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Yang S, Niou ZX, Enriquez A, LaMar J, Huang JY, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Tennessen JM, Rangaraju V, Lu HC. NMNAT2 supports vesicular glycolysis via NAD homeostasis to fuel fast axonal transport. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38282024 PMCID: PMC10823734 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy are often found in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential cofactor for energy metabolism, is mainly synthesized by Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) in CNS neurons. NMNAT2 mRNA levels are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Here we addressed whether NMNAT2 is required for axonal health of cortical glutamatergic neurons, whose long-projecting axons are often vulnerable in neurodegenerative conditions. We also tested if NMNAT2 maintains axonal health by ensuring axonal ATP levels for axonal transport, critical for axonal function. METHODS We generated mouse and cultured neuron models to determine the impact of NMNAT2 loss from cortical glutamatergic neurons on axonal transport, energetic metabolism, and morphological integrity. In addition, we determined if exogenous NAD supplementation or inhibiting a NAD hydrolase, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), prevented axonal deficits caused by NMNAT2 loss. This study used a combination of techniques, including genetics, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, live imaging with optical sensors, and anti-sense oligos. RESULTS We provide in vivo evidence that NMNAT2 in glutamatergic neurons is required for axonal survival. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 maintains the NAD-redox potential to provide "on-board" ATP via glycolysis to vesicular cargos in distal axons. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation to NMNAT2 KO neurons restores glycolysis and resumes fast axonal transport. Finally, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that reducing the activity of SARM1, an NAD degradation enzyme, can reduce axonal transport deficits and suppress axon degeneration in NMNAT2 KO neurons. CONCLUSION NMNAT2 ensures axonal health by maintaining NAD redox potential in distal axons to ensure efficient vesicular glycolysis required for fast axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Zhen-Xian Niou
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Andrea Enriquez
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jacob LaMar
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jui-Yen Huang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Karen Ling
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855, Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855, Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Vidhya Rangaraju
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Tarasiuk O, Molteni L, Malacrida A, Nicolini G. The Role of NMNAT2/SARM1 in Neuropathy Development. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:61. [PMID: 38275737 PMCID: PMC10813049 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) commonly arises as a side effect of diverse cancer chemotherapy treatments. This condition presents symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and altered sensation in patients, often accompanied by neuropathic pain. Pathologically, CIPN is characterized by an intensive "dying-back" axonopathy, starting at the intra-epidermal sensory innervations and advancing retrogradely. The lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its underlying mechanisms explains the absence of effective treatments for CIPN. Recent investigations into axon degeneration mechanisms have pinpointed nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 protein (SARM1) as pivotal mediators of injury-induced axonal degeneration. In this review, we aim to explore various studies shedding light on the interplay between NMNAT2 and SARM1 proteins and their roles in the progression of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tarasiuk
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.); (G.N.)
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Lautrup S, Hou Y, Fang EF, Bohr VA. Roles of NAD + in Health and Aging. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041193. [PMID: 37848251 PMCID: PMC10759992 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
NAD+, the essential metabolite involved in multiple reactions such as the regulation of cellular metabolism, energy production, DNA repair, mitophagy and autophagy, inflammation, and neuronal function, has been the subject of intense research in the field of aging and disease over the last decade. NAD+ levels decline with aging and in some age-related diseases, and reduction in NAD+ affects all the hallmarks of aging. Here, we present an overview of the discovery of NAD+, the cellular pathways of producing and consuming NAD+, and discuss how imbalances in the production rate and cellular request of NAD+ likely contribute to aging and age-related diseases including neurodegeneration. Preclinical studies have revealed great potential for NAD+ precursors in promotion of healthy aging and improvement of neurodegeneration. This has led to the initiation of several clinical trials with NAD+ precursors to treat accelerated aging, age-associated dysfunctions, and diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. NAD supplementation has great future potential clinically, and these studies will also provide insight into the mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Yujun Hou
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- DNA Repair Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang S, Park JH, Lu HC. Axonal energy metabolism, and the effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37475056 PMCID: PMC10357692 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glucose is the major brain fuel and glucose hypometabolism has been observed in brain regions vulnerable to aging and NDAs. Many neurodegenerative susceptible regions are in the topological central hub of the brain connectome, linked by densely interconnected long-range axons. Axons, key components of the connectome, have high metabolic needs to support neurotransmission and other essential activities. Long-range axons are particularly vulnerable to injury, neurotoxin exposure, protein stress, lysosomal dysfunction, etc. Axonopathy is often an early sign of neurodegeneration. Recent studies ascribe axonal maintenance failures to local bioenergetic dysregulation. With this review, we aim to stimulate research in exploring metabolically oriented neuroprotection strategies to enhance or normalize bioenergetics in NDA models. Here we start by summarizing evidence from human patients and animal models to reveal the correlation between glucose hypometabolism and connectomic disintegration upon aging/NDAs. To encourage mechanistic investigations on how axonal bioenergetic dysregulation occurs during aging/NDAs, we first review the current literature on axonal bioenergetics in distinct axonal subdomains: axon initial segments, myelinated axonal segments, and axonal arbors harboring pre-synaptic boutons. In each subdomain, we focus on the organization, activity-dependent regulation of the bioenergetic system, and external glial support. Second, we review the mechanisms regulating axonal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis, an essential molecule for energy metabolism processes, including NAD+ biosynthetic, recycling, and consuming pathways. Third, we highlight the innate metabolic vulnerability of the brain connectome and discuss its perturbation during aging and NDAs. As axonal bioenergetic deficits are developing into NDAs, especially in asymptomatic phase, they are likely exaggerated further by impaired NAD+ homeostasis, the high energetic cost of neural network hyperactivity, and glial pathology. Future research in interrogating the causal relationship between metabolic vulnerability, axonopathy, amyloid/tau pathology, and cognitive decline will provide fundamental knowledge for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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5
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Yang S, Niou ZX, Enriquez A, LaMar J, Huang JY, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Tennessen JM, Rangaraju V, Lu HC. NMNAT2 supports vesicular glycolysis via NAD homeostasis to fuel fast axonal transport. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2859584. [PMID: 37292715 PMCID: PMC10246254 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2859584/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy are often found in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential cofactor for energy metabolism, is mainly synthesized by Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) in CNS neurons. NMNAT2 mRNA levels are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Here we addressed whether NMNAT2 is required for axonal health of cortical glutamatergic neurons, whose long-projecting axons are often vulnerable in neurodegenerative conditions. We also tested if NMNAT2 maintains axonal health by ensuring axonal ATP levels for axonal transport, critical for axonal function. Methods We generated mouse and cultured neuron models to determine the impact of NMNAT2 loss from cortical glutamatergic neurons on axonal transport, energetic metabolism, and morphological integrity. In addition, we determined if exogenous NAD supplementation or inhibiting a NAD hydrolase, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), prevented axonal deficits caused by NMNAT2 loss. This study used a combination of genetics, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, live imaging with optical sensors, and anti-sense oligos. Results We provide in vivo evidence that NMNAT2 in glutamatergic neurons is required for axonal survival. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 maintains the NAD-redox potential to provide "on-board" ATP via glycolysis to vesicular cargos in distal axons. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation to NMNAT2 KO neurons restores glycolysis and resumes fast axonal transport. Finally, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that reducing the activity of SARM1, an NAD degradation enzyme, can reduce axonal transport deficits and suppress axon degeneration in NMNAT2 KO neurons. Conclusion NMNAT2 ensures axonal health by maintaining NAD redox potential in distal axons to ensure efficient vesicular glycolysis required for fast axonal transport.
