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Schlößer M, Moseler A, Bodnar Y, Homagk M, Wagner S, Pedroletti L, Gellert M, Ugalde JM, Lillig CH, Meyer AJ. Localization of four class I glutaredoxins in the cytosol and the secretory pathway and characterization of their biochemical diversification. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1455-1474. [PMID: 38394181 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Class I glutaredoxins (GRXs) are catalytically active oxidoreductases and considered key proteins mediating reversible glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of protein thiols during development and stress responses. To narrow in on putative target proteins, it is mandatory to know the subcellular localization of the respective GRXs and to understand their catalytic activities and putative redundancy between isoforms in the same compartment. We show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, GRXC1 and GRXC2 are cytosolic proteins with GRXC1 being attached to membranes through myristoylation. GRXC3 and GRXC4 are identified as type II membrane proteins along the early secretory pathway with their enzymatic function on the luminal side. Unexpectedly, neither single nor double mutants lacking both GRXs isoforms in the cytosol or the ER show phenotypes that differ from wild-type controls. Analysis of electrostatic surface potentials and clustering of GRXs based on their electrostatic interaction with roGFP2 mirrors the phylogenetic classification of class I GRXs, which clearly separates the cytosolic GRXC1 and GRXC2 from the luminal GRXC3 and GRXC4. Comparison of all four studied GRXs for their oxidoreductase function highlights biochemical diversification with GRXC3 and GRXC4 being better catalysts than GRXC1 and GRXC2 for the reduction of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide. With oxidized roGFP2 as an alternative substrate, GRXC1 and GRXC2 catalyze the reduction faster than GRXC3 and GRXC4, which suggests that catalytic efficiency of GRXs in reductive reactions depends on the respective substrate. Vice versa, GRXC3 and GRXC4 are faster than GRXC1 and GRXC2 in catalyzing the oxidation of pre-reduced roGFP2 in the reverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schlößer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yana Bodnar
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Homagk
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luca Pedroletti
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Gellert
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - José M Ugalde
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher H Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Kumar RMS, Ramesh SV, Sun Z, Thankappan S, Nulu NPC, Binodh AK, Kalaipandian S, Srinivasan R. Capsicum chinense Jacq.-derived glutaredoxin (CcGRXS12) alters redox status of the cells to confer resistance against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-I). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:108. [PMID: 38557872 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The CcGRXS12 gene protects plants from cellular oxidative damage that are caused by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein possesses GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase property but lacks Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small, ubiquitous and multi-functional proteins. They are present in different compartments of plant cells. A chloroplast targeted Class I GRX (CcGRXS12) gene was isolated from Capsicum chinense during the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. Functional characterization of the gene was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic plants transformed with native C. chinense GRX (Nb:GRX), GRX-fused with GFP (Nb:GRX-GFP) and GRX-truncated for chloroplast sequences fused with GFP (Nb:Δ2MGRX-GFP). Overexpression of CcGRXS12 inhibited the PMMoV-I accumulation at the later stage of infection, accompanied with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts and suppression of JA/ET pathway transcripts. Further, the reduced accumulation of auxin-induced Glutathione-S-Transferase (pCNT103) in CcGRXS12 overexpressing lines indicated that the protein could protect the plants from the oxidative stress caused by the virus. PMMoV-I infection increased the accumulation of pyridine nucleotides (PNs) mainly due to the reduced form of PNs (NAD(P)H), and it was high in Nb:GRX-GFP lines compared to other transgenic lines. Apart from biotic stress, CcGRXS12 protects the plants from abiotic stress conditions caused by H2O2 and herbicide paraquat. CcGRXS12 exhibited GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase activity in vitro; however, it was devoid of complementary Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism found in yeast. Overall, this study proves that CcGRXS12 plays a crucial role during biotic and abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - S V Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671 124, India
| | - Z Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Asish Kanakaraj Binodh
- Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Bohle F, Rossi J, Tamanna SS, Jansohn H, Schlosser M, Reinhardt F, Brox A, Bethmann S, Kopriva S, Trentmann O, Jahns P, Deponte M, Schwarzländer M, Trost P, Zaffagnini M, Meyer AJ, Müller-Schüssele SJ. Chloroplasts lacking class I glutaredoxins are functional but show a delayed recovery of protein cysteinyl redox state after oxidative challenge. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103015. [PMID: 38183796 PMCID: PMC10808970 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox status of protein cysteinyl residues is mediated via glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX)-dependent redox cascades. An oxidative challenge can induce post-translational protein modifications on thiols, such as protein S-glutathionylation. Class I GRX are small thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that reversibly catalyse S-glutathionylation and protein disulfide formation. TRX and GSH/GRX redox systems can provide partial backup for each other in several subcellular compartments, but not in the plastid stroma where TRX/light-dependent redox regulation of primary metabolism takes place. While the stromal TRX system has been studied at detail, the role of class I GRX on plastid redox processes is still unknown. We generate knockout lines of GRXC5 as the only chloroplast class I GRX of the moss Physcomitrium patens. While we find that PpGRXC5 has high activities in GSH-dependent oxidoreductase assays using hydroxyethyl disulfide or redox-sensitive GFP2 as substrates in vitro, Δgrxc5 plants show no detectable growth defect or stress sensitivity, in contrast to mutants with a less negative stromal EGSH (Δgr1). Using stroma-targeted roGFP2, we show increased protein Cys steady state oxidation and decreased reduction rates after oxidative challenge in Δgrxc5 plants in vivo, indicating kinetic uncoupling of the protein Cys redox state from EGSH. Compared to wildtype, protein Cys disulfide formation rates and S-glutathionylation levels after H2O2 treatment remained unchanged. Lack of class I GRX function in the stroma did not result in impaired carbon fixation. Our observations suggest specific roles for GRXC5 in the efficient transfer of electrons from GSH to target protein Cys as well as negligible cross-talk with metabolic regulation via the TRX system. We propose a model for stromal class I GRX function in efficient catalysis of protein dithiol/disulfide equilibria upon redox steady state alterations affecting stromal EGSH and highlight the importance of identifying in vivo target proteins of GRXC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Bohle
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sadia S Tamanna
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hannah Jansohn
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marlene Schlosser
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Reinhardt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexa Brox
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bethmann
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Elftmaoui Z, Bignon E. Robust AMBER Force Field Parameters for Glutathionylated Cysteines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15022. [PMID: 37834470 PMCID: PMC10573104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation is an oxidative post-translational modification, which is involved in the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. Increasing amounts of studies show that it is crucial in cell homeostasis and deregulated in several pathologies. However, the effect of S-glutathionylation on proteins' structure and activity is poorly understood, and a drastic lack of structural information at the atomic scale remains. Studies based on the use of molecular dynamics simulations, which can provide important information about modification-induced modulation of proteins' structure and function, are also sparse, and there is no benchmarked force field parameters for this modified cysteine. In this contribution, we provide robust AMBER parameters for S-glutathionylation, which we tested extensively against experimental data through a total of 33 μs molecular dynamics simulations. We show that our parameter set efficiently describes the global and local structural properties of S-glutathionylated proteins. These data provide the community with an important tool to foster new investigations into the effect of S-glutathionylation on protein dynamics and function, in a common effort to unravel the structural mechanisms underlying its critical role in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle Bignon
- UMR 7019 LPCT, Université de Lorraine and CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France
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5
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Bodnar Y, Gellert M, Hossain FM, Lillig CH. Breakdown of Arabidopsis thaliana thioredoxins and glutaredoxins based on electrostatic similarity-Leads to common and unique interaction partners and functions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291272. [PMID: 37695767 PMCID: PMC10495010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversible reduction and oxidation of protein thiols was first described as mechanism to control light/dark-dependent metabolic regulation in photosynthetic organisms. Today, it is recognized as an essential mechanism of regulation and signal transduction in all kingdoms of life. Proteins of the thioredoxin (Trx) family, Trxs and glutaredoxins (Grxs) in particular, catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions and are vital players in the operation of thiol switches. Various Trx and Grx isoforms are present in all compartments of the cell. These proteins have a rather broad but at the same time distinct substrate specificity. Understanding the molecular basis of their target specificity is central to the understanding of physiological and pathological redox signaling. Electrostatic complementarity of the redoxins with their target proteins has been proposed as a major reason. Here, we analyzed the electrostatic similarity of all Arabidopsis thaliana Trxs, Grxs, and proteins containing such domains. Clustering of the redoxins based on this comparison suggests overlapping and also distant target specificities and thus functions of the different sub-classes including all Trx isoforms as well as the three classes of Grxs, i.e. CxxC-, CGFS-, and CC-type Grxs. Our analysis also provides a rationale for the tuned substrate specificities of both the ferredoxin- and NADPH-dependent Trx reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Bodnar
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Gellert
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Faruq Mohammed Hossain
