1
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Alpizar-Sosa E, Zimbres FM, Mantilla BS, Dickie EA, Wei W, Burle-Caldas GA, Filipe LNS, Van Bocxlaer K, Price HP, Ibarra-Meneses AV, Beaudry F, Fernandez-Prada C, Whitfield PD, Barrett MP, Denny PW. Evaluation of the Leishmania Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase as a Drug Target Using a Chemical and Genetic Approach. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2913-2928. [PMID: 39023360 PMCID: PMC11320567 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The lack of effective vaccines and the development of resistance to the current treatments highlight the urgent need for new anti-leishmanials. Sphingolipid metabolism has been proposed as a promising source of Leishmania-specific targets as these lipids are key structural components of the eukaryotic plasma membrane and are involved in distinct cellular events. Inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) is the primary sphingolipid in the Leishmania species and is the product of a reaction mediated by IPC synthase (IPCS). The antihistamine clemastine fumarate has been identified as an inhibitor of IPCS in L. major and a potent anti-leishmanial in vivo. Here we sought to further examine the target of this compound in the more tractable species L. mexicana, using an approach combining genomic, proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic technologies, with molecular and biochemical studies. While the data demonstrated that the response to clemastine fumarate was largely conserved, unexpected disturbances beyond sphingolipid metabolism were identified. Furthermore, while deletion of the gene encoding LmxIPCS had little impact in vitro, it did influence clemastine fumarate efficacy and, importantly, in vivo pathogenicity. Together, these data demonstrate that clemastine does inhibit LmxIPCS and cause associated metabolic disturbances, but its primary target may lie elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia M. Zimbres
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Brian S. Mantilla
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Emily A. Dickie
- School
of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Gabriela A. Burle-Caldas
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
- Departamento
de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura N. S. Filipe
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Katrien Van Bocxlaer
- York
Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5NG, U.K.
| | - Helen P. Price
- School
of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K.
| | - Ana V. Ibarra-Meneses
- Département
de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine
Vétérinaire, Université
de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Département
de Biomédecine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département
de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine
Vétérinaire, Université
de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Philip D. Whitfield
- School
of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- School
of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Paul W. Denny
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
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2
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Alberione MP, González-Ruiz V, von Rohr O, Rudaz S, Soldati-Favre D, Izquierdo L, Kloehn J. N-acetylglucosamine supplementation fails to bypass the critical acetylation of glucosamine-6-phosphate required for Toxoplasma gondii replication and invasion. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011979. [PMID: 38900808 PMCID: PMC11218972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell surface of Toxoplasma gondii is rich in glycoconjugates which hold diverse and vital functions in the lytic cycle of this obligate intracellular parasite. Additionally, the cyst wall of bradyzoites, that shields the persistent form responsible for chronic infection from the immune system, is heavily glycosylated. Formation of glycoconjugates relies on activated sugar nucleotides, such as uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The glucosamine-phosphate-N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) generates N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate critical to produce UDP-GlcNAc. Here, we demonstrate that downregulation of T. gondii GNA1 results in a severe reduction of UDP-GlcNAc and a concomitant drop in glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), leading to impairment of the parasite's ability to invade and replicate in the host cell. Surprisingly, attempts to rescue this defect through exogenous GlcNAc supplementation fail to completely restore these vital functions. In depth metabolomic analyses elucidate diverse causes underlying the failed rescue: utilization of GlcNAc is inefficient under glucose-replete conditions and fails to restore UDP-GlcNAc levels in GNA1-depleted parasites. In contrast, GlcNAc-supplementation under glucose-deplete conditions fully restores UDP-GlcNAc levels but fails to rescue the defects associated with GNA1 depletion. Our results underscore the importance of glucosamine-6-phosphate acetylation in governing T. gondii replication and invasion and highlight the potential of the evolutionary divergent GNA1 in Apicomplexa as a target for the development of much-needed new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pía Alberione
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Olivier von Rohr
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Chmelová Ľ, Záhonová K, Albanaz ATS, Hrebenyk L, Horváth A, Yurchenko V, Škodová-Sveráková I. Distribution and Functional Analysis of Isocitrate Dehydrogenases across Kinetoplastids. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae042. [PMID: 38447055 PMCID: PMC10946238 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme converting isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in the canonical tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. There are three different types of isocitrate dehydrogenase documented in eukaryotes. Our study points out the complex evolutionary history of isocitrate dehydrogenases across kinetoplastids, where the common ancestor of Trypanosomatidae and Bodonidae was equipped with two isoforms of the isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme: the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 with possibly dual localization in the cytosol and mitochondrion and NADP+-dependent mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. In the extant trypanosomatids, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is present only in a few species suggesting that it was lost upon separation of Trypanosoma spp. and replaced by the mainly NADP+-dependent cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 of bacterial origin in all the derived lineages. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that the omnipresent isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 has a dual localization in both mitochondrion and cytosol in at least four species that possess only this isoform. The apparent lack of the NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in trypanosomatid mitochondrion provides further support to the existence of the noncanonical TCA cycle across trypanosomatids and the bidirectional activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 when operating with NADP+ cofactor instead of NAD+. This observation can be extended to all 17 species analyzed in this study, except for Leishmania mexicana, which showed only low isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in the cytosol. The variability in isocitrate oxidation capacity among species may reflect the distinct metabolic strategies and needs for reduced cofactors in particular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľubomíra Chmelová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Amanda T S Albanaz
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Liudmyla Hrebenyk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Ingrid Škodová-Sveráková
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Ranjan P, Dubey VK. Novel chemical scaffold as potential drug against Leishmania donovani: Integrated computational and experimental approaches. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1404-1422. [PMID: 37566640 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have screened a large number of Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds for novel anti-leishmanial molecules targeting the citrate synthase enzyme of the parasite. Based on their docking and molecular dynamic simulation statistics, five compounds were selected. These compounds followed Lipinski's rule of five. Additionally, in vitro, antileishmanial and cytotoxicity studies were performed. The three compounds, Abemaciclib, Bazedoxifene, and Vorapaxar, had shown effective anti-leishmanial activities with IC50 values of 0.92 ± 0.02, 0.65 ± 0.09, and 6.1 ± 0.91 against Leishmania donovani promastigote and with EC50 values of 1.52 ± 0.37, 2.11 ± 0.38, 10.4 ± 1.27 against intramacrophagic amastigote without significantly harming macrophage cells. Among them, from in silico and antileishmanial activities studies, Abemaciclib had been selected based on their less binding energy, good antileishmanial activities, and also a significant difference in their binding energy with human citrate synthase for cell death mechanistic studies using flow cytometry and a DNA fragmentation assay. The action of this compound resulted in an increased reactive oxygen species production, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA damage, and an increase in the sub-G1 cell population. These properties are the hallmarks of apoptosis which were further confirmed by apoptotic assay. Based on the above result, this anticancer compound Abemaciclib could be employed as a potential treatment option for leishmaniasis after further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Ranjan
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Remodeling of Carbon Metabolism during Sulfoglycolysis in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0201622. [PMID: 36728421 PMCID: PMC9972972 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02016-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfoquinovose (SQ) is a major metabolite in the global sulfur cycle produced by nearly all photosynthetic organisms. One of the major pathways involved in the catabolism of SQ in bacteria such as Escherichia coli is a variant of the glycolytic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway termed the sulfoglycolytic EMP (sulfo-EMP) pathway, which leads to the consumption of three of the six carbons of SQ and the excretion of 2,3-dihydroxypropanesulfonate (DHPS). Comparative metabolite profiling of aerobically glucose (Glc)-grown and SQ-grown E. coli cells was undertaken to identify the metabolic consequences of the switch from glycolysis to sulfoglycolysis. Sulfoglycolysis was associated with the diversion of triose phosphates (triose-P) to synthesize sugar phosphates (gluconeogenesis) and an unexpected accumulation of trehalose and glycogen storage carbohydrates. Sulfoglycolysis was also associated with global changes in central carbon metabolism, as indicated by the changes in the levels of intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), polyamine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and many amino acid metabolic pathways. Upon entry into stationary phase and the depletion of SQ, E. coli cells utilize their glycogen, indicating a reversal of metabolic fluxes to allow glycolytic metabolism. IMPORTANCE The sulfosugar sulfoquinovose is estimated to be produced on a scale of 10 billion metric tons per annum, making it a major organosulfur species in the biosulfur cycle. The microbial degradation of sulfoquinovose through sulfoglycolysis allows the utilization of its carbon content and contributes to the biomineralization of its sulfur. However, the metabolic consequences of microbial growth on sulfoquinovose are unclear. We use metabolomics to identify the metabolic adaptations that Escherichia coli undergoes when grown on sulfoquinovose versus glucose. This revealed the increased flux into storage carbohydrates through gluconeogenesis and the reduced flux of carbon into the TCA cycle and downstream metabolism. These changes are relieved upon entry into stationary phase and reversion to glycolytic metabolism. This work provides new insights into the metabolic consequences of microbial growth on an abundant sulfosugar.
