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Kim H, Juarez-Contreras I, Budin I. Using the yeast vacuole as a system to test the lipidic drivers of membrane heterogeneity in living cells. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:77-104. [PMID: 38971613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The biophysical drivers of membrane lateral heterogeneity, often termed lipid rafts, have been largely explored using synthetic liposomes or mammalian plasma membrane-derived giant vesicles. Yeast vacuoles, an organelle comparable to mammalian lysosomes, is the only in vivo system that shows stable micrometer scale phase separation in unperturbed cells. The ease of manipulating lipid metabolism in yeast makes this a powerful system for identifying lipids involved in the onset of vacuole membrane heterogeneity. Vacuole domains are induced by stationary stage growth and nutritional starvation, during which they serve as a docking and internalization site for lipid droplet energy stores. Here we describe methods for characterizing vacuole phase separation, its physiological function, and its lipidic drivers. First, we detail methodologies for robustly inducing vacuole domain formation and quantitatively characterizing during live cell imaging experiments. Second, we detail a new protocol for biochemical isolation of stationary stage vacuoles, which allows for lipidomic dissection of membrane phase separation. Third, we describe biochemical techniques for analyzing lipid droplet internalization in vacuole domains. When combined with genetic or chemical perturbations to lipid metabolism, these methods allow for systematic dissection of lipid composition in the structure and function of ordered membrane domains in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Israel Juarez-Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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2
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Chen L, Tian X, Zhang L, Wang W, Hu P, Ma Z, Li Y, Li S, Shen Z, Fan X, Ye L, Ke W, Wu Y, Shui G, Xiao M, He GJ, Yang Y, Fang W, Bai F, Liao G, Chen M, Lin X, Li C, Wang L. Brain glucose induces tolerance of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B during meningitis. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:346-358. [PMID: 38225460 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance is the ability of a susceptible population to survive high doses of cidal drugs and has been shown to compromise therapeutic outcomes in bacterial infections. In comparison, whether fungicide tolerance can be induced by host-derived factors during fungal diseases remains largely unknown. Here, through a systematic evaluation of metabolite-drug-fungal interactions in the leading fungal meningitis pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, we found that brain glucose induces fungal tolerance to amphotericin B (AmB) in mouse brain tissue and patient cerebrospinal fluid via the fungal glucose repression activator Mig1. Mig1-mediated tolerance limits treatment efficacy for cryptococcal meningitis in mice via inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, the target of AmB, and promoting the production of inositolphosphorylceramide, which competes with AmB for ergosterol. Furthermore, AmB combined with an inhibitor of fungal-specific inositolphosphorylceramide synthase, aureobasidin A, shows better efficacy against cryptococcal meningitis in mice than do clinically recommended therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Ma
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yeqi Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leixin Ye
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease, Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guojian Liao
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Kim H, Budin I. Intracellular sphingolipid sorting drives membrane phase separation in the yeast vacuole. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105496. [PMID: 38013088 PMCID: PMC10776997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast vacuole membrane can phase separate into ordered and disordered domains, a phenomenon that is required for micro-lipophagy under nutrient limitation. Despite its importance as a biophysical model and physiological significance, it is not yet resolved if specific lipidome changes drive vacuole phase separation. Here we report that the metabolism of sphingolipids (SLs) and their sorting into the vacuole membrane can control this process. We first developed a vacuole isolation method to identify lipidome changes during the onset of phase separation in early stationary stage cells. We found that early stationary stage vacuoles are defined by an increased abundance of putative raft components, including 40% higher ergosterol content and a nearly 3-fold enrichment in complex SLs (CSLs). These changes were not found in the corresponding whole cell lipidomes, indicating that lipid sorting is associated with domain formation. Several facets of SL composition-headgroup stoichiometry, longer chain lengths, and increased hydroxylations-were also markers of phase-separated vacuole lipidomes. To test SL function in vacuole phase separation, we carried out a systematic genetic dissection of their biosynthetic pathway. The abundance of CSLs controlled the extent of domain formation and associated micro-lipophagy processes, while their headgroup composition altered domain morphology. These results suggest that lipid trafficking can drive membrane phase separation in vivo and identify SLs as key mediators of this process in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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4
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Romanauska A, Köhler A. Lipid saturation controls nuclear envelope function. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1290-1302. [PMID: 37591950 PMCID: PMC10495262 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a spherical double membrane with elastic properties. How NE shape and elasticity are regulated by lipid chemistry is unknown. Here we discover lipid acyl chain unsaturation as essential for NE and nuclear pore complex (NPC) architecture and function. Increased lipid saturation rigidifies the NE and the endoplasmic reticulum into planar, polygonal membranes, which are fracture prone. These membranes exhibit a micron-scale segregation of lipids into ordered and disordered phases, excluding NPCs from the ordered phase. Balanced lipid saturation is required for NPC integrity, pore membrane curvature and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Oxygen deprivation amplifies the impact of saturated lipids, causing NE rigidification and rupture. Conversely, lipid droplets buffer saturated lipids to preserve NE architecture. Our study uncovers a fundamental link between lipid acyl chain structure and the integrity of the cell nucleus with implications for nuclear membrane malfunction in ischaemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Romanauska
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alwin Köhler
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Akkerman V, Scheidt HA, Reinholdt P, Bashawat M, Szomek M, Lehmann M, Wessig P, Covey DF, Kongsted J, Müller P, Wüstner D. Natamycin interferes with ergosterol-dependent lipid phases in model membranes. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 4:100102. [PMID: 37691996 PMCID: PMC10482743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natamycin is an antifungal polyene macrolide that is used as a food preservative but also to treat fungal keratitis and other yeast infections. In contrast to other polyene antimycotics, natamycin does not form ion pores in the plasma membrane, but its mode of action is poorly understood. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of deuterated sterols, we find that natamycin slows the mobility of ergosterol and cholesterol in liquid-ordered (Lo) membranes to a similar extent. This is supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which additionally reveal a strong impact of natamycin dimers on sterol dynamics and water permeability. Interference with sterol-dependent lipid packing is also reflected in a natamycin-mediated increase in membrane accessibility for dithionite, particularly in bilayers containing ergosterol. NMR experiments with deuterated sphingomyelin (SM) in sterol-containing membranes reveal that natamycin reduces phase separation and increases lipid exchange in bilayers with ergosterol. In ternary lipid mixtures containing monounsaturated phosphatidylcholine, saturated SM, and either ergosterol or cholesterol, natamycin interferes with phase separation into Lo and liquid-disordered (Ld) domains, as shown by NMR spectroscopy. Employing the intrinsic fluorescence of natamycin in ultraviolet-sensitive microscopy, we can visualize the binding of natamycin to giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and find that it has the highest affinity for the Lo phase in GUVs containing ergosterol. Our results suggest that natamycin specifically interacts with the sterol-induced ordered phase, in which it disrupts lipid packing and increases solvent accessibility. This property is particularly pronounced in ergosterol containing membranes, which could underlie the selective antifungal activity of natamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Akkerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Holger A. Scheidt
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Bashawat
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Max Lehmann
