1
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Raab JE, Hamilton DJ, Harju TB, Huynh TN, Russo BC. Pushing boundaries: mechanisms enabling bacterial pathogens to spread between cells. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0052423. [PMID: 38661369 PMCID: PMC11385730 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00524-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For multiple intracellular bacterial pathogens, the ability to spread directly into adjacent epithelial cells is an essential step for disease in humans. For pathogens such as Shigella, Listeria, Rickettsia, and Burkholderia, this intercellular movement frequently requires the pathogens to manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton and deform the plasma membrane into structures known as protrusions, which extend into neighboring cells. The protrusion is then typically resolved into a double-membrane vacuole (DMV) from which the pathogen quickly escapes into the cytosol, where additional rounds of intercellular spread occur. Significant progress over the last few years has begun to define the mechanisms by which intracellular bacterial pathogens spread. This review highlights the interactions of bacterial and host factors that drive mechanisms required for intercellular spread with a focus on how protrusion structures form and resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Raab
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Desmond J Hamilton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tucker B Harju
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Thao N Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian C Russo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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2
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Morales-Camilo N, Liu J, Ramírez MJ, Canales-Salgado P, Alegría JJ, Liu X, Ong HT, Barrera NP, Fierro A, Toyama Y, Goult BT, Wang Y, Meng Y, Nishimura R, Fong-Ngern K, Low CSL, Kanchanawong P, Yan J, Ravasio A, Bertocchi C. Alternative molecular mechanisms for force transmission at adherens junctions via β-catenin-vinculin interaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5608. [PMID: 38969637 PMCID: PMC11226457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Force transmission through adherens junctions (AJs) is crucial for multicellular organization, wound healing and tissue regeneration. Recent studies shed light on the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction at the AJs. However, the canonical model fails to explain force transmission when essential proteins of the mechanotransduction module are mutated or missing. Here, we demonstrate that, in absence of α-catenin, β-catenin can directly and functionally interact with vinculin in its open conformation, bearing physiological forces. Furthermore, we found that β-catenin can prevent vinculin autoinhibition in the presence of α-catenin by occupying vinculin´s head-tail interaction site, thus preserving force transmission capability. Taken together, our findings suggest a multi-step force transmission process at AJs, where α-catenin and β-catenin can alternatively and cooperatively interact with vinculin. This can explain the graded responses needed to maintain tissue mechanical homeostasis and, importantly, unveils a force-bearing mechanism involving β-catenin and extended vinculin that can potentially explain the underlying process enabling collective invasion of metastatic cells lacking α-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Morales-Camilo
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jingzhun Liu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manuel J Ramírez
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Canales-Salgado
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan José Alegría
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Xuyao Liu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Ting Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nelson P Barrera
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Fierro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Yilin Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Meng
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryosuke Nishimura
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kedsarin Fong-Ngern
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Siok Lan Low
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cristina Bertocchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Lin WH, Cooper LM, Anastasiadis PZ. Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1137013. [PMID: 37255594 PMCID: PMC10225604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFβ and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.
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4
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Splitt RL, DeMali KA. Metabolic reprogramming in response to cell mechanics. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e202200108. [PMID: 36807920 PMCID: PMC10192020 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been dedicated to understanding how cells sense and respond to mechanical forces. The types of forces cells experience as well as the repertoire of cell surface receptors that sense these forces have been identified. Key mechanisms for transmitting that force to the cell interior have also emerged. Yet, how cells process mechanical information and integrate it with other cellular events remains largely unexplored. Here we review the mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction at cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, and we summarize the current understanding of how cells integrate information from the distinct adhesion complexes with cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Splitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kris A. DeMali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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5
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Ng TA, Rashid S, Kwoh CK. Virulence network of interacting domains of influenza a and mouse proteins. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1123993. [PMID: 36875146 PMCID: PMC9982101 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1123993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There exist several databases that provide virus-host protein interactions. While most provide curated records of interacting virus-host protein pairs, information on the strain-specific virulence factors or protein domains involved, is lacking. Some databases offer incomplete coverage of influenza strains because of the need to sift through vast amounts of literature (including those of major viruses including HIV and Dengue, besides others). None have offered complete, strain specific protein-protein interaction records for the influenza A group of viruses. In this paper, we present a comprehensive network of predicted domain-domain interaction(s) (DDI) between influenza A virus (IAV) and mouse host proteins, that will allow the systematic study of disease factors by taking the virulence information (lethal dose) into account. From a previously published dataset of lethal dose studies of IAV infection in mice, we constructed an interacting domain network of mouse and viral protein domains as nodes with weighted edges. The edges were scored with the Domain Interaction Statistical Potential (DISPOT) to indicate putative DDI. The virulence network can be easily navigated via a web browser, with the associated virulence information (LD50 values) prominently displayed. The network will aid influenza A disease modeling by providing strain-specific virulence levels with interacting protein domains. It can possibly contribute to computational methods for uncovering influenza infection mechanisms mediated through protein domain interactions between viral and host proteins. It is available at https://iav-ppi.onrender.com/home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ann Ng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamima Rashid
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Keong Kwoh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Bejar-Padilla V, Cabe JI, Lopez S, Narayanan V, Mezher M, Maruthamuthu V, Conway DE. α-Catenin-dependent vinculin recruitment to adherens junctions is antagonistic to focal adhesions. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar93. [PMID: 35921161 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin is a protein found in both focal adhesions (FAs) and adherens junctions (AJs) which regulates actin connectivity to these structures. Many studies have demonstrated that mechanical perturbations of cells result in enhanced recruitment of vinculin to FAs and/or AJs. Likewise, many other studies have shown "cross-talk" between FAs and AJs. Vinculin itself has been suggested to be a probable regulator of this adhesion cross-talk. In this study we used MDCK as a model system of epithelia, developing cell lines in which vinculin recruitment was reduced or enhanced at AJs. Careful analysis of these cells revealed that perturbing vinculin recruitment to AJs resulted in a reduction of detectable FAs. Interestingly the cross-talk between these two structures was not due to a limited pool of vinculin, as increasing expression of vinculin did not rescue FA formation. Instead, we demonstrate that vinculin translocation between AJs and FAs is necessary for actin cytoskeleton rearrangements that occur during cell migration, which is necessary for large, well-formed FAs. Last, we show using a wound assay that collective cell migration is similarly hindered when vinculin recruitment is reduced or enhanced at AJs, highlighting that vinculin translocation between each compartment is necessary for efficient collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Bejar-Padilla
- Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Jolene I Cabe
- Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Santiago Lopez
- Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Vani Narayanan
- Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Mazen Mezher
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia 23529
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia 23529
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia 23284.,Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University.,Center for Cancer Engineering, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio 43210
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7