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6
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Ranjan P, Dubey VK. Krebs cycle enzymes for targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy for anti-leishmanial drug development using: Pathways, potential targets, and future perspectives. Life Sci 2022; 322:121314. [PMID: 36566880 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic and neglected tropical disease which majorly impacts poor and developing nations. One of the significant factors that impacts the severity of the pathological condition includes the socioeconomic background of the affected region. The rise of drug-resistant Leishmania is a serious concern for the effectiveness of the present treatment. As a result, the drug options need to be relooked immediately. Leishmania employs Krebs cycle intermediates for its needs after infection for establishing various defense mechanisms to escape the host immune responses. Nevertheless, a variety of immunological reactions are also seen during infection, which clear the parasites. One of the more promising strategies in this regard would involve combining targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The targeted treatments work by obstructing vital pathways that are required for Leishmania to grow and survive. The mechanism of action of immunotherapy is the control of the host immune response, which entails the blockage of molecular pathways essential for the growth and maintenance of the parasite. The Krebs cycle intermediates have important biochemical roles. Additionally, in macrophages and dendritic cells, they play roles as signalling molecules for controlling inflammatory responses. The review brings together the available literature about the importance of Krebs cycle metabolites as potential treatment targets for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Ranjan
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP 221005, India.
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7
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Pacakova L, Harant K, Volf P, Lestinova T. Three types of Leishmania mexicana amastigotes: Proteome comparison by quantitative proteomic analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1022448. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1022448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is the unicellular parasite transmitted by phlebotomine sand fly bite. It exists in two different forms; extracellular promastigotes, occurring in the gut of sand flies, and intracellular, round-shaped amastigotes residing mainly in vertebrate macrophages. As amastigotes originating from infected animals are often present in insufficient quality and quantity, two alternative types of amastigotes were introduced for laboratory experiments: axenic amastigotes and amastigotes from macrophages infected in vitro. Nevertheless, there is very little information about the degree of similarity/difference among these three types of amastigotes on proteomic level, whose comparison is crucial for assessing the suitability of using alternative types of amastigotes in experiments. In this study, L. mexicana amastigotes obtained from lesion of infected BALB/c mice were proteomically compared with alternatively cultivated amastigotes (axenic and macrophage-derived ones). Amastigotes of all three types were isolated, individually treated and analysed by LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis with quantification using TMT10-plex isobaric labeling. Significant differences were observed in the abundance of metabolic enzymes, virulence factors and proteins involved in translation and condensation of DNA. The most pronounced differences were observed between axenic amastigotes and lesion-derived amastigotes, macrophage-derived amastigotes were mostly intermediate between axenic and lesion-derived ones.
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8
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The ChaC family of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases is required for Leishmania to switch to a slow growth state and for long-term survival of the parasite. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102510. [PMID: 36126772 PMCID: PMC9586994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ChaC family of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases is conserved throughout all Kingdoms and catalyzes the degradation of GSH. So far, the ChaC family proteins in trypanosomal parasites are missing in the literature. Here, we report two members of the ChaC family of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases (LmChaC2a and LmChaC2b) in the unicellular pathogen Leishmania. Activity measurements suggest that these proteins catalyze degradation of GSH but no other γ-glutamyl peptides. Recombinant LmChaC2a protein shows ∼17-fold lower catalytic efficiency (kcat ∼ 0.9 s−1) than LmChaC2b (kcat ∼ 15 s−1), although they showed comparable Km values (∼1.75 mM for LmChaC2a and ∼2.0 mM for LmChaC2b) toward GSH. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses suggest that the LmChaC2a protein was found to be constitutively expressed, whereas LmChaC2b was regulated by sulfur stress. To investigate its precise physiological function in Leishmania, we generated overexpressed, knockout, and complement cell lines. Flow cytometric analyses show the presence of a higher intracellular GSH concentration and lower intracellular ROS level, indicative of a more reductive environment in null mutants. We found LmChaC2-expressing cells grow in GSH-containing sulfur-limited media, while the null mutants failed to grow, suggesting that LmChaC2 is crucial for cell growth with GSH as the only sulfur source. Null mutants, although reach the stationary phase rapidly, display impaired long-term survival, indicating that LmChaC2-mediated GSH degradation is necessary for prolonged survival. In vivo studies suggest that LmChaC2-dependent controlled GSH degradation promotes chronic infection by the parasite. Altogether, these data indicate that LmChaC2 plays an important role in GSH homeostasis in Leishmania.
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9
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Lima ML, Abengózar MA, Torres-Santos EC, Borborema SET, Godzien J, López-Gonzálvez Á, Barbas C, Rivas L, Tempone AG. Energy metabolism as a target for cyclobenzaprine: A drug candidate against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106009. [PMID: 35841672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases have a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from a cutaneous to a progressive and fatal visceral disease. Chemotherapy is nowadays the almost exclusive way to fight the disease but limited by its scarce therapeutic arsenal, on its own compromised by adverse side effects and clinical resistance. Cyclobenzaprine (CBP), an FDA-approved oral muscle relaxant drug has previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against Leishmania sp., but its targets were not fully unveiled. This study aimed to define the role of energy metabolism as a target for the leishmanicidal mechanisms of CBP. Methodology to assess CBP leishmanicidal mechanism variation of intracellular ATP levels using living Leishmania transfected with a cytoplasmic luciferase. Induction of plasma membrane permeability by assessing depolarization with DiSBAC(2)3 and entrance of the vital dye SYTOX® Green. Mitochondrial depolarization by rhodamine 123 accumulation. Mapping target site within the respiratory chain by oxygen consumption rate. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using MitoSOX. Morphological changes by transmission electron microscopy. CBP caused on L. infantum promastigotes a decrease of intracellular ATP levels, with irreversible depolarization of plasma membrane, the collapse of the mitochondrial electrochemical potential, mild uncoupling of the respiratory chain, and ROS production, with ensuing intracellular Ca2+ imbalance and DNA fragmentation. Electron microscopy supported autophagic features but not a massive plasma membrane disruption. The severe and irreversible mitochondrial damage induced by CBP endorsed the bioenergetics metabolism as a relevant target within the lethal programme induced by CBP in Leishmania. This, together with the mild-side effects of this oral drug, endorses CBP as an appealing novel candidate as a leishmanicidal drug under a drug repurposing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lopes Lima
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Abengózar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Joanna Godzien
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andre Gustavo Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Bhattacharya P, Oljuskin T, Dey R, Gannavaram S, Satoskar AR, Nakhasi HL. Determinants of Innate Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Implication in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748325. [PMID: 34712235 PMCID: PMC8546207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between Leishmania, the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development. Leishmania parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and/or susceptibility to Leishmania infection. In addition to the cytokine/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in Leishmania pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious Leishmania vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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11
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Leishmania type II dehydrogenase is essential for parasite viability irrespective of the presence of an active complex I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103803118. [PMID: 34654744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103803118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II NADH dehydrogenases (NDH2) are monotopic enzymes present in the external or internal face of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contribute to NADH/NAD+ balance by conveying electrons from NADH to ubiquinone without coupled proton translocation. Herein, we characterize the product of a gene present in all species of the human protozoan parasite Leishmania as a bona fide, matrix-oriented, type II NADH dehydrogenase. Within mitochondria, this respiratory activity concurs with that of type I NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) in some Leishmania species but not others. To query the significance of NDH2 in parasite physiology, we attempted its genetic disruption in two parasite species, exhibiting a silent (Leishmania infantum, Li) and a fully operational (Leishmania major, Lm) complex I. Strikingly, this analysis revealed that NDH2 abrogation is not tolerated by Leishmania, not even by complex I-expressing Lm species. Conversely, complex I is dispensable in both species, provided that NDH2 is sufficiently expressed. That a type II dehydrogenase is essential even in the presence of an active complex I places Leishmania NADH metabolism into an entirely unique perspective and suggests unexplored functions for NDH2 that span beyond its complex I-overlapping activities. Notably, by showing that the essential character of NDH2 extends to the disease-causing stage of Leishmania, we genetically validate NDH2-an enzyme without a counterpart in mammals-as a candidate target for leishmanicidal drugs.