- Institute for Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Institute for Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Kalli S, Vallieres C, Violet J, Sanders JW, Chapman J, Vincken JP, Avery SV, Araya-Cloutier C. Cellular Responses and Targets in Food Spoilage Yeasts Exposed to Antifungal Prenylated Isoflavonoids. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0132723. [PMID: 37428107 PMCID: PMC10433819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01327-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylated isoflavonoids are phytochemicals with promising antifungal properties. Recently, it was shown that glabridin and wighteone disrupted the plasma membrane (PM) of the food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces parabailii in distinct ways, which led us to investigate further their modes of action (MoA). Transcriptomic profiling with Z. parabailii showed that genes encoding transmembrane ATPase transporters, including Yor1, and genes homologous to the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) subfamily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were upregulated in response to both compounds. Gene functions involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism, proteostasis, and DNA replication processes were overrepresented among genes upregulated by glabridin and/or wighteone. Chemogenomic analysis using the genome-wide deletant collection for S. cerevisiae further suggested an important role for PM lipids and PM proteins. Deletants of gene functions involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (constituents of PM sphingolipids) and ergosterol were hypersensitive to both compounds. Using lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, we corroborated roles for sphingolipids and ergosterol in prenylated isoflavonoid action. The PM ABC transporter Yor1 and Lem3-dependent flippases conferred sensitivity and resistance, respectively, to the compounds, suggesting an important role for PM phospholipid asymmetry in their MoAs. Impaired tryptophan availability, likely linked to perturbation of the PM tryptophan permease Tat2, was evident in response to glabridin. Finally, substantial evidence highlighted a role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cellular responses to wighteone, including gene functions associated with ER membrane stress or with phospholipid biosynthesis, the primary lipid of the ER membrane. IMPORTANCE Preservatives, such as sorbic acid and benzoic acid, inhibit the growth of undesirable yeast and molds in foods. Unfortunately, preservative tolerance and resistance in food spoilage yeast, such as Zygosaccharomyces parabailii, is a growing challenge in the food industry, which can compromise food safety and increase food waste. Prenylated isoflavonoids are the main defense phytochemicals in the Fabaceae family. Glabridin and wighteone belong to this group of compounds and have shown potent antifungal activity against food spoilage yeasts. The present study demonstrated the mode of action of these compounds against food spoilage yeasts by using advanced molecular tools. Overall, the cellular actions of these two prenylated isoflavonoids share similarities (at the level of the plasma membrane) but also differences. Tryptophan import was specifically affected by glabridin, whereas endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress was specifically induced by wighteone. Understanding the mode of action of these novel antifungal agents is essential for their application in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kalli
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy Vallieres
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Violet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Chapman
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon V. Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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7
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Reinhard J, Leveille CL, Cornell CE, Merz AJ, Klose C, Ernst R, Keller SL. Remodeling of yeast vacuole membrane lipidomes from the log (one phase) to stationary stage (two phases). Biophys J 2023; 122:1043-1057. [PMID: 36635960 PMCID: PMC10111276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon nutrient limitation, budding yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shift from fast growth (the log stage) to quiescence (the stationary stage). This shift is accompanied by liquid-liquid phase separation in the membrane of the vacuole, an endosomal organelle. Recent work indicates that the resulting micrometer-scale domains in vacuole membranes enable yeast to survive periods of stress. An outstanding question is which molecular changes might cause this membrane phase separation. Here, we conduct lipidomics of vacuole membranes in both the log and stationary stages. Isolation of pure vacuole membranes is challenging in the stationary stage, when lipid droplets are in close contact with vacuoles. Immuno-isolation has previously been shown to successfully purify log-stage vacuole membranes with high organelle specificity, but it was not previously possible to immuno-isolate stationary-stage vacuole membranes. Here, we develop Mam3 as a bait protein for vacuole immuno-isolation, and demonstrate low contamination by non-vacuolar membranes. We find that stationary-stage vacuole membranes contain surprisingly high fractions of phosphatidylcholine lipids (∼40%), roughly twice as much as log-stage membranes. Moreover, in the stationary stage, these lipids have higher melting temperatures, due to longer and more saturated acyl chains. Another surprise is that no significant change in sterol content is observed. These lipidomic changes, which are largely reflected on the whole-cell level, fit within the predominant view that phase separation in membranes requires at least three types of molecules to be present: lipids with high melting temperatures, lipids with low melting temperatures, and sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Reinhard
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; PZMS, Center for Molecular Signaling, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexey J Merz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Robert Ernst
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; PZMS, Center for Molecular Signaling, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah L Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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8
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Hou T, Zhao Y, Ma Z. The sphinganine C4-hydroxylase FgSur2 regulates sensitivity to azole antifungal agents and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127347. [PMID: 36907072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts consisting of ergosterol and sphingolipids in the lipid membrane of cells play important roles in various cellular processes. However, the functions of sphingolipids and their synthetic genes in phytopathogenic fungi have not been well understood yet. In this study, we conducted genome-wide searches and carried out systematic gene deletion analysis of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway in Fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and other cereal crops worldwide. Mycelial growth assays showed that deletion of FgBAR1, FgLAC1, FgSUR2 or FgSCS7 resulted in markedly reduced hyphal growth. Fungicide sensitivity tests showed that the sphinganine C4-hydroxylase gene FgSUR2 deletion mutant (ΔFgSUR2) exhibited significantly increased susceptibility to azole fungicides. In addition, this mutant displayed a remarkable increase in cell membrane permeability. Importantly, ΔFgSUR2 was defective in deoxynivalenol (DON) toxisome formation, leading to dramatically decreased DON biosynthesis. Moreover, the deletion of FgSUR2 resulted in dramatically decreased virulence of the pathogen on host plants. Taken together, these results indicate that FgSUR2 plays an important role in regulating the susceptibility to azoles and virulence of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Li M, Yuan C, Zhang X, Pang W, Zhang P, Xie R, Lian C, Zhang T. The Transcriptional Responses of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, Cenococcum geophilum, to Drought Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010015. [PMID: 36675836 PMCID: PMC9864566 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With global warming, drought has become one of the major environmental pressures that threaten the development of global agricultural and forestry production. Cenococcum geophilum (C. geophilum) is one of the most common ectomycorrhizal fungi in nature, which can form mycorrhiza with a large variety of host trees of more than 200 tree species from 40 genera of both angiosperms and gymnosperms. In this study, six C. geophilum strains with different drought tolerance were selected to analyze their molecular responses to drought stress with treatment of 10% polyethylene glycol. Our results showed that drought-sensitive strains absorbed Na and K ions to regulate osmotic pressure and up-regulated peroxisome pathway genes to promote the activity of antioxidant enzymes to alleviate drought stress. However, drought-tolerant strains responded to drought stress by up-regulating the functional genes involved in the ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism pathways. The results provided a foundation for studying the mechanism of C. geophilum response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Li
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongzhang Xie
- Forestry Bureau, Sanyuan District, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +86-80-7456-1286 (C.L.); +86-180-0691-1945 (T.Z.)
| | - Taoxiang Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +86-80-7456-1286 (C.L.); +86-180-0691-1945 (T.Z.)