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Hendrix S, Dard A, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Redox-mediated responses to high temperature in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2489-2507. [PMID: 36794477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are particularly affected by climate change and will face more frequent and extreme temperature variations in the future. Plants have developed a diverse range of mechanisms allowing them to perceive and respond to these environmental constraints, which requires sophisticated signalling mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in plants exposed to various stress conditions including high temperatures and are presumed to be involved in stress response reactions. The diversity of ROS-generating pathways and the ability of ROS to propagate from cell to cell and to diffuse through cellular compartments and even across membranes between subcellular compartments put them at the centre of signalling pathways. In addition, their capacity to modify the cellular redox status and to modulate functions of target proteins, notably through cysteine oxidation, show their involvement in major stress response transduction pathways. ROS scavenging and thiol reductase systems also participate in the transmission of oxidation-dependent stress signals. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the functions of ROS and oxidoreductase systems in integrating high temperature signals, towards the activation of stress responses and developmental acclimation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hendrix
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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7
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Almira Casellas MJ, Pérez‐Martín L, Busoms S, Boesten R, Llugany M, Aarts MGM, Poschenrieder C. A genome-wide association study identifies novel players in Na and Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana under alkaline-salinity stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:225-245. [PMID: 36433704 PMCID: PMC10108281 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In nature, multiple stress factors occur simultaneously. The screening of natural diversity panels and subsequent Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) is a powerful approach to identify genetic components of various stress responses. Here, the nutritional status variation of a set of 270 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana grown on a natural saline-carbonated soil is evaluated. We report significant natural variation on leaf Na (LNa) and Fe (LFe) concentrations in the studied accessions. Allelic variation in the NINJA and YUC8 genes is associated with LNa diversity, and variation in the ALA3 is associated with LFe diversity. The allelic variation detected in these three genes leads to changes in their mRNA expression and correlates with plant differential growth performance when plants are exposed to alkaline salinity treatment under hydroponic conditions. We propose that YUC8 and NINJA expression patters regulate auxin and jasmonic signaling pathways affecting plant tolerance to alkaline salinity. Finally, we describe an impairment in growth and leaf Fe acquisition associated with differences in root expression of ALA3, encoding a phospholipid translocase active in plasma membrane and the trans Golgi network which directly interacts with proteins essential for the trafficking of PIN auxin transporters, reinforcing the role of phytohormonal processes in regulating ion homeostasis under alkaline salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Almira Casellas
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience FacultyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaC/de la Vall Moronta s/nE‐08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Laura Pérez‐Martín
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience FacultyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaC/de la Vall Moronta s/nE‐08193BellaterraSpain
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva1211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Silvia Busoms
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience FacultyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaC/de la Vall Moronta s/nE‐08193BellaterraSpain
| | - René Boesten
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mercè Llugany
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience FacultyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaC/de la Vall Moronta s/nE‐08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Mark G. M. Aarts
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience FacultyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaC/de la Vall Moronta s/nE‐08193BellaterraSpain
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8
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Relationships between the Reversible Oxidation of the Single Cysteine Residue and the Physiological Function of the Mitochondrial Glutaredoxin S15 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010102. [PMID: 36670964 PMCID: PMC9854632 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are widespread proteins catalyzing deglutathionylation or glutathionylation reactions or serving for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein maturation. Previous studies highlighted a role of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial class II GRXS15 in Fe-S cluster assembly, whereas only a weak glutathione-dependent oxidation activity was detected with the non-physiological roGFP2 substrate in vitro. Still, the protein must exist in a reduced form for both redox and Fe-S cluster binding functions. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the redox properties of AtGRXS15. The acidic pKa of the sole cysteine present in AtGRXS15 indicates that it should be almost totally under a thiolate form at mitochondrial pH and thus possibly subject to oxidation. Oxidizing treatments revealed that this cysteine reacts with H2O2 or with oxidized glutathione forms. This leads to the formation of disulfide-bridge dimers and glutathionylated monomers which have redox midpoint potentials of -304 mV and -280 mV, respectively. Both oxidized forms are reduced by glutathione and mitochondrial thioredoxins. In conclusion, it appears that AtGRXS15 is prone to oxidation, forming reversible oxidation forms that may be seen either as a catalytic intermediate of the oxidoreductase activity and/or as a protective mechanism preventing irreversible oxidation and allowing Fe-S cluster binding upon reduction.
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9
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Santoro DF, Sicilia A, Testa G, Cosentino SL, Lo Piero AR. Global leaf and root transcriptome in response to cadmium reveals tolerance mechanisms in Arundo donax L. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:427. [PMID: 35672691 PMCID: PMC9175368 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The expected increase of sustainable energy demand has shifted the attention towards bioenergy crops. Due to their know tolerance against abiotic stress and relatively low nutritional requirements, they have been proposed as election crops to be cultivated in marginal lands without disturbing the part of lands employed for agricultural purposes. Arundo donax L. is a promising bioenergy crop whose behaviour under water and salt stress has been recently studied at transcriptomic levels. As the anthropogenic activities produced in the last years a worrying increase of cadmium contamination worldwide, the aim of our work was to decipher the global transcriptomic response of A. donax leaf and root in the perspective of its cultivation in contaminated soil. In our study, RNA-seq libraries yielded a total of 416 million clean reads and 10.4 Gb per sample. De novo assembly of clean reads resulted in 378,521 transcripts and 126,668 unigenes with N50 length of 1812 bp and 1555 bp, respectively. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 5,303 deregulated transcripts (3,206 up- and 2,097 down regulated) specifically observed in the Cd-treated roots compared to Cd-treated leaves. Among them, we identified genes related to “Protein biosynthesis”, “Phytohormone action”, “Nutrient uptake”, “Cell wall organisation”, “Polyamine metabolism”, “Reactive oxygen species metabolism” and “Ion membrane transport”. Globally, our results indicate that ethylene biosynthesis and the downstream signal cascade are strongly induced by cadmium stress. In accordance to ethylene role in the interaction with the ROS generation and scavenging machinery, the transcription of several genes (NADPH oxidase 1, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, different glutathione S-transferases and catalase) devoted to cope the oxidative stress is strongly activated. Several small signal peptides belonging to ROTUNDIFOLIA, CLAVATA3, and C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE 1 (CEP) are also among the up-regulated genes in Cd-treated roots functioning as messenger molecules from root to shoot in order to communicate the stressful status to the upper part of the plants. Finally, the main finding of our work is that genes involved in cell wall remodelling and lignification are decisively up-regulated in giant reed roots. This probably represents a mechanism to avoid cadmium uptake which strongly supports the possibility to cultivate giant cane in contaminated soils in the perspective to reserve agricultural soil for food and feed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fabrizio Santoro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Sicilia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio Testa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Luciano Cosentino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Roberta Lo Piero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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10
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Xu H, Li Z, Jiang PF, Zhao L, Qu C, Van de Peer Y, Liu YJ, Zeng QY. Divergence of active site motifs among different classes of Populus glutaredoxins results in substrate switches. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:129-146. [PMID: 34981873 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are essential components of all biological systems. The key characteristics of proteins functioning as enzymes are their substrate specificities and catalytic efficiencies. In plants, most genes encoding enzymes are members of large gene families. Within such families, the contributions of active site motifs to the functional divergence of duplicate genes have not been well elucidated. In this study, we identified 41 glutaredoxin (GRX) genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome. GRXs are ubiquitous enzymes in plants that play important roles in developmental and stress tolerance processes. In poplar, GRX genes were divided into four classes based on clear differences in gene structure and expression pattern, subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity of the encoded proteins. Using site-directed mutagenesis, this study revealed that the divergence of the active site motif among different classes of GRX proteins resulted in substrate switches and thus provided new insights into the molecular evolution of these important plant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peng-Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Chang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Yan-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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11