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Gomes MT, Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Cosentino-Gomes D, da Silva APP, Giarola NLL, Da Silva D, Sola-Penna M, Galina A, Meyer-Fernandes JR. 3-Bromopyruvate: A new strategy for inhibition of glycolytic enzymes in Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 229:108154. [PMID: 34481863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The compound 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) is well-known and studies from several researchers have demonstrated its involvement in tumorigenesis. It is an analogue of pyruvic acid that inhibits ATP synthesis by inhibiting enzymes from the glycolytic pathway and oxidative phosphorylation. In this work, we investigated the effect of 3-BrPA on energy metabolism of L. amazonensis. In order to verify the effect of 3-BrPA on L. amazonensis glycolysis, we measured the activity level of three glycolytic enzymes located at different points of the pathway: (i) glucose kinases, step 1, (ii) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), step 6, and (iii) enolase, step 9. 3-BrPA, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly reduced the activity levels of all the enzymes. In addition, 3-BrPA treatment led to a reduction in the levels of phosphofruto-1-kinase (PFK) protein, suggesting that the mode of action of 3-BrPA involves the downregulation of some glycolytic enzymes. Measurement of ATP levels in promastigotes of L. amazonensis showed a significant reduction in ATP generation. The O2 consumption was also significantly inhibited in promastigotes, confirming the energy depletion effect of 3-BrPA. When 3-BrPA was added to the cells at the beginning of growth cycle, it significantly inhibited L. amazonensis proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the ability to infect macrophages was reduced by approximately 50% when promastigotes were treated with 3-BrPA. Taken together, these studies corroborate with previous reports which suggest 3-BrPA as a potential drug against pathogenic microorganisms that are reliant on glucose catabolism for ATP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Teixeira Gomes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela Cosentino-Gomes
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Naira Ligia Lima Giarola
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Da Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética e Fisiologia Mitocondrial, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Medica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Poulaki A, Piperaki ET, Voulgarelis M. Effects of Visceralising Leishmania on the Spleen, Liver, and Bone Marrow: A Pathophysiological Perspective. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040759. [PMID: 33916346 PMCID: PMC8066032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases constitute a group of parasitic diseases caused by species of the protozoan genus Leishmania. In humans it can present different clinical manifestations and are usually classified as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral (VL). Although the full range of parasite—host interactions remains unclear, recent advances are improving our comprehension of VL pathophysiology. In this review we explore the differences in VL immunobiology between the liver and the spleen, leading to contrasting infection outcomes in the two organs, specifically clearance of the parasite in the liver and failure of the spleen to contain the infection. Based on parasite biology and the mammalian immune response, we describe how hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and the PI3K/Akt pathway function as major determinants of the observed immune failure. We also summarize existing knowledge on pancytopenia in VL, as a direct effect of the parasite on bone marrow health and regenerative capacity. Finally, we speculate on the possible effect that manipulation by the parasite of the PI3K/Akt/HIF1 axis may have on the myelodysplastic (MDS) features observed in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Poulaki
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia-Theophano Piperaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.-T.P.); (M.V.); Tel.: +30-210-7462136 (E.-T.P.); +30-210-7462647 (M.V.)
| | - Michael Voulgarelis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (E.-T.P.); (M.V.); Tel.: +30-210-7462136 (E.-T.P.); +30-210-7462647 (M.V.)
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Cobbold SA, V Tutor M, Frasse P, McHugh E, Karnthaler M, Creek DJ, Odom John A, Tilley L, Ralph SA, McConville MJ. Non-canonical metabolic pathways in the malaria parasite detected by isotope-tracing metabolomics. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10023. [PMID: 33821563 PMCID: PMC8022201 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, proliferates rapidly in human erythrocytes by actively scavenging multiple carbon sources and essential nutrients from its host cell. However, a global overview of the metabolic capacity of intraerythrocytic stages is missing. Using multiplex 13 C-labelling coupled with untargeted mass spectrometry and unsupervised isotopologue grouping, we have generated a draft metabolome of P. falciparum and its host erythrocyte consisting of 911 and 577 metabolites, respectively, corresponding to 41% of metabolites and over 70% of the metabolic reaction predicted from the parasite genome. An additional 89 metabolites and 92 reactions were identified that were not predicted from genomic reconstructions, with the largest group being associated with metabolite damage-repair systems. Validation of the draft metabolome revealed four previously uncharacterised enzymes which impact isoprenoid biosynthesis, lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial metabolism and are necessary for parasite development and proliferation. This study defines the metabolic fate of multiple carbon sources in P. falciparum, and highlights the activity of metabolite repair pathways in these rapidly growing parasite stages, opening new avenues for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Cobbold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Madel V Tutor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Philip Frasse
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Emma McHugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Markus Karnthaler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Audrey Odom John
- The Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Stuart A Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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Tabrizi F, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Ali Ahmadi N, Arefi Oskouie A. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomic Study to Identify Metabolite Differences between Iranian Isolates of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:43-51. [PMID: 33487791 PMCID: PMC7812499 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2019.82120.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species (L. spp) is one of the most important parasitic diseases in humans. To gain information on the metabolite variations and biochemical pathways between L. spp, we used the comparative metabolome of metacyclic promastigotes in the Iranian isolates of L. major and L. tropica by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Methods L. tropica and L. major were collected from three areas of Iran, namely Gonbad, Mashhad, and Bam, between 2017 and 2018, and were cultured. The metacyclic promastigote of each species was separated, and cell metabolites were extracted. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was applied, and the data were processed using ProMatab in MATLAB (version 7.8.0.347). Multivariate statistical analyses, including the principal component analysis and the orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis, were performed to identify the discriminative metabolites between the two L. spp. Metabolites with variable influences in projection values of more than one and a P value of less than 0.05 were marked as significant differences. Results A set of metabolites were detected, and 24 significantly differentially expressed metabolites were found between the metacyclic forms of L. major and L. tropica isolates. The top differential metabolites were methionine, aspartate, betaine, and acetylcarnitine, which were increased more in L. tropica than L. major (P<0.005), whereas asparagine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, L-proline, and kynurenine were increased significantly in L. major (P<0.01). The significantly altered metabolites were involved in eight metabolic pathways. Conclusion Metabolomics, as an invaluable technique, yielded significant metabolites, and their biochemical pathways related to the metacyclic promastigotes of L. major and L. tropica. The findings offer greater insights into parasite biology and how pathogens adapt to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tabrizi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayeb Ali Ahmadi
- Proteomics Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Arefi Oskouie
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Metabolic reprogramming and Notch activity distinguish between non-small cell lung cancer subtypes. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:51-64. [PMID: 31114017 PMCID: PMC6738087 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggested that the metabolism is differently reprogrammed in the major subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and adenocarcinomas (AdC). However, a comprehensive analysis of this differential metabolic reprogramming is lacking. Methods Publicly available gene expression data from human lung cancer samples and cell lines were analysed. Stable isotope resolved metabolomics were performed on SCC and ADC tumours in human patients and in freshly resected tumour slices. Results Analysis of multiple transcriptomics data from human samples identified a SCC-distinguishing enzyme gene signature. SCC tumours from patients infused with [U-13C]-glucose and SCC tissue slices incubated with stable isotope tracers demonstrated differential glucose and glutamine catabolism compared to AdCs or non-cancerous lung, confirming increased activity through pathways defined by the SCC metabolic gene signature. Furthermore, the upregulation of Notch target genes was a distinguishing feature of SCCs, which correlated with the metabolic signature. Notch and MYC-driven murine lung tumours recapitulated the SCC-distinguishing metabolic reprogramming. However, the differences between SCCs and AdCs disappear in established cell lines in 2D culture. Conclusions Our data emphasise the importance of studying lung cancer metabolism in vivo. They also highlight potential targets for therapeutic intervention in SCC patients including differentially expressed enzymes that catalyse reactions in glycolysis, glutamine catabolism, serine, nucleotide and glutathione biosynthesis.
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Feliciano PR, Drennan CL, Nonato MC. Crystal Structures of Fumarate Hydratases from Leishmania major in a Complex with Inhibitor 2-Thiomalate. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:266-275. [PMID: 30645090 PMCID: PMC6380369 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Leishmaniases
affect the poorest people on earth and have no effective
drug therapy. Here, we present the crystal structure of the mitochondrial
isoform of class I fumarate hydratase (FH) from Leishmania
major and compare it to the previously determined cytosolic Leishmania major isoform. We further describe the mechanism
of action of the first class-specific FH inhibitor, 2-thiomalate,
through X-ray crystallography and inhibition assays. Our crystal structures
of both FH isoforms with inhibitor bound at 2.05 Å resolution
and 1.60 Å resolution show high structural similarity. These
structures further reveal that the selectivity of 2-thiomalate for
class I FHs is due to direct coordination of the inhibitor to the
unique Fe of the catalytic [4Fe-4S] cluster that is found in class
I parasitic FHs but is absent from class II human FH. These studies
provide the structural scaffold in order to exploit class I FHs as
potential drug targets against leishmaniases as well as Chagas diseases,
sleeping sickness, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R. Feliciano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Catherine L. Drennan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Kabra R, Chauhan N, Kumar A, Ingale P, Singh S. Efflux pumps and antimicrobial resistance: Paradoxical components in systems genomics. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 141:15-24. [PMID: 30031023 PMCID: PMC7173168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Efflux pumps play a major role in the increasing antimicrobial resistance rendering a large number of drugs of no use. Large numbers of pathogens are becoming multidrug resistant due to inadequate dosage and use of the existing antimicrobials. This leads to the need for identifying new efflux pump inhibitors. Design of novel targeted therapies using inherent complexity involved in the biological network modeling has gained increasing importance in recent times. The predictive approaches should be used to determine antimicrobial activities with high pathogen specificity and microbicidal potency. Antimicrobial peptides, which are part of our innate immune system, have the ability to respond to infections and have gained much attention in making resistant strain sensitive to existing drugs. In this review paper, we outline evidences linking host-directed therapy with the efflux pump activity to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Kabra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Nutan Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Anurag Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Prajakta Ingale
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
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Subramanian A, Sarkar RR. Perspectives on Leishmania Species and Stage-specific Adaptive Mechanisms. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:1068-1081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Molecular Basis of the Leishmanicidal Activity of the Antidepressant Sertraline as a Drug Repurposing Candidate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01928-18. [PMID: 30297370 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01928-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing affords the implementation of new treatments at a moderate cost and under a faster time-scale. Most of the clinical drugs against Leishmania share this origin. The antidepressant sertraline has been successfully assayed in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, sertraline targets in Leishmania were poorly defined. In order to get a detailed insight into the leishmanicidal mechanism of sertraline on Leishmania infantum, unbiased multiplatform metabolomics and transmission electron microscopy were combined with a focused insight into the sertraline effects on the bioenergetics metabolism of the parasite. Sertraline induced respiration uncoupling, a significant decrease of intracellular ATP level, and oxidative stress in L. infantum promastigotes. Metabolomics evidenced an extended metabolic disarray caused by sertraline. This encompasses a remarkable variation of the levels of thiol-redox and polyamine biosynthetic intermediates, as well as a shortage of intracellular amino acids used as metabolic fuel by Leishmania Sertraline killed Leishmania through a multitarget mechanism of action, tackling essential metabolic pathways of the parasite. As such, sertraline is a valuable candidate for visceral leishmaniasis treatment under a drug repurposing strategy.