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10
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Yoda T. Charged Lipids Influence Phase Separation in Cell-Sized Liposomes Containing Cholesterol or Ergosterol. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111121. [PMID: 36363676 PMCID: PMC9697951 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Positively charged ion species and charged lipids play specific roles in biochemical processes, especially those involving cell membranes. The cell membrane and phase separation domains are attractive research targets to study signal transduction. The phase separation structure and functions of cell-sized liposomes containing charged lipids and cholesterol have been investigated earlier, and the domain structure has also been studied in a membrane model, containing the yeast sterol ergosterol. The present study investigates phase-separated domain structure alterations in membranes containing charged lipids when cholesterol is substituted with ergosterol. This study finds that ergosterol increases the homogeneity of membranes containing charged lipids. Cholesterol-containing membranes are more sensitive to a charged state, and ergosterol-containing liposomes show lower responses to charged lipids. These findings may improve our understanding of the differences in both yeast and mammalian cells, as well as the interactions of proteins with lipids during signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yoda
- Hachinohe Industrial Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, 1-4-43 Kita-inter-kogyodanchi, Hachinohe City 039-2245, Aomori, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-178-21-2100
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka City 020-8550, Iwate, Japan
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11
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Šturm L, Prislan I, González-Ortega R, Mrak P, Snoj T, Anderluh G, Poklar Ulrih N. Interactions of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate with model lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183999. [PMID: 35820494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid known for its good antioxidant potential and health benefits. It is one of the most intriguing flavonoids, especially because of its specific interactions with model lipid membranes. It was noticed that EGCG might form EGCG rich domains/rafts at certain compositions of lipid membranes. In this article, we investigate whether EGCG forms EGCG rich domains when incorporated in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes. Our results show that EGCG decreases lipid ordering parameter in ordered membranes and increases it in the case of disordered ones. Also, incorporation of EGCG does not affect the zeta-potential and shape of the liposomes, but it can induce aggregation of liposomes. Our study also demonstrates that liposomes with incorporated EGCG are highly protected against UV-light induced oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Šturm
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Prislan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rodrigo González-Ortega
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Snoj
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POBox 660, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POBox 660, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Fairman G, Ouimet M. Lipophagy pathways in yeast are controlled by their distinct modes of induction. Yeast 2022; 39:429-439. [PMID: 35652813 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) autophagy (lipophagy) is a recently discovered selective form of autophagy and is a pathway for LD catabolism. This ubiquitous process has been an ongoing area of research within the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast lipophagy phenotypically resembles microautophagy, although it has a distinct set of genetic requirements depending on the mode of induction. This review highlights the similarities and differences between different forms of yeast lipophagy and offers perspectives on how our knowledge of lipophagy in yeast may guide our understanding of this process within mammalian cells to ultimately inform future applications of lipophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Fairman
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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13
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A review on lactoferrin as a proton pump inhibitor. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:309-317. [PMID: 35038474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a versatile natural milk-derived protein that exhibits multiple interesting biological activities. Since it is safe for human administration and currently manufactured using low cost and well-established large-scale processes, the Lf scientific community has been devoted at dissecting its mechanisms of action towards its more rational and efficient use for various applications. Emerging literature has identified proton pumping ATPases as molecular targets of Lf in different cellular models linked to distinct activities of this natural protein. Information on this subject has not been systematically analysed before, hence herein we review the current state of art on the effect of Lf on proton pumping ATPases. Though structurally different, we propose that Lf holds a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-like activity based on the functional resemblance with the classical inhibitors of the stomach H+/K+-ATPase. The downstream events and outcomes of the PPI-like activity of Lf, as well as its impact for the development of improved Lf applications are also discussed.
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14
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Okamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Tejima K, Sasamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Aoyama T, Nagi M, Tanabe K, Miyazaki Y, Nakayama H, Sasakawa C, Kajiwara S, Brown AJP, Teixeira MC, Chibana H. Erg25 Controls Host-Cholesterol Uptake Mediated by Aus1p-Associated Sterol-Rich Membrane Domains in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:820675. [PMID: 35399500 PMCID: PMC8988197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.820675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of cholesterol from the host is closely linked to the proliferation of pathogenic fungi and protozoa during infection. For some pathogenic fungi, cholesterol uptake is an important strategy for decreasing susceptibility to antifungals that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. In this study, we show that Candida glabrata ERG25, which encodes an enzyme that demethylates 4,4-dimethylzymosterol, is required for cholesterol uptake from host serum. Based on the screening of C. glabrata conditional knockdown mutants for each gene involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, ERG25 knockdown was found to decrease lethality of infected mice. ERG25 knockdown impairs the plasma membrane localization of the sterol importer Aus1p, suggesting that the accumulated 4,4-dimethylzymosterol destabilizes the lipid domain with which Aus1p functionally associates. ERG25 knockdown further influences the structure of the membrane compartment of Can1p (MCC)/eisosomes (ergosterol-rich lipid domains), but not the localization of the membrane proteins Pma1p and Hxt1p, which localize to sterol-poor domains. In the sterol-rich lipid domain, Aus1p-contining domain was mostly independent of MCC/eisosomes, and the nature of these domains was also different: Ausp1-contining domain was a dynamic network-like domain, whereas the MCC/eisosomes was a static dot-like domain. However, deletion of MCC/eisosomes was observed to influence the localization of Aus1p after Aus1p was transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that ERG25 plays a key role in stabilizing sterol-rich lipid domains, constituting a promising candidate target for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Tejima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaname Sasamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Aoyama
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Minoru Nagi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanabe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Hironobu Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Miguel C. Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Laquel P, Testet E, Tuphile K, Cullin C, Fouillen L, Bessoule JJ, Doignon F. Phosphoinositides containing stearic acid are required for interaction between Rho GTPases and the exocyst to control the late steps of polarised exocytosis. Traffic 2021; 23:120-136. [PMID: 34908215 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity is achieved by regulators such as small G proteins, exocyst members and phosphoinositides, with the latter playing a key role when bound to the exocyst proteins Sec3p and Exo70p, and Rho GTPases. This ensures asymmetric growth via the routing of proteins and lipids to the cell surface using actin cables. Previously, using a yeast mutant for a lysophosphatidylinositol acyl transferase encoded by the PSI1 gene, we demonstrated the role of stearic acid in the acyl chain of phosphoinositides in cytoskeletal organisation and secretion. Here, we use a genetic approach to characterise the effect on late steps of the secretory pathway. The constitutive overexpression of PSI1 in mutants affecting kinases involved in the phosphoinositide pathway demonstrated the role of molecular species containing stearic acid in bypassing a lack of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate PI(4)P at the plasma membrane, which is essential for the function of the Cdc42p module. Decreasing the levels of stearic acid-containing phosphoinositides modifies the environment of the actors involved in the control of late steps in the secretory pathway. This leads to decreased interactions between Exo70p and Sec3p, with Cdc42p, Rho1p and Rho3p, due to disruption of the GTP/GDP ratio of at least Rho1p and Rho3p GTPases, thereby preventing activation of the exocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laquel
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - E Testet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - K Tuphile
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - C Cullin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - L Fouillen
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.,Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux, Functional Genomics Centre, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - J J Bessoule
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - F Doignon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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16
