1
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Bruque MG, Rodger A, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Aucamp J, Dafforn TR, Thomas ORT. Analysis of the Structure of 14 Therapeutic Antibodies Using Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39255385 PMCID: PMC11428090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of the manufacturing environment on therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) structures requires new process analytical technology. Here, we describe the creation of a new reference set for the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of mAbs. Data sets of the highest quality were collected by synchrotron radiation CD for 14 different mAbs in both native and acid-stressed states. Deconvolution of far-UV spectra for the mAb cohort identified two current reference sets (SP175 and SMP180) as assigning accurate secondary structures, irrespective of the analysis program employed. Scrutiny of spectra revealed significant variation in the far-UV and especially near-UV CD of the 14 mAbs. Two spectral features were found to be sensitive to changes in solution pH, i.e., the far-UV positive peak at 201-202 nm and the near-UV negative exciton couplet around 230-240 nm. The latter feature offers attractive possibilities for in-line CD-based monitoring of the mAb structure during manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Bruque
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Alison Rodger
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | | | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Tim R Dafforn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Owen R T Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
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2
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Watanabe H, Hayashida N, Sato M, Honda S. Biosensing-based quality control monitoring of the higher-order structures of therapeutic antibody domains. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1303:342439. [PMID: 38609254 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Advanced biopharmaceutical manufacturing requires novel process analytical technologies for the rapid and sensitive assessment of the higher-order structures of therapeutic proteins. However, conventional physicochemical analyses of denatured proteins have limitations in terms of sensitivity, throughput, analytical resolution, and real-time monitoring capacity. Although probe-based sensing can overcome these limitations, typical non-specific probes lack analytical resolution and provide little to no information regarding which parts of the protein structure have been collapsed. To meet these analytical demands, we generated biosensing probes derived from artificial proteins that could specifically recognize the higher-order structural changes in antibodies at the protein domain level. Biopanning of phage-displayed protein libraries generated artificial proteins that bound to a denatured antibody domain, but not its natively folded structure, with nanomolar affinity. The protein probes not only recognized the higher-order structural changes in intact IgGs but also distinguished between the denatured antibody domains. These domain-specific probes were used to generate response contour plots to visualize the antibody denaturation caused by various process parameters, such as pH, temperature, and holding time for acid elution and virus inactivation. These protein probes can be combined with established analytical techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance for real-time monitoring or plate-based assays for high-throughput analysis, to aid in the development of new analytical technologies for the process optimization and monitoring of antibody manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Watanabe
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Naoko Hayashida
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Megumi Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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3
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Oyama K, Nakakido M, Ohkuri T, Nakamura H, Tsumoto K, Ueda T. Enhancing thermal stability in the CH 2 domain to suppress aggregation through the introduction of simultaneous disulfide bonds in Pichia pastoris. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4831. [PMID: 37924310 PMCID: PMC10680342 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregations decrease production yields and impair the efficacy of therapeutics. The CH2 domain is a crucial part of the constant region of human IgG. But, it is also the least stable domain in IgG, which can result in antibody instability and aggregation problems. We created a novel mutant of the CH2 domain (T250C/L314C, mut10) by introducing a disulfide bond and expressed it using Pichia pastoris. The mut10 variant exhibited enhanced thermal stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, and reduced aggregation in comparison to the original CH2 domain. However, it was less stable than mut20 (L242C/K334C), which is the variant prepared in a previous study (Gong et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2009). A more advanced mutant, mut25, was created by combining mut10 and mut20. Mut25 artificially contains two disulfide bonds. The new mutant, mut25, showed enhanced thermal stability, increased resistance to enzymatic digestion, and reduced aggregation in comparison to mut20. According to our knowledge, mut25 achieves an unprecedented level of stability among the humanized whole CH2 domains that have been reported so far. Mut25 has the potential to serve as a new platform for antibody therapeutics due to its ability to reduce immunogenicity by decreasing aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSojo UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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4
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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5
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Zhang W, Joshi C, Smith C, Ujas TA, Rivas JR, Cowell L, Christley S, Stowe AM, Monson NL. Neuronal binding by antibodies can be influenced by low pH stress during the isolation procedure. J Immunol Methods 2023; 521:113535. [PMID: 37558123 PMCID: PMC11249026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Low pH stress and its influence on antibody binding is a common consideration among chemists, but is only recently emerging as a consideration in Immunological studies. Antibody characterizations in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) has revealed that antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Multiple Sclerosis bind to myelin-related and non-myelin antigen targets. Many laboratories have used molecular biology techniques to generate recombinant human antibodies (rhAbs) expressed by individual B cells from healthy donors and patients with systemic autoimmune disease to identify antigen targets. This approach has been adapted within the Neuroimmunology research community to investigate antigen targets of individual B cells in the CSF of MS patients. Our laboratory determines which antibodies to clone based on their immunogenetics and this method enriches for cloning of rhAbs that bind to neurons. However, newer technologies to assist in purification of these rhAbs from culture supernatants use an acidic elution buffer which may enhance low pH stress on the antibody structure. Our laboratory routinely uses a basic elution buffer to purify rhAbs from culture supernatants to avoid low pH stress to the antibody structure. Our goal was to investigate whether acidic elution of our rhAbs using Next Generation Chromatography would impact the rhAbs' ability to bind neurons. The limited data presented here for two neuron-binding rhAbs tested indicated that acidic elution buffers used during rhAb purification impacted the ability of rhAbs with low CDR3 charge to maintain binding to neuronal targets. Reproducibility in a larger panel of rhAbs and factors underlying these observations remain untested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Chad Smith
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Ujas
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline R Rivas
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Cowell
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Scott Christley
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
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6
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Wu Q, Cao C, Wei S, He H, Chen K, Su L, Liu Q, Li S, Lai Y, Li J. Decreasing hydrophobicity or shielding hydrophobic areas of CH2 attenuates low pH-induced IgG4 aggregation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1257665. [PMID: 37711444 PMCID: PMC10497874 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1257665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a major challenge in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Several stressors can cause protein aggregation, including temperature shifts, mechanical forces, freezing-thawing cycles, oxidants, reductants, and extreme pH. When antibodies are exposed to low pH conditions, aggregation increases dramatically. However, low pH treatment is widely used in protein A affinity chromatography and low pH viral inactivation procedures. In the development of an IgG4 subclass antibody, mAb1-IgG4 showed a strong tendency to aggregate when temporarily exposed to low pH conditions. Our findings showed that the aggregation of mAb1-IgG4 under low pH conditions is determined by the stability of the Fc. The CH2 domain is the least stable domain in mAb1-IgG4. The L309E, Q311D, and Q311E mutations in the CH2 domain significantly reduced the aggregation propensity, which could be attributed to a reduction in the hydrophobicity of the CH2 domain. Protein stabilizers, such as sucrose and mannose, could also attenuate low pH-induced mAb1-IgG4 aggregation by shielding hydrophobic areas and increasing protein stability. Our findings provide valuable strategies for managing the aggregation of protein therapeutics with a human IgG4 backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunlai Cao