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Abstract
Glucose transport plays important roles for in vitro growth of insect-stage promastigotes and especially for viability of intramacrophage mammalian host-stage amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. However, the roles of the three distinct glucose transporters, GT1, GT2, and GT3, in parasite viability inside macrophages and virulence in mice have not been fully explored. Parasite lines expressing GT1 or GT2 alone were strongly impaired in growth inside macrophages, but lines expressing GT3 alone infected macrophages and caused lesions in mice as robustly as wild-type parasites. Notably, GT3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum of intracellular amastigotes, suggesting a potential role for salvage of glucose from that organelle for viability of infectious amastigotes. This study establishes the unique role of GT3 for parasite survival inside host macrophages and for robust virulence in infected animals. Glucose transporters are important for viability and infectivity of the disease-causing amastigote stages of Leishmania mexicana. The Δgt1-3 null mutant, in which the 3 clustered glucose transporter genes, GT1, GT2, and GT3, have been deleted, is strongly impaired in growth inside macrophages in vitro. We have now demonstrated that this null mutant is also impaired in virulence in the BALB/c murine model of infection and forms lesions considerably more slowly than wild-type parasites. Previously, we established that amplification of the PIFTC3 gene, which encodes an intraflagellar transport protein, both facilitated and accompanied the isolation of the original Δgt1-3 null mutant generated in extracellular insect-stage promastigotes. We have now isolated Δgt1-3 null mutants without coamplification of PIFTC3. These amplicon-negative null mutants are further impaired in growth as promastigotes, compared to the previously described null mutants containing the PIFTC3 amplification. In contrast, the GT3 glucose transporter plays an especially important role in promoting amastigote viability. A line that expresses only the single glucose transporter GT3 grows as well inside macrophages and induces lesions in animals as robustly as do wild-type amastigotes, but lines expressing only the GT1 or GT2 transporters replicate poorly in macrophages. Strikingly, GT3 is restricted largely to the endoplasmic reticulum in intracellular amastigotes. This observation raises the possibility that GT3 may play an important role as an intracellular glucose transporter in the infectious stage of the parasite life cycle. IMPORTANCE Glucose transport plays important roles for in vitro growth of insect-stage promastigotes and especially for viability of intramacrophage mammalian host-stage amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. However, the roles of the three distinct glucose transporters, GT1, GT2, and GT3, in parasite viability inside macrophages and virulence in mice have not been fully explored. Parasite lines expressing GT1 or GT2 alone were strongly impaired in growth inside macrophages, but lines expressing GT3 alone infected macrophages and caused lesions in mice as robustly as wild-type parasites. Notably, GT3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum of intracellular amastigotes, suggesting a potential role for salvage of glucose from that organelle for viability of infectious amastigotes. This study establishes the unique role of GT3 for parasite survival inside host macrophages and for robust virulence in infected animals.
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Dumoulin PC, Burleigh BA. Stress-Induced Proliferation and Cell Cycle Plasticity of Intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi Amastigotes. mBio 2018; 9:e00673-18. [PMID: 29991586 PMCID: PMC6050952 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00673-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian stages of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, exhibit a wide host species range and extensive within-host tissue distribution. These features, coupled with the ability of the parasites to persist for the lifetime of the host, suggest an inherent capacity to tolerate changing environments. To examine this potential, we studied proliferation and cell cycle dynamics of intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes experiencing transient metabolic perturbation or drug pressure in the context of an infected mammalian host cell. Parasite growth plasticity was evident and characterized by rapid and reversible suppression of amastigote proliferation in response to exogenous nutrient restriction or exposure to metabolic inhibitors that target glucose metabolism or mitochondrial respiration. In most instances, reduced parasite proliferation was accompanied by the accumulation of amastigote populations in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in a manner that was rapidly and fully reversible upon release from the metabolic block. Acute amastigote cell cycle changes at the G1 stage were similarly observed following exposure to sublethal concentrations of the first-line therapy drug, benznidazole, and yet, unlike the results seen with inhibitors of metabolism, recovery from exposure occurred at rates inversely proportional to the concentration of benznidazole. Our results show that T. cruzi amastigote growth plasticity is an important aspect of parasite adaptation to stress, including drug pressure, and is an important consideration for growth-based drug screening.IMPORTANCE Infection with the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi can cause debilitating and potentially life-threatening Chagas disease, where long-term parasite persistence is a critical determinant of clinical disease progression. Such tissue-resident T. cruzi amastigotes are refractory to immune-mediated clearance and to drug treatment, suggesting that in addition to exploiting immune avoidance mechanisms, amastigotes can facilitate their survival by adapting flexibly to diverse environmental stressors. We discovered that T. cruzi intracellular amastigotes exhibit growth plasticity as a strategy to adapt to and rebound from environmental stressors, including metabolic blockades, nutrient starvation, and sublethal exposure to the first-line therapy drug benznidazole. These findings have important implications for understanding parasite persistence, informing drug development, and interpreting drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Dumoulin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara A Burleigh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sienkiewicz N, Ong HB, Fairlamb AH. Characterisation of a putative glutamate 5-kinase from Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2018; 285:2662-2678. [PMID: 29777624 PMCID: PMC6099280 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous metabolic studies have demonstrated that leishmania parasites are able to synthesise proline from glutamic acid and threonine from aspartic acid. The first committed step in both biosynthetic pathways involves an amino acid kinase, either a glutamate 5‐kinase (G5K; http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/11.html) or an aspartokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/4.html). Bioinformatic analysis of multiple leishmania genomes identifies a single amino acid‐kinase gene (LdBPK 262740.1) variously annotated as either a putative glutamate or aspartate kinase. To establish the catalytic function of this Leishmania donovani gene product, we have determined the physical and kinetic properties of the recombinant enzyme purified from Escherichia coli. The findings indicate that the enzyme is a bona fide G5K with no activity as an aspartokinase. Tetrameric G5K displays kinetic behaviour similar to its bacterial orthologues and is allosterically regulated by proline, the end product of the pathway. The structure‐activity relationships of proline analogues as inhibitors are broadly similar to the bacterial enzyme. However, unlike G5K from E. coli, leishmania G5K lacks a C‐terminal PUA (pseudouridine synthase and archaeosine transglycosylase) domain and does not undergo higher oligomerisation in the presence of proline. Gene replacement studies are suggestive, but not conclusive that G5K is essential. Enzymes Glutamate 5‐kinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/11.html); aspartokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/4.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sienkiewicz
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Han B Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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Armitage EG, Alqaisi AQI, Godzien J, Peña I, Mbekeani AJ, Alonso-Herranz V, López-Gonzálvez Á, Martín J, Gabarro R, Denny PW, Barrett MP, Barbas C. Complex Interplay between Sphingolipid and Sterol Metabolism Revealed by Perturbations to the Leishmania Metabolome Caused by Miltefosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02095-17. [PMID: 29463533 PMCID: PMC5923112 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02095-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the World Health Organization reporting over 30,000 deaths and 200,000 to 400,000 new cases annually, visceral leishmaniasis is a serious disease affecting some of the world's poorest people. As drug resistance continues to rise, there is a huge unmet need to improve treatment. Miltefosine remains one of the main treatments for leishmaniasis, yet its mode of action (MoA) is still unknown. Understanding the MoA of this drug and parasite response to treatment could help pave the way for new and more successful treatments for leishmaniasis. A novel method has been devised to study the metabolome and lipidome of Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes treated with miltefosine. Miltefosine caused a dramatic decrease in many membrane phospholipids (PLs), in addition to amino acid pools, while sphingolipids (SLs) and sterols increased. Leishmania major promastigotes devoid of SL biosynthesis through loss of the serine palmitoyl transferase gene (ΔLCB2) were 3-fold less sensitive to miltefosine than wild-type (WT) parasites. Changes in the metabolome and lipidome of miltefosine-treated L. major mirrored those of L. donovani A lack of SLs in the ΔLCB2 mutant was matched by substantial alterations in sterol content. Together, these data indicate that SLs and ergosterol are important for miltefosine sensitivity and, perhaps, MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Armitage
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences & Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amjed Q I Alqaisi
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
- University of Baghdad, College of Science, Biology Department, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Joanna Godzien
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imanol Peña
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alison J Mbekeani
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Herranz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Martín
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gabarro
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences & Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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The Uptake and Metabolism of Amino Acids, and Their Unique Role in the Biology of Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020036. [PMID: 29614775 PMCID: PMC6027508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, as well as Trypanosoma cruzi and more than 20 species of the genus Leishmania, form a group of flagellated protists that threaten human health. These organisms are transmitted by insects that, together with mammals, are their natural hosts. This implies that during their life cycles each of them faces environments with different physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological characteristics. In this work we review how amino acids are obtained from such environments, how they are metabolized, and how they and some of their intermediate metabolites are used as a survival toolbox to cope with the different conditions in which these parasites should establish the infections in the insects and mammalian hosts.