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Ferraz L, Sauer M, Sousa MJ, Branduardi P. The Plasma Membrane at the Cornerstone Between Flexibility and Adaptability: Implications for Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Cell Factory. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715891. [PMID: 34434179 PMCID: PMC8381377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, microbial-based biotechnological processes are paving the way toward sustainability as they implemented the use of renewable feedstocks. Nonetheless, the viability and competitiveness of these processes are often limited due to harsh conditions such as: the presence of feedstock-derived inhibitors including weak acids, non-uniform nature of the substrates, osmotic pressure, high temperature, extreme pH. These factors are detrimental for microbial cell factories as a whole, but more specifically the impact on the cell’s membrane is often overlooked. The plasma membrane is a complex system involved in major biological processes, including establishing and maintaining transmembrane gradients, controlling uptake and secretion, intercellular and intracellular communication, cell to cell recognition and cell’s physical protection. Therefore, when designing strategies for the development of versatile, robust and efficient cell factories ready to tackle the harshness of industrial processes while delivering high values of yield, titer and productivity, the plasma membrane has to be considered. Plasma membrane composition comprises diverse macromolecules and it is not constant, as cells adapt it according to the surrounding environment. Remarkably, membrane-specific traits are emerging properties of the system and therefore it is not trivial to predict which membrane composition is advantageous under certain conditions. This review includes an overview of membrane engineering strategies applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enhance its fitness under industrially relevant conditions as well as strategies to increase microbial production of the metabolites of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Ferraz
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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17
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Gömann J, Herrfurth C, Zienkiewicz A, Ischebeck T, Haslam TM, Hornung E, Feussner I. Sphingolipid long-chain base hydroxylation influences plant growth and callose deposition in Physcomitrium patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:297-314. [PMID: 33720428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are enriched in microdomains in the plant plasma membrane (PM). Hydroxyl groups in the characteristic long-chain base (LCB) moiety might be essential for the interaction between sphingolipids and sterols during microdomain formation. Investigating LCB hydroxylase mutants in Physcomitrium patens might therefore reveal the role of certain plant sphingolipids in the formation of PM subdomains. Physcomitrium patens mutants for the LCB C-4 hydroxylase S4H were generated by homologous recombination. Plants were characterised by analysing their sphingolipid and steryl glycoside (SG) profiles and by investigating different gametophyte stages. s4h mutants lost the hydroxyl group at the C-4 position of their LCB moiety. Loss of this hydroxyl group caused global changes in the moss sphingolipidome and in SG composition. Changes in membrane lipid composition may trigger growth defects by interfering with the localisation of membrane-associated proteins that are crucial for growth processes such as signalling receptors or callose-modifying enzymes. Loss of LCB-C4 hydroxylation substantially changes the P. patens sphingolipidome and reveals a key role for S4H during development of nonvascular plants. Physcomitrium patens is a valuable model for studying the diversification of plant sphingolipids. The simple anatomy of P. patens facilitates visualisation of physiological processes in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Gömann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
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18
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Mioka T, Guo T, Wang S, Tsuji T, Kishimoto T, Fujimoto T, Tanaka K. Characterization of micron-scale protein-depleted plasma membrane domains in phosphatidylserine-deficient yeast cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:261783. [PMID: 34000034 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane phase separation to form micron-scale domains of lipids and proteins occurs in artificial membranes; however, a similar large-scale phase separation has not been reported in the plasma membrane of the living cells. We show here that a stable micron-scale protein-depleted region is generated in the plasma membrane of yeast mutants lacking phosphatidylserine at high temperatures. We named this region the 'void zone'. Transmembrane proteins and certain peripheral membrane proteins and phospholipids are excluded from the void zone. The void zone is rich in ergosterol, and requires ergosterol and sphingolipids for its formation. Such properties are also found in the cholesterol-enriched domains of phase-separated artificial membranes, but the void zone is a novel membrane domain that requires energy and various cellular functions for its formation. The formation of the void zone indicates that the plasma membrane in living cells has the potential to undergo phase separation with certain lipid compositions. We also found that void zones were frequently in contact with vacuoles, in which a membrane domain was also formed at the contact site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Mioka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Tian Guo
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shiyao Wang
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takuma Tsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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19
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Abstract
All living cells interact dynamically with a constantly changing world. Eukaryotes, in particular, evolved radically new ways to sense and react to their environment. These advances enabled new and more complex forms of cellular behaviour in eukaryotes, including directional movement, active feeding, mating, and responses to predation. But what are the key events and innovations during eukaryogenesis that made all of this possible? Here we describe the ancestral repertoire of eukaryotic excitability and discuss five major cellular innovations that enabled its evolutionary origin. The innovations include a vastly expanded repertoire of ion channels, the emergence of cilia and pseudopodia, endomembranes as intracellular capacitors, a flexible plasma membrane and the relocation of chemiosmotic ATP synthesis to mitochondria, which liberated the plasma membrane for more complex electrical signalling involved in sensing and reacting. We conjecture that together with an increase in cell size, these new forms of excitability greatly amplified the degrees of freedom associated with cellular responses, allowing eukaryotes to vastly outperform prokaryotes in terms of both speed and accuracy. This comprehensive new perspective on the evolution of excitability enriches our view of eukaryogenesis and emphasizes behaviour and sensing as major contributors to the success of eukaryotes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Y. Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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20
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Mbuyane LL, Bauer FF, Divol B. The metabolism of lipids in yeasts and applications in oenology. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110142. [PMID: 33642009 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are valuable compounds present in all living organisms, which display an array of functions related to compartmentalization, energy storage and enzyme activation. Furthermore, these compounds are an integral part of the plasma membrane which is responsible for maintaining structure, facilitating the transport of solutes in and out of the cell and cellular signalling necessary for cell survival. The lipid composition of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively investigated and the impact of lipids on S. cerevisiae cellular functions during wine alcoholic fermentation is well documented. Although other yeast species are currently used in various industries and are receiving increasing attention in winemaking, little is known about their lipid metabolism. This review article provides an extensive and critical evaluation of our knowledge on the biosynthesis, accumulation, metabolism and regulation of fatty acids and sterols in yeasts. The implications of the yeast lipid content on stress resistance as well as performance during alcoholic fermentation are discussed and a particular emphasis is given on non-Saccharomyces yeasts. Understanding lipid requirements and metabolism in non-Saccharomyces yeasts may lead to a better management of these yeast to enhance their contributions to wine properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lethiwe Lynett Mbuyane
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Florian Franz Bauer
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Benoit Divol
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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21
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Zhang S, Lu X, Wang B, Zhang G, Liu M, Geng S, Sun L, An J, Zhang Z, Zhang H. A soft anti-virulence liposome realizing the explosive release of antibiotics at an infectious site to improve antimicrobial therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:147-158. [PMID: 33226396 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs), the most common virulence proteins, are promising therapeutic keys in bacterial infections. CAL02, consisting of sphingomyelin (Sm) and containing a maximum ratio of cholesterol (Ch), has been applied to sequester PFTs. However, Sm, a saturated phospholipid, leads to structural rigidity of the liposome, which does not benefit PFT combination. Therefore, in order to decrease the membrane rigidity and improve the fluidity of liposomes, we have introduced an unsaturated phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (Pc), to the saturated Sm. In this report, a soft nanoliposome (called CSPL), composed of Ch, Sm and Pc, was artificially prepared. In order to further improve its antibacterial effect, vancomycin (Van) was loaded into the hydrophilic core of CSPL, where Van can be released radically at the infectious site through transmembrane pores formed by the PFTs in CSPL. This soft Van@CSPL nanoliposome with detoxification/drug release was able to inhibit the possibility of antibiotic resistance and could play a better role in treating severe invasive infections in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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22