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Nishimura R, Kato K, Saida M, Kamei Y, Takeda M, Miyoshi H, Yamagata Y, Amano Y, Yonemura S. Appropriate tension sensitivity of α-catenin ensures rounding morphogenesis of epithelial spheroids. Cell Struct Funct 2022; 47:55-73. [PMID: 35732428 PMCID: PMC10511042 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) is an actin filament-anchoring junction. It plays a central role in epithelial morphogenesis through cadherin-based recognition and adhesion among cells. The stability and plasticity of AJs are required for the morphogenesis. An actin-binding α-catenin is an essential component of the cadherin-catenin complex and functions as a tension transducer that changes its conformation and induces AJ development in response to tension. Despite much progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of tension sensitivity of α-catenin, its significance on epithelial morphogenesis is still unknown. Here we show that the tension sensitivity of α-catenin is essential for epithelial cells to form round spheroids through proper multicellular rearrangement. Using a novel in vitro suspension culture model, we found that epithelial cells form round spheroids even from rectangular-shaped cell masses with high aspect ratios without using high tension and that increased tension sensitivity of α-catenin affected this morphogenesis. Analyses of AJ formation and cellular tracking during rounding morphogenesis showed cellular rearrangement, probably through AJ remodeling. The rearrangement occurs at the cell mass level, but not single-cell level. Hypersensitive α-catenin mutant-expressing cells did not show cellular rearrangement at the cell mass level, suggesting that the appropriate tension sensitivity of α-catenin is crucial for the coordinated round morphogenesis.Key words: α-catenin, vinculin, adherens junction, morphogenesis, mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Misako Saida
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeda
- Ultra High Precision Optics Technology Team/Advanced Manufacturing Support Team, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Miyoshi
- Ultra High Precision Optics Technology Team/Advanced Manufacturing Support Team, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Applied Mechanobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamagata
- Ultra High Precision Optics Technology Team/Advanced Manufacturing Support Team, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Amano
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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8
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Mukherjee A, Melamed S, Damouny-Khoury H, Amer M, Feld L, Nadjar-Boger E, Sheetz MP, Wolfenson H. α-Catenin links integrin adhesions to F-actin to regulate ECM mechanosensing and rigidity dependence. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213257. [PMID: 35652786 PMCID: PMC9166284 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions are regulated by mechanical signals, but the mechanobiological processes that mediate the cross talk between these structures are poorly understood. Here we show that α-catenin, a mechanosensitive protein that is classically linked with cadherin-based adhesions, associates with and regulates integrin adhesions. α-Catenin is recruited to the edges of mesenchymal cells, where it interacts with F-actin. This is followed by mutual retrograde flow of α-catenin and F-actin from the cell edge, during which α-catenin interacts with vinculin within integrin adhesions. This interaction affects adhesion maturation, stress-fiber assembly, and force transmission to the matrix. In epithelial cells, α-catenin is present in cell-cell adhesions and absent from cell-matrix adhesions. However, when these cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, α-catenin transitions to the cell edge, where it facilitates proper mechanosensing. This is highlighted by the ability of α-catenin-depleted cells to grow on soft matrices. These results suggest a dual role of α-catenin in mechanosensing, through both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shay Melamed
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hana Damouny-Khoury
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Malak Amer
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lea Feld
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elisabeth Nadjar-Boger
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael P. Sheetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,Correspondence to Haguy Wolfenson:
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9
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Troyanovsky RB, Sergeeva AP, Indra I, Chen CS, Kato R, Shapiro L, Honig B, Troyanovsky SM. Sorting of cadherin-catenin-associated proteins into individual clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105550118. [PMID: 34272290 PMCID: PMC8307379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105550118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic tails of classical cadherins form a multiprotein cadherin-catenin complex (CCC) that constitutes the major structural unit of adherens junctions (AJs). The CCC in AJs forms junctional clusters, "E clusters," driven by cis and trans interactions in the cadherin ectodomain and stabilized by α-catenin-actin interactions. Additional proteins are known to bind to the cytoplasmic region of the CCC. Here, we analyze how these CCC-associated proteins (CAPs) integrate into cadherin clusters and how they affect the clustering process. Using a cross-linking approach coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that the majority of CAPs, including the force-sensing protein vinculin, interact with CCCs outside of AJs. Accordingly, structural modeling shows that there is not enough space for CAPs the size of vinculin to integrate into E clusters. Using two CAPs, scribble and erbin, as examples, we provide evidence that these proteins form separate clusters, which we term "C clusters." As proof of principle, we show, by using cadherin ectodomain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), that mAb-bound E-cadherin forms separate clusters that undergo trans interactions. Taken together, our data suggest that, in addition to its role in cell-cell adhesion, CAP-driven CCC clustering serves to organize cytoplasmic proteins into distinct domains that may synchronize signaling networks of neighboring cells within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Alina P Sergeeva
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Chi-Shuo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Rei Kato
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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10
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Biswas R, Banerjee A, Lembo S, Zhao Z, Lakshmanan V, Lim R, Le S, Nakasaki M, Kutyavin V, Wright G, Palakodeti D, Ross RS, Jamora C, Vasioukhin V, Jie Y, Raghavan S. Mechanical instability of adherens junctions overrides intrinsic quiescence of hair follicle stem cells. Dev Cell 2021; 56:761-780.e7. [PMID: 33725480 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin, a mechanotransducer associated with both adherens junctions (AJs) and focal adhesions (FAs), plays a central role in force transmission through cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts. We generated the conditional knockout (cKO) of vinculin in murine skin that results in the loss of bulge stem cell (BuSC) quiescence and promotes continual cycling of the hair follicles. Surprisingly, we find that the AJs in vinculin cKO cells are mechanically weak and impaired in force generation despite increased junctional expression of E-cadherin and α-catenin. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that vinculin functions by keeping α-catenin in a stretched/open conformation, which in turn regulates the retention of YAP1, another potent mechanotransducer and regulator of cell proliferation, at the AJs. Altogether, our data provide mechanistic insights into the hitherto-unexplored regulatory link between the mechanical stability of cell junctions and contact-inhibition-mediated maintenance of BuSC quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritusree Biswas
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Avinanda Banerjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sergio Lembo
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Ryan Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shimin Le
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | | | | | - Graham Wright
- A∗STAR Microscopy Platform, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Robert S Ross
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Colin Jamora
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - Yan Jie
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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11
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Rangarajan ES, Izard T. The Cryogenic Electron Microscopy Structure of the Cell Adhesion Regulator Metavinculin Reveals an Isoform-Specific Kinked Helix in Its Cytoskeleton Binding Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E645. [PMID: 33440717 PMCID: PMC7827843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin and its heart-specific splice variant metavinculin are key regulators of cell adhesion processes. These membrane-bound cytoskeletal proteins regulate the cell shape by binding to several other proteins at cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Vinculin and metavinculin link integrin adhesion molecules to the filamentous actin network. Loss of both proteins prevents cell adhesion and cell spreading and reduces the formation of stress fibers, focal adhesions, or lamellipodia extensions. The binding of talin at cell-matrix junctions or of α-catenin at cell-cell junctions activates vinculin and metavinculin by releasing their autoinhibitory head-tail interaction. Once activated, vinculin and metavinculin bind F-actin via their five-helix bundle tail domains. Unlike vinculin, metavinculin has a 68-amino-acid insertion before the second α-helix of this five-helix F-actin-binding domain. Here, we present the full-length cryogenic electron microscopy structure of metavinculin that captures the dynamics of its individual domains and unveiled a hallmark structural feature, namely a kinked isoform-specific α-helix in its F-actin-binding domain. Our identified conformational landscape of metavinculin suggests a structural priming mechanism that is consistent with the cell adhesion functions of metavinculin in response to mechanical and cellular cues. Our findings expand our understanding of metavinculin function in the heart with implications for the etiologies of cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Izard
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;
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12
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Zheng JM, Wang SS, Tian X, Che DJ. Sustained activation of C3aR in a human podocyte line impairs the morphological maturation of the cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5326-5338. [PMID: 33174024 PMCID: PMC7646996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The C3a receptor (C3aR) has been reported to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of cellular structure development. Expression of C3aR has been reported in podocytes; however, data concerning the role of C3aR in podocyte morphology is scarce. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of C3aR activation on the architectural development of podocytes. An immortal human podocyte line (HPC) was transfected with a C3a expression lentivirus vector or recombinant C3a. SB290157 was used to block the activation of C3aR. The expression of C3a in HPC cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISAs. Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the podocytes. The adhesive ability of HPC cells was analyzed using an attachment assay. RT-qPCR, cyto-immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of the adhesion-associated genes. The expression levels of carboxypeptidases in HPC cells was also detected by RT-qPCR. Compared with the untransfected and control virus-transfected HPC cells, the C3a-overexpressing cells (HPC-C3a) failed to expand their cell bodies and develop an arborized appearance in the process of maturation, which the control cells exhibited. In addition, HPC-C3a cells presented with decreased adhesive capacity, altered focal adhesion (FA) plaques and decreased expression of FA-associated genes. These effects were blocked by a C3aR antagonist; however, the addition of purified C3a could not completely mimic the effects of C3a overexpression. Furthermore, HPC cells expressed carboxypeptidases, which have been reported to be able to inactivate C3a. In summary, the results demonstrated that sustained C3aR activation impaired the morphological maturation of HPC cells, which may be associated with the altered expression of FA-associated genes and impaired FA. Since chronic complement activation has been reported in renal diseases, which indicate sustained C3aR activation in renal cells, including podocytes and podocyte progenitors, the possible role of C3aR in the dysregulation of podocyte architecture and podocyte regeneration requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - De-Jun Che