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- The United Biotechnology (Zhuhai Hengqin) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Suzhen Wei
- The United Biotechnology (Zhuhai Hengqin) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua He
- The United Biotechnology (Zhuhai Hengqin) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Kangyue Chen
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Su
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiulian Liu
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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7
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Kates PA, Cook JN, Ghan R, Nguyen HJ, Sitasuwan P, Lee LA. Incorporation of automated buffer exchange empowers high-throughput protein and plasmid purification for downstream uses. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:243-250. [PMID: 36736961 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The continued acceleration of time-to-market product development and rising demand for biotherapeutics have hastened the need for higher throughput within the biopharmaceutical industry. Automated liquid handlers (ALH) are increasingly popular due to flexible programming that enables processing of multiple samples with an array of functions. This flexibility is useful in streamlining research that requires chromatographic procedures to achieve product purity for downstream analysis. However, purification of biologics often requires additional off-deck buffer exchange steps due to undesirable elution conditions such as high acid or high salt content. Expanding the capability of ALHs to perform purification in sequence with buffer exchange would, therefore, increase workflow efficiency by eliminating the need for manual intervention, thus expediting sample preparation. Here we demonstrate two different automated purifications using pipet-based dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE). The first is an affinity purification of His-tagged proteins from bacterial lysate. The second is an anion-exchange purification of plasmid DNA. Both methods are followed by buffer exchange performed by an ALH. Percent recoveries for the three purified recombinant proteins ranged from 51 ± 1.2 to 86 ± 10%. The yields were inversely correlated to starting sample load and protein molecular weight. Yields for plasmid purification ranged between 11.4 ± 0.8 and 13.7 ± 0.9 µg, with the largest plasmid providing the highest yield. Both programs were rapid, with protein purification taking <80 min and plasmid purification <60 min. Our results demonstrate that high-quality, ready-to-use biologics can be obtained rapidly from a crude sample after two separate chromatographic processes without manual intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Kates
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc., 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC 29063, United States
| | - Jordan N Cook
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc., 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC 29063, United States
| | - Ryan Ghan
- Hamilton Company, Inc., Reno, NV, United States
| | - Huey J Nguyen
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc., 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC 29063, United States
| | - Pongkwan Sitasuwan
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc., 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC 29063, United States
| | - L Andrew Lee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc., 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC 29063, United States.
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8
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Doltade S, Saldanha M, Patil V, Dandekar P, Jain R. Statistically-aided development of protein A affinity chromatography for enhancing recovery and controlling quality of a monoclonal antibody. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123829. [PMID: 37478555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein A chromatography is widely used for isolation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from cell culture components. In this study, the effect of different process parameters of the Protein A purification namely, binding pH, elution pH, flow rate, neutralization pH and tween concentration, on the concentration and quality of the purified mAb were evaluated. Using design of experiments approach, the critical process parameters of protein A chromatography were identified and experimentally optimized. Their impact on quality attributes, such as size variants and charge variants, of the mAb was studied. Multivariate data analysis was subsequently performed using multiple linear regression and partial least squares regression methods. It was observed that the elution pH primarily governed the concentration of the purified mAb and the content of monomers and aggregates, while the tween concentration primarily influenced the main peak of the charge variants. This is the first study that evaluates the impact of tween concentration in buffers on the protein A chromatography purification step. These studies helped in identifying the design space and defining the target robust and optimal setpoints of the responses, which were subsequently verified experimentally. These setpoints not only passed the target criteria but also resulted in the highest recoveries during the investigation. Through this statistically-aided approach, an optimized and robust protein A chromatography process was rationally developed for purification of mAbs, while achieving the desired product quality. This study highlights the influence of multiple parameters of the protein A purification process on critical quality attributes of mAbs, such as the size and charge variants, which has been a very scarcely explored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikant Doltade
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Marianne Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vaibhav Patil
- Sartorius Stedim India Private Limited, No. 69/2 & 69/3, Jakkasandra, Nelamangala, Bangalore 562123, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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9
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Shukla PK, Radmall KS, Chandrasekharan MB. Rapid purification of rabbit immunoglobulins using a single-step, negative-selection chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 207:106270. [PMID: 37059371 PMCID: PMC10159992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Custom polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits are routinely used in immunoblotting and other protein analysis techniques. Custom rabbit polyclonal antisera are generally purified using immunoaffinity or Protein A-affinity chromatography; however, these methods require harsh elution conditions that can compromise the antigen binding efficacy. We evaluated the utility of Melon™ Gel chromatography for purification of IgG from crude rabbit serum. We show that Melon Gel-purified rabbit IgGs are active and perform well in immunoblotting. In summary, the Melon Gel method is a rapid, one-step, negative-selection approach that can be employed in either preparative or small-scale format to purify IgG from crude rabbit serum without the need for denaturing eluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash K Shukla
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kaitlin S Radmall
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mahesh B Chandrasekharan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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10
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Imamura H, Ooishi A, Honda S. Getting Smaller by Denaturation: Acid-Induced Compaction of Antibodies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3898-3906. [PMID: 37093025 PMCID: PMC10150727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein denaturation is a ubiquitous process that occurs both in vitro and in vivo. While our molecular understanding of the denatured structures of proteins is limited, it is commonly accepted that the loss of unique intramolecular contacts makes proteins larger. Herein, we report compaction of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) protein upon acid denaturation. Small-angle X-ray scattering coupled with size exclusion chromatography revealed that IgG1 radii of gyration at pH 2 were ∼75% of those at a neutral pH. Scattering profiles showed a compact globular shape, supported by analytical ultracentrifugation. The acid denaturation of proteins with a decrease in size is energetically costly, and acid-induced compaction requires an attractive force for domain reorientation. Such intramolecular aggregation may be widespread in immunoglobulin proteins as noncanonical structures. Herein, we discuss the potential biological significance of these noncanonical structures of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Imamura