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6
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McGuinness HY, Gu W, Shi Y, Kobe B, Ve T. SARM1-Dependent Axon Degeneration: Nucleotide Signaling, Neurodegenerative Disorders, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231162508. [DOI: 10.1177/10738584231162508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Axons are an essential component of the nervous system, and axon degeneration is an early feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The NAD+ metabolome plays an essential role in regulating axonal integrity. Axonal levels of NAD+ and its precursor NMN are controlled in large part by the NAD+ synthesizing survival factor NMNAT2 and the pro-neurodegenerative NADase SARM1, whose activation triggers axon destruction. SARM1 has emerged as a promising axon-specific target for therapeutic intervention, and its function, regulation, structure, and role in neurodegenerative diseases have been extensively characterized in recent years. In this review, we first introduce the key molecular players involved in the SARM1-dependent axon degeneration program. Next, we summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how SARM1 is kept inactive in healthy neurons and how it becomes activated in injured or diseased neurons, which has involved important insights from structural biology. Finally, we discuss the role of SARM1 in neurodegenerative disorders and environmental neurotoxicity and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y. McGuinness
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Parsons RB, Kocinaj A, Ruiz Pulido G, Prendergast SA, Parsons AE, Facey PD, Hirth F. Alpha-synucleinopathy reduces NMNAT3 protein levels and neurite formation that can be rescued by targeting the NAD+ pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2918-2933. [PMID: 35397003 PMCID: PMC9433734 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the deposition of α-synuclein, which leads to synaptic dysfunction, the loss of neuronal connections and ultimately progressive neurodegeneration. Despite extensive research into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, the mechanisms underlying α-synuclein-mediated synaptopathy have remained elusive. Several lines of evidence suggest that altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism might be causally related to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. NAD+ metabolism is central to the maintenance of synaptic structure and function. Its synthesis is mediated by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), but their role in Parkinson's disease is not known. Here we report significantly decreased levels of NMNAT3 protein in the caudate nucleus of patients who have died with Parkinson's disease, which inversely correlated with the amount of monomeric α-synuclein. The detected alterations were specific and significant as the expression levels of NMNAT1, NMNAT2 and sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) were not significantly different in Parkinson's disease patients compared to controls. To test the functional significance of these findings, we ectopically expressed wild-type α-synuclein in retinoic acid-differentiated dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells that resulted in decreased levels of NMNAT3 protein plus a neurite pathology, which could be rescued by FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase that acts as a key enzyme in the regulation of NAD+ synthesis. Our results establish, for the first time, NMNAT3 alterations in Parkinson's disease and demonstrate in human cells that this phenotype together with neurite pathology is causally related to α-synucleinopathy. These findings identify alterations in the NAD+ biosynthetic pathway as a pathogenic mechanism underlying α-synuclein-mediated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Parsons
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Altin Kocinaj
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gustavo Ruiz Pulido
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sarah A Prendergast
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Anna E Parsons
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul D Facey
- Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
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Fortunato C, Mazzola F, Raffaelli N. The key role of the NAD biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase in regulating cell functions. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:562-572. [PMID: 34866305 PMCID: PMC9299865 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) catalyzes a reaction central to all known NAD biosynthetic routes. In mammals, three isoforms with distinct molecular and catalytic properties, different subcellular and tissue distribution have been characterized. Each isoform is essential for cell survival, with a critical role in modulating NAD levels in a compartment‐specific manner. Each isoform supplies NAD to specific NAD‐dependent enzymes, thus regulating their activity with impact on several biological processes, including DNA repair, proteostasis, cell differentiation, and neuronal maintenance. The nuclear NMNAT1 and the cytoplasmic NMNAT2 are also emerging as relevant targets in specific types of cancers and NMNAT2 has a key role in the activation of antineoplastic compounds. This review recapitulates the biochemical properties of the three isoforms and focuses on recent advances on their protective function, involvement in human diseases and role as druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fortunato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Mazzola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Petropavlovskiy A, Kogut J, Leekha A, Townsend C, Sanders S. A sticky situation: regulation and function of protein palmitoylation with a spotlight on the axon and axon initial segment. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210005. [PMID: 34659801 PMCID: PMC8495546 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the axon and axon initial segment (AIS) are critical structures for action potential initiation and propagation. Their formation and function rely on tight compartmentalisation, a process where specific proteins are trafficked to and retained at distinct subcellular locations. One mechanism which regulates protein trafficking and association with lipid membranes is the modification of protein cysteine residues with the 16-carbon palmitic acid, known as S-acylation or palmitoylation. Palmitoylation, akin to phosphorylation, is reversible, with palmitate cycling being mediated by substrate-specific enzymes. Palmitoylation is well-known to be highly prevalent among neuronal proteins and is well studied in the context of the synapse. Comparatively, how palmitoylation regulates trafficking and clustering of axonal and AIS proteins remains less understood. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical regulation of palmitoylation, its involvement in various neurological diseases, and the most up-to-date perspective on axonal palmitoylation. Through a palmitoylation analysis of the AIS proteome, we also report that an overwhelming proportion of AIS proteins are likely palmitoylated. Overall, our review and analysis confirm a central role for palmitoylation in the formation and function of the axon and AIS and provide a resource for further exploration of palmitoylation-dependent protein targeting to and function at the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Petropavlovskiy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Kogut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshia Leekha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte A. Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S. Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
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Yang T, Wang Y, Liao W, Zhang S, Wang S, Xu N, Xie W, Luo C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 mediated the brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases via damaging synthesis of NAD + and ATP. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:192. [PMID: 34758883 PMCID: PMC8579638 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging and neurodegenerative diseases are typical metabolic-related processes. As a metabolism-related long non-coding RNA, EPB41L4A-AS has been reported to be potentially involved in the development of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we sought to reveal the mechanisms of EPB41L4A-AS in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Human hippocampal gene expression profiles downloaded from the Genotype-Tissue Expression database were analyzed to obtain age-stratified differentially expressed genes; a weighted correlation network analysis algorithm was then used to construct a gene co-expression network of these differentially expressed genes to obtain gene clustering modules. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, protein–protein interaction network, and correlation analysis were used to reveal the role of EPB41L4A-AS1. The mechanism was verified using Gene Expression Omnibus dataset GSE5281 and biological experiments (construction of cell lines, Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, measurement of ATP and NAD+ levels, nicotinamide riboside treatment, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) in neurons and glial-derived cells. Results EPB41L4A-AS1 was downregulated in aging and Alzheimer's disease. EPB41L4A-AS1 related genes were found to be enriched in the electron transport chain and NAD+ synthesis pathway. Furthermore, these genes were highly associated with neurodegenerative diseases and positively correlated with EPB41L4A-AS1. In addition, biological experiments proved that the downregulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 could reduce the expression of these genes via histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation, resulting in decreased NAD+ and ATP levels, while EPB41L4A-AS1 overexpression and nicotinamide riboside treatment could restore the NAD+ and ATP levels. Conclusions Downregulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 not only disturbs NAD+ biosynthesis but also affects ATP synthesis. As a result, the high demand for NAD+ and ATP in the brain cannot be met, promoting the development of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS1 and nicotinamide riboside, a substrate of NAD+ synthesis, can reduce EPB41L4A-AS1 downregulation-mediated decrease of NAD+ and ATP synthesis. Our results provide new perspectives on the mechanisms underlying brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00705-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingpeng Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weijie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China.
| | - Yaou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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11
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Liu P, Huang H, Fang F, Liu L, Li L, Feng X, Chen W, Dalal R, Sun Y, Hu Y. Neuronal NMNAT2 Overexpression Does Not Achieve Significant Neuroprotection in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis/Optic Neuritis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:754651. [PMID: 34707482 PMCID: PMC8542903 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.754651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis, inflammation, and demyelination of the optic nerve (ON), is one of the most common clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis; affected patients suffer persistent visual symptoms due to ON degeneration and secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model replicates optic neuritis and significant RGC soma and axon loss. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) are NAD+-synthetic enzymes that have been shown to be essential for axon integrity, activation of which significantly delays axonal Wallerian degeneration. NMNAT2, which is enriched in axons, has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target for axon injury-induced neurodegeneration. We therefore investigated whether activation of NMNAT2 can be used as a gene therapy strategy for neuroprotection in EAE/optic neuritis. To avoid the confounding effects in inflammatory cells, which play important roles in EAE initiation and progression, we used an RGC-specific promoter to drive the expression of the long half-life NMNAT2 mutant in mouse RGCs in vivo. However, optical coherence tomography in vivo retina imaging did not reveal significant protection of the ganglion cell complex, and visual function assays, pattern electroretinography, and optokinetic response also showed no improvement in mice with NMNAT2 overexpression. Postmortem histological analysis of retina wholemounts and semithin sections of ON confirmed the in vivo results: NMNAT2 activation in RGCs does not provide significant neuroprotection of RGCs in EAE/optic neuritis. Our studies suggest that a different degenerative mechanism than Wallerian degeneration is involved in autoimmune inflammatory axonopathy and that NMNAT2 may not be a major contributor to this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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12
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Cheng XS, Shi FX, Zhao KP, Lin W, Li XY, Zhang J, Bu YY, Zhu R, Li XH, Duan DX, Ji XY, Wei JS, Wang JZ, Du J, Zhou XW. Nmnat2 attenuates amyloidogenesis and up-regulates ADAM10 in AMPK activity-dependent manner. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23620-23636. [PMID: 34644262 PMCID: PMC8580354 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulating is considered as a causative factor for formation of senile plaque in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but its mechanism is still elusive. The Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (Nmnat2), a key redox cofactor for energy metabolism, is reduced in AD. Accumulative evidence has shown that the decrease of α-secretase activity, a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 10 (ADAM10), is responsible for the increase of Aβ productions in AD patient’s brain. Here, we observe that the activity of α-secretase ADAM10 and levels of Nmnat2 are significantly decreased, meanwhile there is a simultaneous elevation of Aβ in Tg2576 mice. Over-expression of Nmnat2 increases the mRNA expression of α-secretase ADAM10 and its activity and inhibits Aβ production in N2a/APPswe cells, which can be abolished by Compound C, an AMPK antagonist, suggesting that AMPK is involved in over-expression of Nmnat2 against Aβ production. The further assays demonstrate that Nmnat2 activates AMPK by up-regulating the ratio of NAD+/NADH, moreover AMPK agonist AICAR can also increase ADAM10 activity and reduces Aβ1-40/1-42. Taken together, Nmnat2 suppresses Aβ production and up-regulates ADAM10 in AMPK activity-dependent manner, suggesting that Nmnat2 may serve as a new potential target in arresting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Shu Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.,Brain Research Laboratory, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Fang-Xiao Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Kun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453002, Henan, China
| | - Wang Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Yao-Yao Bu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dong-Xiao Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Department of Microbiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jian-She Wei
- Brain Research Laboratory, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Neurology, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.,Department of Respiratory, Huaihe Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.,Brain Research Laboratory, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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13
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Strømland Ø, Diab J, Ferrario E, Sverkeli LJ, Ziegler M. The balance between NAD + biosynthesis and consumption in ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111569. [PMID: 34509469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme in redox reactions. NAD+ is also important in cellular signalling as it is consumed by PARPs, SARM1, sirtuins and CD38. Cellular NAD+ levels regulate several essential processes including DNA repair, immune cell function, senescence, and chromatin remodelling. Maintenance of these cellular processes is important for healthy ageing and lifespan. Interestingly, the levels of NAD+ decline during ageing in several organisms, including humans. Declining NAD+ levels have been linked to several age-related diseases including various metabolic diseases and cognitive decline. Decreasing tissue NAD+ concentrations have been ascribed to an imbalance between biosynthesis and consumption of the dinucleotide, resulting from, for instance, reduced levels of the rate limiting enzyme NAMPT along with an increased activation state of the NAD+-consuming enzymes PARPs and CD38. The progression of some age-related diseases can be halted or reversed by therapeutic augmentation of NAD+ levels. NAD+ metabolism has therefore emerged as a potential target to ameliorate age-related diseases. The present review explores how ageing affects NAD+ metabolism and current approaches to reverse the age-dependent decline of NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Strømland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Joseph Diab
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Eugenio Ferrario
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Lars J Sverkeli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway.