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
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13
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Sharma S, Subramani S, Popa I. Does protein unfolding play a functional role in vivo? FEBS J 2020; 288:1742-1758. [PMID: 32761965 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unfolding and refolding of multidomain proteins under force have yet to be recognized as a major mechanism of function for proteins in vivo. In this review, we discuss the inherent properties of multidomain proteins under a force vector from a structural and functional perspective. We then characterize three main systems where multidomain proteins could play major roles through mechanical unfolding: muscular contraction, cellular mechanotransduction, and bacterial adhesion. We analyze how key multidomain proteins for each system can produce a gain-of-function from the perspective of a fine-tuned quantized response, a molecular battery, delivery of mechanical work through refolding, elasticity tuning, protection and exposure of cryptic sites, and binding-induced mechanical changes. Understanding how mechanical unfolding and refolding affect function will have important implications in designing mechano-active drugs against conditions such as muscular dystrophy, cancer, or novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Sharma
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Smrithika Subramani
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ionel Popa
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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14
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Hino N, Ichikawa T, Kimura Y, Matsuda M, Ueda K, Kioka N. An amphipathic helix of vinexin α is necessary for a substrate stiffness-dependent conformational change in vinculin. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.217349. [PMID: 30578314 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness regulates various cell behaviors, including cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. Vinculin and vinexin α (an isoform encoded by the SORBS3 gene), both of which localize to focal adhesions, cooperatively function as mechanosensors of ECM stiffness. On a rigid ECM, vinexin α interacts with vinculin and induces a conformational change in vinculin to give an 'open' form, which promotes nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP, also known as YAP1) and transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ, also known as WWTR1) (hereafter YAP/TAZ). However, the detailed mechanism by which vinexin α induces the conformational change in vinculin has not been revealed. Here, we identify an amphipathic helix named H2 as a novel vinculin-binding site in vinexin α. The H2 helix interacts with the vinculin D1b subdomain and promotes the formation of a talin-vinculin-vinexin α ternary complex. Mutations in the H2 region not only impair the ability of vinexin α to induce the ECM stiffness-dependent conformational change in vinculin but also to promote nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ on rigid ECM. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the H2 helix in vinexin α plays a critical role in ECM stiffness-dependent regulation of vinculin and cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kimura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kioka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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15
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Hirano Y, Amano Y, Yonemura S, Hakoshima T. The force‐sensing device region of α‐catenin is an intrinsically disordered segment in the absence of intramolecular stabilization of the autoinhibitory form. Genes Cells 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hirano
- Structural Biology Laboratory Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Yu Amano
- Electron Microscope Laboratory RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe Hyogo Japan
- Department of Bioscience Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Electron Microscope Laboratory RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe Hyogo Japan
- Department of Cell Biology Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima Tokushima Japan
- CREST, JST Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
| | - Toshio Hakoshima
- Structural Biology Laboratory Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Nara Japan
- CREST, JST Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
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16
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Seddiki R, Narayana GHNS, Strale PO, Balcioglu HE, Peyret G, Yao M, Le AP, Teck Lim C, Yan J, Ladoux B, Mège RM. Force-dependent binding of vinculin to α-catenin regulates cell-cell contact stability and collective cell behavior. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:380-388. [PMID: 29282282 PMCID: PMC6014167 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining cell biology and biomechanical analysis, we show here that the coupling between cadherin complexes and actin through tension-dependent α-catenin/vinculin association is regulating AJ stability and dynamics as well as tissue-scale mechanics. The shaping of a multicellular body and repair of adult tissues require fine-tuning of cell adhesion, cell mechanics, and intercellular transmission of mechanical load. Adherens junctions (AJs) are the major intercellular junctions by which cells sense and exert mechanical force on each other. However, how AJs adapt to mechanical stress and how this adaptation contributes to cell–cell cohesion and eventually to tissue-scale dynamics and mechanics remains largely unknown. Here, by analyzing the tension-dependent recruitment of vinculin, α-catenin, and F-actin as a function of stiffness, as well as the dynamics of GFP-tagged wild-type and mutated α-catenins, altered for their binding capability to vinculin, we demonstrate that the force-dependent binding of vinculin stabilizes α-catenin and is responsible for AJ adaptation to force. Challenging cadherin complexes mechanical coupling with magnetic tweezers, and cell–cell cohesion during collective cell movements, further highlight that tension-dependent adaptation of AJs regulates cell–cell contact dynamics and coordinated collective cell migration. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the force-dependent α-catenin/vinculin interaction, manipulated here by mutagenesis and mechanical control, is a core regulator of AJ mechanics and long-range cell–cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Seddiki
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Strale
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | | | - Grégoire Peyret
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Anh Phuong Le
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - René Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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17
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Lausecker F, Tian X, Inoue K, Wang Z, Pedigo CE, Hassan H, Liu C, Zimmer M, Jinno S, Huckle AL, Hamidi H, Ross RS, Zent R, Ballestrem C, Lennon R, Ishibe S. Vinculin is required to maintain glomerular barrier integrity. Kidney Int 2017; 93:643-655. [PMID: 29241625 PMCID: PMC5846847 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-matrix interactions and podocyte intercellular junctions are key for maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier. Vinculin, a cytoplasmic protein, couples actin filaments to integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions and to cadherin-based intercellular junctions. Here, we examined the role of vinculin in podocytes by the generation of a podocyte-specific knockout mouse. Mice lacking podocyte vinculin had increased albuminuria and foot process effacement following injury in vivo. Analysis of primary podocytes isolated from the mutant mice revealed defects in cell protrusions, altered focal adhesion size and signaling, as well as impaired cell migration. Furthermore, we found a marked mislocalization of the intercellular junction protein zonula occludens-1. In kidney sections from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease and membranous nephropathy, we observed dramatic differences in the expression levels and localization of vinculin. Thus, our results suggest that vinculin is necessary to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier by modulating podocyte foot processes and stabilizing intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kazunori Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher E Pedigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hossam Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Margaret Zimmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie Jinno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abby L Huckle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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18
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Mechanosensing in liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:153-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Bays JL, DeMali KA. Vinculin in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2999-3009. [PMID: 28401269 PMCID: PMC5501900 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin was identified as a component of focal adhesions and adherens junctions nearly 40 years ago. Since that time, remarkable progress has been made in understanding its activation, regulation and function. Here we discuss the current understanding of the roles of vinculin in cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions. Emphasis is placed on the how vinculin is recruited, activated and regulated. We also highlight the recent understanding of how vinculin responds to and transmits force at integrin- and cadherin-containing adhesion complexes to the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we discuss roles of vinculin in binding to and rearranging the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bays
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kris A DeMali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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20