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Department
of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science
and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ayako Ooishi
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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11
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Koga H, Yamano T, Betancur J, Nagatomo S, Ikeda Y, Yamaguchi K, Nabuchi Y, Sato K, Teranishi-Ikawa Y, Sato M, Hirayama H, Hayasaka A, Torizawa T, Haraya K, Sampei Z, Shiraiwa H, Kitazawa T, Igawa T, Kuramochi T. Efficient production of bispecific antibody by FAST-Ig TM and its application to NXT007 for the treatment of hemophilia A. MAbs 2023; 15:2222441. [PMID: 37339067 PMCID: PMC10283433 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2222441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient production of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) in single mammalian cells is essential for basic research and industrial manufacturing. However, preventing unwanted pairing of heavy chains (HCs) and light chains (LCs) is a challenging task. To address this, we created an engineering technology for preferential cognate HC/LC and HC/HC paring called FAST-Ig (Four-chain Assembly by electrostatic Steering Technology - Immunoglobulin), and applied it to NXT007, a BsAb for the treatment of hemophilia A. We introduced charged amino-acid substitutions at the HC/LC interface to facilitate the proper assembly for manufacturing a standard IgG-type BsAb. We generated CH1/CL interface-engineered antibody variants that achieved > 95% correct HC/LC pairing efficiency with favorable pharmacological properties and developability. Among these, we selected a design (C3) that allowed us to separate the mis-paired species with an unintended pharmacological profile using ion-exchange chromatography. Crystal structure analysis demonstrated that the C3 design did not affect the overall structure of both Fabs. To determine the final design for HCs-heterodimerization, we compared the stability of charge-based and knobs into hole-based Fc formats in acidic conditions and selected the more stable charge-based format. FAST-Ig was also applicable to stable CHO cell lines for industrial production and demonstrated robust chain pairing with different subclasses of parent BsAbs. Thus, it can be applied to a wide variety of BsAbs both preclinically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Koga
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Juan Betancur
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ukima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Nagatomo
- Analytical Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Ukima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ikeda
- Analytical Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Ukima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamaguchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nabuchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Motohiko Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirayama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Hayasaka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Torizawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Zenjiro Sampei
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirotake Shiraiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kitazawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Kuramochi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Bogdanov A, Bogdanov A, Chubenko V, Volkov N, Moiseenko F, Moiseyenko V. Tumor acidity: From hallmark of cancer to target of treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:979154. [PMID: 36106097 PMCID: PMC9467452 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.979154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor acidity is one of the cancer hallmarks and is associated with metabolic reprogramming and the use of glycolysis, which results in a high intracellular lactic acid concentration. Cancer cells avoid acid stress major by the activation and expression of proton and lactate transporters and exchangers and have an inverted pH gradient (extracellular and intracellular pHs are acid and alkaline, respectively). The shift in the tumor acid-base balance promotes proliferation, apoptosis avoidance, invasiveness, metastatic potential, aggressiveness, immune evasion, and treatment resistance. For example, weak-base chemotherapeutic agents may have a substantially reduced cellular uptake capacity due to "ion trapping". Lactic acid negatively affects the functions of activated effector T cells, stimulates regulatory T cells, and promotes them to express programmed cell death receptor 1. On the other hand, the inversion of pH gradient could be a cancer weakness that will allow the development of new promising therapies, such as tumor-targeted pH-sensitive antibodies and pH-responsible nanoparticle conjugates with anticancer drugs. The regulation of tumor pH levels by pharmacological inhibition of pH-responsible proteins (monocarboxylate transporters, H+-ATPase, etc.) and lactate dehydrogenase A is also a promising anticancer strategy. Another idea is the oral or parenteral use of buffer systems, such as sodium bicarbonate, to neutralize tumor acidity. Buffering therapy does not counteract standard treatment methods and can be used in combination to increase effectiveness. However, the mechanisms of the anticancer effect of buffering therapy are still unclear, and more research is needed. We have attempted to summarize the basic knowledge about tumor acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Bogdanov
- Saint Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological), Saint Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Nakayama T, Kobayashi K, Kameda T, Hase M, Hirano A. Protein's Protein Corona: Nanoscale Size Evolution of Human Immunoglobulin G Aggregates Induced by Serum Albumin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32937-32947. [PMID: 35822632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are readily coated by proteins in biological systems. The protein layers on the nanoparticles, which are called the protein corona, influence the biological impacts of the nanoparticles, including internalization into cells and cytotoxicity. This study expands the scope of the nanoparticle's protein corona for exogenous artificial nanoparticles to that for exogenous proteinaceous nanoparticles. Specifically, this study addresses the formation of protein coronas on nanoscale human antibody aggregates with a radius of approximately 20-40 nm, where the antibody aggregates were induced by a pH shift from low to neutral pH. The size of the human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) aggregates grew to approximately 25 times the original size in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). This size evolution was ascribed to the association of the hIgG aggregates, which was triggered by the formation of the hIgG aggregate's protein corona, i.e., protein's protein corona, consisting of the adsorbed HSA molecules. Because hIgG aggregate association was significantly reduced by the addition of 30-150 mM NaCl, it was attributed to electrostatic attraction, which was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Currently, the use of antibodies as biopharmaceuticals is concerning because of undesired immune responses caused by antibody aggregates that are typically generated by a pH shift during the antibody purification process. The present findings suggest that nanoscale antibody aggregates form protein coronas induced by HSA and the resulting nanoscale antibody-HSA complexes are stable in blood containing approximately 150 mM salt ions, at least in terms of the size evolution. Mechanistic insights into protein corona formation on nanoscale antibody aggregates are useful for understanding the unintentional biological impacts of antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Nakayama
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kaito Kobayashi
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo135-0064, Japan
| | - Muneaki Hase
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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14
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Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081905. [PMID: 35454812 PMCID: PMC9029117 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable malignancy with eventual emergence of refractory disease. Metabolic shifts, which ensure the availability of sufficient energy to support hyperproliferation of malignant cells, are a hallmark of cancer. Deregulated metabolic pathways have implications for the tumor microenvironment, immune cell function, prognostic significance in MM and anti-myeloma drug resistance. Herein, we summarize recent findings on metabolic abnormalities in MM and clinical implications driven by metabolism that may consequently inspire novel therapeutic interventions. We highlight some future perspectives on metabolism in MM and propose potential targets that might revolutionize the field.