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14
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Cao Y, Tang L, Du K, Paraiso K, Sun Q, Liu Z, Ye X, Fang Y, Yuan F, Chen H, Chen Y, Wang X, Yu C, Blitz IL, Wang PH, Huang L, Cheng H, Lu X, Cho KW, Seldin M, Fang Z, Yang Q. Anterograde regulation of mitochondrial genes and FGF21 signaling by hepatic LSD1. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e147692. [PMID: 34314389 PMCID: PMC8492328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis and function are controlled by anterograde regulatory pathways involving more than 1000 nuclear-encoded proteins. Transcriptional networks controlling the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we show that histone demethylase LSD1 KO from adult mouse liver (LSD1-LKO) reduces the expression of one-third of all nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and decreases mitochondrial biogenesis and function. LSD1-modulated histone methylation epigenetically regulates nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Furthermore, LSD1 regulates gene expression and protein methylation of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1), which controls the final step of NAD+ synthesis and limits NAD+ availability in the nucleus. Lsd1 KO reduces NAD+-dependent SIRT1 and SIRT7 deacetylase activity, leading to hyperacetylation and hypofunctioning of GABPβ and PGC-1α, the major transcriptional factor/cofactor for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Despite the reduced mitochondrial function in the liver, LSD1-LKO mice are protected from diet-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance, partially due to induction of hepatokine FGF21. Thus, LSD1 orchestrates a core regulatory network involving epigenetic modifications and NAD+ synthesis to control mitochondrial function and hepatokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lingyi Tang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA.,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kitt Paraiso
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaolong Ye
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hank Chen
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yumay Chen
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ira L. Blitz
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ping H. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Haibo Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ken W.Y. Cho
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
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15
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Challa S, Khulpateea BR, Nandu T, Camacho CV, Ryu KW, Chen H, Peng Y, Lea JS, Kraus WL. Ribosome ADP-ribosylation inhibits translation and maintains proteostasis in cancers. Cell 2021; 184:4531-4546.e26. [PMID: 34314702 PMCID: PMC8380725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Defects in translation lead to changes in the expression of proteins that can serve as drivers of cancer formation. Here, we show that cytosolic NAD+ synthesis plays an essential role in ovarian cancer by regulating translation and maintaining protein homeostasis. Expression of NMNAT-2, a cytosolic NAD+ synthase, is highly upregulated in ovarian cancers. NMNAT-2 supports the catalytic activity of the mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferase (MART) PARP-16, which mono(ADP-ribosyl)ates (MARylates) ribosomal proteins. Depletion of NMNAT-2 or PARP-16 leads to inhibition of MARylation, increased polysome association and enhanced translation of specific mRNAs, aggregation of their translated protein products, and reduced growth of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, MARylation of the ribosomal proteins, such as RPL24 and RPS6, inhibits polysome assembly by stabilizing eIF6 binding to ribosomes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ribosome MARylation promotes protein homeostasis in cancers by fine-tuning the levels of protein synthesis and preventing toxic protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Challa
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Beman R Khulpateea
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tulip Nandu
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cristel V Camacho
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Keun W Ryu
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jayanthi S Lea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - W Lee Kraus
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Pérez MJ, Baden P, Deleidi M. Progresses in both basic research and clinical trials of NAD+ in Parkinson's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111499. [PMID: 33989633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The decline of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels is a hallmark of aging in multiple organisms and tissues, including the human brain. Hence, agents that increase intracellular NAD+ could have beneficial effects in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Disturbances in NAD+ metabolism have also been observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), supporting a link between neuronal bioenergetics failure and disease pathogenesis. Here, we review emerging findings revealing key roles for NAD+ and related metabolites in experimental models of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and in PD patients. We discuss how increased NAD+ levels might ameliorate disease phenotypes by restoring neuronal mitochondrial energy metabolism, promoting cellular proteostasis, and modulating the immune system. Finally, we describe ongoing clinical trials targeting NAD+ in PD and highlight the need for further investigations to better delineate the association between NAD+, brain aging and disease, and optimal strategies for efficiently and safely raising NAD+ levels. A more comprehensive understanding of the basic mechanisms linking NAD+, energy metabolism, and PD, and of the impact of life-long NAD+ targeting strategies, are critical to inform future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Pérez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pascale Baden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Tan X, Banerjee P, Pham EA, Rutaganira FUN, Basu K, Bota-Rabassedas N, Guo HF, Grzeskowiak CL, Liu X, Yu J, Shi L, Peng DH, Rodriguez BL, Zhang J, Zheng V, Duose DY, Solis LM, Mino B, Raso MG, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Scott KL, Smith M, Nguyen K, Lam G, Choong I, Mazumdar A, Hill JL, Gibbons DL, Brown PH, Russell WK, Shokat K, Creighton CJ, Glenn JS, Kurie JM. PI4KIIIβ is a therapeutic target in chromosome 1q-amplified lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/527/eaax3772. [PMID: 31969487 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heightened secretion of protumorigenic effector proteins is a feature of malignant cells. Yet, the molecular underpinnings and therapeutic implications of this feature remain unclear. Here, we identify a chromosome 1q region that is frequently amplified in diverse cancer types and encodes multiple regulators of secretory vesicle biogenesis and trafficking, including the Golgi-dedicated enzyme phosphatidylinositol (PI)-4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ). Molecular, biochemical, and cell biological studies show that PI4KIIIβ-derived PI-4-phosphate (PI4P) synthesis enhances secretion and accelerates lung adenocarcinoma progression by activating Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3)-dependent vesicular release from the Golgi. PI4KIIIβ-dependent secreted factors maintain 1q-amplified cancer cell survival and influence prometastatic processes in the tumor microenvironment. Disruption of this functional circuitry in 1q-amplified cancer cells with selective PI4KIIIβ antagonists induces apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth and metastasis. These results support a model in which chromosome 1q amplifications create a dependency on PI4KIIIβ-dependent secretion for cancer cell survival and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Tan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priyam Banerjee
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edward A Pham
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Florentine U N Rutaganira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kaustabh Basu
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neus Bota-Rabassedas
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hou-Fu Guo
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caitlin L Grzeskowiak
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David H Peng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - B Leticia Rodriguez
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Veronica Zheng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dzifa Y Duose
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barbara Mino
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Raso
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grace Lam
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ingrid Choong
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jamal L Hill
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Powel H Brown
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kevan Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Brain cells derived from Alzheimer's disease patients have multiple specific innate abnormalities in energy metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5702-5714. [PMID: 33863993 PMCID: PMC8758493 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Altered energy metabolism has been implicated both in aging and the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, it is unclear which anomalies are acquired phenotypes and which are inherent and predispose to disease. We report that neural progenitor cells and astrocytes differentiated from LOAD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit multiple inter-related bioenergetic alterations including: changes in energy production by mitochondrial respiration versus glycolysis, as a consequence of alterations in bioenergetic substrate processing and transfer of reducing agents, reduced levels of NAD/NADH, diminished glucose uptake and response rates to insulin (INS)/IGF-1 signaling, decreased INS receptor and glucose transporter 1 densities, and changes in the metabolic transcriptome. Our data confirm that LOAD is a "multi-hit" disorder and provide evidence for innate inefficient cellular energy management in LOAD that likely predisposes to neurodegenerative disease with age. These processes may guide the development and testing of diagnostic procedures or therapeutic agents.