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Muhamed I, Chowdhury F, Maruthamuthu V. Biophysical Tools to Study Cellular Mechanotransduction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E12. [PMID: 28952491 PMCID: PMC5590431 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is the interface that volumetrically isolates cellular components from the cell's environment. Proteins embedded within and on the membrane have varied biological functions: reception of external biochemical signals, as membrane channels, amplification and regulation of chemical signals through secondary messenger molecules, controlled exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, organized recruitment and sequestration of cytosolic complex proteins, cell division processes, organization of the cytoskeleton and more. The membrane's bioelectrical role is enabled by the physiologically controlled release and accumulation of electrochemical potential modulating molecules across the membrane through specialized ion channels (e.g., Na⁺, Ca2+, K⁺ channels). The membrane's biomechanical functions include sensing external forces and/or the rigidity of the external environment through force transmission, specific conformational changes and/or signaling through mechanoreceptors (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, integrin) embedded in the membrane. Certain mechanical stimulations through specific receptor complexes induce electrical and/or chemical impulses in cells and propagate across cells and tissues. These biomechanical sensory and biochemical responses have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Here, we discuss the tools that facilitate the understanding of mechanosensitive adhesion receptors. This article is structured to provide a broad biochemical and mechanobiology background to introduce a freshman mechano-biologist to the field of mechanotransduction, with deeper study enabled by many of the references cited herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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21
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Bertocchi C, Wang Y, Ravasio A, Hara Y, Wu Y, Sailov T, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Zaidel-Bar R, Toyama Y, Ladoux B, Mege RM, Kanchanawong P. Nanoscale architecture of cadherin-based cell adhesions. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:28-37. [PMID: 27992406 PMCID: PMC5421576 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multicellularity in animals requires dynamic maintenance of cell-cell contacts. Intercellularly ligated cadherins recruit numerous proteins to form supramolecular complexes that connect with the actin cytoskeleton and support force transmission. However, the molecular organization within such structures remains unknown. Here we mapped protein organization in cadherin-based adhesions by super-resolution microscopy, revealing a multi-compartment nanoscale architecture, with the plasma-membrane-proximal cadherin-catenin compartment segregated from the actin cytoskeletal compartment, bridged by an interface zone containing vinculin. Vinculin position is determined by α-catenin, and following activation, vinculin can extend ∼30 nm to bridge the cadherin-catenin and actin compartments, while modulating the nanoscale positions of the actin regulators zyxin and VASP. Vinculin conformational activation requires tension and tyrosine phosphorylation, regulated by Abl kinase and PTP1B phosphatase. Such modular architecture provides a structural framework for mechanical and biochemical signal integration by vinculin, which may differentially engage cadherin-catenin complexes with the actomyosin machinery to regulate cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilin Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
| | - Yao Wu
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
| | - Talgat Sailov
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
| | - Michelle A. Baird
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, 32310
| | - Michael W. Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, 32310
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, 32306
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117583
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117543
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117604
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Rene-Marc Mege
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117411
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 117583
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22
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Hu X, Jing C, Xu X, Nakazawa N, Cornish VW, Margadant FM, Sheetz MP. Cooperative Vinculin Binding to Talin Mapped by Time-Resolved Super Resolution Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4062-8. [PMID: 27210030 PMCID: PMC5367886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric focal adhesion protein talin contains up to 22 cryptic vinculin binding sites that are exposed by unfolding. Using a novel method to monitor the in situ dynamics of the talin dimer stretch, we find that in contrast to several prevalent talin dimer models the integrin-binding talin N-termini are separated by 162 ± 44 nm on average whereas as expected the C-terminal dimerization domains colocalize and are mobile. Using vinculin tagged by DHFR-TMP Atto655 label, we found that optimal vinculin and vinculin head binding occurred when talin was stretched to 180 nm, while the controls did not bind to talin. Surprisingly, multiple vinculins bound within a single second in narrowly localized regions of the talin rod during stretching. We suggest that talin stretches as an antiparallel dimer and that activates vinculin binding in a cooperative manner, consistent with the stabilization of folded talin by other binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Chaoran Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Virginia W. Cornish
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Felix M. Margadant
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Michael P. Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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23
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Maintenance of the Epithelial Barrier and Remodeling of Cell-Cell Junctions during Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1829-42. [PMID: 27345163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial integrity and barrier function must be maintained during the complex cell shape changes that occur during cytokinesis in vertebrate epithelial tissue. Here, we investigate how adherens junctions and bicellular and tricellular tight junctions are maintained and remodeled during cell division in the Xenopus laevis embryo. We find that epithelial barrier function is not disrupted during cytokinesis and is mediated by sustained tight junctions. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we demonstrate that adherens junction proteins are stabilized at the cleavage furrow by increased tension. We find that Vinculin is recruited to the adherens junction at the cleavage furrow, and that inhibiting recruitment of Vinculin by expressing a dominant-negative mutant increases the rate of furrow ingression. Furthermore, we show that cells neighboring the cleavage plane are pulled between the daughter cells, making a new interface between neighbors, and two new tricellular tight junctions flank the midbody following cytokinesis. Our data provide new insight into how epithelial integrity and barrier function are maintained throughout cytokinesis in vertebrate epithelial tissue.
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Sroka R, Van Lint J, Katz SF, Schneider MR, Kleger A, Paschke S, Seufferlein T, Eiseler T. Cortactin is a scaffolding platform for the E-cadherin adhesion complex and is regulated by protein kinase D1 phosphorylation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2416-29. [PMID: 27179075 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of cell-cell adhesion by the coordinated formation and dissolution of E-cadherin-based adherens junctions is crucial for tissue homeostasis. The actin-binding protein cortactin interacts with E-cadherin and enables F-actin accumulation at adherens junctions. Here, we were interested to study the broader functional interactions of cortactin in adhesion complexes. In line with literature, we demonstrate that cortactin binds to E-cadherin, and that a posttranslational modification of cortactin, RhoA-induced phosphorylation by protein kinase D1 (PKD1; also known as PRKD1) at S298, impairs adherens junction assembly and supports their dissolution. Two new S298-phosphorylation-dependent interactions were also identified, namely, that phosphorylation of cortactin decreases its interaction with β-catenin and the actin-binding protein vinculin. In addition, binding of vinculin to β-catenin, as well as linkage of vinculin to F-actin, are also significantly compromised upon phosphorylation of cortactin. Accordingly, we found that regulation of cell-cell adhesion by phosphorylation of cortactin downstream of RhoA and PKD1 is vitally dependent on vinculin-mediated protein interactions. Thus, cortactin, unexpectedly, is an important integration node for the dynamic regulation of protein complexes during breakdown and formation of adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sroka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N1 - Herestraat 49 bus 901, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Fee Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Department for Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
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25
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Mechano-adaptive sensory mechanism of α-catenin under tension. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24878. [PMID: 27109499 PMCID: PMC4843013 DOI: 10.1038/srep24878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile forces in individual cells drive the tissue processes, such as morphogenesis and wound healing, and maintain tissue integrity. In these processes, α-catenin molecule acts as a tension sensor at cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs), accelerating the positive feedback of intercellular tension. Under tension, α-catenin is activated to recruit vinculin, which recruits actin filaments to AJs. In this study, we revealed how α-catenin retains its activated state while avoiding unfolding under tension. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy employing atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that mechanically activated α-catenin fragment had higher mechanical stability than a non-activated fragment. The results of our experiments using mutated and segmented fragments showed that the key intramolecular interactions acted as a conformational switch. We also found that the conformation of α-catenin was reinforced by vinculin binding. We demonstrate that α-catenin adaptively changes its conformation under tension to a stable intermediate state, binds to vinculin, and finally settles into a more stable state reinforced by vinculin binding. Our data suggest that the plastic characteristics of α-catenin, revealed in response to both mechanical and biochemical cues, enable the functional-structural dynamics at the cellular and tissue levels.