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Yoda T, Saito T. Size of Cells and Physicochemical Properties of Membranes are Related to Flavor Production during Sake Brewing in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120440. [PMID: 33352892 PMCID: PMC7766171 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl caproate (EC) and isoamyl acetate (IA) are key flavor components of sake. Recently, attempts have been made to increase the content of good flavor components, such as EC and IA, in sake brewing. However, the functions of EC and IA in yeast cells remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of EC and IA using cell-sized lipid vesicles. We also investigated lipid vesicles containing EC and/or caproic acid (CA) as well as IA and/or isoamyl alcohol (IAA). CA and IAA are precursors of EC and IA, respectively, and are important flavors in sake brewing. The size of a vesicle is influenced by flavor compounds and their precursors in a concentration-dependent manner. We aimed to establish the conditions in which the vesicles contained more flavors simultaneously and with different ratios. Interestingly, vesicles were largest in a mixture of 50% of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) with 25% EC and 25% CA or a mixture of 50% DOPC with 25% IA and 25% IAA. The impact of flavor additives on membrane fluidity was also studied using Laurdan generalized polarization. During the production process, flavors may regulate the fluidity of lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yoda
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Hirosaki Industrial Research Institute, 1-1-8 Ougi-machi, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8104, Japan;
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-172-55-6740
| | - Tomoaki Saito
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Hirosaki Industrial Research Institute, 1-1-8 Ougi-machi, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8104, Japan;
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23
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Santos FC, Marquês JT, Bento‐Oliveira A, Almeida RF. Sphingolipid‐enriched domains in fungi. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3698-3718. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Joaquim T. Marquês
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento‐Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F.M. Almeida
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
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24
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Tsai YT, Moore W, Kim H, Budin I. Bringing rafts to life: Lessons learned from lipid organization across diverse biological membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 233:104984. [PMID: 33203526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of lipids to drive lateral organization is a remarkable feature of membranes and has been hypothesized to underlie the architecture of cells. Models for lipid rafts and related domains were originally based on the mammalian plasma membrane, but the nature of heterogeneity in this system is still not fully resolved. However, the concept of lipid-driven organization has been highly influential across biology, and has led to discoveries in organisms that feature a diversity of lipid chemistries and physiological needs. Here we review several emerging and instructive cases of membrane organization in non-mammalian systems. In bacteria, several types of membrane domains that act in metabolism and signaling have been elucidated. These widen our view of what constitutes a raft, but also introduce new questions about the relationship between organization and function. In yeast, observable membrane organization is found in both the plasma membrane and the vacuole. The latter serves as the best example of classic membrane phase partitioning in a living system to date, suggesting that internal organelles are important membranes to investigate across eukaryotes. Finally, we highlight plants as powerful model systems for complex membrane interactions in multicellular organisms. Plant membranes are organized by unique glycosphingolipids, supporting the importance of carbohydrate interactions in organizing lateral domains. These examples demonstrate that membrane organization is a potentially universal phenonenon in biology and argue for the continued broadening of lipid physical chemistry research into a wide range of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - William Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Hyesoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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25
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Song J, Liu X, Li R. Sphingolipids: Regulators of azole drug resistance and fungal pathogenicity. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:891-905. [PMID: 32767804 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of sphingolipids in pathogenic fungi, in terms of pathogenicity and resistance to azole drugs, has been a rapidly growing field. This review describes evidence about the roles of sphingolipids in azole resistance and fungal virulence. Sphingolipids can serve as signaling molecules that contribute to azole resistance through modulation of the expression of drug efflux pumps. They also contribute to azole resistance by participating in various microbial pathways such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), pH-responsive Rim pathway, and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) pathway. In addition, sphingolipid signaling and eisosomes also coordinately regulate sphingolipid biosynthesis in response to azole-induced membrane stress. Sphingolipids are important for fungal virulence, playing roles during growth in hosts under stressful conditions, maintenance of cell wall integrity, biofilm formation, and production of various virulence factors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exploiting fungal sphingolipids for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat infections caused by pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Rongpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
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26
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Hurst LR, Fratti RA. Lipid Rafts, Sphingolipids, and Ergosterol in Yeast Vacuole Fusion and Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:539. [PMID: 32719794 PMCID: PMC7349313 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysosome-like vacuole is a useful model for studying membrane fusion events and organelle maturation processes utilized by all eukaryotes. The vacuolar membrane is capable of forming micrometer and nanometer scale domains that can be visualized using microscopic techniques and segregate into regions with surprisingly distinct lipid and protein compositions. These lipid raft domains are liquid-ordered (L o ) like regions that are rich in sphingolipids, phospholipids with saturated acyl chains, and ergosterol. Recent studies have shown that these lipid rafts contain an enrichment of many different proteins that function in essential activities such as nutrient transport, organelle contact, membrane trafficking, and homotypic fusion, suggesting that they are biologically relevant regions within the vacuole membrane. Here, we discuss recent developments and the current understanding of sphingolipid and ergosterol function at the vacuole, the composition and function of lipid rafts at this organelle and how the distinct lipid and protein composition of these regions facilitates the biological processes outlined above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan R Hurst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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27
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Khmelinskaia A, Marquês JMT, Bastos AEP, Antunes CAC, Bento-Oliveira A, Scolari S, Lobo GMDS, Malhó R, Herrmann A, Marinho HS, de Almeida RFM. Liquid-Ordered Phase Formation by Mammalian and Yeast Sterols: A Common Feature With Organizational Differences. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:337. [PMID: 32596234 PMCID: PMC7304482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, biophysical properties of membranes enriched in three metabolically related sterols are analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike cholesterol and ergosterol, the common metabolic precursor zymosterol is unable to induce the formation of a liquid ordered (l o) phase in model lipid membranes and can easily accommodate in a gel phase. As a result, Zym has a marginal ability to modulate the passive membrane permeability of lipid vesicles with different compositions, contrary to cholesterol and ergosterol. Using fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy of an aminostyryl dye in living mammalian and yeast cells we established a close parallel between sterol-dependent membrane biophysical properties in vivo and in vitro. This approach unraveled fundamental differences in yeast and mammalian plasma membrane organization. It is often suggested that, in eukaryotes, areas that are sterol-enriched are also rich in sphingolipids, constituting highly ordered membrane regions. Our results support that while cholesterol is able to interact with saturated lipids, ergosterol seems to interact preferentially with monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines. Taken together, we show that different eukaryotic kingdoms developed unique solutions for the formation of a sterol-rich plasma membrane, a common evolutionary trait that accounts for sterol structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Khmelinskaia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M T Marquês
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André E P Bastos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina A C Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento-Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Scolari
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerson M da S Lobo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Hu C, Wang C, He L, Han X. Novel strategies for enhancing shotgun lipidomics for comprehensive analysis of cellular lipidomes. Trends Analyt Chem 2019; 120:115330. [PMID: 32647401 PMCID: PMC7344273 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun lipidomics is one of the most powerful tools in analysis of cellular lipidomes in lipidomics, which directly analyzes lipids from lipid extracts of diverse biological samples with high accuracy/precision. However, despite its great advances in high throughput analysis of cellular lipidomes, low coverage of poorly ionized lipids, especially those species in very low abundance, and some types of isomers within complex lipid extracts by shotgun lipidomics remains a huge challenge. In the past few years, many strategies have been developed to enhance shotgun lipidomics for comprehensive analysis of lipid species. Chemical derivatization represents one of the most attractive and effective strategies, already receiving considerable attention. This review focuses on novel advanced derivatization strategies for enhancing shotgun lipidomics. It is anticipated that with the development of enhanced strategies, shotgun lipidomics can make greater contributions to biological and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Lijiao He
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine – Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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29