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Deletion of transketolase triggers a stringent metabolic response in promastigotes and loss of virulence in amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006953. [PMID: 29554142 PMCID: PMC5882173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transketolase (TKT) is part of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Here we describe the impact of removing this enzyme from the pathogenic protozoan Leishmania mexicana. Whereas the deletion had no obvious effect on cultured promastigote forms of the parasite, the Δtkt cells were not virulent in mice. Δtkt promastigotes were more susceptible to oxidative stress and various leishmanicidal drugs than wild-type, and metabolomics analysis revealed profound changes to metabolism in these cells. In addition to changes consistent with those directly related to the role of TKT in the PPP, central carbon metabolism was substantially decreased, the cells consumed significantly less glucose, flux through glycolysis diminished, and production of the main end products of metabolism was decreased. Only minor changes in RNA abundance from genes encoding enzymes in central carbon metabolism, however, were detected although fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase activity was decreased two-fold in the knock-out cell line. We also showed that the dual localisation of TKT between cytosol and glycosomes is determined by the C-terminus of the enzyme and by engineering different variants of the enzyme we could alter its sub-cellular localisation. However, no effect on the overall flux of glucose was noted irrespective of whether the enzyme was found uniquely in either compartment, or in both. Leishmania parasites endanger over 1 billion people worldwide, infecting 300,000 people and causing 20,000 deaths annually. In this study, we scrutinized metabolism in Leishmania mexicana after deletion of the gene encoding transketolase (TKT), an enzyme involved in sugar metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway which plays key roles in creating ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and also defence against oxidative stress. The insect stage of the parasite, grown in culture medium, did not suffer from any obvious growth defect after the gene was deleted. However, its metabolism changed dramatically, with metabolomics indicating profound changes to flux through the pentose phosphate pathway: decreased glucose consumption, and generally enhanced efficiency in using metabolic substrates with reduced secretion of partially oxidised end products of metabolism. This ‘stringent’ metabolism is reminiscent of the mammalian stage parasites. The cells were also more sensitive to oxidative stress inducing agents and leishmanicidal drugs. Crucially, mice inoculated with the TKT knock-out parasites did not develop an infection pointing to the enzyme playing a key role in allowing the parasites to remain viable in the host, indicating that TKT may be considered a useful target for development of new drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Saunders EC, Naderer T, Chambers J, Landfear SM, McConville MJ. Leishmania mexicana can utilize amino acids as major carbon sources in macrophages but not in animal models. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:143-158. [PMID: 29411460 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites target macrophages in their mammalian hosts and proliferate within the mature phagolysosome compartment of these cells. Intracellular amastigote stages are dependent on sugars as a major carbon source in vivo, but retain the capacity to utilize other carbon sources. To investigate whether amastigotes can switch to using other carbon sources, we have screened for suppressor strains of the L. mexicana Δlmxgt1-3 mutant which lacks the major glucose transporters LmxGT1-3. We identified a novel suppressor line (Δlmxgt1-3s2 ) that has restored growth in rich culture medium and virulence in ex vivo infected macrophages, but failed to induce lesions in mice. Δlmxgt1-3s2 amastigotes had lower rates of glucose utilization than the parental line and primarily catabolized non-essential amino acids. The increased mitochondrial metabolism of this line was associated with elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, as well as increased sensitivity to inhibitors of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, including nitric oxide. These results suggest that hardwired sugar addiction of Leishmania amastigotes contributes to the intrinsic resistance of this stage to macrophage microbicidal processes in vivo, and that these stages have limited capacity to switch to using other carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Scott M Landfear
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Jardim A, Hardie DB, Boitz J, Borchers CH. Proteomic Profiling of Leishmania donovani Promastigote Subcellular Organelles. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1194-1215. [PMID: 29332401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate a greater understanding of the biological processes in the medically important Leishmania donovani parasite, a combination of differential and density-gradient ultracentrifugation techniques were used to achieve a comprehensive subcellular fractionation of the promastigote stage. An in-depth label-free proteomic LC-MS/MS analysis of the density gradients resulted in the identification of ∼50% of the Leishmania proteome (3883 proteins detected), which included ∼645 integral membrane proteins and 1737 uncharacterized proteins. Clustering and subcellular localization of proteins was based on a subset of training Leishmania proteins with known subcellular localizations that had been determined using biochemical, confocal microscopy, or immunoelectron microscopy approaches. This subcellular map will be a valuable resource that will help dissect the cell biology and metabolic processes associated with specific organelles of Leishmania and related kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Jardim
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University , 21111 Lakeshore Road, Saine-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Darryl B Hardie
- University of Victoria -Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre , #3101-4464 Markham Street, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada
| | - Jan Boitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria -Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre , #3101-4464 Markham Street, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina , 120 Mason Farm Road, Campus Box 7260 Third Floor, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria , Petch Building, Room 270d, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.,Proteomics Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Singh J, Khan MI, Singh Yadav SP, Srivastava A, Sinha KK, Ashish, Das P, Kundu B. L-Asparaginase of Leishmania donovani: Metabolic target and its role in Amphotericin B resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:337-349. [PMID: 28988014 PMCID: PMC5633258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of Amphotericin B (AmB) resistant Leishmania donovani has posed major therapeutic challenge against the parasite. Consequently, combination therapy aimed at multiple molecular targets, based on proteome wise network analysis has been recommended. In this regard we had earlier identified and proposed L-asparaginase of Leishmania donovani (LdAI) as a crucial metabolic target. Here we report that both LdAI overexpressing axenic amastigote and promastigote forms of L. donovani survives better when challenged with AmB as compared to wild type strain. Conversely, qRT-PCR analysis showed an upregulation of LdAI in both forms upon AmB treatment. Our data demonstrates the importance of LdAI in imparting immediate protective response to the parasite upon AmB treatment. In the absence of structural and functional information, we modeled LdAI and validated its solution structure through small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. We identified its specific inhibitors through ligand and structure-based approach and characterized their effects on enzymatic properties (Km, Vmax, Kcat) of LdAI. We show that in presence of two of the inhibitors L1 and L2, the survival of L. donovani is compromised whereas overexpression of LdAI in these cells restores viability. Taken together, our results conclusively prove that LdAI is a crucial metabolic enzyme conferring early counter measure against AmB treatment by Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, India
| | - Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kislay K Sinha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, India
| | - Ashish
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Revealing the mystery of metabolic adaptations using a genome scale model of Leishmania infantum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10262. [PMID: 28860532 PMCID: PMC5579285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage phagolysosome and sandfly midgut provide antagonistic ecological niches for Leishmania parasites to survive and proliferate. Parasites optimize their metabolism to utilize the available inadequate resources by adapting to those environments. Lately, a number of metabolomics studies have revived the interest to understand metabolic strategies utilized by the Leishmania parasite for optimal survival within its hosts. For the first time, we propose a reconstructed genome-scale metabolic model for Leishmania infantum JPCM5, the analyses of which not only captures observations reported by metabolomics studies in other Leishmania species but also divulges novel features of the L. infantum metabolome. Our results indicate that Leishmania metabolism is organized in such a way that the parasite can select appropriate alternatives to compensate for limited external substrates. A dynamic non-essential amino acid motif exists within the network that promotes a restricted redistribution of resources to yield required essential metabolites. Further, subcellular compartments regulate this metabolic re-routing by reinforcing the physiological coupling of specific reactions. This unique metabolic organization is robust against accidental errors and provides a wide array of choices for the parasite to achieve optimal survival.