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26
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Han MKL, de Rooij J. Converging and Unique Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction at Adhesion Sites. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:612-623. [PMID: 27036655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which physical forces control tissue development are beginning to be elucidated. Sites of adhesion between both cells and the extracellular environment [extracellular matrix (ECM) or neighboring cells] contain protein complexes capable of sensing fluctuations in tensile forces. Tension-dependent changes in the dynamics and composition of these complexes mark the transformation of physical input into biochemical signals that defines mechanotransduction. It is becoming apparent that, although the core constituents of these different adhesions are distinct, principles and proteins involved in mechanotransduction are conserved. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of overlapping and distinct aspects of mechanotransduction between integrin and cadherin adhesion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell K L Han
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Stratenum 3.231, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Stratenum 3.231, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kannan N, Tang VW. Synaptopodin couples epithelial contractility to α-actinin-4-dependent junction maturation. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:407-34. [PMID: 26504173 PMCID: PMC4621826 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel tension-sensitive junctional protein, synaptopodin, can relay biophysical input from cellular actomyosin contractility to induce biochemical changes at cell–cell contacts, resulting in structural reorganization of the junctional complex and epithelial barrier maturation. The epithelial junction experiences mechanical force exerted by endogenous actomyosin activities and from interactions with neighboring cells. We hypothesize that tension generated at cell–cell adhesive contacts contributes to the maturation and assembly of the junctional complex. To test our hypothesis, we used a hydraulic apparatus that can apply mechanical force to intercellular junction in a confluent monolayer of cells. We found that mechanical force induces α-actinin-4 and actin accumulation at the cell junction in a time- and tension-dependent manner during junction development. Intercellular tension also induces α-actinin-4–dependent recruitment of vinculin to the cell junction. In addition, we have identified a tension-sensitive upstream regulator of α-actinin-4 as synaptopodin. Synaptopodin forms a complex containing α-actinin-4 and β-catenin and interacts with myosin II, indicating that it can physically link adhesion molecules to the cellular contractile apparatus. Synaptopodin depletion prevents junctional accumulation of α-actinin-4, vinculin, and actin. Knockdown of synaptopodin and α-actinin-4 decreases the strength of cell–cell adhesion, reduces the monolayer permeability barrier, and compromises cellular contractility. Our findings underscore the complexity of junction development and implicate a control process via tension-induced sequential incorporation of junctional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Kannan
- Program in Global Public Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
| | - Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
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28
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Goldmann WH. Role of vinculin in cellular mechanotransduction. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:241-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H. Goldmann
- Department of Biophysics; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
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29
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Mutations in CTNNA1 cause butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy and perturbed retinal pigment epithelium integrity. Nat Genet 2015; 48:144-51. [PMID: 26691986 PMCID: PMC4787620 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy is an eye disease characterized by lesions in the macula that can resemble the wings of a butterfly. Here, we report the identification of heterozygous missense mutations in the α-catenin 1 (CTNNA1) gene in three families with butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy. In addition, we identified a Ctnna1 missense mutation in a chemically induced mouse mutant, tvrm5. Parallel clinical phenotypes were observed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of individuals with butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy and in tvrm5 mice, including pigmentary abnormalities, focal thickening and elevated lesions, and decreased light-activated responses. Morphological studies in tvrm5 mice revealed increased cell shedding and large multinucleated RPE cells, suggesting defects in intercellular adhesion and cytokinesis. This study identifies CTNNA1 gene variants as a cause of macular dystrophy, suggests that CTNNA1 is involved in maintaining RPE integrity, and suggests that other components that participate in intercellular adhesion may be implicated in macular disease.
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30
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Auernheimer V, Lautscham LA, Leidenberger M, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Fabry B, Goldmann WH. Vinculin phosphorylation at residues Y100 and Y1065 is required for cellular force transmission. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3435-43. [PMID: 26240176 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein vinculin connects the actin cytoskeleton, through talin and integrins, with the extracellular matrix. Vinculin consists of a globular head and tail domain, which undergo conformational changes from a closed auto-inhibited conformation in the cytoplasm to an open conformation in focal adhesions. Src-mediated phosphorylation has been suggested to regulate this conformational switch. To explore the role of phosphorylation in vinculin activation, we used knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts re-expressing different vinculin mutants in traction microscopy, magnetic tweezer microrheology, FRAP and actin-binding assays. Compared to cells expressing wild-type or constitutively active vinculin, we found reduced tractions, cytoskeletal stiffness, adhesion strength, and increased vinculin dynamics in cells expressing constitutively inactive vinculin or vinculin where Src-mediated phosphorylation was blocked by replacing tyrosine at position 100 and/or 1065 with a non-phosphorylatable phenylalanine residue. Replacing tyrosine residues with phospho-mimicking glutamic acid residues restored cellular tractions, stiffness and adhesion strength, as well as vinculin dynamics, and facilitated vinculin-actin binding. These data demonstrate that Src-mediated phosphorylation is necessary for vinculin activation, and that phosphorylation controls cytoskeletal mechanics by regulating force transmission between the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Auernheimer
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena A Lautscham
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Dumbauld DW, García AJ. A helping hand: How vinculin contributes to cell-matrix and cell-cell force transfer. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:550-7. [PMID: 25482640 DOI: 10.4161/cam.29139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin helps cells regulate and respond to mechanical forces. It is a scaffolding protein that tightly regulates its interactions with potential binding partners within adhesive structures-including focal adhesions that link the cell to the extracellular matrix and adherens junctions that link cells to each other-that physically connect the force-generating actin cytoskeleton (CSK) with the extracellular environment. This tight control of binding partner interaction-mediated by vinculin's autoinhibitory head-tail interaction-allows vinculin to rapidly interact and detach in response to changes in the dynamic forces applied through the cell. In doing so, vinculin modulates the structural composition of focal adhesions and the cell's ability to generate traction forces and adhesion strength. Recent evidence suggests that vinculin plays a similar role in regulating the fate and function of cell-cell junctions, further underscoring the importance of this protein. Using our lab's recent work as a starting point, this commentary explores several outstanding questions regarding the nature of vinculin activation and its function within focal adhesions and adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dumbauld
- a Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology ; Atlanta , GA USA
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32
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Li J, Newhall J, Ishiyama N, Gottardi C, Ikura M, Leckband DE, Tajkhorshid E. Structural Determinants of the Mechanical Stability of α-Catenin. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18890-903. [PMID: 26070562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Catenin plays a crucial role in cadherin-mediated adhesion by binding to β-catenin, F-actin, and vinculin, and its dysfunction is linked to a variety of cancers and developmental disorders. As a mechanotransducer in the cadherin complex at intercellular adhesions, mechanical and force-sensing properties of α-catenin are critical to its proper function. Biochemical data suggest that α-catenin adopts an autoinhibitory conformation, in the absence of junctional tension, and biophysical studies have shown that α-catenin is activated in a tension-dependent manner that in turn results in the recruitment of vinculin to strengthen the cadherin complex/F-actin linkage. However, the molecular switch mechanism from autoinhibited to the activated state remains unknown for α-catenin. Here, based on the results of an aggregate of 3 μs of molecular dynamics simulations, we have identified a dynamic salt-bridge network within the core M region of α-catenin that may be the structural determinant of the stability of the autoinhibitory conformation. According to our constant-force steered molecular dynamics simulations, the reorientation of the MII/MIII subdomains under force may constitute an initial step along the transition pathway. The simulations also suggest that the vinculin-binding domain (subdomain MI) is intrinsically much less stable than the other two subdomains in the M region (MII and MIII). Our findings reveal several key insights toward a complete understanding of the multistaged, force-induced conformational transition of α-catenin to the activated conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and
| | - Jillian Newhall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Cara Gottardi
- the Department of Acute Pulmonary Care, Feinberg College of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, and
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and