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Song X, Yang X, Ying Z, Zhang H, Liu J, Liu Q. Identification and Function of Apicoplast Glutaredoxins in Neospora caninum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111946. [PMID: 34769376 PMCID: PMC8584781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs), important components of the intracellular thiol redox system, are involved in multiple cellular processes. In a previous study, we identified five GRXs in the apicomplexan parasite, Neospora caninum. In the present study, we confirmed that the GRXs S14 and C5 are located in the apicoplast, which suggests unique functions for these proteins. Although single-gene deficiency did not affect the growth of parasites, a double knockout (Δgrx S14Δgrx C5) significantly reduced their reproductive capacity. However, there were no significant changes in redox indices (GSH/GSSG ratio, reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical levels) in double-knockout parasites, indicating that grx S14 and grx C5 are not essential for maintaining the redox balance in parasite cells. Key amino acid mutations confirmed that the Cys203 of grx S14 and Cys253/256 of grx C5 are important for parasite growth. Based on comparative proteomics, 79 proteins were significantly downregulated in double-knockout parasites, including proteins mainly involved in the electron transport chain, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and protein translation. Collectively, GRX S14 and GRX C5 coordinate the growth of parasites. However, considering their special localization, the unique functions of GRX S14 and GRX C5 need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Yang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhu Ying
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Kharwar S, Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty S, Mishra AK. Regulation of sulfur metabolism, homeostasis and adaptive responses to sulfur limitation in cyanobacteria. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Müller-Schüssele SJ, Bohle F, Rossi J, Trost P, Meyer AJ, Zaffagnini M. Plasticity in plastid redox networks: evolution of glutathione-dependent redox cascades and glutathionylation sites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:322. [PMID: 34225654 PMCID: PMC8256493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexibility of plant metabolism is supported by redox regulation of enzymes via posttranslational modification of cysteine residues, especially in plastids. Here, the redox states of cysteine residues are partly coupled to the thioredoxin system and partly to the glutathione pool for reduction. Moreover, several plastid enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and damage repair draw electrons from glutathione. In addition, cysteine residues can be post-translationally modified by forming a mixed disulfide with glutathione (S-glutathionylation), which protects thiol groups from further oxidation and can influence protein activity. However, the evolution of the plastid glutathione-dependent redox network in land plants and the conservation of cysteine residues undergoing S-glutathionylation is largely unclear. RESULTS We analysed the genomes of nine representative model species from streptophyte algae to angiosperms and found that the antioxidant enzymes and redox proteins belonging to the plastid glutathione-dependent redox network are largely conserved, except for lambda- and the closely related iota-glutathione S-transferases. Focussing on glutathione-dependent redox modifications, we screened the literature for target thiols of S-glutathionylation, and found that 151 plastid proteins have been identified as glutathionylation targets, while the exact cysteine residue is only known for 17% (26 proteins), with one or multiple sites per protein, resulting in 37 known S-glutathionylation sites for plastids. However, 38% (14) of the known sites were completely conserved in model species from green algae to flowering plants, with 22% (8) on non-catalytic cysteines. Variable conservation of the remaining sites indicates independent gains and losses of cysteines at the same position during land plant evolution. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the glutathione-dependent redox network in plastids is highly conserved in streptophytes with some variability in scavenging and damage repair enzymes. Our analysis of cysteine conservation suggests that S-glutathionylation in plastids plays an important and yet under-investigated role in redox regulation and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Finja Bohle
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Cejudo FJ, González MC, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:9-21. [PMID: 33793865 PMCID: PMC8154093 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is supported by reducing power provided by photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (FDX) with the participation of a FDX-dependent TRX reductase (FTR). Therefore, the FDX-FTR-TRXs pathway allows the regulation of redox-sensitive chloroplast enzymes in response to light. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent redox system, termed NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH in the redox network of these organelles. Genetic approaches using mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in combination with biochemical and physiological studies have shown that both redox systems, NTRC and FDX-FTR-TRXs, participate in fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity. Moreover, these studies revealed the participation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys PRX), a thiol-dependent peroxidase, in the control of the reducing activity of chloroplast TRXs as well as in the rapid oxidation of stromal enzymes upon darkness. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the redox regulatory network of plant chloroplasts, focusing on the functional relationship of 2-Cys PRXs with NTRC and the FDX-FTR-TRXs redox systems for fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity and darkness. Finally, we consider redox regulation as an additional layer of control of the signaling function of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Author for communication:
| | - María-Cruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Roret T, Zhang B, Moseler A, Dhalleine T, Gao XH, Couturier J, Lemaire SD, Didierjean C, Johnson MK, Rouhier N. Atypical Iron-Sulfur Cluster Binding, Redox Activity and Structural Properties of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Glutaredoxin 2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050803. [PMID: 34069657 PMCID: PMC8161271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are thioredoxin superfamily members exhibiting thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity and/or iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster binding capacities. These properties are determined by specific structural factors. In this study, we examined the capacity of the class I Chlamydomonas reinhardtii GRX2 recombinant protein to catalyze both protein glutathionylation and deglutathionylation reactions using a redox sensitive fluorescent protein as a model protein substrate. We observed that the catalytic cysteine of the CPYC active site motif of GRX2 was sufficient for catalyzing both reactions in the presence of glutathione. Unexpectedly, spectroscopic characterization of the protein purified under anaerobiosis showed the presence of a [2Fe-2S] cluster despite having a presumably inadequate active site signature, based on past mutational analyses. The spectroscopic characterization of cysteine mutated variants together with modeling of the Fe–S cluster-bound GRX homodimer from the structure of an apo-GRX2 indicate the existence of an atypical Fe–S cluster environment and ligation mode. Overall, the results further delineate the biochemical and structural properties of conventional GRXs, pointing to the existence of multiple factors more complex than anticipated, sustaining the capacity of these proteins to bind Fe–S clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (B.Z.); (M.K.J.)
| | - Anna Moseler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Tiphaine Dhalleine
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Xing-Huang Gao
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Stéphane D. Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7238, 75006 Paris, France;
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8226, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Michael K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (B.Z.); (M.K.J.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372-745-157
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16
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Boussardon C, Law SR, Rouhier N, Keech O. Gene atlas of iron-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:258-274. [PMID: 33423341 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for the development and physiology of plants, owing to its presence in numerous proteins involved in central biological processes. Here, we established an exhaustive, manually curated inventory of genes encoding Fe-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, and summarized their subcellular localization, spatiotemporal expression and evolutionary age. We have currently identified 1068 genes encoding potential Fe-containing proteins, including 204 iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins, 446 haem proteins and 330 non-Fe-S/non-haem Fe proteins (updates of this atlas are available at https://conf.arabidopsis.org/display/COM/Atlas+of+Fe+containing+proteins). A fourth class, containing 88 genes for which iron binding is uncertain, is indexed as 'unclear'. The proteins are distributed in diverse subcellular compartments with strong differences per category. Interestingly, analysis of the gene age index showed that most genes were acquired early in plant evolutionary history and have progressively gained regulatory elements, to support the complex organ-specific and development-specific functions necessitated by the emergence of terrestrial plants. With this gene atlas, we provide a valuable and updateable tool for the research community that supports the characterization of the molecular actors and mechanisms important for Fe metabolism in plants. This will also help in selecting relevant targets for breeding or biotechnological approaches aiming at Fe biofortification in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clément Boussardon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | - Simon R Law
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | | | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
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17
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Dreyer A, Treffon P, Basiry D, Jozefowicz AM, Matros A, Mock HP, Dietz KJ. Function and Regulation of Chloroplast Peroxiredoxin IIE. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020152. [PMID: 33494157 PMCID: PMC7909837 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (PRX) are thiol peroxidases that are highly conserved throughout all biological kingdoms. Increasing evidence suggests that their high reactivity toward peroxides has a function not only in antioxidant defense but in particular in redox regulation of the cell. Peroxiredoxin IIE (PRX-IIE) is one of three PRX types found in plastids and has previously been linked to pathogen defense and protection from protein nitration. However, its posttranslational regulation and its function in the chloroplast protein network remained to be explored. Using recombinant protein, it was shown that the peroxidatic Cys121 is subjected to multiple posttranslational modifications, namely disulfide formation, S-nitrosation, S-glutathionylation, and hyperoxidation. Slightly oxidized glutathione fostered S-glutathionylation and inhibited activity in vitro. Immobilized recombinant PRX-IIE allowed trapping and subsequent identification of interaction partners by mass spectrometry. Interaction with the 14-3-3 υ protein was confirmed in vitro and was shown to be stimulated under oxidizing conditions. Interactions did not depend on phosphorylation as revealed by testing phospho-mimicry variants of PRX-IIE. Based on these data it is proposed that 14-3-3υ guides PRX‑IIE to certain target proteins, possibly for redox regulation. These findings together with the other identified potential interaction partners of type II PRXs localized to plastids, mitochondria, and cytosol provide a new perspective on the redox regulatory network of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Patrick Treffon
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Basiry
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Jozefowicz
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.J.); (A.M.); (H.-P.M.)
| | - Andrea Matros
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.J.); (A.M.); (H.-P.M.)