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Pasricha S, MacRae JI, Chua HH, Chambers J, Boyce KJ, McConville MJ, Andrianopoulos A. Extensive Metabolic Remodeling Differentiates Non-pathogenic and Pathogenic Growth Forms of the Dimorphic Pathogen Talaromyces marneffei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:368. [PMID: 28861398 PMCID: PMC5563070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are an increasing public health problem, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. While these pathogenic fungi show polyphyletic origins with closely related non-pathogenic species, many undergo morphological transitions to produce pathogenic cell types that are associated with increased virulence. However, the characteristics of these pathogenic cells that contribute to virulence are poorly defined. Talaromyces marneffei grows as a non-pathogenic hyphal form at 25°C but undergoes a dimorphic transition to a pathogenic yeast form at 37°C in vitro and following inhalation of asexual conidia by a host. Here we show that this transition is associated with major changes in central carbon metabolism, and that these changes are correlated with increased virulence of the yeast form. Comprehensive metabolite profiling and 13C-labeling studies showed that hyphal cells exhibited very active glycolytic metabolism and contain low levels of internal carbohydrate reserves. In contrast, yeast cells fully catabolized glucose in the mitochondrial TCA cycle, and store excess glucose in large intracellular pools of trehalose and mannitol. Inhibition of the yeast TCA cycle inhibited replication in culture and in host cells. Yeast, but not hyphae, were also able to use myo-inositol and amino acids as secondary carbon sources, which may support their survival in host macrophages. These analyses suggest that T. marneffei yeast cells exhibit a more efficient oxidative metabolism and are capable of utilizing a diverse range of carbon sources, which contributes to their virulence in animal tissues, highlighting the importance of dimorphic switching in pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Pasricha
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James I MacRae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hwa H Chua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie J Boyce
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Andrianopoulos
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
The life cycle of the Leishmania parasite in the sand fly vector involves differentiation into several distinctive forms, each thought to represent an adaptation to specific microenvironments in the midgut of the fly. Based on transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) results, we describe the first high-resolution analysis of the transcriptome dynamics of four distinct stages of Leishmania major as they develop in a natural vector, Phlebotomus duboscqi. The early transformation from tissue amastigotes to procyclic promastigotes in the blood-fed midgut was accompanied by the greatest number of differentially expressed genes, including the downregulation of amastins, and upregulation of multiple cell surface proteins, sugar and amino acid transporters, and genes related to glucose metabolism and cell cycle progression. The global changes accompanying post-blood meal differentiation of procyclic promastigotes to the nectomonad and metacyclic stages were less extensive, though each displayed a unique signature. The transcriptome of nectomonads, which has not been studied previously, revealed changes consistent with cell cycle arrest and the upregulation of genes associated with starvation and stress, including autophagic pathways of protein recycling. Maturation to the infective, metacyclic stage was accompanied by changes suggesting preadaptation to the intracellular environment of the mammalian host, demonstrated by the amastigote-like profiles of surface proteins and metabolism-related genes. Finally, a direct comparison between sand fly-derived and culture-derived metacyclics revealed a reassuring similarity between the two forms, with the in vivo forms distinguished mainly by a stronger upregulation of transcripts associated with nutrient stress. The life cycle of Leishmania parasites in the sand fly vector includes their growth and development as morphologically distinct forms of extracellular promastigotes found within the different microenvironments of the gut. Based on RNA-Seq, we provide here the first high-resolution, transcriptomic analysis of Leishmania insect stages during their cyclical development in vivo, from tissue amastigotes ingested with the blood meal to infective, metacyclic promastigotes that initiate infection in the mammalian host. The most extensive genetic reprogramming occurred during the early transformation of amastigotes to rapidly dividing procyclic promastigotes in the blood-fed midgut, with major changes in the abundance of mRNAs for surface proteins and metabolism. The post-blood meal-adapted nectomonad stage was characterized by the downregulation of cell cycle-related genes and the upregulation of stress- and starvation-related genes. Finally, the transcriptome of metacyclic promastigotes shifted to a more amastigote-like profile, suggesting their preadaptation to the intracellular host environment.
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Stage-Specific Changes in Plasmodium Metabolism Required for Differentiation and Adaptation to Different Host and Vector Environments. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006094. [PMID: 28027318 PMCID: PMC5189940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) encounter markedly different (nutritional) environments during their complex life cycles in the mosquito and human hosts. Adaptation to these different host niches is associated with a dramatic rewiring of metabolism, from a highly glycolytic metabolism in the asexual blood stages to increased dependence on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolism in mosquito stages. Here we have used stable isotope labelling, targeted metabolomics and reverse genetics to map stage-specific changes in Plasmodium berghei carbon metabolism and determine the functional significance of these changes on parasite survival in the blood and mosquito stages. We show that glutamine serves as the predominant input into TCA metabolism in both asexual and sexual blood stages and is important for complete male gametogenesis. Glutamine catabolism, as well as key reactions in intermediary metabolism and CoA synthesis are also essential for ookinete to oocyst transition in the mosquito. These data extend our knowledge of Plasmodium metabolism and point towards possible targets for transmission-blocking intervention strategies. Furthermore, they highlight significant metabolic differences between Plasmodium species which are not easily anticipated based on genomics or transcriptomics studies and underline the importance of integration of metabolomics data with other platforms in order to better inform drug discovery and design. Malaria kills almost half a million people worldwide every year and more than two hundred million people are diagnosed with this deadly disease annually. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium spp., mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia and is transmitted by bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Due to an increase in resistance to existing drugs and lack of an effective vaccine, new intervention strategies which target development of parasite in human host and transmission through the mosquito vector are urgently needed. In this study, we explored the metabolic capacity of different developmental stages of the malaria parasite to determine carbon source utilization in different host niches and whether any stage-specific switches in metabolism could be exploited in new therapies aimed at eradicating malaria. Using stable isotope labelling and metabolomics, we have identified considerable nutritional adaptability of malaria parasites between the mammalian host and the mosquito vector. Gene disruption in the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei was used to identify the metabolic pathways which are crucial to the survival and development of the parasite. Our data also point at key metabolic differences in different Plasmodium species highlighting the importance of integrating metabolomics analyses with molecular tools and identifies possible transmission blocking candidates for malaria intervention.
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Metabolomics-Based Screening of the Malaria Box Reveals both Novel and Established Mechanisms of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6650-6663. [PMID: 27572396 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01226-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput phenotypic screening of chemical libraries has resulted in the identification of thousands of compounds with potent antimalarial activity, although in most cases, the mechanism(s) of action of these compounds remains unknown. Here we have investigated the mode of action of 90 antimalarial compounds derived from the Malaria Box collection using high-coverage, untargeted metabolomics analysis. Approximately half of the tested compounds induced significant metabolic perturbations in in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum In most cases, the metabolic profiles were highly correlated with known antimalarials, in particular artemisinin, the 4-aminoquinolines, or atovaquone. Select Malaria Box compounds also induced changes in intermediates in essential metabolic pathways, such as isoprenoid biosynthesis (i.e., 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate) and linolenic acid metabolism (i.e., traumatic acid). This study provides a comprehensive database of the metabolic perturbations induced by chemically diverse inhibitors and highlights the utility of metabolomics for triaging new lead compounds and defining specific modes of action, which will assist with the development and optimization of new antimalarial drugs.