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Amaral VSG, Fernandes CM, Felício MR, Valle AS, Quintana PG, Almeida CC, Barreto-Bergter E, Gonçalves S, Santos NC, Kurtenbach E. Psd2 pea defensin shows a preference for mimetic membrane rafts enriched with glucosylceramide and ergosterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:713-728. [PMID: 30639288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psd2 is a pea defensin with 47 amino acid residues that inhibits the growth of fungal species by an uncharacterized mechanism. In this work, Psd2 interactions with model membranes mimicking the lipid compositions of different organisms were evaluated. Protein-lipid overlay assays indicated that Psd2 recognizes Fusarium solani glucosylceramide (GlcCerF.solani) and ergosterol (Erg) in addition to phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and some phosphatidylinositol species, such as PtdIns (3)P, (5)P and (3,5)P2, suggesting that these lipids may play important roles as Psd2 targets. Assays using lipid vesicles were also performed to study the behaviour and dynamics that occur after peptide-membrane interactions. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that Psd2 has a higher affinity for pure POPC and POPC-based vesicles containing GlcCer and Erg at a 70:30 proportion than for vesicles containing cholesterol (Chol). Partition experiments by fluorescence spectroscopy showed a decrease in Trp42 quantum yield of Psd2 in the presence of GlcCerF.solani and Erg, individually or in simultaneously enriched membranes. The partition coefficient (Kp) obtained indicated a Psd2 partition preference for this vesicles, confirmed by quenching assays using acrylamide and 5/16-doxyl-stearic acid. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of C8C9 double bonds and a methyl group at position C9 of the sphingoid base backbone of GlcCer was relevant to Psd2 activity against Aspergillus nidulans. These results are consistent with the selectivity of Psd2 against fungi and its lack of toxicity in human erythrocytes. Psd2 represents a promising natural compound for the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sara Grancieri Amaral
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mário R Felício
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aline Sol Valle
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula G Quintana
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Correa Almeida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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30
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Ali U, Li H, Wang X, Guo L. Emerging Roles of Sphingolipid Signaling in Plant Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1328-1343. [PMID: 30336328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant sphingolipids are not only structural components of the plasma membrane and other endomembrane systems but also act as signaling molecules during biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the roles of sphingolipids in plant signal transduction in response to environmental cues are yet to be investigated in detail. In this review, we discuss the signaling roles of sphingolipid metabolites with a focus on plant sphingolipids. We also mention some microbial sphingolipids that initiate signals during their interaction with plants, because of the limited literatures on their plant analogs. The equilibrium of nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated sphingolipid species determine the destiny of plant cells, whereas molecular connections among the enzymes responsible for this equilibrium in a coordinated signaling network are poorly understood. A mechanistic link between the phytohormone-sphingolipid interplay has also not yet been fully understood and many key participants involved in this complex interaction operating under stress conditions await to be identified. Future research is needed to fill these gaps and to better understand the signal pathways of plant sphingolipids and their interplay with other signals in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hehuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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31
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Cohen BE. Membrane Thickness as a Key Factor Contributing to the Activation of Osmosensors and Essential Ras Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:76. [PMID: 30087894 PMCID: PMC6066546 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane provides a functional link between the external environment and the replicating DNA genome by using ligand-gated receptors and chemical signals to activate signaling transduction pathways. However, increasing evidence has also indicated that the phospholipid bilayer itself by altering various physical parameters serves as a sensor that regulate membrane proteins in a specific manner. Changes in thickness and/or curvature of the membrane have been shown to be induced by mechanical forces and transmitted through the transmembrane helices of several types of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels underlying functions such as osmoregulation in bacteria and sensory processing in mammalian cells. This review focus on recent protein functional and structural data indicating that the activation of bacterial and yeast osmosensors is consistent with thickness-induced tilting changes of the transmembrane domains of these proteins. Membrane thinning in combination with curvature changes may also lead to the lateral transfer of the small lipid-anchored GTPases Ras1 and H-Ras out of lipid rafts for clustering and signaling. The modulation of signaling pathways by amphiphilic peptides and the membrane-active antibiotics colistin and Amphotericin B is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eleazar Cohen
- Division of External Activities, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
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32
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Marquês JT, Marinho HS, de Almeida RF. Sphingolipid hydroxylation in mammals, yeast and plants – An integrated view. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:18-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Belin BJ, Busset N, Giraud E, Molinaro A, Silipo A, Newman DK. Hopanoid lipids: from membranes to plant-bacteria interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:304-315. [PMID: 29456243 PMCID: PMC6087623 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid research represents a frontier for microbiology, as showcased by hopanoid lipids. Hopanoids, which resemble sterols and are found in the membranes of diverse bacteria, have left an extensive molecular fossil record. They were first discovered by petroleum geologists. Today, hopanoid-producing bacteria remain abundant in various ecosystems, such as the rhizosphere. Recently, great progress has been made in our understanding of hopanoid biosynthesis, facilitated in part by technical advances in lipid identification and quantification. A variety of genetically tractable, hopanoid-producing bacteria have been cultured, and tools to manipulate hopanoid biosynthesis and detect hopanoids are improving. However, we still have much to learn regarding how hopanoid production is regulated, how hopanoids act biophysically and biochemically, and how their production affects bacterial interactions with other organisms, such as plants. The study of hopanoids thus offers rich opportunities for discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J. Belin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Busset
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LSTM, UMR IRD, SupAgro, INRA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LSTM, UMR IRD, SupAgro, INRA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, France
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Dianne K. Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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34
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Lu SM, Fairn GD. Mesoscale organization of domains in the plasma membrane - beyond the lipid raft. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:192-207. [PMID: 29457544 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1436515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is compartmentalized into several distinct regions or domains, which show a broad diversity in both size and lifetime. The segregation of lipids and membrane proteins is thought to be driven by the lipid composition itself, lipid-protein interactions and diffusional barriers. With regards to the lipid composition, the immiscibility of certain classes of lipids underlies the "lipid raft" concept of plasmalemmal compartmentalization. Historically, lipid rafts have been described as cholesterol and (glyco)sphingolipid-rich regions of the plasma membrane that exist as a liquid-ordered phase that are resistant to extraction with non-ionic detergents. Over the years the interest in lipid rafts grew as did the challenges with studying these nanodomains. The term lipid raft has fallen out of favor with many scientists and instead the terms "membrane raft" or "membrane nanodomain" are preferred as they connote the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of the lipid-protein assemblies. In this article, we will discuss the classical lipid raft hypothesis and its limitations. This review will also discuss alternative models of lipid-protein interactions, annular lipid shells, and larger membrane clusters. We will also discuss the mesoscale organization of plasmalemmal domains including visible structures such as clathrin-coated pits and caveolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Lu
- a Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- a Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,c Department of Surgery , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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35
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Hsiao JHT, Halliday GM, Kim WS. α-Synuclein Regulates Neuronal Cholesterol Efflux. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101769. [PMID: 29048372 PMCID: PMC6151759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein that is at the center of focus in understanding the etiology of a group of neurodegenerative diseases called α-synucleinopathies, which includes Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite much research, the exact physiological function of α-synuclein is still unclear. α-Synuclein has similar biophysical properties as apolipoproteins and other lipid-binding proteins and has a high affinity for cholesterol. These properties suggest a possible role for α-synuclein as a lipid acceptor mediating cholesterol efflux (the process of removing cholesterol out of cells). To test this concept, we "loaded" SK-N-SH neuronal cells with fluorescently-labelled cholesterol, applied exogenous α-synuclein, and measured the amount of cholesterol removed from the cells using a classic cholesterol efflux assay. We found that α-synuclein potently stimulated cholesterol efflux. We found that the process was dose and time dependent, and was saturable at 1.0 µg/mL of α-synuclein. It was also dependent on the transporter protein ABCA1 located on the plasma membrane. We reveal for the first time a novel role of α-synuclein that underscores its importance in neuronal cholesterol regulation, and identify novel therapeutic targets for controlling cellular cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsiang T Hsiao
