogenic MCF10 model. Bisulfite sequencing revealed the CpG pairs within the promoter region are hypermethylated in normal breast epithelial cells, but extensively demethylated as breast cancer progresses. In agreement with the DNA methylation pattern, our chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that inactive epigenetic marks such as MeCP2 occupancy and histone H3-Lys9-dimethylation significantly decreased during the progression to breast cancer but an active histone mark was increased in an inverse manner. Also, the occupancy of the transcription factor Sp1, which has higher affinity for hypomethylated CpGs, increased. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LIF expression resulted in a significant reduction of cell growth and colony formation in breast cancer cells, suggesting the potential role of LIF-LIF receptor axis in autocrine stimulation of cancer cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the epigenetic up-regulation of the LIF gene likely play an important role in the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Yonsei Biomolecule Research Initiative, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Su Hyung Park
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Yonsei Biomolecule Research Initiative, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yeun Kyu Jang
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Yonsei Biomolecule Research Initiative, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Xiao G, Fu J. NF-κB and cancer: a paradigm of Yin-Yang. Am J Cancer Res 2010; 1:192-221. [PMID: 21969033 PMCID: PMC3180046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have clearly linked nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that plays a central role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses, to tumor development, progression, and metastasis as well as tumor therapy resistance. However, it still remains largely unknown on how the tightly regulated NF-κB becomes constitutively activated in tumorigenesis and how the original cancer immunosurveillance function of NF-κB is transformed to be tumorigenic. To address these important issues for cancer prevention and treatment, we discuss current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and molecules involved in the oncogenic activation of NF-κB. We also discuss current understanding of how NF-κB coordinates the inflammatory and malignant cells in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gutian Xiao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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The tumor suppressor gene WWOX links the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways in HTLV-I Tax-mediated tumorigenesis. Blood 2010; 117:1652-61. [PMID: 21115974 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-303073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis. However, it remains unknown whether and how the 2 signaling pathways cooperate during tumorigenesis. We report that inhibition of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway significantly delays tumorigenesis mediated by the viral oncoprotein Tax. One function of noncanonical NF-κB activation was to repress expression of the WWOX tumor suppressor gene. Notably, WWOX specifically inhibited Tax-induced activation of the canonical, but not the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Mechanistic studies indicated that WWOX blocked Tax-induced inhibitors of κB kinaseα (IKKα) recruitment to RelA and subsequent RelA phosphorylation at S536. In contrast, WWOX Y33R, a mutant unable to block the IKKα recruitment and RelA phosphorylation, lost the ability to inhibit Tax-mediated tumorigenesis. These data provide one important mechanism by which Tax coordinates the 2 NF-κB pathways for tumorigenesis. These data also suggest a novel role of WWOX in NF-κB regulation and viral tumorigenesis.
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) encodes a Tax oncoprotein that has crucial roles in both virus replication and cell transformation. Our recent studies suggest that the counterbalance between HTLV-I/Tax and PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein PDLIM2 may determine the outcome of HTLV-I infection. Although HTLV-I represses PDLIM2 epigenetically and specifically in transformed cells, PDLIM2 shuttles Tax into the nuclear matrix for ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation, thereby suppressing the transforming ability of HTLV-I. Here, we have further shown that PDLIM2 binds to Tax directly, which was mediated by a putative α-helix motif of PDLIM2 at amino acids 236-254. Consistently, selective disruption of this short-helix crippled PDLIM2 in shutting Tax to the nuclear matrix for ubiquitination-mediated degradation, therefore, PDLIM2 lost the ability in tumor suppression. Although the C-terminal LIM domain of PDLIM2 was not required for Tax binding, it was important for PDLIM2 to interact with the nuclear matrix. Accordingly, the LIM domain was essential for PDLIM2-mediated Tax repression. On the contrary, the N-terminal PDZ domain of PDLIM2 was dispensable for all these events, although the PDZ domain was involved in PDLIM2 binding to cytoskeleton. These studies dissect functional sequences within PDLIM2 and their distinct roles in Tax regulation.
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Qu Z, Yan P, Fu J, Jiang J, Grusby MJ, Smithgall TE, Xiao G. DNA methylation-dependent repression of PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 in colon cancer and its role as a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1766-72. [PMID: 20145149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor plays a key role in chronic colonic inflammation and colon tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which the tightly regulated NF-kappaB pathway becomes constitutively activated during colonic pathogenesis remain obscure. Here, we report that PDLIM2, an essential terminator of NF-kappaB activation, is repressed in various human colorectal cancer cell lines, suggesting one important mechanism for the constitutive activation of NF-kappaB. Indeed, expression of exogenous PDLIM2 inhibited constitutive NF-kappaB activation in these colorectal cancer cells. Importantly, the PDLIM2 expression was sufficient to suppress in vitro anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumor formation of these malignant cells. We have further shown that the PDLIM2 repression involves promoter methylation. Accordingly, treatment of the colorectal tumor cell lines with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored PDLIM2 expression and resulted in growth arrest. These studies thus provide new mechanistic insights into colon tumorigenesis by identifying a novel tumor suppressor role for PDLIM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Qu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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