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15
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Rashid MH. Full-length recombinant antibodies from Escherichia coli: production, characterization, effector function (Fc) engineering, and clinical evaluation. MAbs 2022; 14:2111748. [PMID: 36018829 PMCID: PMC9423848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several antibody fragments and antibody fragment-fusion proteins produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) are approved as therapeutics for various human diseases, a full-length monoclonal or a bispecific antibody produced in E. coli has not yet been approved. The past decade witnessed substantial progress in expression of full-length antibodies in the E. coli cytoplasm and periplasm, as well as in cell-free expression systems. The equivalency of E. coli-produced aglycosylated antibodies and their mammalian cell-produced counterparts, with respect to biochemical and biophysical properties, including antigen binding, in vitro and in vivo serum stability, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo serum half-life, has been demonstrated. Extensive engineering of the Fc domain of aglycosylated antibodies enables recruitment of various effector functions, despite the lack of N-linked glycans. This review summarizes recent research, preclinical advancements, and clinical development of E. coli-produced aglycosylated therapeutic antibodies as monoclonal, bispecific, and antibody-drug conjugates for use in autoimmune, oncology, and immuno-oncology areas.Abbreviations: ADA Anti-drug antibody; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ADCP Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis; ADC Antibody-drug conjugate; aFc Aglycosylated Fc; AMD Age-related macular degeneration aTTP Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; BCMA B-cell maturation antigen; BLA Biologics license application; BsAb Bispecific antibody; C1q Complement protein C1q; CDC Complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDCC Complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDCP Complement-dependent cellular phagocytosis; CEX Cation exchange chromatography; CFPS Cell-free protein expression; CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary; CH1-3 Constant heavy chain 1-3; CL Constant light chain; DLBCL Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; DAR Drug antibody ratio; DC Dendritic cell; dsFv Disulfide-stabilized Fv; EU European Union; EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor; E. coli Escherichia coli; EpCAM Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Fab Fragment antigen binding; FACS Fluorescence activated cell sorting; Fc Fragment crystallizable; FcRn Neonatal Fc receptor; FcɣRs Fc gamma receptors; FDA Food and Drug Administration; FL-IgG Full-length immunoglobulin; Fv Fragment variable; FolRαa Folate receptor alpha; gFc Glycosylated Fc; GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; GPx7 Human peroxidase 7; HCL Hairy cell leukemia; HIV Human immunodeficiency virusl; HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HGF Hepatocyte growth factor; HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography; HLA Human leukocyte antigen; IBs Inclusion bodies; IgG1-4 Immunoglobulin 1-4; IP Intraperitoneal; ITC Isothermal titration calorimetry; ITP Immune thrombocytopenia; IV Intravenous; kDa Kilodalton; KiH Knob-into-Hole; mAb Monoclonal antibody; MAC Membrane-attack complex; mCRC Metastatic colorectal cancer; MM Multipl myeloma; MOA Mechanism of action; MS Mass spectrometry; MUC1 Mucin 1; MG Myasthenia gravis; NB Nanobody; NK Natural killer; nsAA Nonstandard amino acid; NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer; P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PD-1 Programmed cell death 1; PD-L1 Programmed cell death-ligand 1; PDI Protein disulfide isomerase; PECS Periplasmic expression cytometric screening; PK Pharmacokinetics; P. pastoris Pichia pastoris; PTM Post-translational modification; Rg Radius of gyration; RA Rheumatoid arthritis; RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering; scF Single chain Fv; SCLC Small cell lung cancer; SDS-PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEC Size exclusion chromatography; SEED Strand-exchange engineered domain; sRNA Small regulatory RNA; SRP Signal recognition particle; T1/2 Half-life; Tagg Aggregation temperature; TCR T cell receptor; TDB T cell-dependent bispecific; TF Tissue factor; TIR Translation initiation region; Tm Melting temperature; TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer; TNF Tumor necrosis factor; TPO Thrombopoietin; VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor; vH Variable heavy chain; vL Variable light chain; vWF von Willebrand factor; WT Wild type.
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16
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Yamaguchi Y, Wakaizumi N, Irisa M, Maruno T, Shimada M, Shintani K, Nishiumi H, Yogo R, Yanaka S, Higo D, Torisu T, Kato K, Uchiyama S. The Fab portion of immunoglobulin G has sites in the CL domain that interact with Fc gamma receptor IIIa. MAbs 2022; 14:2038531. [PMID: 35291930 PMCID: PMC8932917 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2038531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between IgG and Fc gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) is essential for mediating immune responses. Recent studies have shown that the antigen binding fragment (Fab) and Fc are involved in IgG-FcγRIII interactions. Here, we conducted bio-layer interferometry (BLI) and isothermal titration calorimetry to measure the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that define the role of Fab in forming the IgG-FcγRIII complex using several marketed therapeutic antibodies. Moreover, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) were used to clarify the interaction sites and structural changes upon formation of these IgG-FcγRIII complexes. The results showed that Fab in IgG facilitates the interaction via slower dissociation and a larger enthalpy gain. However, a larger entropy loss led to only a marginal change in the equilibrium dissociation constant. Combined HDX-MS and XL-MS analysis revealed that the CL domain of Fab in IgG was in close proximity to FcγRIIIa, indicating that this domain specifically interacts with the extracellular membrane-distal domain (D1) and membrane-proximal domain (D2) of FcγRIIIa. Together with previous studies, these results demonstrate that IgG-FcγRIII interactions are predominantly mediated by the binding of Fc to D2, and the Fab-FcγRIII interaction stabilizes complex formation. These interaction schemes were essentially fucosylation-independent, with Fc-D2 interactions enhanced by afucosylation and the contribution of Fab slightly reduced. Furthermore, the influence of antigen binding on IgG-FcγRIII interactions was also investigated. Combined BLI and HDX-MS results indicate that structural alterations in Fab caused by antigen binding facilitate stabilization of IgG-FcγRIII interactions. This report provides a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between IgG and FcγRIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mine Irisa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Shimada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koya Shintani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruka Nishiumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
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17
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Schneider KT, Kirmann T, Wenzel EV, Grosch JH, Polten S, Meier D, Becker M, Matejtschuk P, Hust M, Russo G, Dübel S. Shelf-Life Extension of Fc-Fused Single Chain Fragment Variable Antibodies by Lyophilization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:717689. [PMID: 34869052 PMCID: PMC8634725 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.717689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of sequence defined antibodies from universal libraries by phage display has been established over the past three decades as a robust method to cope with the increasing market demand in therapy, diagnostics and research. For applications requiring the bivalent antigen binding and an Fc part for detection, phage display generated single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments can rapidly be genetically fused to the Fc moiety of an IgG for the production in eukaryotic cells of antibodies with IgG-like properties. In contrast to conversion of scFv into IgG format, the conversion to scFv-Fc requires only a single cloning step, and provides significantly higher yields in transient cell culture production than IgG. ScFv-Fcs can be effective as neutralizing antibodies in vivo against a panel of pathogens and toxins. However, different scFv fragments are more heterologous in respect of stability than Fab fragments. While some scFv fragments can be made extremely stable, this may change due to few mutations, and is not predictable from the sequence of a newly selected antibody. To mitigate the necessity to assess the stability for every scFv-Fc antibody, we developed a generic lyophilization protocol to improve their shelf life. We compared long-term stability and binding activity of phage display-derived antibodies in the scFv-Fc and IgG format, either stored in liquid or lyophilized state. Conversion of scFv-Fcs into the full IgG format reduced protein degradation and aggregation, but in some cases compromised binding activity. Comparably to IgG conversion, lyophilization of scFv-Fc resulted in the preservation of the antibodies' initial properties after storage, without any drop in affinity for any of the tested antibody clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Toni Kirmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Grosch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saskia Polten