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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36
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Halbleib K, Pesek K, Covino R, Hofbauer HF, Wunnicke D, Hänelt I, Hummer G, Ernst R. Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response by Lipid Bilayer Stress. Mol Cell 2017; 67:673-684.e8. [PMID: 28689662 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved homeostatic program that is activated by misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, it became evident that aberrant lipid compositions of the ER membrane, referred to as lipid bilayer stress, are equally potent in activating the UPR. The underlying molecular mechanism, however, remained unclear. We show that the most conserved transducer of ER stress, Ire1, uses an amphipathic helix (AH) to sense membrane aberrancies and control UPR activity. In vivo and in vitro experiments, together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, identify the physicochemical properties of the membrane environment that control Ire1 oligomerization. This work establishes the molecular mechanism of UPR activation by lipid bilayer stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Halbleib
- Institute of Biochemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Pesek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roberto Covino
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Harald F Hofbauer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dorith Wunnicke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Inga Hänelt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Ernst
- Institute of Biochemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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37
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Sizes of lipid domains: What do we know from artificial lipid membranes? What are the possible shared features with membrane rafts in cells? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:789-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gaibelet G, Tercé F, Allart S, Lebrun C, Collet X, Jamin N, Orlowski S. Fluorescent probes for detecting cholesterol-rich ordered membrane microdomains: entangled relationships between structural analogies in the membrane and functional homologies in the cell. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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39
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Bartelds R, Barnoud J, J. Boersma A, J. Marrink S, Poolman B. Lipid phase separation in the presence of hydrocarbons in giant unilamellar vesicles. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.4.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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40
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Santos FC, Fernandes AS, Antunes CAC, Moreira FP, Videira A, Marinho HS, de Almeida RFM. Reorganization of plasma membrane lipid domains during conidial germination. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:156-166. [PMID: 27815222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurospora crassa, a filamentous fungus, in the unicellular conidial stage has ideal features to study sphingolipid (SL)-enriched domains, which are implicated in fundamental cellular processes ranging from antifungal resistance to apoptosis. Several changes in lipid metabolism and in the membrane composition of N. crassa occur during spore germination. However, the biophysical impact of those changes is unknown. Thus, a biophysical study of N. crassa plasma membrane, particularly SL-enriched domains, and their dynamics along conidial germination is prompted. Two N. crassa strains, wild-type (WT) and slime, which is devoid of cell wall, were studied. Conidial growth of N. crassa WT from a dormancy state to an exponential phase was accompanied by membrane reorganization, namely an increase of membrane fluidity, occurring faster in a supplemented medium than in Vogel's minimal medium. Gel-like domains, likely enriched in SLs, were found in both N. crassa strains, but were particularly compact, rigid and abundant in the case of slime cells, even more than in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In N. crassa, our results suggest that the melting of SL-enriched domains occurs near growth temperature (30°C) for WT, but at higher temperatures for slime. Regarding biophysical properties strongly affected by ergosterol, the plasma membrane of slime conidia lays in between those of N. crassa WT and S. cerevisiae cells. The differences in biophysical properties found in this work, and the relationships established between membrane lipid composition and dynamics, give new insights about the plasma membrane organization and structure of N. crassa strains during conidial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C Santos
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia S Fernandes
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina A C Antunes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe P Moreira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Abstract
Lipidomics is a rapidly growing technology for identification and quantification of a variety of cellular lipid molecules. Following the successful development and application of functional genomic technologies in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we witness a recent expansion of lipidomics applications in this model organism. The applications include detailed characterization of the yeast lipidome as well as screening for perturbed lipid phenotypes across hundreds of yeast gene deletion mutants. In this chapter, we describe sample handling, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics methods developed for yeast lipidomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Tarasov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3T 1J4.
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42
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Makushok T, Alves P, Huisman SM, Kijowski AR, Brunner D. Sterol-Rich Membrane Domains Define Fission Yeast Cell Polarity. Cell 2016; 165:1182-1196. [PMID: 27180904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization is crucial for the functioning of all organisms. The cytoskeleton is central to the process but its role in symmetry breaking is poorly understood. We study cell polarization when fission yeast cells exit starvation. We show that the basis of polarity generation is de novo sterol biosynthesis, cell surface delivery of sterols, and their recruitment to the cell poles. This involves four phases occurring independent of the polarity factor cdc42p. Initially, multiple, randomly distributed sterol-rich membrane (SRM) domains form at the plasma membrane, independent of the cytoskeleton and cell growth. These domains provide platforms on which the growth and polarity machinery assembles. SRM domains are then polarized by the microtubule-dependent polarity factor tea1p, which prepares for monopolar growth initiation and later switching to bipolar growth. SRM polarization requires F-actin but not the F-actin organizing polarity factors for3p and bud6p. We conclude that SRMs are key to cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Makushok
- University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paulo Alves
- IGBMC, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Stephen Michiel Huisman
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Rafal Kijowski
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damian Brunner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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43
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Wang M, Wang C, Han RH, Han X. Novel advances in shotgun lipidomics for biology and medicine. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 61:83-108. [PMID: 26703190 PMCID: PMC4733395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of lipidomics, as coined in 2003, has made profound advances and been rapidly expanded. The mass spectrometry-based strategies of this analytical methodology-oriented research discipline for lipid analysis are largely fallen into three categories: direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based platforms, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based approaches (particularly in imagining lipid distribution in tissues or cells). This review focuses on shotgun lipidomics. After briefly introducing its fundamentals, the major materials of this article cover its recent advances. These include the novel methods of lipid extraction, novel shotgun lipidomics strategies for identification and quantification of previously hardly accessible lipid classes and molecular species including isomers, and novel tools for processing and interpretation of lipidomics data. Representative applications of advanced shotgun lipidomics for biological and biomedical research are also presented in this review. We believe that with these novel advances in shotgun lipidomics, this approach for lipid analysis should become more comprehensive and high throughput, thereby greatly accelerating the lipidomics field to substantiate the aberrant lipid metabolism, signaling, trafficking, and homeostasis under pathological conditions and their underpinning biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Rowland H Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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44
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Abstract
Sphingolipids, a once overlooked class of lipids in plants, are now recognized as abundant and essential components of plasma membrane and other endomembranes of plant cells. In addition to providing structural integrity to plant membranes, sphingolipids contribute to Golgi trafficking and protein organizational domains in the plasma membrane. Sphingolipid metabolites have also been linked to the regulation of cellular processes, including programmed cell death. Advances in mass spectrometry-based sphingolipid profiling and analyses of Arabidopsis mutants have enabled fundamental discoveries in sphingolipid structural diversity, metabolism, and function that are reviewed here. These discoveries are laying the groundwork for the tailoring of sphingolipid biosynthesis and catabolism for improved tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Luttgeharm
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, E318 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Athen N Kimberlin