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19
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Upregulated Nmnat2 causes neuronal death and increases seizure susceptibility in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2020; 167:1-10. [PMID: 33248200 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A significant pathological feature of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is neuronal loss. Oxidative stress caused by repeated seizures is an important mechanism leading to neuronal loss in hippocampus. Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) a coenzyme that is involved in many biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (Nmnat2) catalyzes an essential step in NAD (NADP) biosynthetic pathwayhas and been considered as a neuronal maintenance factor that protect neurons against insults through context-dependent mechanism. However, it is unexpected that Nmnat2 does not play a neuroprotective role in epilepsy. We found that Nmnat2 was increased in mice model of TLE. Gain-of-function approach revealed that overexpression of Nmnat2 in CA1 area enhanced seizure susceptibility and caused neuronal loss in vivo. Moreover, we found that the chaperone function was essential to increased apoptosis through the function mutation of Nmnat2. Finally, Nmnat2 overexpression in vivo reduced in expression of SOD2 and increased FoxO3a. Overall, our study discloses a new biological function of Nmnat2 in epilepsy and provides novel insights into the molecular events underlying epilepsy.
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20
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Niu J, Sanders SS, Jeong HK, Holland SM, Sun Y, Collura KM, Hernandez LM, Huang H, Hayden MR, Smith GM, Hu Y, Jin Y, Thomas GM. Coupled Control of Distal Axon Integrity and Somal Responses to Axonal Damage by the Palmitoyl Acyltransferase ZDHHC17. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108365. [PMID: 33207199 PMCID: PMC7803378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After optic nerve crush (ONC), the cell bodies and distal axons of most retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degenerate. RGC somal and distal axon degenerations were previously thought to be controlled by two parallel pathways, involving activation of the kinase dual leucine-zipper kinase (DLK) and loss of the axon survival factor nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase-2 (NMNAT2), respectively. Here, we report that palmitoylation of both DLK and NMNAT2 by the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC17 couples these signals. ZDHHC17-dependent palmitoylation enables DLK-dependent somal degeneration after ONC and also ensures NMNAT-dependent distal axon integrity in healthy optic nerves. We provide evidence that ZDHHC17 also controls survival-versus-degeneration decisions in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and we identify conserved motifs in NMNAT2 and DLK that govern their ZDHHC17-dependent regulation. These findings suggest that the control of somal and distal axon integrity should be considered as a single, holistic process, mediated by the concerted action of two palmitoylation-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Niu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shaun S Sanders
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sabrina M Holland
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Collura
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Luiselys M Hernandez
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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21
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Cambronne XA, Kraus WL. Location, Location, Location: Compartmentalization of NAD + Synthesis and Functions in Mammalian Cells. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:858-873. [PMID: 32595066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The numerous biological roles of NAD+ are organized and coordinated via its compartmentalization within cells. The spatial and temporal partitioning of this intermediary metabolite is intrinsic to understanding the impact of NAD+ on cellular signaling and metabolism. We review evidence supporting the compartmentalization of steady-state NAD+ levels in cells, as well as how the modulation of NAD+ synthesis dynamically regulates signaling by controlling subcellular NAD+ concentrations. We further discuss potential benefits to the cell of compartmentalizing NAD+, and methods for measuring subcellular NAD+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu A Cambronne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - W Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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22
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Abstract
NAD+ is a pivotal metabolite involved in cellular bioenergetics, genomic stability, mitochondrial homeostasis, adaptive stress responses, and cell survival. Multiple NAD+-dependent enzymes are involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal stress resistance. Here, we review emerging findings that reveal key roles for NAD+ and related metabolites in the adaptation of neurons to a wide range of physiological stressors and in counteracting processes in neurodegenerative diseases, such as those occurring in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of NAD+-based neuronal resilience will lead to novel approaches for facilitating healthy brain aging and for the treatment of a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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23
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ALDH7A1 inhibits the intracellular transport pathways during hypoxia and starvation to promote cellular energy homeostasis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4068. [PMID: 31492851 PMCID: PMC6731274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family of metabolic enzymes converts aldehydes to carboxylates. Here, we find that the reductive consequence of ALDH7A1 activity, which generates NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) from NAD, underlies how ALDH7A1 coordinates a broad inhibition of the intracellular transport pathways. Studying vesicle formation by the Coat Protein I (COPI) complex, we elucidate that NADH generated by ALDH7A1 targets Brefeldin-A ADP-Ribosylated Substrate (BARS) to inhibit COPI vesicle fission. Moreover, defining a physiologic role for the broad transport inhibition exerted by ALDH7A1, we find that it acts to reduce energy consumption during hypoxia and starvation to promote cellular energy homeostasis. These findings advance the understanding of intracellular transport by revealing how the coordination of multiple pathways can be achieved, and also defining circumstances when such coordination is needed, as well as uncovering an unexpected way that NADH acts in cellular energetics. Intracellular vesicle transport can be regulated by Brefeldin‐A ADP‐Ribosylated Substrate (BARS) during vesicle fission. Here, the authors show that NADH generated by aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) inhibits intracellular transport by targeting BARS and inhibiting COPI vesicle fission during situations of energy deprivation
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24
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Yang JS, Hsu JW, Park SY, Lee SY, Li J, Bai M, Alves C, Tseng W, Michelet X, Ho IC, Hsu VW. ALDH7A1 inhibits the intracellular transport pathways during hypoxia and starvation to promote cellular energy homeostasis. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 31492851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11932-11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family of metabolic enzymes converts aldehydes to carboxylates. Here, we find that the reductive consequence of ALDH7A1 activity, which generates NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) from NAD, underlies how ALDH7A1 coordinates a broad inhibition of the intracellular transport pathways. Studying vesicle formation by the Coat Protein I (COPI) complex, we elucidate that NADH generated by ALDH7A1 targets Brefeldin-A ADP-Ribosylated Substrate (BARS) to inhibit COPI vesicle fission. Moreover, defining a physiologic role for the broad transport inhibition exerted by ALDH7A1, we find that it acts to reduce energy consumption during hypoxia and starvation to promote cellular energy homeostasis. These findings advance the understanding of intracellular transport by revealing how the coordination of multiple pathways can be achieved, and also defining circumstances when such coordination is needed, as well as uncovering an unexpected way that NADH acts in cellular energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shu Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jia-Wei Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Stella Y Lee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ming Bai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Claudia Alves
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xavier Michelet
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Victor W Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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25
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Hopp AK, Grüter P, Hottiger MO. Regulation of Glucose Metabolism by NAD + and ADP-Ribosylation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080890. [PMID: 31412683 PMCID: PMC6721828 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells constantly adapt their metabolic pathways to meet their energy needs and respond to nutrient availability. During the last two decades, it has become increasingly clear that NAD+, a coenzyme in redox reactions, also mediates several ubiquitous cell signaling processes. Protein ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification that uses NAD+ as a substrate and is best known as part of the genotoxic stress response. However, there is increasing evidence that NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation regulates other cellular processes, including metabolic pathways. In this review, we will describe the compartmentalized regulation of NAD+ biosynthesis, consumption, and regeneration with a particular focus on the role of ADP-ribosylation in the regulation of glucose metabolism in different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Hopp
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Science Ph.D. Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Grüter
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Park J, Rai P, Zhai RG. Subcellular compartmentalization of NAD + and its role in cancer: A sereNADe of metabolic melodies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:27-41. [PMID: 30974124 PMCID: PMC7010080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential biomolecule involved in many critical processes. Its role as both a driver of energy production and a signaling molecule underscores its importance in health and disease. NAD+ signaling impacts multiple processes that are dysregulated in cancer, including DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation, redox regulation, and oxidative stress. Distribution of NAD+ is highly compartmentalized, with each subcellular NAD+ pool differentially regulated and preferentially involved in distinct NAD+-dependent signaling or metabolic events. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting NAD+ metabolism is likely to repress many specific mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression, including proliferation, survival, metabolic adaptations, invasive capabilities, heterotypic interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and stress response including notably DNA maintenance and repair. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of how compartmentalized NAD+ metabolism in mitochondria, nucleus, cytosol, and extracellular space impacts cancer formation and progression, along with a discussion of the therapeutic potential of NAD+-targeting drugs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Joun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rong G Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China.