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Mou Z, Li J, Boussoffara T, Kishi H, Hamana H, Ezzati P, Hu C, Yi W, Liu D, Khadem F, Okwor I, Jia P, Shitaoka K, Wang S, Ndao M, Petersen C, Chen J, Rafati S, Louzir H, Muraguchi A, Wilkins JA, Uzonna JE. Identification of broadly conserved cross-species protective Leishmania antigen and its responding CD4+ T cells. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:310ra167. [PMID: 26491077 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no clinically effective vaccine against leishmaniasis because of poor understanding of the antigens that elicit dominant T cell immunity. Using proteomics and cellular immunology, we identified a dominant naturally processed peptide (PEPCK335-351) derived from Leishmania glycosomal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). PEPCK was conserved in all pathogenic Leishmania, expressed in glycosomes of promastigotes and amastigotes, and elicited strong CD4(+) T cell responses in infected mice and humans. I-A(b)-PEPCK335-351 tetramer identified protective Leishmania-specific CD4(+) T cells at a clonal level, which comprised ~20% of all Leishmania-reactive CD4(+) T cells at the peak of infection. PEPCK335-351-specific CD4(+) T cells were oligoclonal in their T cell receptor usage, produced polyfunctional cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor), and underwent expansion, effector activities, contraction, and stable maintenance after lesion resolution. Vaccination with PEPCK peptide, DNA expressing full-length PEPCK, or rPEPCK induced strong durable cross-species protection in both resistant and susceptible mice. The effectiveness and durability of protection in vaccinated mice support the development of a broadly cross-species protective vaccine against different forms of leishmaniasis by targeting PEPCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 0T5, Canada
| | - Jintao Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 0T5, Canada. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Thouraya Boussoffara
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Peyman Ezzati
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Chuanmin Hu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weijing Yi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 0T5, Canada
| | - Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 0T5, Canada
| | - Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 0T5, Canada
| | - Kiyomi Shitaoka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - John A Wilkins
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 0T5, Canada. Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Using metabolomics to dissect host–parasite interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Corral MJ, Benito-Peña E, Jiménez-Antón MD, Cuevas L, Moreno-Bondi MC, Alunda JM. Allicin Induces Calcium and Mitochondrial Dysregulation Causing Necrotic Death in Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004525. [PMID: 27023069 PMCID: PMC4811430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allicin has shown antileishmanial activity in vitro and in vivo. However the mechanism of action underlying its antiproliferative effect against Leishmania has been virtually unexplored. In this paper, we present the results obtained in L.infantum and a mechanistic basis is proposed. Methodology/Principal Finding Exposure of the parasites to allicin led to high Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced production of ATP and elevation of cytosolic ROS. The incubation of the promastigotes with SYTOX Green revealed that decrease of ATP was not associated with plasma membrane permeabilization. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining indicated that allicin did not induce phospholipids exposure on the plasma membrane. Moreover, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and TUNEL analysis demonstrated that allicin did not provoke DNA fragmentation. Analysis of the cell cycle with PI staining showed that allicin induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that allicin induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress, uncontrolled by the antioxidant defense of the cell, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and a bioenergetic catastrophe leading to cell necrosis and cell cycle arrest in the premitotic phase. Leishmaniasis is a vectorial parasitic disease caused by flagellate organisms from the genus Leishmania. Infection is present in over 80 countries and visceral forms are the second most fatal human parasitic disease. Control relies on chemotherapy but available drugs have important shortcomings such as toxicity, side effects, unaffordable price of the safest presentations and increasing reports of parasite resistance and clinical failures. Thus, new drugs are needed. Allicin, a molecule obtained from garlic, has shown antiproliferative effect against different cancer cells, bacteria, fungi and Protista including Leishmania. Insofar its mechanism of action is poorly known. Our results with L.infantum point towards allicin inducing high levels of intracellular calcium, redox inbalance, and mitochondrial dysfunction with reduction of ATP. These events lead to cell necrosis without evidence of apoptotic-like markers. The proposed model suggests the potential use of allicin against leishmaniasis, alone or in combination with other drugs with different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Corral
- Department of Animal Health, Group ICPVet, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Optical Chemosensors and Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Jiménez-Antón
- Department of Animal Health, Group ICPVet, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Laureano Cuevas
- National Microbiology Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Optical Chemosensors and Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Group ICPVet, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Wen J, Nowicki C, Blankenfeldt W. Structural basis for the relaxed substrate selectivity of Leishmania mexicana broad specificity aminotransferase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 202:34-7. [PMID: 26456583 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania species are early branching eukaryotic parasites that cause difficult-to-treat tissue-damaging diseases known as leishmaniases. As a hallmark of their parasitic lifestyle, Leishmaniae express a number of aminotransferases that are involved in important cellular processes and exhibit broader substrate specificity than their mammalian host's counterparts. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of the broad specificity aminotransferase from Leishmania mexicana (LmexBSAT) at 1.91Å resolution. LmexBSAT is a homodimer and belongs to the α-branch of family-I aminotransferases. Despite the fact that the protein was crystallized in the absence of substrates and has lost the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) cofactor during crystallization, the structure resembles the closed, ligand-bound form of related enzymes such as chicken cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase. Its broader substrate specificity seems to be rooted in increased flexibility of a substrate-binding arginine (R291) and the interactions of this residue with the N-terminus of the second chain of the dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wen
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cristina Nowicki
- IQUIFIB (CONICET-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Sosa MH, Giordana L, Nowicki C. Exploring biochemical and functional features of Leishmania major phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 583:120-9. [PMID: 26271440 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the first functional characterization of leishmanial PEPCK. The recombinant Leishmania major enzyme (Lmj_PEPCK) exhibits equivalent kcat values for the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and oxaloacetate (OAA) forming reactions. The apparent Km towards OAA is 10-fold lower than that for PEP, while the Km values for ADP and ATP are equivalent. Mutagenesis studies showed that D241, D242 and H205 of Lmj_PEPCK like the homologous residues of all known PEPCKs are implicated in metal ions binding. In contrast, the replacement of R43 for Q nearly abolishes Lmj_PEPCK activity. Moreover, the Y180F variant exhibits unchanged Km values for PEP, Mn(2+), and [Formula: see text] , being the kcat for PEP- but not that for OAA-forming reaction more notably decreased. Instead, the Y180A mutant displays an increase in the Km value towards Mn(2+). Therefore in Lmj_PEPCK, Y180 seems to exert different functions to those of the analogous residue in ATP- and GTP-dependant enzymes. Besides, the guanidinium group of R43 appears to play an essential but yet unknown role. These findings promote the need for further structural studies to disclose whether Y180 and R43 participate in the catalytic mechanism or/and in the transitions between the open and the catalytically competent (closed) forms of Lmj_PEPCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máximo Hernán Sosa
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Giordana
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Nowicki
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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McConville MJ, Saunders EC, Kloehn J, Dagley MJ. Leishmania carbon metabolism in the macrophage phagolysosome- feast or famine? F1000Res 2015; 4:938. [PMID: 26594352 PMCID: PMC4648189 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of medically important microbial pathogens target and proliferate within macrophages and other phagocytic cells in their mammalian hosts. While the majority of these pathogens replicate within the host cell cytosol or non-hydrolytic vacuolar compartments, a few, including protists belonging to the genus
Leishmania, proliferate long-term within mature lysosome compartments. How these parasites achieve this feat remains poorly defined. In this review, we highlight recent studies that suggest that
Leishmania virulence is intimately linked to programmed changes in the growth rate and carbon metabolism of the obligate intra-macrophage stages. We propose that activation of a slow growth and a stringent metabolic response confers resistance to multiple stresses (oxidative, temperature, pH), as well as both nutrient limitation and nutrient excess within this niche. These studies highlight the importance of metabolic processes as key virulence determinants in
Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor C Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Dagley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
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41
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Westrop GD, Williams RAM, Wang L, Zhang T, Watson DG, Silva AM, Coombs GH. Metabolomic Analyses of Leishmania Reveal Multiple Species Differences and Large Differences in Amino Acid Metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136891. [PMID: 26368322 PMCID: PMC4569581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic analyses of Leishmania species have revealed relatively minor heterogeneity amongst recognised housekeeping genes and yet the species cause distinct infections and pathogenesis in their mammalian hosts. To gain greater information on the biochemical variation between species, and insights into possible metabolic mechanisms underpinning visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, we have undertaken in this study a comparative analysis of the metabolomes of promastigotes of L. donovani, L. major and L. mexicana. The analysis revealed 64 metabolites with confirmed identity differing 3-fold or more between the cell extracts of species, with 161 putatively identified metabolites differing similarly. Analysis of the media from cultures revealed an at least 3-fold difference in use or excretion of 43 metabolites of confirmed identity and 87 putatively identified metabolites that differed to a similar extent. Strikingly large differences were detected in their extent of amino acid use and metabolism, especially for tryptophan, aspartate, arginine and proline. Major pathways of tryptophan and arginine catabolism were shown to be to indole-3-lactate and arginic acid, respectively, which were excreted. The data presented provide clear evidence on the value of global metabolomic analyses in detecting species-specific metabolic features, thus application of this technology should be a major contributor to gaining greater understanding of how pathogens are adapted to infecting their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D. Westrop
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick A. M. Williams
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Lijie Wang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tong Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Marta Silva
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham H. Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dissecting Leishmania infantum Energy Metabolism - A Systems Perspective. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137976. [PMID: 26367006 PMCID: PMC4569355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum, causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in humans, illustrates a complex lifecycle pertaining to two extreme environments, namely, the gut of the sandfly vector and human macrophages. Leishmania is capable of dynamically adapting and tactically switching between these critically hostile situations. The possible metabolic routes ventured by the parasite to achieve this exceptional adaptation to its varying environments are still poorly understood. In this study, we present an extensively reconstructed energy metabolism network of Leishmania infantum as an attempt to identify certain strategic metabolic routes preferred by the parasite to optimize its survival in such dynamic environments. The reconstructed network consists of 142 genes encoding for enzymes performing 237 reactions distributed across five distinct model compartments. We annotated the subcellular locations of different enzymes and their reactions on the basis of strong literature evidence and sequence-based detection of cellular localization signal within a protein sequence. To explore the diverse features of parasite metabolism the metabolic network was implemented and analyzed as a constraint-based model. Using a systems-based approach, we also put forth an extensive set of lethal reaction knockouts; some of which were validated using published data on Leishmania species. Performing a robustness analysis, the model was rigorously validated and tested for the secretion of overflow metabolites specific to Leishmania under varying extracellular oxygen uptake rate. Further, the fate of important non-essential amino acids in L. infantum metabolism was investigated. Stage-specific scenarios of L. infantum energy metabolism were incorporated in the model and key metabolic differences were outlined. Analysis of the model revealed the essentiality of glucose uptake, succinate fermentation, glutamate biosynthesis and an active TCA cycle as driving forces for parasite energy metabolism and its optimal growth. Finally, through our in silico knockout analysis, we could identify possible therapeutic targets that provide experimentally testable hypotheses.