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, E318 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, E318 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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45
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Rella A, Farnoud AM, Del Poeta M. Plasma membrane lipids and their role in fungal virulence. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:63-72. [PMID: 26703191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable evidence in recent years suggesting that plasma membrane lipids are important regulators of fungal pathogenicity. Various glycolipids have been shown to impart virulent properties in several fungal species, while others have been shown to play a role in host defense. In addition to their role as virulence factors, lipids also contribute to other virulence mechanisms such as drug resistance, biofilm formation, and release of extracellular vesicles. In addition, lipids also affect the mechanical properties of the plasma membrane through the formation of packed microdomains composed mainly of sphingolipids and sterols. Changes in the composition of lipid microdomains have been shown to disrupt the localization of virulence factors and affect fungal pathogenicity. This review gathers evidence on the various roles of plasma membrane lipids in fungal virulence and how lipids might contribute to the different processes that occur during infection and treatment. Insight into the role of lipids in fungal virulence can lead to an improved understanding of the process of fungal pathogenesis and the development of new lipid-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rella
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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46
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Mahadeo M, Nathoo S, Ganesan S, Driedger M, Zaremberg V, Prenner EJ. Disruption of lipid domain organization in monolayers of complex yeast lipid extracts induced by the lysophosphatidylcholine analogue edelfosine in vivo. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:153-62. [PMID: 26386399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lysophosphatidylcholine analogue edelfosine is a potent antitumor and antiparasitic drug that targets cell membranes. Previous studies have shown that edelfosine alters membrane domain organization inducing internalization of sterols and endocytosis of plasma membrane transporters. These early events affect signaling pathways that result in cell death. It has been shown that edelfosine preferentially partitions into more rigid lipid domains in mammalian as well as in yeast cells. In this work we aimed at investigating the effect of edelfosine on membrane domain organization using monolayers prepared from whole cell lipid extracts of cells treated with edelfosine compared to control conditions. In Langmuir monolayers we were able to detect important differences to the lipid packing of the membrane monofilm. Domain formation visualized by means of Brewster angle microscopy also showed major morphological changes between edelfosine treated versus control samples. Importantly, edelfosine resistant cells defective in drug uptake did not display the same differences. In addition, co-spread samples of control lipid extracts with edelfosine added post extraction did not fully mimic the results obtained with lipid extracts from treated cells. Altogether these results indicate that edelfosine induces changes in membrane domain organization and that these changes depend on drug uptake. Our work also validates the use of monolayers derived from complex cell lipid extracts combined with Brewster angle microscopy, as a sensitive approach to distinguish between conditions associated with susceptibility or resistance to lysophosphatidylcholine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mahadeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Safia Nathoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Suriakarthiga Ganesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael Driedger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Elmar J Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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47
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Davis SA, Vincent BM, Endo MM, Whitesell L, Marchillo K, Andes DR, Lindquist S, Burke MD. Nontoxic antimicrobials that evade drug resistance. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:481-7. [PMID: 26030729 PMCID: PMC4472574 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that act more promiscuously provide fewer routes for the emergence of resistant mutants. But this benefit often comes at the cost of serious off-target and dose-limiting toxicities. The classic example is the antifungal amphotericin B (AmB), which has evaded resistance for more than half a century. We report dramatically less toxic amphotericins that nevertheless evade resistance. They are scalably accessed in just three steps from the natural product, and bind their target (the fungal sterol, ergosterol) with far greater selectivity than AmB. Hence, they are less toxic and far more effective in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Surprisingly, exhaustive efforts to select for mutants resistant to these more selective compounds revealed that they are just as impervious to resistance as AmB. Thus, highly selective cytocidal action and the evasion of resistance are not mutually exclusive, suggesting practical routes to the discovery of less toxic, resistance-evasive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Davis
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. [2] Roger Adam Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin M Vincent
- 1] Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew M Endo
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. [2] Roger Adam Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Marchillo
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David R Andes
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- 1] Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. [2] Roger Adam Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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48
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Levental KR, Levental I. Giant plasma membrane vesicles: models for understanding membrane organization. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:25-57. [PMID: 26015280 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The organization of eukaryotic membranes into functional domains continues to fascinate and puzzle cell biologists and biophysicists. The lipid raft hypothesis proposes that collective lipid interactions compartmentalize the membrane into coexisting liquid domains that are central to membrane physiology. This hypothesis has proven controversial because such structures cannot be directly visualized in live cells by light microscopy. The recent observations of liquid-liquid phase separation in biological membranes are an important validation of the raft hypothesis and enable application of the experimental toolbox of membrane physics to a biologically complex phase-separated membrane. This review addresses the role of giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) in refining the raft hypothesis and expands on the application of GPMVs as an experimental model to answer some of key outstanding problems in membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandice R Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston - Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston - Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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49
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Farnoud AM, Toledo AM, Konopka JB, Del Poeta M, London E. Raft-like membrane domains in pathogenic microorganisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:233-68. [PMID: 26015285 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is thought to be compartmentalized by the presence of lipid-protein microdomains. In eukaryotic cells, microdomains composed of sterols and sphingolipids, commonly known as lipid rafts, are believed to exist, and reports on the presence of sterol- or protein-mediated microdomains in bacterial cell membranes are also appearing. Despite increasing attention, little is known about microdomains in the plasma membrane of pathogenic microorganisms. This review attempts to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of lipid rafts in pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The current literature on characterization of microdomains in pathogens is reviewed, and their potential role in growth, pathogenesis, and drug resistance is discussed. Better insight into the structure and function of membrane microdomains in pathogenic microorganisms might lead to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and development of raft-mediated approaches for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro M Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - James B Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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50
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Arumugam S, Petrov EP, Schwille P. Cytoskeletal pinning controls phase separation in multicomponent lipid membranes. Biophys J 2015; 108:1104-13. [PMID: 25762322 PMCID: PMC4375424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the effect of a minimal cytoskeletal network formed on the surface of giant unilamellar vesicles by the prokaryotic tubulin homolog, FtsZ, on phase separation in freestanding lipid membranes. FtsZ has been modified to interact with the membrane through a membrane targeting sequence from the prokaryotic protein MinD. FtsZ with the attached membrane targeting sequence efficiently forms a highly interconnected network on membranes with a concentration-dependent mesh size, much similar to the eukaryotic cytoskeletal network underlying the plasma membrane. Using giant unilamellar vesicles formed from a quaternary lipid mixture, we demonstrate that the artificial membrane-associated cytoskeleton, on the one hand, suppresses large-scale phase separation below the phase transition temperature, and, on the other hand, preserves phase separation above the transition temperature. Our experimental observations support the ideas put forward in our previous simulation study: In particular, the picket fence effect on phase separation may explain why micrometer-scale membrane domains are observed in isolated, cytoskeleton-free giant plasma membrane vesicles, but not in intact cell membranes. The experimentally observed suppression of large-scale phase separation much below the transition temperatures also serves as an argument in favor of the cryoprotective role of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Arumugam
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 168, Physico-chimie Curie, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 3666, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, Paris, France
| | - Eugene P Petrov
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, Germany.
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