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27
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Keeping the balance in NAD metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:119-130. [PMID: 30626706 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last few decades has extended our understanding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from a vital redox carrier to an important signalling molecule that is involved in the regulation of a multitude of fundamental cellular processes. This includes DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, gene expression and calcium signalling, in which NAD is a substrate for several families of regulatory proteins, such as sirtuins and ADP-ribosyltransferases. At the molecular level, NAD-dependent signalling events differ from hydride transfer by cleavage of the dinucleotide into an ADP-ribosyl moiety and nicotinamide. Therefore, non-redox functions of NAD require continuous biosynthesis of the dinucleotide. Maintenance of cellular NAD levels is mainly achieved by nicotinamide salvage, yet a variety of other precursors can be used to sustain cellular NAD levels via different biosynthetic routes. Biosynthesis and consumption of NAD are compartmentalised at the subcellular level, and currently little is known about the generation and role of some of these subcellular NAD pools. Impaired biosynthesis or increased NAD consumption is deleterious and associated with ageing and several pathologies. Insults to neurons lead to depletion of axonal NAD and rapid degeneration, partial rescue can be achieved pharmacologically by administration of specific NAD precursors. Restoring NAD levels by stimulating biosynthesis or through supplementation with precursors also produces beneficial therapeutic effects in several disease models. In this review, we will briefly discuss the most recent achievements and the challenges ahead in this diverse research field.
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28
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Yaku K, Okabe K, Nakagawa T. NAD metabolism: Implications in aging and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:1-17. [PMID: 29883761 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an important co-factor involved in numerous physiological processes, including metabolism, post-translational protein modification, and DNA repair. In living organisms, a careful balance between NAD production and degradation serves to regulate NAD levels. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated that NAD levels decrease with age, and the deterioration of NAD metabolism promotes several aging-associated diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and various cancers. Conversely, the upregulation of NAD metabolism, including dietary supplementation with NAD precursors, has been shown to prevent the decline of NAD and exhibits beneficial effects against aging and aging-associated diseases. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that genetic and/or nutritional activation of NAD metabolism can extend the lifespan of diverse organisms. Collectively, it is clear that NAD metabolism plays important roles in aging and longevity. In this review, we summarize the basic functions of the enzymes involved in NAD synthesis and degradation, as well as the outcomes of their dysregulation in various aging processes. In addition, a particular focus is given on the role of NAD metabolism in the longevity of various organisms, with a discussion of the remaining obstacles in this research field.
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29
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Pottorf T, Mann A, Fross S, Mansel C, Vohra BPS. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 2 maintains neuronal structural integrity through the maintenance of golgi structure. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:86-97. [PMID: 30278188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Golgi fragmentation and loss of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) are the early key features of many neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated the link between NMNAT2 loss, Golgi fragmentation and axon degeneration. Golgi fragmentation in the cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons resulted in caspase dependent axon degeneration and neuronal cell death. NMNAT2 depletion in the DRG neurons caused Golgi fragmentation and caspase dependent axon degeneration. NMNAT2 depletion did not cause ATP loss in the axons. These results indicate that NMNAT2 is required for maintenance of Golgi structure. Loss of Golgi structure or Nmnat2 depletion causes caspase dependent neurodegeneration. cytNmnat1 overexpression inhibited the axon degeneration induced by Golgi fragmentation or NMNAT2 depletion. These results also suggest that these degeneration signals converge on a common cytNmnat1 mediated axon protective program and are distinct from the SARM1 mediated caspase independent axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Pottorf
- William Jewell College, Department of Biology, Liberty, MO, USA
| | - Alexis Mann
- William Jewell College, Department of Biology, Liberty, MO, USA
| | - Shaneann Fross
- William Jewell College, Department of Biology, Liberty, MO, USA
| | - Clayton Mansel
- William Jewell College, Department of Biology, Liberty, MO, USA
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30
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Qi J, Cui C, Deng Q, Wang L, Chen R, Zhai D, Xie L, Yu J. Downregulated SIRT6 and upregulated NMNAT2 are associated with the presence, depth and stage of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5829-5837. [PMID: 30333863 PMCID: PMC6176414 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and is difficult to detect in its early stages. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required, which may also be the basis for improving the targeted therapy for CRC. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a member of the sirtuin family of gene regulators, which have specific functions in genomic stability, gene transcription and energy metabolism in tumorigenesis. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) is a metabolic enzyme which can be deacetylated by sirtuins. In this study, tissue samples from 29 patients with histologically confirmed CRC of varying grade and stage were studied for SIRT6 and NMNAT2 expression by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed for SIRT6 and NMNAT2 expression in 113 paired (CRC and adjacent) tissue sections. SIRT6 protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in CRC tissues; NMNAT2 protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in CRC tissues (P<0.01). A negative correlation between the expression of SIRT6 and NMNAT2 in CRC tissue samples was identified (r=−0.246, P<0.01). The reduced expression of SIRT6 and increased expression of NMNAT2 were associated with the tumor depth invasion, stage, differentiation grade (SIRT6 only) and the presence of lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present preliminary study demonstrated that the increased expression of NMNAT2 and reduced expression of SIRT6 may be associated with the progression of CRC. The downregulation of SIRT6 may promote the expression of NMNAT2. Further studies are indicated on the role of NMNAT2 and SIRT6 as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as targets for therapy in CRC and other malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Quanwen Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Rihong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Duanyang Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Lang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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31
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Palmitoylation enables MAPK-dependent proteostasis of axon survival factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8746-E8754. [PMID: 30150401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806933115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration is a prominent event in many neurodegenerative disorders. Axon injury stimulates an intrinsic self-destruction program that culminates in activation of the prodegeneration factor SARM1 and local dismantling of damaged axon segments. In healthy axons, SARM1 activity is restrained by constant delivery of the axon survival factor NMNAT2. Elevating NMNAT2 is neuroprotective, while loss of NMNAT2 evokes SARM1-dependent axon degeneration. As a gatekeeper of axon survival, NMNAT2 abundance is an important regulatory node in neuronal health, highlighting the need to understand the mechanisms behind NMNAT2 protein homeostasis. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of the MAP3Ks dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper kinase (LZK) elevates NMNAT2 abundance and strongly protects axons from injury-induced degeneration. We discover that MAPK signaling selectively promotes degradation of palmitoylated NMNAT2, as well as palmitoylated SCG10. Conversely, nonpalmitoylated NMNAT2 is degraded by the Phr1/Skp1a/Fbxo45 ligase complex. Combined inactivation of both pathways leads to synergistic accumulation of NMNAT2 in axons and dramatically enhanced protection against pathological axon degeneration. Hence, the subcellular localization of distinct pools of NMNAT2 enables differential regulation of NMNAT2 abundance to control axon survival.
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Li-Kroeger D, Kanca O, Lee PT, Cowan S, Lee MT, Jaiswal M, Salazar JL, He Y, Zuo Z, Bellen HJ. An expanded toolkit for gene tagging based on MiMIC and scarless CRISPR tagging in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:e38709. [PMID: 30091705 PMCID: PMC6095692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated two new genetic tools to efficiently tag genes in Drosophila. The first, Double Header (DH) utilizes intronic MiMIC/CRIMIC insertions to generate artificial exons for GFP mediated protein trapping or T2A-GAL4 gene trapping in vivo based on Cre recombinase to avoid embryo injections. DH significantly increases integration efficiency compared to previous strategies and faithfully reports the expression pattern of genes and proteins. The second technique targets genes lacking coding introns using a two-step cassette exchange. First, we replace the endogenous gene with an excisable compact dominant marker using CRISPR making a null allele. Second, the insertion is replaced with a protein::tag cassette. This sequential manipulation allows the generation of numerous tagged alleles or insertion of other DNA fragments that facilitates multiple downstream applications. Both techniques allow precise gene manipulation and facilitate detection of gene expression, protein localization and assessment of protein function, as well as numerous other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Sierra Cowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyRice University HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Michael T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyRice University HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Jose Luis Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yuchun He
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteHoustonUnited States
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Röderer P, Klatt L, John F, Theis V, Winklhofer KF, Theiss C, Matschke V. Increased ROS Level in Spinal Cord of Wobbler Mice due to Nmnat2 Downregulation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8414-8424. [PMID: 29549647 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating motor neuron disease and to this day not curable. While 5-10% of patients inherit the disease (familiar ALS), up to 95% of patients are diagnosed with the sporadic form (sALS). ALS is characterized by the degeneration of upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and of lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The wobbler mouse resembles almost all phenotypical hallmarks of human sALS patients and is therefore an excellent motor neuron disease model. The motor neuron disease of the wobbler mouse develops over a time course of around 40 days and can be divided into three phases: p0, presymptomatic; p20, early clinical; and p40, stable clinical phase. Recent findings suggest an essential implication of the NAD+-producing enzyme Nmnat2 in neurodegeneration as well as maintenance of healthy axons. Here, we were able to show a significant downregulation of both gene and protein expression of Nmnat2 in the spinal cord of the wobbler mice at the stable clinical phase. The product of the enzyme NAD+ is also significantly reduced, and the values of the reactive oxygen species are significantly increased in the spinal cord of the wobbler mouse at p40. Thus, the deregulated expression of Nmnat2 appears to have a great influence on the cellular stress in the spinal cord of wobbler mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Röderer
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lara Klatt
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix John
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verena Theis
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany. .,Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Building MA 5/52, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Tortosa E, Hoogenraad CC. Polarized trafficking: the palmitoylation cycle distributes cytoplasmic proteins to distinct neuronal compartments. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Long A, Klimova N, Kristian T. Mitochondrial NUDIX hydrolases: A metabolic link between NAD catabolism, GTP and mitochondrial dynamics. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:193-201. [PMID: 28302504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NAD+ catabolism and mitochondrial dynamics are important parts of normal mitochondrial function and are both reported to be disrupted in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute brain injury. While both processes have been extensively studied there has been little reported on how the mechanisms of these two processes are linked. This review focuses on how downstream NAD+ catabolism via NUDIX hydrolases affects mitochondrial dynamics under pathologic conditions. Additionally, several potential targets in mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation are discussed, including the roles of mitochondrial poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1(mtPARP1), AMPK, AMP, and intra-mitochondrial GTP metabolism. Mitochondrial and cytosolic NUDIX hydrolases (NUDT9α and NUDT9β) can affect mitochondrial and cellular AMP levels by hydrolyzing ADP- ribose (ADPr) and subsequently altering the levels of GTP and ATP. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is activated after DNA damage, which depletes NAD+ pools and results in the PARylation of nuclear and mitochondrial proteins. In the mitochondria, ADP-ribosyl hydrolase-3 (ARH3) hydrolyzes PAR to ADPr, while NUDT9α metabolizes ADPr to AMP. Elevated AMP levels have been reported to reduce mitochondrial ATP production by inhibiting the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), allosterically activating AMPK by altering the cellular AMP: ATP ratio, and by depleting mitochondrial GTP pools by being phosphorylated by adenylate kinase 3 (AK3), which uses GTP as a phosphate donor. Recently, activated AMPK was reported to phosphorylate mitochondria fission factor (MFF), which increases Drp1 localization to the mitochondria and promotes mitochondrial fission. Moreover, the increased AK3 activity could deplete mitochondrial GTP pools and possibly inhibit normal activity of GTP-dependent fusion enzymes, thus altering mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Long
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nina Klimova
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), United States; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), United States.