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.J.); (A.M.); (H.-P.M.)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-5589
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18
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Martins L, Knuesting J, Bariat L, Dard A, Freibert SA, Marchand CH, Young D, Dung NHT, Voth W, Debures A, Saez-Vasquez J, Lemaire SD, Lill R, Messens J, Scheibe R, Reichheld JP, Riondet C. Redox Modification of the Iron-Sulfur Glutaredoxin GRXS17 Activates Holdase Activity and Protects Plants from Heat Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:676-692. [PMID: 32826321 PMCID: PMC7536686 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress induces misfolding and aggregation of proteins unless they are guarded by chaperone systems. Here, we examined the function of the glutaredoxin GRXS17, a member of thiol reductase families in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GRXS17 is a nucleocytosolic monothiol glutaredoxin consisting of an N-terminal thioredoxin domain and three CGFS active-site motif-containing GRX domains that coordinate three iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in a glutathione-dependent manner. As an Fe-S cluster-charged holoenzyme, GRXS17 is likely involved in the maturation of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. In addition to its role in cluster biogenesis, GRXS17 presented both foldase and redox-dependent holdase activities. Oxidative stress in combination with heat stress induced loss of its Fe-S clusters followed by subsequent formation of disulfide bonds between conserved active-site cysteines in the corresponding thioredoxin domains. This oxidation led to a shift of GRXS17 to a high-molecular-weight complex and thus activated its holdase activity in vitro. Moreover, GRXS17 was specifically involved in plant tolerance to moderate high temperature and protected root meristematic cells from heat-induced cell death. Finally, GRXS17 interacted with a different set of proteins upon heat stress, possibly protecting them from heat injuries. Therefore, we propose that the Fe-S cluster enzyme GRXS17 is an essential guard that protects proteins against moderate heat stress, likely through a redox-dependent chaperone activity. We reveal the mechanism of an Fe-S cluster-dependent activity shift that converts the holoenzyme GRXS17 into a holdase, thereby preventing damage caused by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martins
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Laetitia Bariat
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Sven A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Young
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Ho Thuy Dung
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilhelm Voth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anne Debures
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Julio Saez-Vasquez
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7238, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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19
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Berndt C, Christ L, Rouhier N, Mühlenhoff U. Glutaredoxins with iron-sulphur clusters in eukaryotes - Structure, function and impact on disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148317. [PMID: 32980338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the thioredoxin superfamily of proteins, the observation that numerous glutaredoxins bind iron-sulphur (Fe/S) clusters is one of the more recent and major developments concerning their functional properties. Glutaredoxins are present in most organisms. All members of the class II subfamily (including most monothiol glutaredoxins), but also some members of the class I (mostly dithiol glutaredoxins) and class III (land plant-specific monothiol or dithiol glutaredoxins) are Fe/S proteins. In glutaredoxins characterised so far, the [2Fe2S] cluster is coordinated by two active-site cysteine residues and two molecules of non-covalently bound glutathione in homo-dimeric complexes bridged by the cluster. In contrast to dithiol glutaredoxins, monothiol glutaredoxins possess no or very little oxidoreductase activity, but have emerged as important players in cellular iron metabolism. In this review we summarise the recent developments of the most prominent Fe/S glutaredoxins in eukaryotes, the mitochondrial single domain monothiol glutaredoxin 5, the chloroplastic single domain monothiol glutaredoxin S14 and S16, the nuclear/cytosolic multi-domain monothiol glutaredoxin 3, and the mitochondrial/cytosolic dithiol glutaredoxin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Merowingerplatz1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Loïck Christ
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Pontelli MC, Castro IA, Martins RB, Veras FP, Serra LL, Nascimento DC, Cardoso RS, Rosales R, Lima TM, Souza JP, Caetité DB, de Lima MHF, Kawahisa JT, Giannini MC, Bonjorno LP, Lopes MIF, Batah SS, Siyuan L, Assad RL, Almeida SCL, Oliveira FR, Benatti MN, Pontes LLF, Santana RC, Vilar FC, Martins MA, Cunha TM, Calado RT, Alves-Filho JC, Zamboni DS, Fabro A, Louzada-Junior P, Oliveira RDR, Cunha FQ, Arruda E. Infection of human lymphomononuclear cells by SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 34013264 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.07.896506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 severe infection is associated with a hyperinflammatory state, lymphopenia is an immunological hallmark, and correlates with poor prognosis in COVID-19. However, it remains unknown if circulating human lymphocytes and monocytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo . We found that in vitro infection of whole PBMCs from healthy donors was productive of virus progeny. Results revealed that monocytes, as well as B and T lymphocytes, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 active infection and viral replication was indicated by detection of double-stranded RNA. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 was frequently detected in monocytes and B lymphocytes from COVID-19 patients, and less frequently in CD4 + T lymphocytes. The rates of SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes in PBMCs from COVID-19 patients increased over time from symptom onset. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2-positive monocytes and B and CD4+T lymphocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry in post mortem lung tissue. SARS-CoV-2 infection of blood circulating leukocytes in COVID-19 patients may have important implications for disease pathogenesis, immune dysfunction, and virus spread within the host.
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21
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Gurrieri L, Distefano L, Pirone C, Horrer D, Seung D, Zaffagnini M, Rouhier N, Trost P, Santelia D, Sparla F. The Thioredoxin-Regulated α-Amylase 3 of Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Target of S-Glutathionylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31417599 PMCID: PMC6685290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells as normal cellular metabolic by-products. ROS concentration is normally low, but it increases under stress conditions. To stand ROS exposure, organisms evolved series of responsive mechanisms. One such mechanism is protein S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation is a post-translational modification typically occurring in response to oxidative stress, in which a glutathione reacts with cysteinyl residues, protecting them from overoxidation. α-Amylases are glucan hydrolases that cleave α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch. The Arabidopsis genome contains three genes encoding α-amylases. The sole chloroplastic member, AtAMY3, is involved in osmotic stress response and stomatal opening and is redox-regulated by thioredoxins. Here we show that AtAMY3 activity was sensitive to ROS, such as H2O2. Treatments with H2O2 inhibited enzyme activity and part of the inhibition was irreversible. However, in the presence of glutathione this irreversible inhibition was prevented through S-glutathionylation. The activity of oxidized AtAMY3 was completely restored by simultaneous reduction by both glutaredoxin (specific for the removal of glutathione-mixed disulfide) and thioredoxin (specific for the reduction of protein disulfide), supporting a possible liaison between both redox modifications. By comparing free cysteine residues between reduced and GSSG-treated AtAMY3 and performing oxidation experiments of Cys-to-Ser variants of AtAMY3 using biotin-conjugated GSSG, we could demonstrate that at least three distinct cysteinyl residues can be oxidized/glutathionylated, among those the two previously identified catalytic cysteines, Cys499 and Cys587. Measuring the pK a values of the catalytic cysteines by alkylation at different pHs and enzyme activity measurement (pK a1 = 5.70 ± 0.28; pK a2 = 7.83 ± 0.12) showed the tendency of one of the two catalytic cysteines to deprotonation, even at physiological pHs, supporting its propensity to undergo redox post-translational modifications. Taking into account previous and present findings, a functional model for redox regulation of AtAMY3 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Distefano
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Pirone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Horrer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Santelia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Diana Santelia,
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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The thioredoxin-mediated recycling of Arabidopsis thaliana GRXS16 relies on a conserved C-terminal cysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:426-436. [PMID: 30502392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are oxidoreductases involved in diverse cellular processes through their capacity to reduce glutathionylated proteins and/or to coordinate iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. Among class II GRXs, the plant-specific GRXS16 is a bimodular protein formed by an N-terminal endonuclease domain fused to a GRX domain containing a 158CGFS signature. METHODS The biochemical properties (redox activity, sensitivity to oxidation, pKa of cysteine residues, midpoint redox potential) of Arabidopsis thaliana GRXS16 were investigated by coupling oxidative treatments to alkylation shift assays, activity measurements and mass spectrometry analyses. RESULTS Activity measurements using redox-sensitive GFP2 (roGFP2) as target protein did not reveal any significant glutathione-dependent reductase activity of A. thaliana GRXS16 whereas it was able to catalyze the oxidation of roGFP2 in the presence of glutathione disulfide. Accordingly, Arabidopsis GRXS16 reacted efficiently with oxidized forms of glutathione, leading to the formation of an intramolecular disulfide between Cys158 and the semi-conserved Cys215, which has a midpoint redox potential of - 298 mV at pH 7.0 and is reduced by plastidial thioredoxins (TRXs) but not GSH. By promoting the formation of this disulfide, Cys215 modulates GRXS16 oxidoreductase activity. CONCLUSION The reduction of AtGRXS16, which is mandatory for its oxidoreductase activity and the binding of Fe-S clusters, depends on light through the plastidial FTR/TRX system. Hence, disulfide formation may constitute a redox switch mechanism controlling GRXS16 function in response to day/night transition or oxidizing conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE From the in vitro data obtained with roGFP2, one can postulate that GRXS16 would mediate protein glutathionylation/oxidation in plastids but not their deglutathionylation.