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Doris Meier
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Effect of hurdle technology of gentle pasteurisation and drying process on bioactive proteins, antioxidant activity and microbial quality of cow and buffalo colostrum. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Lundahl MLE, Fogli S, Colavita PE, Scanlan EM. Aggregation of protein therapeutics enhances their immunogenicity: causes and mitigation strategies. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1004-1020. [PMID: 34458822 PMCID: PMC8341748 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation in biotherapeutics has been identified to increase immunogenicity, leading to immune-mediated adverse effects, such as severe allergic responses including anaphylaxis. The induction of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) moreover enhances drug clearance rates, and can directly block therapeutic function. In this review, identified immune activation mechanisms triggered by protein aggregates are discussed, as well as physicochemical properties of aggregates, such as size and shape, which contribute to immunogenicity. Furthermore, factors which contribute to protein stability and aggregation are considered. Lastly, with these factors in mind, we encourage an innovative and multidisciplinary approach with regard to further research in the field, with the overall aim to avoid immunogenic aggregation in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi L E Lundahl
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Silvia Fogli
- Glycome Biopharma, Unit 4, Joyce House, Barrack Square, Ballincollig Co Cork P31 HW35 Ireland
| | - Paula E Colavita
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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20
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Stange C, Hafiz S, Korpus C, Skudas R, Frech C. Influence of excipients in Protein A chromatography and virus inactivation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122848. [PMID: 34274642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purification of monoclonal antibodies and Fc fusion proteins consist of several unit operations operated commonly as a platform approach, starting with Protein A chromatography. The first capture step, the following low pH virus inactivation, and subsequent ion exchange chromatography steps are mostly able to remove any impurities, like host cell proteins, aggregates, and viruses. The changes in pH and conductivity during these steps can lead to additional unwanted product species like aggregates. In this study, excipients with stabilizing abilities, like polyols, were used as buffer system additives to study their impact on several aspects during Protein A chromatography, low pH virus inactivation, and cation exchange chromatography. The results show that excipients, like PEG4000, influence antibody elution behavior, as well as host-cell protein elution behavior in a pH-gradient setup. Sugar excipients, like Sucrose, stabilize the antibody during low pH virus inactivation. All excipients tested show no negative impact on virus inactivation and dynamic binding capacity in a subsequent cation exchange chromatography step. This study indicates that excipients and, possibly excipient combinations, can have a beneficial effect on purification without harming subsequent downstream processing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Stange
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Supriyadi Hafiz
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Romas Skudas
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Frech
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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21
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Keeler SP, Fox JM. Requirement of Fc-Fc Gamma Receptor Interaction for Antibody-Based Protection against Emerging Virus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061037. [PMID: 34072720 PMCID: PMC8226613 DOI: 10.3390/v13061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of therapeutics against emerging and re-emerging viruses remains a continued priority that is only reinforced by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation, characterization, and production make it a viable option for rapid treatment development. While mAbs are traditionally screened and selected based on potency of neutralization in vitro, it is clear that additional factors contribute to the in vivo efficacy of a mAb beyond viral neutralization. These factors include interactions with Fc receptors (FcRs) and complement that can enhance neutralization, clearance of infected cells, opsonization of virions, and modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss recent studies, primarily using mouse models, that identified a role for Fc-FcγR interactions for optimal antibody-based protection against emerging and re-emerging virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P. Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Miyafusa T, Watanabe H, Honda S. Local disorder of the C-terminal segment of the heavy chain as a common sign of stressed antibodies evidenced with a peptide affinity probe specific to non-native IgG. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1697-1703. [PMID: 34048835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have many biopharmaceutical applications; however, characterization of their higher-order structures is a major concern in quality control. We have developed AF.2A1, an artificial protein, that specifically recognizes non-native, structured IgGs. We performed binding assays using various types of IgGs and fragments to investigate the mechanisms by which AF.2A1 interacts with the non-native IgG. AF.2A1 recognized the acid-stressed IgGs from human, mouse, and rat, but not rabbit. Binding assays using the human IgG1 fragments revealed that an interface emerged by deleting five C-terminal residues. We conclude that AF.2A1 recognizes an exposed hydrophobic core centered on the Trp417. Our results concur with those of the previous studies showing that C-terminal structural changes occur early during antibody denaturation and aggregation. Our findings explain the molecular rationale for using AF.2A1 in quality control of biopharmaceutical IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Bioprocess Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Watanabe
- Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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23
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Onogi S, Lee SH, Fruehauf KR, Shea KJ. Abiotic Stimuli-Responsive Protein Affinity Reagent for IgG. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2641-2648. [PMID: 34009976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe an approach for the discovery of protein affinity reagents (PARs). Abiotic synthetic hydrogel copolymers can be "tuned" for selective protein capture by the type and ratios of functional monomers included in their polymerization and by the polymerization conditions (i.e., pH). By screening libraries of hydrogel nanoparticles (NPs) containing charged and hydrophobic groups against a protein target (IgG), a stimuli-responsive PAR is selected. The robust carbon backbone synthetic copolymer is rapidly synthesized in the chemistry laboratory from readily available monomers. The production of the PAR does not require living cells and is free from biological contamination. The capture and release of the protein by the copolymer NP is reversible. IgG is sequestered from human serum at pH 6.5 and following a wash step, the purified protein is released by elevating the pH to 7.3. The binding and release of the protein occur without denaturation. The abiotic material functions as a selective PAR for the F(ab')2 domain of IgG for pull-down and immunoprecipitation experiments and for isolation and purification of proteins from complex biological mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Onogi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Tsukuba Research Laboratories, JSR Corporation, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Shih-Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Krista R Fruehauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kenneth J Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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24