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Castilho-Martins EA, Canuto GAB, Muxel SM, daSilva MFL, Floeter-Winter LM, Del Aguila C, López-Gonzálvez Á, Barbas C. Capillary electrophoresis reveals polyamine metabolism modulation in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis wild-type and arginase-knockout mutants under arginine starvation. Electrophoresis 2015. [PMID: 26202519 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine is an essential amino acid in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis metabolism. A key enzyme for parasite l-arginine metabolism is arginase (ARG) that uses arginine to produce urea and ornithine, a precursor of polyamine pathway guaranteeing parasite replication in both insect and mammal hosts. There is an alternative pathway to produce ornithine via l-proline and glutamate, but this mechanism is not described in Leishmania. In the mammal host, two enzymes can use l-arginine as substrate, the host ARG and the induced nitric oxide synthase that produces nitric oxide. The competition between induced nitric oxide synthase and both parasite and host ARG can favor the success of the infection or its control. Here, we established the metabolomics profile of the polyamine pathway of wild type (WT) L. (L.) amazonensis, submitted or not to l-arginine starvation, and compared to the ARG-knockout mutant (arg- ). Our results indicated that arginine starvation induces a decrease in arginine, ornithine, and putrescine, but we could not detect the significative level changes of spermidine, spermine, or agmatine. However, the absence of ARG on the arg- induced an increase of arginine and citrulline levels, but decreased the levels of ornithine and putrescine. Similarly to the WT arginine-starved parasites, the arg- parasites presented lower levels of proline when compared to the WT ones. This could be indicative of an alternative pathway to surpass the enzyme or its substrate absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson A Castilho-Martins
- Colegiado de Medicina and Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisele A B Canuto
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carmen Del Aguila
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Canuto GAB, da Cruz PLR, Faccio AT, Klassen A, Tavares MFM. Neglected diseases prioritized in Brazil under the perspective of metabolomics: A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2336-2347. [PMID: 26095472 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article compiles in a critical manner literature publications regarding seven neglected diseases (ND) prioritized in Brazil (Chagas disease, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria, schistosomiasis, and tuberculosis) under the perspective of metabolomics. Both strategies, targeted and untargeted metabolomics, were considered in the compilation. The majority of studies focused on biomarker discovery for diagnostic purposes, and on the search of novel or alternative therapies against the ND under consideration, although temporal progression of the infection at metabolic level was also addressed. Tuberculosis, followed by schistosomiasis, malaria and leishmaniasis are the diseases that received larger attention in terms of number of publications. Dengue and leprosy were the least studied and Chagas disease received intermediate attention. NMR and HPLC-MS technologies continue to predominate among the analytical platforms of choice in the metabolomic studies of ND. A plethora of metabolites were identified in the compiled studies, with expressive predominancy of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, lipids, fatty acids, and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A B Canuto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro L R da Cruz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Faccio
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Klassen
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Cobbold SA, Chua HH, Nijagal B, Creek DJ, Ralph SA, McConville MJ. Metabolic Dysregulation Induced in Plasmodium falciparum by Dihydroartemisinin and Other Front-Line Antimalarial Drugs. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:276-86. [PMID: 26150544 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed information on the mode of action of antimalarial drugs can be used to improve existing drugs, identify new drug targets, and understand the basis of drug resistance. In this study we describe the use of a time-resolved, mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolite profiling approach to map the metabolic perturbations induced by a panel of clinical antimalarial drugs and inhibitors on Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages. Drug-induced changes in metabolite levels in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes were monitored over time using gas chromatography-MS and liquid chromatography-MS and changes in specific metabolic fluxes confirmed by nonstationary [(13)C]-glucose labeling. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was found to disrupt hemoglobin catabolism within 1 hour of exposure, resulting in a transient decrease in hemoglobin-derived peptides. Unexpectedly, it also disrupted pyrimidine biosynthesis, resulting in increased [(13)C]-glucose flux toward malate production, potentially explaining the susceptibility of P. falciparum to DHA during early blood-stage development. Unique metabolic signatures were also found for atovaquone, chloroquine, proguanil, cycloguanil and methylene blue. We also show that this approach can be used to identify the mode of action of novel antimalarials, such as the compound Torin 2, which inhibits hemoglobin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hwa H Chua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Brunda Nijagal
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne
| | - Darren J Creek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT. Ammonium fluoride as a mobile phase additive in aqueous normal phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1401:69-74. [PMID: 26008598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of ammonium fluoride as a mobile phase additive in aqueous normal phase chromatography with silica hydride-based stationary phases and mass spectrometry detection is evaluated. Retention times, peak shape, efficiency and peak intensity are compared to the more standard additives formic acid and ammonium formate. The test solutes were NAD, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, p-aminohippuric acid, AMP, ATP, aconitic acid, threonine, N-acetyl carnitine, and 3-methyladipic acid. The column parameters are assessed in both the positive and negative ion detection modes. Ammonium fluoride is potentially an aggressive mobile phase additive that could have detrimental effects on column lifetime. Column reproducibility is measured and the effects of switching between different additives are also tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA.
| | - Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
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SUN XUEFEI, MIN DONGYU, WANG YAN, HAO LIYING. Potassium aspartate inhibits SH-SY5Y cell damage and apoptosis induced by ouabain and H2O2. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2842-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Dang A. Analysis of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate using aqueous normal-phase chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Andy Dang
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
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Ramakrishnan S, Docampo MD, MacRae JI, Ralton JE, Rupasinghe T, McConville MJ, Striepen B. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii depends on the synthesis of long-chain and very long-chain unsaturated fatty acids not supplied by the host cell. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:64-76. [PMID: 25825226 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexa are parasitic protozoa that cause important human diseases including malaria, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis. The replication of these parasites within their target host cell is dependent on both salvage as well as de novo synthesis of fatty acids. In Toxoplasma gondii, fatty acid synthesis via the apicoplast-localized FASII is essential for pathogenesis, while the role of two other fatty acid biosynthetic complexes remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the ER-localized fatty acid elongation (ELO) complexes are essential for parasite growth. Conditional knockdown of the nonredundant hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase and enoyl-CoA reductase enzymes in the ELO pathway severely repressed intracellular parasite growth. (13) C-glucose and (13) C-acetate labeling and comprehensive lipidomic analyses of these mutants showed a selective defect in synthesis of unsaturated long and very long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs and VLCFAs) and depletion of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine species containing unsaturated LCFAs and VLCFAs. This requirement for ELO pathway was bypassed by supplementing the media with specific fatty acids, indicating active but inefficient import of host fatty acids. Our experiments highlight a gap between the fatty acid needs of the parasite and availability of specific fatty acids in the host cell that the parasite has to close using a dedicated synthesis and modification pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa D Docampo
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James I MacRae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Julie E Ralton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Tropical & Emerging Global, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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50
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Creek DJ, Mazet M, Achcar F, Anderson J, Kim DH, Kamour R, Morand P, Millerioux Y, Biran M, Kerkhoven EJ, Chokkathukalam A, Weidt SK, Burgess KEV, Breitling R, Watson DG, Bringaud F, Barrett MP. Probing the metabolic network in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei using untargeted metabolomics with stable isotope labelled glucose. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004689. [PMID: 25775470 PMCID: PMC4361558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics coupled with heavy-atom isotope-labelled glucose has been used to probe the metabolic pathways active in cultured bloodstream form trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasite responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. Glucose enters many branches of metabolism beyond glycolysis, which has been widely held to be the sole route of glucose metabolism. Whilst pyruvate is the major end-product of glucose catabolism, its transamination product, alanine, is also produced in significant quantities. The oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway is operative, although the non-oxidative branch is not. Ribose 5-phosphate generated through this pathway distributes widely into nucleotide synthesis and other branches of metabolism. Acetate, derived from glucose, is found associated with a range of acetylated amino acids and, to a lesser extent, fatty acids; while labelled glycerol is found in many glycerophospholipids. Glucose also enters inositol and several sugar nucleotides that serve as precursors to macromolecule biosynthesis. Although a Krebs cycle is not operative, malate, fumarate and succinate, primarily labelled in three carbons, were present, indicating an origin from phosphoenolpyruvate via oxaloacetate. Interestingly, the enzyme responsible for conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, was shown to be essential to the bloodstream form trypanosomes, as demonstrated by the lethal phenotype induced by RNAi-mediated downregulation of its expression. In addition, glucose derivatives enter pyrimidine biosynthesis via oxaloacetate as a precursor to aspartate and orotate. In this work we have followed the distribution of carbon derived from glucose in bloodstream form trypanosomes, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, revealing it to enter a diverse range of metabolites. The work involved using 13C-labelled glucose and following the fate of the labelled carbon with an LC-MS based metabolomics platform. Beyond glycolysis and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway the label entered lipid biosynthesis both through glycerol 3-phosphate and also acetate. Glucose derived carbon also entered nucleotide synthesis through ribose and pyrimidine synthesis through oxaloacetate-derived aspartate. Appreciable quantities of the carboxylic acids succinate and malate were identified, although labelling patterns indicate they are not TCA cycle derived. Amino sugars and sugar nucleotides were also labelled as was inositol used in protein modification but not in inositol phospholipid headgroup production. We confirm active and essential oxaloacetate production in bloodstream form trypanosomes and show that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is essential to these parasites using RNA interference. The amount of glucose entering these metabolites is minor compared to the quantity that enters pyruvate excreted from the cell, but the observation that enzymes contributing to the metabolism of glucose beyond glycolysis can be essential offers potential new targets for chemotherapy against trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fiona Achcar
- Wellcome Trust Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Anderson
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwida Kamour
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Pauline Morand
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoann Millerioux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eduard J. Kerkhoven
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Achuthanunni Chokkathukalam
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan K. Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karl E. V. Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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