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Zannini F, Roret T, Przybyla-Toscano J, Dhalleine T, Rouhier N, Couturier J. Mitochondrial Arabidopsis thaliana TRXo Isoforms Bind an Iron⁻Sulfur Cluster and Reduce NFU Proteins In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E142. [PMID: 30322144 PMCID: PMC6210436 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the mitochondrial thioredoxin (TRX) system generally comprises only one or two isoforms belonging to the TRX h or o classes, being less well developed compared to the numerous isoforms found in chloroplasts. Unlike most other plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two TRXo isoforms whose physiological functions remain unclear. Here, we performed a structure⁻function analysis to unravel the respective properties of the duplicated TRXo1 and TRXo2 isoforms. Surprisingly, when expressed in Escherichia coli, both recombinant proteins existed in an apo-monomeric form and in a homodimeric iron⁻sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-bridged form. In TRXo2, the [4Fe-4S] cluster is likely ligated in by the usual catalytic cysteines present in the conserved Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys signature. Solving the three-dimensional structure of both TRXo apo-forms pointed to marked differences in the surface charge distribution, notably in some area usually participating to protein⁻protein interactions with partners. However, we could not detect a difference in their capacity to reduce nitrogen-fixation-subunit-U (NFU)-like proteins, NFU4 or NFU5, two proteins participating in the maturation of certain mitochondrial Fe-S proteins and previously isolated as putative TRXo1 partners. Altogether, these results suggest that a novel regulation mechanism may prevail for mitochondrial TRXs o, possibly existing as a redox-inactive Fe-S cluster-bound form that could be rapidly converted in a redox-active form upon cluster degradation in specific physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- CNRS, LBI2M, Sorbonne Universités, F-29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
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Abdalla M, Eltayb WA, El-Arabey AA, Mo R, Dafaalla TIM, Hamouda HI, Bhat EA, Awadasseid A, Ali HAA. Structure analysis of yeast glutaredoxin Grx6 protein produced in Escherichia coli. Genes Environ 2018; 40:15. [PMID: 30123389 PMCID: PMC6091153 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grx6 is a yeast Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum protein involved in iron-sulfur binding that belongs to monothiol glutaredoxin-protein family. Grx6 has been biochemically characterized previously. Grx6 contains a conserved cysteine residue (Cys-136). Depending on the active-site sequences, Grxs can be classified to classic dithiol Grxs with a CXXC motif known as classes II and monothiol Grxs with a CXXS motif known as classes I, and Grx6 belongs to the class I with a CSYS motif. Results Our results showed how the loop between the N-terminal and C-terminal can affect the stability. When Grx6 was incubated with FeSO4·7H2O and (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O, a disulfide bond was formed between the cysteine 136 and glutathione, and the concentration of dimer and tetramer was increased. The results presented various levels of stability of Grx6 with mutant and deleted amino acids. We also highlighted the difference between the monomer and dimer forms of the Grx6, in addition to comparison of the Fe-S cluster positions among holo forms of poplar Grx-C1, human Grx2 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx6. Conclusions In this paper, we used a combination of spectroscopic and proteomic techniques to analyse the sequence and to determine the affected mutations and deletions in the stability of Grx6. Our results have increased the knowledge about the differences between monomer and dimer structures in cellular processes and proteins whose roles and functions depend on YCA1 in yeast. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41021-018-0103-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohnad Abdalla
- 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan.,2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,3Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao Shi, Shandong Sheng 266000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wafa Ali Eltayb
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,4Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Shendi, Nher Anile Sudan
| | - Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Raihan Mo
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - T I M Dafaalla
- 5College of Education, Sinnar University, 11147 Sinnar, Sudan
| | - Hamed I Hamouda
- 3Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao Shi, Shandong Sheng 266000 People's Republic of China
| | - Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749 South Korea
| | - Annoor Awadasseid
- 7Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
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Antioxidant enzymes and their contributions to biological control potential of fungal insect pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4995-5004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lee ES, Kang CH, Park JH, Lee SY. Physiological Significance of Plant Peroxiredoxins and the Structure-Related and Multifunctional Biochemistry of Peroxiredoxin 1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:625-639. [PMID: 29113450 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sessile plants respond to oxidative stress caused by internal and external stimuli by producing diverse forms of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant molecules. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) in plants, including the Prx1, Prx5, Prx6, and PrxQ isoforms, constitute a family of antioxidant enzymes and play important functions in cells. Each Prx localizes to a specific subcellular compartment and has a distinct function in the control of plant growth, development, cellular metabolism, and various aspects of defense signaling. Recent Advances: Prx1, a typical Prx in plant chloroplasts, has redox-dependent multiple functions. It acts as a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-catalyzing peroxidase, a molecular chaperone, and a biological circadian marker. Prx1 undergoes a functional switching from a peroxidase to a molecular chaperone in response to oxidative stress, concomitant with the structural changes from a low-molecular-weight species to high-molecular-weight complexes mediated by the post-translational modification of its active site Cys residues. The redox status of the protein oscillates diurnally between hyperoxidation and reduction, showing a circadian rhythmic output. These dynamic structural and functional transformations mediate the effect of plant Prx1 on protecting plants from a myriad of harsh environmental stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The multifunctional diversity of plant Prxs and their roles in cellular defense signaling depends on their specific interaction partners, which remain largely unidentified. Therefore, the identification of Prx-interacting proteins is necessary to clarify their physiological significance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Since the functional specificity of the four plant Prx isoforms remains unclear, future studies should focus on investigating the physiological importance of each Prx isotype. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 625-639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
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Bhatnagar A, Bandyopadhyay D. Characterization of cysteine thiol modifications based on protein microenvironments and local secondary structures. Proteins 2017; 86:192-209. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Bhatnagar
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani; Hyderabad India
| | - Debashree Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani; Hyderabad India
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular low-molecular-weight thiol in the majority of organisms in all kingdoms of life. Therefore, functions of GSH and disturbed regulation of its concentration are associated with numerous physiological and pathological situations. Recent Advances: The function of GSH as redox buffer or antioxidant is increasingly being questioned. New functions, especially functions connected to the cellular iron homeostasis, were elucidated. Via the formation of iron complexes, GSH is an important player in all aspects of iron metabolism: sensing and regulation of iron levels, iron trafficking, and biosynthesis of iron cofactors. The variety of GSH coordinated iron complexes and their functions with a special focus on FeS-glutaredoxins are summarized in this review. Interestingly, GSH analogues that function as major low-molecular-weight thiols in organisms lacking GSH resemble the functions in iron homeostasis. CRITICAL ISSUES Since these iron-related functions are most likely also connected to thiol redox chemistry, it is difficult to distinguish between mechanisms related to either redox or iron metabolisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The ability of GSH to coordinate iron in different complexes with or without proteins needs further investigation. The discovery of new Fe-GSH complexes and their physiological functions will significantly advance our understanding of cellular iron homeostasis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1235-1251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- 1 Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Life Science Center , Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- 2 Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
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Zhang X, Wang W, Li C, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Tan X, Wu L, Wang Z, Wang H. Structural insights into the binding of buckwheat glutaredoxin with GSH and regulation of its catalytic activity. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 173:21-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Selles B, Zannini F, Couturier J, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. Atypical protein disulfide isomerases (PDI): Comparison of the molecular and catalytic properties of poplar PDI-A and PDI-M with PDI-L1A. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174753. [PMID: 28362814 PMCID: PMC5375154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases are overwhelmingly multi-modular redox catalysts able to perform the formation, reduction or isomerisation of disulfide bonds. We present here the biochemical characterization of three different poplar PDI isoforms. PDI-A is characterized by a single catalytic Trx module, the so-called a domain, whereas PDI-L1a and PDI-M display an a-b-b’-a’ and a°-a-b organisation respectively. Their activities have been tested in vitro using purified recombinant proteins and a series of model substrates as insulin, NADPH thioredoxin reductase, NADP malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), peroxiredoxins or RNase A. We demonstrated that PDI-A exhibited none of the usually reported activities, although the cysteines of the WCKHC active site signature are able to form a disulfide with a redox midpoint potential of -170 mV at pH 7.0. The fact that it is able to bind a [Fe2S2] cluster upon Escherichia coli expression and anaerobic purification might indicate that it does not have a function in dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. The two other proteins were able to catalyze oxidation or reduction reactions, PDI-L1a being more efficient in most cases, except that it was unable to activate the non-physiological substrate NADP-MDH, in contrast to PDI-M. To further evaluate the contribution of the catalytic domains of PDI-M, the dicysteinic motifs have been independently mutated in each a domain. The results indicated that the two a domains seem interconnected and that the a° module preferentially catalyzed oxidation reactions whereas the a module catalyzed reduction reactions, in line with the respective redox potentials of -170 mV and -190 mV at pH 7.0. Overall, these in vitro results illustrate that the number and position of a and b domains influence the redox properties and substrate recognition (both electron donors and acceptors) of PDI which contributes to understand why this protein family expanded along evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Selles