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33
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Abu Taha A, Schnittler HJ. Dynamics between actin and the VE-cadherin/catenin complex: novel aspects of the ARP2/3 complex in regulation of endothelial junctions. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:125-35. [PMID: 24621569 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial adherens junctions are critical for physiological and pathological processes such as differentiation, maintenance of entire monolayer integrity, and the remodeling. The endothelial-specific VE-cadherin/catenin complex provides the backbone of adherens junctions and acts in close interaction with actin filaments and actin/myosin-mediated contractility to fulfill the junction demands. The functional connection between the cadherin/catenin complex and actin filaments might be either directly through ?-catenins, or indirectly e.g., via linker proteins such as vinculin, p120ctn, ?-actinin, or EPLIN. However, both junction integrity and dynamic remodeling have to be contemporarily coordinated. The actin-related protein complex ARP2/3 and its activating molecules, such as N-WASP and WAVE, have been shown to regulate the lammellipodia-mediated formation of cell junctions in both epithelium and endothelium. Recent reports now demonstrate a novel aspect of the ARP2/3 complex and the nucleating-promoting factors in the maintenance of endothelial barrier function and junction remodeling of established endothelial cell junctions. Those mechanisms open novel possibilities; not only in fulfilling physiological demands but obtained information may be of critical importance in pathologies such as wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Abu Taha
- Institute of Anatomy & Vascular Biology; WWU-Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4; Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-J Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy & Vascular Biology; WWU-Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4; Münster, Germany
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34
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Kim TJ, Zheng S, Sun J, Muhamed I, Wu J, Lei L, Kong X, Leckband DE, Wang Y. Dynamic visualization of α-catenin reveals rapid, reversible conformation switching between tension states. Curr Biol 2015; 25:218-224. [PMID: 25544608 PMCID: PMC4302114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic protein α-catenin is a postulated force transducer at cadherin complexes. The demonstration of force activation, identification of consequent downstream events in live cells, and development of tools to study these dynamic processes in living cells are central to elucidating the role of α-catenin in cellular mechanics and tissue function. Here we demonstrate that α-catenin is a force-activatable mechanotransducer at cell-cell junctions by using an engineered α-catenin conformation sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). This sensor reconstitutes α-catenin-dependent functions in α-catenin-depleted cells and recapitulates the behavior of the endogenous protein. Dynamic imaging of cells expressing the sensor demonstrated that α-catenin undergoes immediate, reversible conformation switching in direct response to different mechanical perturbations of cadherin adhesions. Combined magnetic twisting cytometry with dynamic FRET imaging revealed rapid, local conformation switching upon the mechanical stimulation of specific cadherin bonds. At acutely stretched cell-cell junctions, the immediate, reversible conformation change further reveals that α-catenin behaves like an elastic spring in series with cadherin and actin. The force-dependent recruitment of vinculin—a principal α-catenin effector—to junctions requires the vinculin binding site of the α-catenin sensor. In cells, the relative rates of force-dependent α-catenin conformation switching and vinculin recruitment reveal that α-catenin activation and vinculin recruitment occur sequentially, rather than in a concerted process, with vinculin accumulation being significantly slower. This engineered α-catenin sensor revealed that α-catenin is a reversible, stretch-activatable sensor that mechanically links cadherin complexes and actin and is an indispensable player in cadherin-specific mechanotransduction at intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ismaeel Muhamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Cadherin cytoplasmic domains inhibit the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin, blocking desmosome and tight junction formation and inducing cell dissociation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105313. [PMID: 25121615 PMCID: PMC4133371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of E-cadherin function has fundamental consequences with respect to cancer progression, and occurs as part of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we show that the expression of the Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-tagged cadherin cytoplasmic domain in cells inhibited the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin, leading to morphological changes, the inhibition of junctional assembly and cell dissociation. These changes were associated with increased cell migration, but were not accompanied by the down-regulation of epithelial markers and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers. Thus, these changes cannot be classified as EMT. The cadherin cytoplasmic domain interacted with β-catenin or plakoglobin, reducing the levels of β-catenin or plakoglobin associated with E-cadherin, and raising the possibility that β-catenin and plakoglobin sequestration by these constructs induced E-cadherin intracellular localization. Accordingly, a cytoplasmic domain construct bearing mutations that weakened the interactions with β-catenin or plakoglobin did not impair junction formation and adhesion, indicating that the interaction with β-catenin or plakoglobin was essential to the potential of the constructs. E-cadherin–α-catenin chimeras that did not require β-catenin or plakoglobin for their cell surface transport restored cell–cell adhesion and junction formation.
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36
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Yao M, Qiu W, Liu R, Efremov AK, Cong P, Seddiki R, Payre M, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Mège RM, Yan J. Force-dependent conformational switch of α-catenin controls vinculin binding. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4525. [PMID: 25077739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Force sensing at cadherin-mediated adhesions is critical for their proper function. α-Catenin, which links cadherins to actomyosin, has a crucial role in this mechanosensing process. It has been hypothesized that force promotes vinculin binding, although this has never been demonstrated. X-ray structure further suggests that α-catenin adopts a stable auto-inhibitory conformation that makes the vinculin-binding site inaccessible. Here, by stretching single α-catenin molecules using magnetic tweezers, we show that the subdomains MI vinculin-binding domain (VBD) to MIII unfold in three characteristic steps: a reversible step at ~5 pN and two non-equilibrium steps at 10-15 pN. 5 pN unfolding forces trigger vinculin binding to the MI domain in a 1:1 ratio with nanomolar affinity, preventing MI domain refolding after force is released. Our findings demonstrate that physiologically relevant forces reversibly unfurl α-catenin, activating vinculin binding, which then stabilizes α-catenin in its open conformation, transforming force into a sustainable biochemical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Yao
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2]
| | - Wu Qiu
- 1] Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China [3]
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- 1] Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Artem K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Peiwen Cong
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rima Seddiki
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Manon Payre
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jie Yan
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China [3] Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [4] Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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Gulino-Debrac D. Mechanotransduction at the basis of endothelial barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24180. [PMID: 24665386 PMCID: PMC3879236 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Destabilization of cell-cell contacts involved in the maintenance of endothelial barrier function can lead to increased endothelial permeability. This increase in endothelial permeability results in an anarchical movement of fluid, solutes and cells outside the vasculature and into the surrounding tissues, thereby contributing to various diseases such as stroke or pulmonary edema. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial cell junction integrity is required for developing new therapies for these diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanotransduction mechanism at the basis of adherens junction strengthening at endothelial cell-cell contacts. More particularly, we report on the emerging role of α-catenin and EPLIN that act as a mechanotransmitter of myosin-IIgenerated traction forces. The interplay between α-catenin, EPLIN and the myosin-II machinery initiates the junctional recruitment of vinculin and α-actinin leading to a drastic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and to cortical actin ring reshaping. The pathways initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin at the basis of endothelial cell-cell junction remodeling is also reported, as it may be interrelated to α-catenin/ EPLIN-mediated mechanotransduction mechanisms. We also describe the junctional mechanosensory complex composed of PECAM-1, VE-cadherin and VEGFR2 that is able to transmit signaling pathway under the onset of shear stress. This mechanosensing mechanism, involved in the earliest events promoting atherogenesis, is required for endothelial cell alignment along flow direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gulino-Debrac
- Biology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory; U INSERM 1036, iRTSV; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA); Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble, France