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Oyama K, Ohkuri T, Inoue M, Caaveiro JMM, Ueda T. High-level expression of human CH2 domain from the Fc region in Pichia pastoris and preparation of anti-CH2 antibodies. J Biochem 2021; 170:289-297. [PMID: 33772592 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is a popular eukaryotic system employed for the fast, simple and inexpensive production of recombinant protein including biotherapeutics such as human albumin. The CH2 domain of human IgG is a promising scaffold for developing novel therapeutics. To accelerate the research of CH2 domain, we have established a procedure to highly express human CH2 domain (∼ 150 mg/L) as well as human Fc (∼ 30 mg/L) by yeast Pichia pastoris. The procedure yields, simultaneously, a major glycosylated (∼ 70%) and non-glycosylated (∼ 30%) fractions. That can be easily separated and with high purity. Although both forms of CH2 domain have essentially the same secondary structure, the presence of the short glycan increased the thermal stability of the CH2 domain by about 5 °C as determined from calorimetry. The purified glycosylated CH2 domain elicited polyclonal antibodies in mouse, recognizing not only the CH2 domain, but also recombinant human Fc and the commercial IgG1 antibody Rituxan. Protein A and Protein G binding to the kink region between CH2 domain and CH3 domain of human Fc are used to purify therapeutic proteins. Therefore, these antibodies are candidates to develop a novel affinity material to purify human antibodies using their CH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oyama
- Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Mao Inoue
- Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Department of Global Healthcare, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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25
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Cao G, Gao X, Zhan Y, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Dimitrov DS, Gong R. An engineered human IgG1 CH2 domain with decreased aggregation and nonspecific binding. MAbs 2021; 12:1689027. [PMID: 31795802 PMCID: PMC6927756 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1689027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (Ig) CH2 domain is a promising scaffold for the development of candidate therapeutics. We have previously shown that the stability of isolated CH2 could be increased by the introduction of an additional disulfide bond and removal of seven N-terminal residues (m01s). However, both isolated CH2 and m01s aggregate, likely due to the existence of aggregation-prone regions (APRs) that we identified by using computational methods. This knowledge was used to generate a phage display library of mutants. The library was incubated at high temperature to remove aggregating CH2 domains, and then panned against a mouse anti-human CH2 monoclonal antibody targeting a conformational epitope to remove misfolded CH2s. After two rounds of panning, one clone, m01s5, with smaller APRs, was identified. After additional mutagenesis one clone, m01s5.4, which aggregated much less than m01s as measured by a turbidity assay and dynamic light scattering, was identified. m01s5.4 also exhibited much lower nonspecific binding than m01s. Engineering of a previously identified m01s-based tumor antigen-specific binder led to a dramatic reduction of its aggregation without affecting its binding. In summary, we describe a new approach for reducing aggregation based on a combination of computational and phage display methodologies, and show that aggregation of CH2-based scaffolds can be significantly reduced by the newly identified mutants, which can improve the developability of potential CH2-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yancheng Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingguang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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26
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Chatterton DEW, Aagaard S, Hesselballe Hansen T, Nguyen DN, De Gobba C, Lametsch R, Sangild PT. Bioactive proteins in bovine colostrum and effects of heating, drying and irradiation. Food Funct 2021; 11:2309-2327. [PMID: 32108849 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) contains bioactive proteins, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LP). BC was subjected to low-temperature, long-time pasteurization (LTLT, 63 °C, 30 min) or high-temperature, short-time pasteurization (HTST, 72 °C, 15 s) and spray-drying (SD), with or without γ-irradiation (GI, ∼14 kGy) to remove microbial contamination. Relative to unpasteurized liquid BC, SD plus GI increased protein denaturation by 6 and 11%, respectively, increasing to 19 and 27% after LTLT and to 48% after HTST, with no further effects after GI (all P < 0.05). LTLT, without or with GI, resulted in 15 or 29% denaturation of IgG, compared with non-pasteurized BC, and 34 or 58% for HTST treatment (all P < 0.05, except LTLT without GI). For IgG, only GI, not SD or LTLT, increased denaturation (30-38%, P < 0.05) but HTST increased denaturation to 40%, with further increases after GI (60%, P < 0.05). LTLT and HTST reduced LP levels (56 and 81% respectively) and LTLT reduced LF levels (21%), especially together with GI (47%, P < 0.05). Denaturation of BSA, β-LgA, β-LgB and α-La were similar to IgG. Methionine, a protective amino acid against free oxygen radicals, was oxidised by LTLT + GI (P < 0.05) while LTLT and HTST had no effect. Many anti-inflammatory proteins, including serpin anti-proteinases were highly sensitive to HTST and GI but preserved after LTLT pasteurization. LTLT, followed by SD is an optimal processing technique preserving bioactive proteins when powdered BC is used as a diet supplement for sensitive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha Aagaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark. and Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| | | | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| | - Cristian De Gobba
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - René Lametsch
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
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27
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Structural characteristics of circulating immune complexes in calves with bronchopneumonia: Impact on the quiescent leukocytes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:63-74. [PMID: 32942254 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calf bronchopneumonia is accompanied by increased level of circulating immune complexes (CIC), and we analysed size, and protein and lipid constituents of these CIC with an attempt to elucidate the connection between the CIC structural properties and their capacity to modulate leukocyte function. CIC of heathy calves (CICH) and calves with naturally occurring bronchopneumonia (CICD) were isolated by PEG precipitation and analysed by electrophoresis and chromatography. The predominant CIC proteins were IgG, albumin, and transferrin. Affinity isolated serum and CIC IgG coprecipitated several proteins, but only 75 and 80 kDa proteins bound CIC IgG, exclusively. 60 and 65 kDa proteins co-precipitated with CICD IgG, unlike CICH IgG. In both CICH and CICD, oleic acid-containing phospholipids predominated. In CICD, the content of oleic and vaccenic acid was higher than in CICH, while myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic and arachidonic acid showed lower content. Dynamic light scattering displayed difference in particle size distribution between CICH and CICD; 1280 nm large particles were present only in CICD. The effect of CICH and CICD on mononuclear cells (MNC) and granulocytes was analysed in vitro. CICH and CICD, with slight difference in intensity, stimulate MNC apoptosis, promote cell cycle arrest of unstimulated MNC, and cell cycle progression of PHA stimulated MNC. Both CIC reduced granulocyte apoptosis after 24 h while after 48 h this effect was detected for CICD only. These results indicate that structural differences of CICH and CICD might interfere with the CIC functional capacity, which we consider important for evaluation of CIC immunoregulatory function.