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Flavien Zannini
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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Abdalla M, Dai YN, Chi CB, Cheng W, Cao DD, Zhou K, Ali W, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Crystal structure of yeast monothiol glutaredoxin Grx6 in complex with a glutathione-coordinated [2Fe-2S] cluster. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:732-737. [PMID: 27710937 PMCID: PMC5053157 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16013418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) constitute a superfamily of proteins that perform diverse biological functions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutaredoxin Grx6 not only serves as a glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductase and as a GSH transferase, but also as an essential [2Fe-2S]-binding protein. Here, the dimeric structure of the C-terminal domain of Grx6 (holo Grx6C), bridged by one [2Fe-2S] cluster coordinated by the active-site Cys136 and two external GSH molecules, is reported. Structural comparison combined with multiple-sequence alignment demonstrated that holo Grx6C is similar to the [2Fe-2S] cluster-incorporated dithiol Grxs, which share a highly conserved [2Fe-2S] cluster-binding pattern and dimeric conformation that is distinct from the previously identified [2Fe-2S] cluster-ligated monothiol Grxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohnad Abdalla
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Biao Chi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wafa Ali
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
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Stefani M, Sturlese M, Manta B, Löhr F, Mammi S, Comini M, Bellanda M. 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignment of the cytosolic dithiol glutaredoxin 1 from the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2016; 10:85-88. [PMID: 26386962 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-015-9643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are parasites responsible for several tropical and subtropical diseases, such as Chaga's disease, sleeping sickness and Leishmaniasis. In contrast to the mammalian host, the thiol-redox metabolism of these pathogens depends on trypanothione [bis-glutathionylspermidine, T(SH)2] instead of glutathione (GSH) providing a set of lineage-specific proteins as drug target candidates. Glutaredoxins (Grx) are ubiquitous small thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that belong to the thioredoxin-fold family. They play a central role in redox homeostasis and iron sulfur-cluster biogenesis. Each species, including trypanosomes, possesses its own set of isoforms distributed in different subcellular compartments. The genome of trypanosomatids encodes for two class I (dithiolic) Grxs named 2-C-Grx1 and 2-C-Grx2. Both proteins were shown to efficiently reduce different disulfides at the expenses of T(SH)2 using a mechanism that involves the two cysteines in the active site. Moreover, the cytosolic Trypanosoma brucei 2-C-Grx1 but not the mitochondrial 2-C-Grx2 was able to coordinate an iron-sulfur cluster with T(SH)2 or GSH as ligand. As a first step to unravel the structural basis for the specificity observed in the trypanosomal glutaredoxins, we present here the NMR resonance assignment of 2-C-Grx1 from the parasite T. brucei brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Stefani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno Manta
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Frank Löhr
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefano Mammi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Lallement PA, Roret T, Tsan P, Gualberto JM, Girardet JM, Didierjean C, Rouhier N, Hecker A. Insights into ascorbate regeneration in plants: investigating the redox and structural properties of dehydroascorbate reductases from Populus trichocarpa. Biochem J 2016; 473:717-31. [PMID: 26699905 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs), enzymes belonging to the GST superfamily, catalyse the GSH-dependent reduction of dehydroascorbate into ascorbate in plants. By maintaining a reduced ascorbate pool, they notably participate to H2O2 detoxification catalysed by ascorbate peroxidases (APXs). Despite this central role, the catalytic mechanism used by DHARs is still not well understood and there is no supportive 3D structure. In this context, we have performed a thorough biochemical and structural analysis of the three poplar DHARs and coupled this to the analysis of their transcript expression patterns and subcellular localizations. The transcripts for these genes are mainly detected in reproductive and green organs and the corresponding proteins are expressed in plastids, in the cytosol and in the nucleus, but not in mitochondria and peroxisomes where ascorbate regeneration is obviously necessary. Comparing the kinetic properties and the sensitivity to GSSG-mediated oxidation of DHAR2 and DHAR3A, exhibiting 1 or 3 cysteinyl residues respectively, we observed that the presence of additional cysteines in DHAR3A modifies the regeneration mechanism of the catalytic cysteine by forming different redox states. Finally, from the 3D structure of DHAR3A solved by NMR, we were able to map the residues important for the binding of both substrates (GSH and DHA), showing that DHAR active site is very selective for DHA recognition and providing further insights into the catalytic mechanism and the roles of the additional cysteines found in some DHARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Lallement
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Pascale Tsan
- Université de Lorraine, CRM2, UMR 7036, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France CNRS, CRM2, UMR 7036, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Michel Girardet
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Claude Didierjean
- Université de Lorraine, CRM2, UMR 7036, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France CNRS, CRM2, UMR 7036, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Ströher E, Grassl J, Carrie C, Fenske R, Whelan J, Millar AH. Glutaredoxin S15 Is Involved in Fe-S Cluster Transfer in Mitochondria Influencing Lipoic Acid-Dependent Enzymes, Plant Growth, and Arsenic Tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1284-99. [PMID: 26672074 PMCID: PMC4775112 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small proteins that function as oxidoreductases with roles in deglutathionylation of proteins, reduction of antioxidants, and assembly of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing enzymes. Which of the 33 Grxs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) perform roles in Fe-S assembly in mitochondria is unknown. We have examined in detail the function of the monothiol GrxS15 in plants. Our results show its exclusive mitochondrial localization, and we are concluding it is the major or only Grx in this subcellular location. Recombinant GrxS15 has a very low deglutathionylation and dehydroascorbate reductase activity, but it binds a Fe-S cluster. Partially removing GrxS15 from mitochondria slowed whole plant growth and respiration. Native GrxS15 is shown to be especially important for lipoic acid-dependent enzymes in mitochondria, highlighting a putative role in the transfer of Fe-S clusters in this process. The enhanced effect of the toxin arsenic on the growth of GrxS15 knockdown plants compared to wild type highlights the role of mitochondrial glutaredoxin Fe-S-binding in whole plant growth and toxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ströher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M316, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia (E.S., J.G., C.C., R.F., A.H.M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, 3086 Victoria, Australia (J.W.)
| | - Julia Grassl
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M316, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia (E.S., J.G., C.C., R.F., A.H.M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, 3086 Victoria, Australia (J.W.)
| | - Chris Carrie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M316, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia (E.S., J.G., C.C., R.F., A.H.M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, 3086 Victoria, Australia (J.W.)
| | - Ricarda Fenske
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M316, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia (E.S., J.G., C.C., R.F., A.H.M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, 3086 Victoria, Australia (J.W.)
| | - James Whelan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M316, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia (E.S., J.G., C.C., R.F., A.H.M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, 3086 Victoria, Australia (J.W.)
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M316, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia (E.S., J.G., C.C., R.F., A.H.M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, 3086 Victoria, Australia (J.W.)
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Dietz KJ. Thiol-Based Peroxidases and Ascorbate Peroxidases: Why Plants Rely on Multiple Peroxidase Systems in the Photosynthesizing Chloroplast? Mol Cells 2016; 39:20-5. [PMID: 26810073 PMCID: PMC4749869 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a highly robust process allowing for rapid adjustment to changing environmental conditions. The efficient acclimation depends on balanced redox metabolism and control of reactive oxygen species release which triggers signaling cascades and potentially detrimental oxidation reactions. Thiol peroxidases of the peroxiredoxin and glutathione peroxidase type, and ascorbate peroxidases are the main peroxide detoxifying enzymes of the chloroplast. They use different electron donors and are linked to distinct redox networks. In addition, the peroxiredoxins serve functions in redox regulation and retrograde signaling. The complexity of plastid peroxidases is discussed in context of suborganellar localization, substrate preference, metabolic coupling, protein abundance, activity regulation, interactions, signaling functions, and the conditional requirement for high antioxidant capacity. Thus the review provides an opinion on the advantage of linking detoxification of peroxides to different enzymatic systems and implementing mechanisms for their inactivation to enforce signal propagation within and from the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, W5-134, Bielefeld University, University Street 25, 33501 Bielefeld,
Germany
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Couturier J, Przybyla-Toscano J, Roret T, Didierjean C, Rouhier N. The roles of glutaredoxins ligating Fe–S clusters: Sensing, transfer or repair functions? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1513-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Knuesting J, Riondet C, Maria C, Kruse I, Bécuwe N, König N, Berndt C, Tourrette S, Guilleminot-Montoya J, Herrero E, Gaymard F, Balk J, Belli G, Scheibe R, Reichheld JP, Rouhier N, Rey P. Arabidopsis glutaredoxin S17 and its partner, the nuclear factor Y subunit C11/negative cofactor 2α, contribute to maintenance of the shoot apical meristem under long-day photoperiod. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1643-58. [PMID: 25699589 PMCID: PMC4378178 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) catalyze the reduction of protein disulfide bonds using glutathione as a reductant. Certain GRXs are able to transfer iron-sulfur clusters to other proteins. To investigate the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GRXS17, we applied a strategy combining biochemical, genetic, and physiological approaches. GRXS17 was localized in the nucleus and cytosol, and its expression was elevated in the shoot meristems and reproductive tissues. Recombinant GRXS17 bound Fe2S2 clusters, a property likely contributing to its ability to complement the defects of a Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strain lacking the mitochondrial GRX5. However, a grxs17 knockout Arabidopsis mutant exhibited only a minor decrease in the activities of iron-sulfur enzymes, suggesting that its primary function is as a disulfide oxidoreductase. The grxS17 plants were sensitive to high temperatures and long-day photoperiods, resulting in elongated leaves, compromised shoot apical meristem, and delayed bolting. Both environmental conditions applied simultaneously led to a growth arrest. Using affinity chromatography and split-Yellow Fluorescent Protein methods, a nuclear transcriptional regulator, the Nuclear Factor Y Subunit C11/Negative Cofactor 2α (NF-YC11/NC2α), was identified as a GRXS17 interacting partner. A mutant deficient in NF-YC11/NC2α exhibited similar phenotypes to grxs17 in response to photoperiod. Therefore, we propose that GRXS17 interacts with NF-YC11/NC2α to relay a redox signal generated by the photoperiod to maintain meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carlos Maria