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Hagiwara M, Kokubu E, Sugiura S, Komatsu T, Tada H, Isoda R, Tanigawa N, Kato Y, Ishida N, Kobayashi K, Nakashima M, Ishihara K, Matsushita K. Vinculin and Rab5 complex is required [correction of requited]for uptake of Staphylococcus aureus and interleukin-6 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87373. [PMID: 24466349 PMCID: PMC3900708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinculin, a 116-kDa membrane cytoskeletal protein, is an important molecule for cell adhesion; however, little is known about its other cellular functions. Here, we demonstrated that vinculin binds to Rab5 and is required for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) uptake in cells. Viunculin directly bound to Rab5 and enhanced the activation of S. aureus uptake. Over-expression of active vinculin mutants enhanced S. aureus uptake, whereas over-expression of an inactive vinculin mutant decreased S. aureus uptake. Vinculin bound to Rab5 at the N-terminal region (1-258) of vinculin. Vinculin and Rab5 were involved in the S. aureus-induced phosphorylation of MAP kinases (p38, Erk, and JNK) and IL-6 expression. Finally, vinculin and Rab5 knockdown reduced infection of S. aureus, phosphorylation of MAPKs and IL-6 expression in murine lungs. Our results suggest that vinculin binds to Rab5 and that these two molecules cooperatively enhance bacterial infection and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hagiwara
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sugiura
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshinori Komatsu
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Isoda
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanigawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kato
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ishida
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Misako Nakashima
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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39
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Jahed Z, Shams H, Mehrbod M, Mofrad MRK. Mechanotransduction pathways linking the extracellular matrix to the nucleus. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:171-220. [PMID: 24725427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells contain several mechanosensing components that transduce mechanical signals into biochemical cascades. During cell-ECM adhesion, a complex network of molecules mechanically couples the extracellular matrix (ECM), cytoskeleton, and nucleoskeleton. The network comprises transmembrane receptor proteins and focal adhesions, which link the ECM and cytoskeleton. Additionally, recently identified protein complexes extend this linkage to the nucleus by linking the cytoskeleton and the nucleoskeleton. Despite numerous studies in this field, due to the complexity of this network, our knowledge of the mechanisms of cell-ECM adhesion at the molecular level remains remarkably incomplete. Herein, we present a review of the structures of key molecules involved in cell-ECM adhesion, along with an evaluation of their predicted roles in mechanical sensing. Additionally, specific binding events prompted by force-induced conformational changes of each molecule are discussed. Finally, we propose a model for the biomechanical events prominent in cell-ECM adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Jahed
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hengameh Shams
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mehrdad Mehrbod
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
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40
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The effects of artificial E-cadherin matrix-induced embryonic stem cell scattering on paxillin and RhoA activation via α-catenin. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1797-806. [PMID: 24321709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have been shown to affect stem cell behavior in a large array of ways. However, our understanding of how these mechanical cues may regulate the behavior of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) remains in its infancy. Here, we aim to clarify the effect of cell scattering on the regulation of Rho family GTPases Rac1 and RhoA as well as paxillin. Allowing ESCs to spread and scatter on a synthetically designed E-cadherin substratum causes phosphorylation of paxillin on consensus phosphorylation sites leading to activation of Rac1 and inactivation of RhoA. By culturing cells in presence of RhoA activator or growing cells to a highly confluent state reverses the effect of cell scattering phenotype. Knockdown of E-cadherin-adapter protein α-catenin revealed that it negatively affects paxillin phosphorylation and up-regulates RhoA activity in compact cellular aggregates. Collectively these results indicate that cell scattering might cause a conformational change of α-catenin limiting its capacity to inhibit paxillin phosphorylation that causes an increase in Rac1 activation and RhoA deactivation. Understanding how synthetically designed extracellular matrix affect ESC signaling through mechanical cues brings a new aspect for stem cell engineers to develop technologies for controlling cell function.
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41
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Leerberg JM, Yap AS. Vinculin, cadherin mechanotransduction and homeostasis of cell-cell junctions. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:817-829. [PMID: 23274283 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion junctions characteristically arise from the cooperative integration of adhesion receptors, cell signalling pathways and the cytoskeleton. This is exemplified by cell-cell interactions mediated by classical cadherin adhesion receptors. These junctions are sites where cadherin adhesion systems functionally couple to the dynamic actin cytoskeleton, a process that entails physical interactions with many actin regulators and regulation by cell signalling pathways. Such integration implies a potential role for molecules that may stand at the interface between adhesion, signalling and the cytoskeleton. One such candidate is the cortical scaffolding protein, vinculin, which is a component of both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. While its contribution to integrin-based adhesions has been extensively studied, less is known about how vinculin contributes to cell-cell adhesions. A major recent advance has come with the realisation that cadherin adhesions are active mechanical structures, where cadherin serves as part of a mechanotransduction pathway by which junctions sense and elicit cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. Vinculin has emerged as an important element in cadherin mechanotransduction, a perspective that illuminates its role in cell-cell interactions. We now review its role as a cortical scaffold and its role in cadherin mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Leerberg
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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42
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Maiers JL, Peng X, Fanning AS, DeMali KA. ZO-1 recruitment to α-catenin--a novel mechanism for coupling the assembly of tight junctions to adherens junctions. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3904-15. [PMID: 23813953 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.126565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a barrier between epithelial cells is a fundamental determinant of cellular homeostasis, protecting underlying cells against pathogens, dehydration and damage. Assembly of the tight junction barrier is dependent upon neighboring epithelial cells binding to one another and forming adherens junctions, but the mechanism for how these processes are linked is poorly understood. Using a knockdown and substitution system, we studied whether ZO-1 binding to α-catenin is required for coupling tight junction assembly to the formation of adherens junctions. We found that preventing ZO-1 binding to α-catenin did not appear to affect adherens junctions. Rather the assembly and maintenance of the epithelial barrier were disrupted. This disruption was accompanied by alterations in the mobility of ZO-1 and the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, our study identifies α-catenin binding to ZO-1 as a new mechanism for coupling the assembly of the epithelial barrier to cell-to-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Maiers
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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43
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Dufour S, Mège RM, Thiery JP. α-catenin, vinculin, and F-actin in strengthening E-cadherin cell-cell adhesions and mechanosensing. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:345-50. [PMID: 23739176 PMCID: PMC3739810 DOI: 10.4161/cam.25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins play a crucial role in establishing intercellular adhesion, regulating cortical tension, and maintaining mechanical coupling between cells. The mechanosensitive regulation of intercellular adhesion strengthening depends on the recruitment of adhesion complexes at adhesion sites and their anchoring to the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, the molecular mechanisms coupling cadherin-associated complexes to the actin cytoskeleton are actively being studied, with a particular focus on α-catenin and vinculin. We have recently addressed the role of these proteins by analyzing the consequences of their depletion and the expression of α-catenin mutants in the formation and strengthening of cadherin-mediated adhesions. We have used the dual pipette assay to measure the forces required to separate cell doublets formed in suspension. In this commentary, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the role of α-catenin and vinculin in cadherin-actin cytoskeletal interactions. These data shed light on the tension-dependent contribution of α-catenin and vinculin in a mechanoresponsive complex that promotes the connection between cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton and their requirement in the development of adhesion strengthening.
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44
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Abstract
Focal adhesions mediate force transfer between ECM-integrin complexes and the cytoskeleton. Although vinculin has been implicated in force transmission, few direct measurements have been made, and there is little mechanistic insight. Using vinculin-null cells expressing vinculin mutants, we demonstrate that vinculin is not required for transmission of adhesive and traction forces but is necessary for myosin contractility-dependent adhesion strength and traction force and for the coupling of cell area and traction force. Adhesion strength and traction forces depend differentially on vinculin head (V(H)) and tail domains. V(H) enhances adhesion strength by increasing ECM-bound integrin-talin complexes, independently from interactions with vinculin tail ligands and contractility. A full-length, autoinhibition-deficient mutant (T12) increases adhesion strength compared with VH, implying roles for both vinculin activation and the actin-binding tail. In contrast to adhesion strength, vinculin-dependent traction forces absolutely require a full-length and activated molecule; V(H) has no effect. Physical linkage of the head and tail domains is required for maximal force responses. Residence times of vinculin in focal adhesions, but not T12 or V(H), correlate with applied force, supporting a mechanosensitive model for vinculin activation in which forces stabilize vinculin's active conformation to promote force transfer.