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28
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Sah BNP, Lueangsakulthai J, Hauser BR, Demers-Mathieu V, Scottoline B, Pastey MK, Dallas DC. Purification of Antibodies From Human Milk and Infant Digestates for Viral Inhibition Assays. Front Nutr 2020; 7:136. [PMID: 32984396 PMCID: PMC7477105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of enteric pathogen-specific immunoglobulins may be an ideal approach for preventing infectious diarrhea in infants and children. For oral administration to be effective, antibodies must survive functionally intact within the highly proteolytic digestive tract. As an initial step toward assessing the viability of this approach, we examined the survival of palivizumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody (IgG1κ), across infant digestion and its ability to neutralize respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Human milk and infant digestive samples contain substances known to interfere with the RSV neutralization assay (our selected functional test for antibody survival through digestion), therefore, antibody extraction from the matrix was required prior to performing the assay. The efficacy of various approaches for palivizumab purification from human milk, infant's gastric and intestinal digestates, including casein precipitation, salting out, molecular weight cut-off, and affinity chromatography (protein A and G) were compared. Affinity chromatography using protein G with high-salt elution followed by 30-kDa molecular weight cut-off centrifugal filtration was the most effective technique for purifying palivizumab from human milk and infant digestates with a high yield and reduced background interference for the viral neutralization assay. This work is broadly applicable to the optimal isolation of antibodies from human milk and infant digesta for viral neutralization assays, enables the examination of how digestion affects the viral neutralization capacity of antibodies within milk and digestive samples, and paves the way for assessment of the viability of oral administration of recombinant antibodies as a therapeutic approach to prevent enteric pathogen-induced infectious diarrhea in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baidya Nath P. Sah
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Hauser
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Manoj K. Pastey
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - David C. Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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29
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Jiang P, Jacobs KM, Ohr MP, Swindle-Reilly KE. Chitosan-Polycaprolactone Core-Shell Microparticles for Sustained Delivery of Bevacizumab. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2570-2584. [PMID: 32484677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current therapy for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration requires monthly intravitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors such as bevacizumab or ranibizumab via a 31-gauge needle to inhibit choroidal neovascularization. However, repeated intravitreal injections are associated with poor patient compliance and potential side effects. Microparticle-based injectable devices have shown great promise to address this issue by sustained delivery of protein therapeutics, but critical barriers remain, including limited loading capacity and steady long-term release without compromising the anti-angiogenic activity of drugs. Addressing these challenges, we developed a unique method for synthesizing biodegradable polymer-based core-shell microparticles with sizes around 10 μm, high physical integrity, and uniform size. Subsequent electrostatic and physical interactions to control protein diffusion were designed for the core-shell microparticles to effectively increase the capacity of drug loading to 25%, reduce burst release by almost 30%, and extend the period of drug release from 3 to 6 months. Remarkably, the microparticles enabled a longer-term drug administration and maintained high drug potency up to 6 months in vitro, representing significant advancement compared to conventional microparticle-based delivery platforms or currently commercialized devices. Additionally, the microparticles presented minimal toxicity to human retinal cells in vitro with over 90% cell viability, and they also exhibited good injection feasibility through 31-gauge needles in an ex vivo porcine eye model. These results warrant further studies to evaluate the clinical potential for treating posterior ophthalmic diseases as well as other conditions or injuries requiring long-term local drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jiang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 134-140 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kane M Jacobs
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 134-140 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Matthew P Ohr
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 134-140 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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30
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Papachristodoulou M, Doutch J, Leung HSB, Church A, Charleston T, Clifton LA, Butler PD, Roberts CJ, Bracewell DG. In situ neutron scattering of antibody adsorption during protein A chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1617:460842. [PMID: 31928770 PMCID: PMC10986645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the nanoscale and mesoscale structure of chromatographic adsorbents and the distribution of proteins within the media, is critical to a mechanistic understanding of separation processes using these materials. Characterisation of the media's architecture at this scale and protein adsorption within, is challenging using conventional techniques. In this study, we propose a novel resin characterisation technique that enables in-situ measurement of the structure of the adsorbed protein layer within the resin, under typical chromatographic conditions. A quartz flow-through cell was designed and fabricated for use with Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), in order to measure the nanoscale to mesoscale structures of a silica based protein A chromatography resin during the monoclonal antibody sorption process. We were able to examine the pore-to-pore (˜133 nm) and pore size (˜63 nm) correlations of the resin and the in-plane adsorbed antibody molecules (˜ 4.2 nm) correlation at different protein loadings and washing buffers, in real time using a contrast matching approach. When 0.03 M sodium phosphate with 1 M urea and 10 % isopropanol buffer, pH 8, was introduced into the system as a wash buffer, it disrupted the system's order by causing partial unfolding of the adsorbed antibody, as evidenced by a loss of the in-plane protein correlation. This method offers new ways to investigate the nanoscale structure and ligand immobilisation within chromatography resins; and perhaps most importantly understand the in-situ behaviour of adsorbed proteins within the media under different mobile phase conditions within a sample environment replicating that of a chromatography column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papachristodoulou
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Hoi Sang Beatrice Leung
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andy Church
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Thomas Charleston
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Luke A Clifton
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Paul D Butler
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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31
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Jiang P, Chaparro FJ, Cuddington CT, Palmer AF, Ohr MP, Lannutti JJ, Swindle-Reilly KE. Injectable biodegradable bi-layered capsule for sustained delivery of bevacizumab in treating wet age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2020; 320:442-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hebditch M, Kean R, Warwicker J. Modelling of pH-dependence to develop a strategy for stabilising mAbs at acidic steps in production. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:897-905. [PMID: 32322371 PMCID: PMC7171260 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered proteins are increasingly being required to function or pass through environmental stresses for which the underlying protein has not evolved. A major example in health are antibody therapeutics, where a low pH step is used for purification and viral inactivation. In order to develop a computational model for analysis of pH-stability, predictions are compared with experimental data for the relative pH-sensitivities of antibody domains. The model is then applied to proteases that have evolved to be functional in an acid environment, showing a clear signature for low pH-dependence of stability in the neutral to acidic pH region, largely through reduction of salt-bridges. Interestingly, an extensively acidic protein surface can maintain contribution to structural stabilisation at acidic pH through replacement of basic sidechains with polar, hydrogen-bonding groups. These observations form a design principle for engineering acid-stable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hebditch
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ryan Kean
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jim Warwicker