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Ali YO, Bradley G, Lu HC. Screening with an NMNAT2-MSD platform identifies small molecules that modulate NMNAT2 levels in cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43846. [PMID: 28266613 PMCID: PMC5358788 DOI: 10.1038/srep43846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) is a key neuronal maintenance factor and provides potent neuroprotection in numerous preclinical models of neurological disorders. NMNAT2 is significantly reduced in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s diseases. Here we developed a Meso Scale Discovery (MSD)-based screening platform to quantify endogenous NMNAT2 in cortical neurons. The high sensitivity and large dynamic range of this NMNAT2-MSD platform allowed us to screen the Sigma LOPAC library consisting of 1280 compounds. This library had a 2.89% hit rate, with 24 NMNAT2 positive and 13 negative modulators identified. Western analysis was conducted to validate and determine the dose-dependency of identified modulators. Caffeine, one identified NMNAT2 positive-modulator, when systemically administered restored NMNAT2 expression in rTg4510 tauopathy mice to normal levels. We confirmed in a cell culture model that four selected positive-modulators exerted NMNAT2-specific neuroprotection against vincristine-induced cell death while four selected NMNAT2 negative modulators reduced neuronal viability in an NMNAT2-dependent manner. Many of the identified NMNAT2 positive modulators are predicted to increase cAMP concentration, suggesting that neuronal NMNAT2 levels are tightly regulated by cAMP signaling. Taken together, our findings indicate that the NMNAT2-MSD platform provides a sensitive phenotypic screen to detect NMNAT2 in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf O Ali
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.,The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gillian Bradley
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.,Developmental Biology Program and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.,The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Developmental Biology Program and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Walker LJ, Summers DW, Sasaki Y, Brace EJ, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A. MAPK signaling promotes axonal degeneration by speeding the turnover of the axonal maintenance factor NMNAT2. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28095293 PMCID: PMC5241118 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury-induced (Wallerian) axonal degeneration is regulated via the opposing actions of pro-degenerative factors such as SARM1 and a MAPK signal and pro-survival factors, the most important of which is the NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme NMNAT2 that inhibits activation of the SARM1 pathway. Here we investigate the mechanism by which MAPK signaling facilitates axonal degeneration. We show that MAPK signaling promotes the turnover of the axonal survival factor NMNAT2 in cultured mammalian neurons as well as the Drosophila ortholog dNMNAT in motoneurons. The increased levels of NMNAT2 are required for the axonal protection caused by loss of MAPK signaling. Regulation of NMNAT2 by MAPK signaling does not require SARM1, and so cannot be downstream of SARM1. Hence, pro-degenerative MAPK signaling functions upstream of SARM1 by limiting the levels of the essential axonal survival factor NMNAT2 to promote injury-dependent SARM1 activation. These findings are consistent with a linear molecular pathway for the axonal degeneration program. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22540.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Walker
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Daniel W Summers
- Department of Genetics, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, United States
| | - E J Brace
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, United States
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38
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Deng Y, Zhao J, Sakurai D, Sestak AL, Osadchiy V, Langefeld CD, Kaufman KM, Kelly JA, James JA, Petri MA, Bae SC, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Alarcón GS, Anaya JM, Criswell LA, Freedman BI, Kamen DL, Gilkeson GS, Jacob CO, Merrill JT, Gaffney PM, Sivils KM, Niewold TB, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Scofield RH, Stevens AM, Boackle SA, Vilá LM, Sohn W, Lee S, Chang DM, Song YW, Vyse TJ, Harley JB, Brown EE, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP, Cantor RM, Hahn BH, Grossman JM, Tsao BP. Decreased SMG7 expression associates with lupus-risk variants and elevated antinuclear antibody production. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2007-2013. [PMID: 26783109 PMCID: PMC4949149 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following up the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identification of NMNAT2 at rs2022013, we fine-mapped its 150 kb flanking regions containing NMNAT2 and SMG7 in a 15 292 case-control multi-ancestry population and tested functions of identified variants. METHODS We performed genotyping using custom array, imputation by IMPUTE 2.1.2 and allele specific functions using quantitative real-time PCR and luciferase reporter transfections. SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with small interfering RNAs to measure antinuclear antibody (ANA) and cyto/chemokine levels in supernatants using ELISA. RESULTS We confirmed association at NMNAT2 in European American (EA) and Amerindian/Hispanic ancestries, and identified independent signal at SMG7 tagged by rs2702178 in EA only (p=2.4×10-8, OR=1.23 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.32)). In complete linkage disequilibrium with rs2702178, rs2275675 in the promoter region robustly associated with SMG7 mRNA levels in multiple expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) datasets. Its risk allele was dose-dependently associated with decreased SMG7 mRNA levels in PBMCs of 86 patients with SLE and 119 controls (p=1.1×10-3 and 6.8×10-8, respectively) and conferred reduced transcription activity in transfected HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney cell line) and Raji cells (p=0.0035 and 0.0037, respectively). As a critical component in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway, SMG7 could regulate autoantigens including ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and Smith (Sm). We showed SMG7 mRNA levels in PBMCs correlated inversely with ANA titres of patients with SLE (r=-0.31, p=0.01), and SMG7 knockdown increased levels of ANA IgG and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 in SLE PBMCs (p=2.0×10-5 and 2.0×10-4, respectively). CONCLUSION We confirmed NMNAT2 and identified independent SMG7 association with SLE. The inverse relationship between levels of the risk allele-associated SMG7 mRNAs and ANA suggested the novel contribution of mRNA surveillance pathway to SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daisuke Sakurai
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L. Sestak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vadim Osadchiy
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michelle A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Graciela S Alarcón
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kathy Moser Sivils
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Reveille
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anne M Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan A Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Luis M Vilá
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Woong Sohn
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yeong Wook Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - John B. Harley
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bevra H. Hahn
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Grossman
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Feng G, Tong M, Xia B, Luo GZ, Wang M, Xie D, Wan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Wang XJ. Ubiquitously expressed genes participate in cell-specific functions via alternative promoter usage. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1304-13. [PMID: 27466324 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
How do different cell types acquire their specific identities and functions is a fundamental question of biology. Previously significant efforts have been devoted to search for cell-type-specifically expressed genes, especially transcription factors, yet how do ubiquitously expressed genes participate in the formation or maintenance of cell-type-specific features remains largely unknown. Here, we have identified 110 mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) specifically expressed transcripts with cell-stage-specific alternative transcription start sites (SATS isoforms) from 104 ubiquitously expressed genes, majority of which have active epigenetic modification- or stem cell-related functions. These SATS isoforms are specifically expressed in mESCs, and tend to be transcriptionally regulated by key pluripotency factors through direct promoter binding. Knocking down the SATS isoforms of Nmnat2 or Usp7 leads to differentiation-related phenotype in mESCs. These results demonstrate that cell-type-specific transcription factors are capable to produce cell-type-specific transcripts with alternative transcription start sites from ubiquitously expressed genes, which confer ubiquitously expressed genes novel functions involved in the establishment or maintenance of cell-type-specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Tong
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lavado-Roldán A, Fernández-Chacón R. Two for the Price of One: A Neuroprotective Chaperone Kit within NAD Synthase Protein NMNAT2. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002522. [PMID: 27454736 PMCID: PMC4959692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating properties of the brain is the ability to function smoothly across decades of a lifespan. Neurons are nondividing mature cells specialized in fast electrical and chemical communication at synapses. Often, neurons and synapses operate at high levels of activity through sophisticated arborizations of long axons and dendrites that nevertheless stay healthy throughout years. On the other hand, aging and activity-dependent stress strike onto the protein machineries turning proteins unfolded and prone to form pathological aggregates associated with neurodegeneration. How do neurons protect from those insults and remain healthy for their whole life? Ali and colleagues now present a molecular mechanism by which the enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) acts not only as a NAD synthase involved in axonal maintenance but as a molecular chaperone helping neurons to overcome protein unfolding and protein aggregation. This Primer examines recent research showing that a brain enzyme known to ameliorate excitoxicity and axonal degeneration also acts as a molecular chaperone to prevent protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lavado-Roldán