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45
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Huveneers S, de Rooij J. Mechanosensitive systems at the cadherin-F-actin interface. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:403-13. [PMID: 23524998 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells integrate biochemical and mechanical information to function within multicellular tissue. Within developing and remodeling tissues, mechanical forces contain instructive information that governs important cellular processes that include stem cell maintenance, differentiation and growth. Although the principles of signal transduction (protein phosphorylation, allosteric regulation of enzymatic activity and binding sites) are the same for biochemical and mechanical-induced signaling, the first step of mechanosensing, in which protein complexes under tension transduce changes in physical force into cellular signaling, is very different, and the molecular mechanisms are only beginning to be elucidated. In this Commentary, we focus on mechanotransduction at cell-cell junctions, aiming to comprehend the molecular mechanisms involved. We describe how different junction structures are associated with the actomyosin cytoskeleton and how this relates to the magnitude and direction of forces at cell-cell junctions. We discuss which cell-cell adhesion receptors have been shown to take part in mechanotransduction. Then we outline the force-induced molecular events that might occur within a key mechanosensitive system at cell-cell junctions; the cadherin-F-actin interface, at which α-catenin and vinculin form a central module. Mechanotransduction at cell-cell junctions emerges as an important signaling mechanism, and we present examples of its potential relevance for tissue development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Huveneers
- Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Rangarajan ES, Izard T. Dimer asymmetry defines α-catenin interactions. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:188-93. [PMID: 23292143 PMCID: PMC3805043 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The F-actin binding cytoskeletal protein α-catenin interacts with
β-catenin-cadherin complexes and stabilizes cell-cell junctions. The
β-catenin–α-catenin complex cannot bind to F-actin,
whereas interactions of α-catenin with the cytoskeletal protein vinculin
appear necessary to stabilize adherens junctions. Here we report the crystal
structure of nearly full-length human α-catenin at 3.7 Å
resolution. α-Catenin forms an asymmetric dimer, where the four-helix
bundle domains of each subunit engage in distinct intermolecular interactions.
This results in a left handshake-like dimer, where the two subunits have
remarkably different conformations. The crystal structure explains why dimeric
α-catenin has a higher affinity for F-actin than monomeric
α-catenin, why the β-catenin–α-catenin complex
does not bind to F-actin, how activated vinculin links the cadherin-catenin
complex to the cytoskeleton, and why α-catenin but not inactive vinculin
can bind to F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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47
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Hansen MDH, Kwiatkowski AV. Control of actin dynamics by allosteric regulation of actin binding proteins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:1-25. [PMID: 23445807 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The regulated assembly and organization of actin filaments allows the cell to construct a large diversity of actin-based structures specifically suited to a range of cellular processes. A vast array of actin regulatory proteins must work in concert to form specific actin networks within cells, and spatial and temporal requirements for actin assembly necessitate rapid regulation of protein activity. This chapter explores a common mechanism of controlling the activity of actin binding proteins: allosteric autoinhibition by interdomain head-tail interactions. Intramolecular interactions maintain these proteins in a closed conformation that masks protein domains needed to regulate actin dynamics. Autoinhibition is typically relieved by two or more ligand binding and/or posttranslational modification events that expose key protein domains. Regulation through multiple inputs permits precise temporal and spatial control of protein activity to guide actin network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D H Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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48
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Küppers V, Vestweber D, Schulte D. Locking endothelial junctions blocks leukocyte extravasation, but not in all tissues. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e23805. [PMID: 24665379 PMCID: PMC3879176 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The passage of leukocytes across the blood vessel wall is a fundamental event in the inflammatory response. During the last decades, there has been significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in leukocyte transmigration. However, it is still a matter of debate whether leukocytes migrate paracellularly or transcellularly through an endothelial cell layer. We could recently show that a VE-cadherin-α-catenin fusion protein locks endothelial junctions in the skin and strongly reduces leukocyte diapedesis in lung, skin and cremaster, establishing the paracellular route as the major transmigration pathway in these tissues. However, the homing of naïve lymphocytes into lymph nodes and extravasation of neutrophils in the inflamed peritoneum were not affected by VE-cadherin-α-catenin. This unexpected heterogeneity of the diapedesis process in different tissues as well as the complexity and dynamics of the cadherin-catenin complex in regulating endothelial junctions will be discussed.
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Maiden SL, Harrison N, Keegan J, Cain B, Lynch AM, Pettitt J, Hardin J. Specific conserved C-terminal amino acids of Caenorhabditis elegans HMP-1/α-catenin modulate F-actin binding independently of vinculin. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5694-706. [PMID: 23271732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.438093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable intercellular adhesions formed through the cadherin-catenin complex are important determinants of proper tissue architecture and help maintain tissue integrity during morphogenetic movements in developing embryos. A key regulator of this stability is α-catenin, which connects the cadherin-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton. Although the C-terminal F-actin-binding domain of α-catenin has been shown to be crucial for its function, a more detailed in vivo analysis of discrete regions and residues required for actin binding has not been performed. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we have characterized mutations in hmp-1/α-catenin that identify HMP-1 residues 687-742 and 826-927, as well as amino acid 802, as critical to the localization of junctional proximal actin during epidermal morphogenesis. We also find that the S823F transition in a hypomorphic allele, hmp-1(fe4), decreases actin binding in vitro. Using hmp-1(fe4) animals in a mutagenesis screen, we were then able to identify 11 intragenic suppressors of hmp-1(fe4) that revert actin binding to wild-type levels. Using homology modeling, we show that these amino acids are positioned at key conserved sites within predicted α-helices in the C terminus. Through the use of transgenic animals, we also demonstrate that HMP-1 residues 315-494, which correspond to a putative mechanotransduction domain that binds vinculin in vertebrate αE-catenin, are not required during epidermal morphogenesis but may aid efficient recruitment of HMP-1 to the junction. Our studies are the first to identify key conserved amino acids in the C terminus of α-catenin that modulate F-actin binding in living embryos of a simple metazoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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50
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Farkash-Amar S, Eden E, Cohen A, Geva-Zatorsky N, Cohen L, Milo R, Sigal A, Danon T, Alon U. Dynamic proteomics of human protein level and localization across the cell cycle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48722. [PMID: 23144944 PMCID: PMC3492413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of proteins across the cell cycle is a basic process in cell biology. It has been difficult to study this globally in human cells due to lack of methods to accurately follow protein levels and localizations over time. Estimates based on global mRNA measurements suggest that only a few percent of human genes have cell-cycle dependent mRNA levels. Here, we used dynamic proteomics to study the cell-cycle dependence of proteins. We used 495 clones of a human cell line, each with a different protein tagged fluorescently at its endogenous locus. Protein level and localization was quantified in individual cells over 24h of growth using time-lapse microscopy. Instead of standard chemical or mechanical methods for cell synchronization, we employed in-silico synchronization to place protein levels and localization on a time axis between two cell divisions. This non-perturbative synchronization approach, together with the high accuracy of the measurements, allowed a sensitive assay of cell-cycle dependence. We further developed a computational approach that uses texture features to evaluate changes in protein localizations. We find that 40% of the proteins showed cell cycle dependence, of which 11% showed changes in protein level and 35% in localization. This suggests that a broader range of cell-cycle dependent proteins exists in human cells than was previously appreciated. Most of the cell-cycle dependent proteins exhibit changes in cellular localization. Such changes can be a useful tool in the regulation of the cell-cycle being fast and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Farkash-Amar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Eden
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Cohen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lydia Cohen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alex Sigal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Danon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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