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Noëlle Bécuwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas König
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Sébastien Tourrette
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jocelyne Guilleminot-Montoya
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Gemma Belli
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
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Belin C, Bashandy T, Cela J, Delorme-Hinoux V, Riondet C, Reichheld JP. A comprehensive study of thiol reduction gene expression under stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:299-314. [PMID: 24428628 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiol reduction proteins are key regulators of the redox state of the cell, managing development and stress response programs. In plants, thiol reduction proteins, namely thioredoxin (TRX), glutaredoxin (GRX), and their respective reducers glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TR), are organized in complex multigene families. In order to decipher the function of the different proteins, it is necessary to have a clear picture of their respective expression profiles. By collecting information from gene expression databases, we have performed a comprehensive in silico study of the expression of all members of different classes of thiol reduction genes (TRX, GRX) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Tissue expression profiles and response to many biotic and abiotic stress conditions have been studied systematically. Altogether, the significance of our data is discussed with respect to published biochemical and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Belin
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860, Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
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Leneveu-Jenvrin C, Connil N, Bouffartigues E, Papadopoulos V, Feuilloley MGJ, Chevalier S. Structure-to-function relationships of bacterial translocator protein (TSPO): a focus on Pseudomonas. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:631. [PMID: 25477872 PMCID: PMC4237140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), which was previously designated as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a 3.5 billion year-old evolutionarily conserved protein expressed by most Eukarya, Archae and Bacteria, but its organization and functions differ remarkably. By taking advantage of the genomic data available on TSPO, we focused on bacterial TSPO and attempted to define functions of TSPO in Pseudomonas via in silico approaches. A tspo ortholog has been identified in several fluorescent Pseudomonas. This protein presents putative binding motifs for cholesterol and PK 11195, which is a specific drug ligand of mitochondrial TSPO. While it is a common surface distribution, the sense of insertion and membrane localization differ between α- and γ-proteobacteria. Experimental published data and STRING analysis of common TSPO partners in fluorescent Pseudomonas indicate a potential role of TSPO in the oxidative stress response, iron homeostasis and virulence expression. In these bacteria, TSPO could also take part in signal transduction and in the preservation of membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Leneveu-Jenvrin
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Emeline Bouffartigues
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
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Zanello P. The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron–sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part II. {[Fe2S2](SγCys)4} proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Balsera M, Uberegui E, Schürmann P, Buchanan BB. Evolutionary development of redox regulation in chloroplasts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1327-55. [PMID: 24483204 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The post-translational modification of thiol groups stands out as a key strategy that cells employ for metabolic regulation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Nowhere is this more evident than in chloroplasts-the O2-evolving photosynthetic organelles of plant cells that are fitted with multiple redox systems, including the thioredoxin (Trx) family of oxidoreductases functional in the reversible modification of regulatory thiols of proteins in all types of cells. The best understood member of this family in chloroplasts is the ferredoxin-linked thioredoxin system (FTS) by which proteins are modified via light-dependent disulfide/dithiol (S-S/2SH) transitions. RECENT ADVANCES Discovered in the reductive activation of enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle in illuminated chloroplast preparations, recent studies have extended the role of the FTS far beyond its original boundaries to include a spectrum of cellular processes. Together with the NADP-linked thioredoxin reductase C-type (NTRC) and glutathione/glutaredoxin systems, the FTS also plays a central role in the response of chloroplasts to different types of stress. CRITICAL ISSUES The comparisons of redox regulatory networks functional in chloroplasts of land plants with those of cyanobacteria-prokaryotes considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts-and different types of algae summarized in this review have provided new insight into the evolutionary development of redox regulation, starting with the simplest O2-evolving organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evolutionary appearance, mode of action, and specificity of the redox regulatory systems functional in chloroplasts, as well as the types of redox modification operating under diverse environmental conditions stand out as areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Balsera
- 1 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
Monothiol glutaredoxins play a crucial role in iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein biogenesis. Essentially all of them can coordinate a [2Fe-2S] cluster and have been proposed to mediate the transfer of [2Fe-2S] clusters from scaffold proteins to target apo proteins, possibly by acting as cluster transfer proteins. The molecular basis of [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer from monothiol glutaredoxins to target proteins is a fundamental, but still unresolved, aspect to be defined in Fe/S protein biogenesis. In mitochondria monothiol glutaredoxin 5 (GRX5) is involved in the maturation of all cellular Fe/S proteins and participates in cellular iron regulation. Here we show that the structural plasticity of the dimeric state of the [2Fe-2S] bound form of human GRX5 (holo hGRX5) is the crucial factor that allows an efficient cluster transfer to the partner proteins human ISCA1 and ISCA2 by a specific protein-protein recognition mechanism. Holo hGRX5 works as a metallochaperone preventing the [2Fe-2S] cluster to be released in solution in the presence of physiological concentrations of glutathione and forming a transient, cluster-mediated protein-protein intermediate with two physiological protein partners receiving the [2Fe-2S] cluster. The cluster transfer mechanism defined here may extend to other mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] target proteins.
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Couturier J, Wu HC, Dhalleine T, Pégeot H, Sudre D, Gualberto JM, Jacquot JP, Gaymard F, Vignols F, Rouhier N. Monothiol glutaredoxin-BolA interactions: redox control of Arabidopsis thaliana BolA2 and SufE1. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:187-205. [PMID: 24203231 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A functional relationship between monothiol glutaredoxins and BolAs has been unraveled by genomic analyses and in several high-throughput studies. Phylogenetic analyses coupled to transient expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions indicated that, in addition to the sulfurtransferase SufE1, which contains a C-terminal BolA domain, three BolA isoforms exist in Arabidopsis thaliana, BolA1 being plastidial, BolA2 nucleo-cytoplasmic, and BolA4 dual-targeted to mitochondria and plastids. Binary yeast two-hybrid experiments demonstrated that all BolAs and SufE1, via its BolA domain, can interact with all monothiol glutaredoxins. Most interactions between protein couples of the same subcellular compartment have been confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. In vitro experiments indicated that monothiol glutaredoxins could regulate the redox state of BolA2 and SufE1, both proteins possessing a single conserved reactive cysteine. Indeed, a glutathionylated form of SufE1 lost its capacity to activate the cysteine desulfurase, Nfs2, but it is reactivated by plastidial glutaredoxins. Besides, a monomeric glutathionylated form and a dimeric disulfide-bridged form of BolA2 can be preferentially reduced by the nucleo-cytoplasmic GrxS17. These results indicate that the glutaredoxin-BolA interaction occurs in several subcellular compartments and suggest that a redox regulation mechanism, disconnected from their capacity to form iron-sulfur cluster-bridged heterodimers, may be physiologically relevant for BolA2 and SufE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Couturier
- a Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Pégeot H, Koh CS, Petre B, Mathiot S, Duplessis S, Hecker A, Didierjean C, Rouhier N. The poplar Phi class glutathione transferase: expression, activity and structure of GSTF1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:712. [PMID: 25566286 PMCID: PMC4274894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute a superfamily of enzymes with essential roles in cellular detoxification and secondary metabolism in plants as in other organisms. Several plant GSTs, including those of the Phi class (GSTFs), require a conserved catalytic serine residue to perform glutathione (GSH)-conjugation reactions. Genomic analyses revealed that terrestrial plants have around ten GSTFs, eight in the Populus trichocarpa genome, but their physiological functions and substrates are mostly unknown. Transcript expression analyses showed a predominant expression of all genes both in reproductive (female flowers, fruits, floral buds) and vegetative organs (leaves, petioles). Here, we show that the recombinant poplar GSTF1 (PttGSTF1) possesses peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and GSH-conjugation activity toward model substrates such as 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, benzyl and phenetyl isothiocyanate, 4-nitrophenyl butyrate and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal but interestingly not on previously identified GSTF-class substrates. In accordance with analytical gel filtration data, crystal structure of PttGSTF1 showed a canonical dimeric organization with bound GSH or 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid molecules. The structure of these protein-substrate complexes allowed delineating the residues contributing to both the G and H sites that form the active site cavity. In sum, the presence of GSTF1 transcripts and proteins in most poplar organs especially those rich in secondary metabolites such as flowers and fruits, together with its GSH-conjugation activity and its documented stress-responsive expression suggest that its function is associated with the catalytic transformation of metabolites and/or peroxide removal rather than with ligandin properties as previously reported for other GSTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Pégeot