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Chacón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
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41
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Ali YO, Allen HM, Yu L, Li-Kroeger D, Bakhshizadehmahmoudi D, Hatcher A, McCabe C, Xu J, Bjorklund N, Taglialatela G, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Shulman JM, Bellen HJ, Lu HC. NMNAT2:HSP90 Complex Mediates Proteostasis in Proteinopathies. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002472. [PMID: 27254664 PMCID: PMC4890852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) is neuroprotective in numerous preclinical models of neurodegeneration. Here, we show that brain nmnat2 mRNA levels correlate positively with global cognitive function and negatively with AD pathology. In AD brains, NMNAT2 mRNA and protein levels are reduced. NMNAT2 shifts its solubility and colocalizes with aggregated Tau in AD brains, similar to chaperones, which aid in the clearance or refolding of misfolded proteins. Investigating the mechanism of this observation, we discover a novel chaperone function of NMNAT2, independent from its enzymatic activity. NMNAT2 complexes with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to refold aggregated protein substrates. NMNAT2’s refoldase activity requires a unique C-terminal ATP site, activated in the presence of HSP90. Furthermore, deleting NMNAT2 function increases the vulnerability of cortical neurons to proteotoxic stress and excitotoxicity. Interestingly, NMNAT2 acts as a chaperone to reduce proteotoxic stress, while its enzymatic activity protects neurons from excitotoxicity. Taken together, our data indicate that NMNAT2 exerts its chaperone or enzymatic function in a context-dependent manner to maintain neuronal health. This study reveals NMNAT2 to be a dual-function neuronal maintenance factor that not only generates NAD to protect neurons from excitotoxicity but also moonlights as a chaperone to combat protein toxicity. Pathological protein aggregates are found in many neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been hypothesized that these protein aggregates are toxic and cause neuronal death. Little is known about how neurons protect against pathological protein aggregates to maintain their health. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) is a newly identified neuronal maintenance factor. We found that in humans, levels of NMNAT2 transcript are positively correlated with cognitive function and are negatively correlated with pathological features of neurodegenerative disease like plaques and tangles. In this study, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 can act as a chaperone to reduce protein aggregates, and this function is independent from its known function in the enzymatic synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). We find that NMNAT2 interacts with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to refold protein aggregates, and that deleting NMNAT2 in cortical neurons renders them vulnerable to protein stress or excitotoxicity. Interestingly, the chaperone function of NMNAT2 protects neurons from protein toxicity, while its enzymatic function is required to defend against excitotoxicity. Our work here suggests that NMNAT2 uses either its chaperone or enzymatic function to combat neuronal insults in a context-dependent manner. In Alzheimer disease brains, NMNAT2 levels are less than 50% of control levels, and we propose that enhancing NMNAT2 function may provide an effective therapeutic intervention to reserve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf O. Ali
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hunter M. Allen
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dena Bakhshizadehmahmoudi
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Asante Hatcher
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishu Xu
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Bjorklund
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Impact of Genetic Reduction of NMNAT2 on Chemotherapy-Induced Losses in Cell Viability In Vitro and Peripheral Neuropathy In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147620. [PMID: 26808812 PMCID: PMC4726514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs) are essential neuronal maintenance factors postulated to preserve neuronal function and protect against axonal degeneration in various neurodegenerative disease states. We used in vitro and in vivo approaches to assess the impact of NMNAT2 reduction on cellular and physiological functions induced by treatment with a vinca alkaloid (vincristine) and a taxane-based (paclitaxel) chemotherapeutic agent. NMNAT2 null (NMNAT2-/-) mutant mice die at birth and cannot be used to probe functions of NMNAT2 in adult animals. Nonetheless, primary cortical cultures derived from NMNAT2-/- embryos showed reduced cell viability in response to either vincristine or paclitaxel treatment whereas those derived from NMNAT2 heterozygous (NMNAT2+/-) mice were preferentially sensitive to vincristine-induced degeneration. Adult NMNAT2+/- mice, which survive to adulthood, exhibited a 50% reduction of NMNAT2 protein levels in dorsal root ganglia relative to wildtype (WT) mice with no change in levels of other NMNAT isoforms (NMNAT1 or NMNAT3), NMNAT enzyme activity (i.e. NAD/NADH levels) or microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) or neurofilament protein levels. We therefore compared the impact of NMNAT2 knockdown on the development and maintenance of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy induced by vincristine and paclitaxel treatment using NMNAT2+/- and WT mice. NMNAT2+/- did not differ from WT mice in either the development or maintenance of either mechanical or cold allodynia induced by either vincristine or paclitaxel treatment. Intradermal injection of capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers, produced equivalent hypersensitivity in NMNAT2+/- and WT mice receiving vehicle in lieu of paclitaxel. Capsaicin-evoked hypersensitivity was enhanced by prior paclitaxel treatment but did not differ in either NMNAT2+/- or WT mice. Thus, capsaicin failed to unmask differences in nociceptive behaviors in either paclitaxel-treated or paclitaxel-untreated NMNAT2+/- and WT mice. Moreover, no differences in motor behavior were detected between genotypes in the rotarod test. Our studies do not preclude the possibility that complete knockout of NMNAT2 in a conditional knockout animal could unmask a role for NMNAT2 in protection against detrimental effects of chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Milde S, Coleman MP. Identification of palmitoyltransferase and thioesterase enzymes that control the subcellular localization of axon survival factor nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32858-70. [PMID: 25271157 PMCID: PMC4239634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAD-synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) is a critical survival factor for axons and its constant supply from neuronal cell bodies into axons is required for axon survival in primary culture neurites and axon extension in vivo. Recently, we showed that palmitoylation is necessary to target NMNAT2 to post-Golgi vesicles, thereby influencing its protein turnover and axon protective capacity. Here we find that NMNAT2 is a substrate for cytosolic thioesterases APT1 and APT2 and that palmitoylation/depalmitoylation dynamics are on a time scale similar to its short half-life. Interestingly, however, depalmitoylation does not release NMNAT2 from membranes. The mechanism of palmitoylation-independent membrane attachment appears to be mediated by the same minimal domain required for palmitoylation itself. Furthermore, we identify several zDHHC palmitoyltransferases that influence NMNAT2 palmitoylation and subcellular localization, among which a role for zDHHC17 (HIP14) in neuronal NMNAT2 palmitoylation is best supported by our data. These findings shed light on the enzymatic regulation of NMNAT2 palmitoylation and highlight individual thioesterases and palmitoyltransferases as potential targets to modulate NMNAT2-dependent axon survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milde
- From the Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Coleman
- From the Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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Fu L, Doreswamy V, Prakash R. The biochemical pathways of central nervous system neural degeneration in niacin deficiency. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1509-13. [PMID: 25317166 PMCID: PMC4192966 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural degeneration is a very complicated process. In spite of all the advancements in the molecular chemistry, there are many unknown aspects of the phenomena of neurodegeneration which need to be put together. It is a common sequela of the conditions of niacin deficiency. Neural degeneration in Pellagra manifests as chromatolysis mainly in pyramidal followed by other neurons and glial cells. However, there is a gross lack of understanding of biochemical mechanisms of neurodegeneration in niacin deficiency states. Because of the necessity of niacin or its amide derivative NAD in a number of biochemical pathways, it is understandable that several of these pathways may be involved in the common outcome of neural degeneration. Here, we highlight five pathways that could be involved in the neuraldegeneration for which evidence has accumulated through several studies. These pathways are: 1) the tryptophan-kyneurenic acid pathway, 2) the mitochondrial ATP generation related pathways, 3) the poly (ADP-ibose) polymerase (PARP) pathway, 4) the BDNF-TRKB Axis abnormalities, 5) the genetic influences of niacin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Ravi Prakash
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
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Milde S, Gilley J, Coleman MP. Axonal trafficking of NMNAT2 and its roles in axon growth and survival in vivo. BIOARCHITECTURE 2013; 3:133-40. [PMID: 24284888 PMCID: PMC3907460 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.27049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The NAD-synthesizing enzyme NMNAT2 is critical for axon survival in primary culture and its depletion may contribute to axon degeneration in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we discuss several recent reports from our laboratory that establish a critical role for NMNAT2 in axon growth in vivo in mice and shed light on the delivery and turnover of this survival factor in axons. In the absence of NMNAT2, axons fail to extend more than a short distance beyond the cell body during embryonic development, implying a requirement for NMNAT2 in axon maintenance even during development. Furthermore, we highlight findings regarding the bidirectional trafficking of NMNAT2 in axons on a vesicle population that undergoes fast axonal transport in primary culture neurites and in mouse sciatic nerve axons in vivo. Surprisingly, loss of vesicle association boosts the axon protective capacity of NMNAT2, an effect that is at least partially mediated by a longer protein half-life of cytosolic NMNAT2 variants. Analysis of wild-type and variant NMNAT2 in mouse sciatic nerves and Drosophila olfactory receptor neuron axons supports the existence of a similar mechanism in vivo, highlighting the potential for regulation of NMNAT2 stability and turnover as a mechanism to modulate axon degeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milde