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, UMR1136Champenoux, France
| | - Cha San Koh
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, CRM, Equipe BioMod, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, CRM, Equipe BioMod, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benjamin Petre
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, UMR1136Champenoux, France
| | - Sandrine Mathiot
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, CRM, Equipe BioMod, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, CRM, Equipe BioMod, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, UMR1136Champenoux, France
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, UMR1136Champenoux, France
| | - Claude Didierjean
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, CRM, Equipe BioMod, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, CRM, Equipe BioMod, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Rouhier, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, Boulevard des aiguilettes, Faculté des sciences et technologies, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France e-mail:
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Yogavel M, Tripathi T, Gupta A, Banday MM, Rahlfs S, Becker K, Belrhali H, Sharma A. Atomic resolution crystal structure of glutaredoxin 1 from Plasmodium falciparum and comparison with other glutaredoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 70:91-100. [PMID: 24419382 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713025285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are redox proteins that use glutathione ((γ)Glu-Cys-Gly; GSH) as a cofactor. Plasmodium falciparum has one classic dithiol (CXXC) glutaredoxin (glutaredoxin 1; PfGrx1) and three monothiol (CXXS) Grx-like proteins (GLPs), which have five residue insertions prior to the active-site Cys. Here, the crystal structure of PfGrx1 has been determined by the sulfur single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (S-SAD) method utilizing intrinsic protein and solvent S atoms. Several residues were modelled with alternate conformations, and an alternate position was refined for the active-site Cys29 owing to radiation damage. The GSH-binding site is occupied by water polygons and buffer molecules. Structural comparison of PfGrx1 with other Grxs and Grx-like proteins revealed that the GSH-binding motifs (CXXC/CXXS, TVP, CDD, Lys26 and Gln/Arg63) are structurally conserved. Both the monothiol and dithiol Grxs possess three conserved water molecules; two of these were located in the GSH-binding site. PfGrx1 has several polar and charged amino-acid substitutions that provide structurally important additional hydrogen bonds and salt bridges missing in other Grxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Yogavel
- Structural and Computational Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 792 022, India
| | - Ankita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 792 022, India
| | - Mudassir Meraj Banday
- Structural and Computational Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Stefan Rahlfs
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hassan Belrhali
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 181, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Amit Sharma
- Structural and Computational Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Rahantaniaina MS, Tuzet A, Mhamdi A, Noctor G. Missing links in understanding redox signaling via thiol/disulfide modulation: how is glutathione oxidized in plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:477. [PMID: 24324478 PMCID: PMC3838956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a small redox-active molecule existing in two main stable forms: the thiol (GSH) and the disulphide (GSSG). In plants growing in optimal conditions, the GSH:GSSG ratio is high in most cell compartments. Challenging environmental conditions are known to alter this ratio, notably by inducing the accumulation of GSSG, an effect that may be influential in the perception or transduction of stress signals. Despite the potential importance of glutathione status in redox signaling, the reactions responsible for the oxidation of GSH to GSSG have not been clearly identified. Most attention has focused on the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but several other candidate pathways may couple the availability of oxidants such as H2O2 to changes in glutathione and thus impact on signaling pathways through regulation of protein thiol-disulfide status. We provide an overview of the main candidate pathways and discuss the available biochemical, transcriptomic, and genetic evidence relating to each. Our analysis emphasizes how much is still to be elucidated on this question, which is likely important for a full understanding of how stress-related redox regulation might impinge on phytohormone-related and other signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR Environnement et Grandes CulturesThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Andrée Tuzet
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR Environnement et Grandes CulturesThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
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Zhang B, Bandyopadhyay S, Shakamuri P, Naik SG, Huynh BH, Couturier J, Rouhier N, Johnson MK. Monothiol glutaredoxins can bind linear [Fe3S4]+ and [Fe4S4]2+ clusters in addition to [Fe2S2]2+ clusters: spectroscopic characterization and functional implications. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15153-64. [PMID: 24032439 DOI: 10.1021/ja407059n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial glutaredoxin 5 (Grx5) is the archetypical member of a ubiquitous class of monothiol glutaredoxins with a strictly conserved CGFS active-site sequence that has been shown to function in biological [Fe2S2](2+) cluster trafficking. In this work, we show that recombinant S. cerevisiae Grx5 purified aerobically, after prolonged exposure of the cell-free extract to air or after anaerobic reconstitution in the presence of glutathione, predominantly contains a linear [Fe3S4](+) cluster. The excited-state electronic properties and ground-state electronic and vibrational properties of the linear [Fe3S4](+) cluster have been characterized using UV-vis absorption/CD/MCD, EPR, Mössbauer, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. The results reveal a rhombic S = 5/2 linear [Fe3S4](+) cluster with properties similar to those reported for synthetic linear [Fe3S4](+) clusters and the linear [Fe3S4](+) clusters in purple aconitase. Moreover, the results indicate that the Fe-S cluster content previously reported for many monothiol Grxs has been misinterpreted exclusively in terms of [Fe2S2](2+) clusters, rather than linear [Fe3S4](+) clusters or mixtures of linear [Fe3S4](+) and [Fe2S2](2+) clusters. In the absence of GSH, anaerobic reconstitution of Grx5 yields a dimeric form containing one [Fe4S4](2+) cluster that is competent for in vitro activation of apo-aconitase, via intact cluster transfer. The ligation of the linear [Fe3S4](+) and [Fe4S4](2+) clusters in Grx5 has been assessed by spectroscopic, mutational, and analytical studies. Potential roles for monothiol Grx5 in scavenging and recycling linear [Fe3S4](+) clusters released during protein unfolding under oxidative stress conditions and in maturation of [Fe4S4](2+) cluster-containing proteins are discussed in light of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Manta B, Pavan C, Sturlese M, Medeiros A, Crispo M, Berndt C, Krauth-Siegel RL, Bellanda M, Comini MA. Iron-sulfur cluster binding by mitochondrial monothiol glutaredoxin-1 of Trypanosoma brucei: molecular basis of iron-sulfur cluster coordination and relevance for parasite infectivity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:665-82. [PMID: 23259530 PMCID: PMC3739951 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Monothiol glutaredoxins (1-C-Grxs) are small proteins linked to the cellular iron and redox metabolism. Trypanosoma brucei brucei, model organism for human African trypanosomiasis, expresses three 1-C-Grxs. 1-C-Grx1 is a highly abundant mitochondrial protein capable to bind an iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) in vitro using glutathione (GSH) as cofactor. We here report on the functional and structural analysis of 1-C-Grx1 in relation to its ISC-binding properties. RESULTS An N-terminal extension unique to 1-C-Grx1 from trypanosomatids affects the oligomeric structure and the ISC-binding capacity of the protein. The active-site Cys104 is essential for ISC binding, and the parasite-specific glutathionylspermidine and trypanothione can replace GSH as the ligands of the ISC. Interestingly, trypanothione forms stable protein-free ISC species that in vitro are incorporated into the dithiol T. brucei 2-C-Grx1, but not 1-C-Grx1. Overexpression of the C104S mutant of 1-C-Grx1 impairs disease progression in a mouse model. The structure of the Grx-domain of 1-C-Grx1 was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Despite the fact that several residues--which in other 1-C-Grxs are involved in the noncovalent binding of GSH--are conserved, different physicochemical approaches did not reveal any specific interaction between 1-C-Grx1 and free thiol ligands. INNOVATION Parasite Grxs are able to coordinate an ISC formed with trypanothione, suggesting a new mechanism of ISC binding and a novel function for the parasite-specific dithiol. The first 3D structure and in vivo relevance of a 1-C-Grx from a pathogenic protozoan are reported. CONCLUSION T. brucei 1-C-Grx1 is indispensable for mammalian parasitism and utilizes a new mechanism for ISC binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manta
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Comini MA, Krauth-Siegel RL, Bellanda M. Mono- and dithiol glutaredoxins in the trypanothione-based redox metabolism of pathogenic trypanosomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:708-22. [PMID: 22978520 PMCID: PMC3739957 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutaredoxins are ubiquitous small thiol proteins of the thioredoxin-fold superfamily. Two major groups are distinguished based on their active sites: the dithiol (2-C-Grxs) and the monothiol (1-C-Grxs) glutaredoxins with a CXXC and a CXXS active site motif, respectively. Glutaredoxins are involved in cellular redox and/or iron sulfur metabolism. Usually their functions are closely linked to the glutathione system. Trypanosomatids, the causative agents of several tropical diseases, rely on trypanothione as principal low molecular mass thiol, and their glutaredoxins readily react with the unique bis(glutathionyl) spermidine conjugate. RECENT ADVANCES Two 2-C-Grxs and three 1-C-Grxs have been identified in pathogenic trypanosomatids. The 2-C-Grxs catalyze the reduction of glutathione disulfide by trypanothione and display reductase activity towards protein disulfides, as well as protein-glutathione mixed disulfides. In vitro, all three 1-C-Grxs as well as the cytosolic 2-C-Grx of Trypanosoma brucei can complex an iron-sulfur cluster. Recently the structure of the 1-C-Grx1 has been solved by NMR spectroscopy. The structure is very similar to those of other 1-C-Grxs, with some differences in the loop containing the conserved cis-Pro and the surface charge distribution. CRITICAL ISSUES Although four of the five trypanosomal glutaredoxins proved to coordinate an iron-sulfur cluster in vitro, the physiological role of the mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins, respectively, has only started to be unraveled. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The use of trypanothione by the glutaredoxins has established a novel role for this parasite-specific dithiol. Future work should reveal if these differences can be exploited for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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