- The Babraham Institute; Babraham Research Campus; Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- The Babraham Institute; Babraham Research Campus; Cambridge, UK
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46
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LI HONGQI, FENG ZHIQIANG, WU WEIZHANG, LI JING, ZHANG JINQIAN, XIA TINGYI. SIRT3 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis related to energy metabolism in non-small cell lung cancer cells through deacetylation of NMNAT2. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1420-30. [PMID: 24042441 PMCID: PMC3823398 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and associated with dismal prognoses. As a major mitochondrial deacetylase, SIRT3 regulates the activity of enzymes to coordinate global shifts in cellular metabolism and has important implications for tumor growth. Its role as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in lung cancer is unclear, especially in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). To identify the mechanism of SIRT3-interacting proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using a human lung cDNA library. One of the positive clones encoded the full-length cDNA of the nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) gene and the interaction between SIRT3 and NMNAT2 was identified. The interaction on growth, proliferation, apoptosis of NSCLC cell lines, and energy metabolism related to SIRT3 were investigated. Screening from the library resulted in NMNAT2 gene. We found that NMNAT2 interacts with SIRT3 both in vitro and in vivo; SIRT3 binds to NMNAT2 deacetylating it. Downregulation of SIRT3 inhibited acetylation of NMNAT2 and NAD+ synthesis activity of the enzyme. Low expression of SIRT3 significantly inhibited mitotic entry, growth and proliferation of NSCLC cell lines and promoted apoptosis, which was related to energy metabolism involving in the interaction between SIRT3 and NMNAT2. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the binding of SIRT3 with NMNAT2 is a novel regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis in NSCLC cell lines, implicating the interaction between SIRT3 and NMNAT2, energy metabolism associated with SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- HONGQI LI
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400030
| | - ZHIQIANG FENG
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142
| | - WEIZHANG WU
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142
| | - JING LI
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142
| | - JINQIAN ZHANG
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015
| | - TINGYI XIA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100853,
P.R. China
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Abstract
NMNAT2 is an NAD(+)-synthesizing enzyme with an essential axon maintenance role in primary culture neurons. We have generated an Nmnat2 gene trap mouse to examine the role of NMNAT2 in vivo. Homozygotes die perinatally with a severe peripheral nerve/axon defect and truncated axons in the optic nerve and other CNS regions. The cause appears to be limited axon extension, rather than dying-back degeneration of existing axons, which was previously proposed for the NMNAT2-deficient Blad mutant mouse. Neurite outgrowth in both PNS and CNS neuronal cultures consistently stalls at 1-2 mm, similar to the length of truncated axons in the embryos. Crucially, this suggests an essential role for NMNAT2 during axon growth. In addition, we show that the Wallerian degeneration slow protein (Wld(S)), a more stable, aberrant NMNAT that can substitute the axon maintenance function of NMNAT2 in primary cultures, can also correct developmental defects associated with NMNAT2 deficiency. This is dose-dependent, with extension of life span to at least 3 months by homozygous levels of Wld(S) the most obvious manifestation. Finally, we propose that endogenous mechanisms also compensate for otherwise limiting levels of NMNAT2. This could explain our finding that conditional silencing of a single Nmnat2 allele triggers substantial degeneration of established neurites, whereas similar, or greater, reduction of NMNAT2 in constitutively depleted neurons is compatible with normal axon growth and survival. A requirement for NMNAT2 for both axon growth and maintenance suggests that reduced levels could impair axon regeneration as well as axon survival in aging and disease.
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48
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Ali YO, Li-Kroeger D, Bellen HJ, Zhai RG, Lu HC. NMNATs, evolutionarily conserved neuronal maintenance factors. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:632-40. [PMID: 23968695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proper brain function requires neuronal homeostasis over a range of environmental challenges. Neuronal activity, injury, and aging stress the nervous system, and lead to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Nevertheless, most organisms maintain healthy neurons throughout life, implying the existence of active maintenance mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed a key neuronal maintenance and protective function for nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs). We review evidence that NMNATs protect neurons through multiple mechanisms in different contexts, and highlight functions that either require or are independent of NMNAT catalytic activity. We then summarize data supporting a role for NMNATs in neuronal maintenance and raise intriguing questions on how NMNATs preserve neuronal integrity and facilitate proper neural function throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf O Ali
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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49
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Di Stefano M, Conforti L. Diversification of NAD biological role: the importance of location. FEBS J 2013; 280:4711-28. [PMID: 23848828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 100 years after its first discovery, several new aspects of the biology of the redox co-factor NAD are rapidly emerging. NAD, as well as its precursors, its derivatives, and its metabolic enzymes, have been recently shown to play a determinant role in a variety of biological functions, from the classical role in oxidative phosphorylation and redox reactions to a role in regulation of gene transcription, lifespan and cell death, from a role in neurotransmission to a role in axon degeneration, and from a function in regulation of glucose homeostasis to that of control of circadian rhythm. It is also becoming clear that this variety of specialized functions is regulated by the fine subcellular localization of NAD, its related nucleotides and its metabolic enzymatic machinery. Here we describe the known NAD biosynthetic and catabolic pathways, and review evidence supporting a specialized role for NAD metabolism in a subcellular compartment-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Stefano
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
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50
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Milde S, Gilley J, Coleman MP. Subcellular localization determines the stability and axon protective capacity of axon survival factor Nmnat2. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001539. [PMID: 23610559 PMCID: PMC3627647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the subcellular localization of the endogenous axon survival factor Nmnat2 boosts its axon protective capacity, suggesting a novel approach to delaying axon degeneration in neurodegenerative disease. Axons require a constant supply of the labile axon survival factor Nmnat2 from their cell bodies to avoid spontaneous axon degeneration. Here we investigate the mechanism of fast axonal transport of Nmnat2 and its site of action for axon maintenance. Using dual-colour live-cell imaging of axonal transport in SCG primary culture neurons, we find that Nmnat2 is bidirectionally trafficked in axons together with markers of the trans-Golgi network and synaptic vesicles. In contrast, there is little co-migration with mitochondria, lysosomes, and active zone precursor vesicles. Residues encoded by the small, centrally located exon 6 are necessary and sufficient for stable membrane association and vesicular axonal transport of Nmnat2. Within this sequence, a double cysteine palmitoylation motif shared with GAP43 and surrounding basic residues are all required for efficient palmitoylation and stable association with axonal transport vesicles. Interestingly, however, disrupting this membrane association increases the ability of axonally localized Nmnat2 to preserve transected neurites in primary culture, while re-targeting the strongly protective cytosolic mutants back to membranes abolishes this increase. Larger deletions within the central domain including exon 6 further enhance Nmnat2 axon protective capacity to levels that exceed that of the slow Wallerian degeneration protein, WldS. The mechanism underlying the increase in axon protection appears to involve an increased half-life of the cytosolic forms, suggesting a role for palmitoylation and membrane attachment in Nmnat2 turnover. We conclude that Nmnat2 activity supports axon survival through a site of action distinct from Nmnat2 transport vesicles and that protein stability, a key determinant of axon protection, is enhanced by mutations that disrupt palmitoylation and dissociate Nmnat2 from these vesicles. Neurons are polarized cells that rely on bidirectional transport to deliver thousands of cargos between the cell body and the most distal ends of their axons. One cargo that is of particular importance is the NAD-synthesising enzyme Nmnat2. This surprisingly unstable protein is produced in the cell body and its constant supply into axons is required to keep them alive. If this supply is interrupted, Nmnat2 levels in the distal axon drop below a critical threshold, leading to axon degeneration. The rapid turnover of Nmnat2 contributes critically to the time course of axon degeneration. If its half-life could be extended, axons may be able to survive transient interruptions of its supply. In this study, we find that disruption of Nmnat2 localization to axonal transport vesicles increases both its half-life and its capacity to protect injured neurites. Specifically, association of Nmnat2 with transport vesicles reduces it stability by making it vulnerable to ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. These findings suggest that modulation of the subcellular localization of Nmnat2 on transport vesicles could serve as a potential avenue for therapeutic treatment of axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milde
- The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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