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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Saito S, Namisaki H, Hiraishi K, Takahashi N, Iida S. Engineering a human IgG2 antibody stable at low pH. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1186-1195. [PMID: 32142185 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IgG2 subclass antibodies have unique properties that include low effector function and a rigid hinge region. Although some IgG2 subclasses have been clinically tested and approved for therapeutic use, they have a higher propensity than IgG1 for aggregation, which can curtail or abolish their biological activity and enhance their immunogenicity. In this regard, acid-induced aggregation of monoclonal antibodies during purification and virus inactivation must be prevented. In the present study, we replaced the constant domain of IgG2 with that of IgG1, using anti-2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgG2 as a model antibody, and investigated whether that would confer greater stability. While the anti-DNP IgG2 antibody showed significant aggregation at low pH, this was reduced for the IgG2 antibody containing the IgG1 CH2 domain. Substituting three amino acids within the CH2 domain-namely, F300Y, V309L, and T339A (IgG2_YLA)-reduced aggregation at low pH and increased CH2 transition temperature, as determined by differential scanning calorimetric analysis. IgG2_YLA exhibited similar antigen-binding capacity to IgG2, low affinity for FcγRIIIa, and low binding ability to C1q. The same YLA substitution also reduced the aggregation of panitumumab, another IgG2 antibody, at low pH. Our engineered human IgG2 antibody showed reduced aggregation during bioprocessing and provides a basis for designing improved IgG2 antibodies for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Namisaki
- Open Innovation Department, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hiraishi
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iida
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Ketterer B, Moore-Kelly C, Thomas ORT, Franzreb M. Integrated system for temperature-controlled fast protein liquid chromatography. III. Continuous downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460429. [PMID: 31431354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three different applications of travelling heating zone reactor (THZR) chromatography for the downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are described. mAb containing feedstocks were applied to a fixed bed of the thermoresponsive rProtein A matrix, Byzen Pro™, contained in a bespoke column (held at 15 °C) fitted with a travelling heating (42 °C) device encircling a narrow section of the column. For the demonstration of continuous concentration, uninterrupted loading of 1.0 g/L mAb in a pH 8 binding buffer was synchronized with 5 repeated movements of the heating zone along the column's full length at a velocity of 0.1 mm/s. Elution of mAbs was induced solely by the travelling heating zone's action, each full movement generating a sharp concentrated elution peak accompanied by a small transient mAb concentration-dependent dip in conductivity. Quasi-steady-state operation occurred from the third elution onwards, delivering a mean mAb concentration of 4.9 g/L and process yield >93%. Quasi-continuous separation of the target mAb (1.41 g/L) from bovine serum albumin, BSA (1.0 g/L), was achieved by cyclically alternating the feeding of the mAb + BSA feedstock, with that of the binding buffer alone; supply of the latter was timed to coincide with movement of the heating zone. Accurate coordination of the heating zone's travel and switching from feed to buffer permitted quasi-steady-state collection (elutions 3-6) of sharp peaks of mAb in high purity (98.7%) and yield (88.7%) in 4.5-fold concentrated form, with BSA exiting in the flow through fractions between successive mAb elution peaks. Fully automated THZR-mediated quasi-continuous buffer exchange of 1.34 g/L mAb from a phosphate buffer pH 8 into a HEPES buffer pH 8 of slightly lower conductivity was performed over a 19 h period by carefully timed switching from one feed solution to the other and back again, whilst synchronising movement of the heating zone with feeding of the exchange buffer. Quasi-steady-state operation (elutions 2-9) resulted in an average eluted mAb yield of 94.5% and concentration of 4.8 g/L. Triggering movement of the heating zone slightly ahead of the switch from mAb feed to exchange buffer permitted the positioning of mAb elution peaks in 9 mL volume segments with the lowest recorded conductivity. Measurements of buffer exchange performance conducted with two 'protein-free' systems demonstrated that compared to tangential flow filtration in diafiltration mode, which represents the 'state-of-the-art' technology for buffer exchange, the THZR chromatography based approach affords a >60% saving in minimum volume of exchange buffer required to remove 99.9% of the original buffer. Combined far and near UV circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence and thermal melting experiments showed that, unlike conventional Protein A/G affinity chromatography, the conditions for THZR Protein A chromatography respect maintenance of a favourable structural profile for mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ketterer
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Charles Moore-Kelly
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
| | - Owen R T Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK.
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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35
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Das TK, Narhi LO, Sreedhara A, Menzen T, Grapentin C, Chou DK, Antochshuk V, Filipe V. Stress Factors in mAb Drug Substance Production Processes: Critical Assessment of Impact on Product Quality and Control Strategy. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Reese H, Bordelon T, Shanahan C, Crapanzano M, Sly J, Menegatti S. Novel peptoid-based adsorbents for purifying IgM and IgG from polyclonal and recombinant sources. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1137:121909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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37
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Watanabe H, Yoshida C, Ooishi A, Nakai Y, Ueda M, Isobe Y, Honda S. Histidine-Mediated Intramolecular Electrostatic Repulsion for Controlling pH-Dependent Protein-Protein Interaction. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2729-2736. [PMID: 31596562 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions that can be controlled by environmental triggers have immense potential in various biological and industrial applications. In the current study, we aimed to engineer a pH-dependent protein-protein interaction that employs intramolecular electrostatic repulsion through a structure-guided histidine substitution approach. We implemented this strategy on Streptococcal protein G, an affinity ligand for immunoglobulin G, and showed that even a single point mutation effectively improved the pH sensitivity of the binding interactions without adversely affecting its structural stability or its innate binding function. Depending on the pH of the environment, the protein-protein interaction was disrupted by the electrostatic repulsion between the substituted histidine and its neighboring positively charged residues. Structurally, the substituted histidine residue was located adjacent to a lysine residue that could form hydrogen bonds with immunoglobulin G. Thermodynamically, the introduced electrostatic repulsion was reflected in the significant loss of the exothermic heat of the binding under acidic conditions, whereas accompanying enthalpy-entropy compensation partly suppressed the improvement of the pH sensitivity. Thus, the engineered pH-sensitive protein G could enable antibody purification under mildly acidic conditions. This intramolecular design can be combined with conventional protein-protein interface design. Moreover, the method proposed here provides us with additional design criteria for optimization of pH-dependent molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Watanabe
- The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Chuya Yoshida
- The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ayako Ooishi
- The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuto Nakai
- Daicel Corporation, Innovation Park, 1239, Shinzaike, Aboshi, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Momoko Ueda
- Daicel Corporation, Innovation Park, 1239, Shinzaike, Aboshi, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Yutaka Isobe
- Daicel Corporation, Innovation Park, 1239, Shinzaike, Aboshi, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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38
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Jegatheeswaran S, Auzanneau FI. Recognition of Lewis X by Anti-Le x Monoclonal Antibody IG5F6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3037-3044. [PMID: 31666308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
mAbs directed toward the Lewis X (Lex) determinant have been shown to display different specificities, depending on the presentation of Lex to the immune system. Of interest is the murine anti-Lex mAb IG5F6, generated against the O chain polysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori that contains polymeric Lex structures. The mAb was found to have a higher affinity for polymeric Lex over monomeric Lex In this study, we explore the recognition of monomeric Lex by IG5F6 using a panel of Lex analogues in which N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, l-fucose, or d-galactose (D-Gal) are replaced with d-glucose and/or l-rhamnose. Our studies show that all analogues were weaker inhibitors than the Lex Ag, indicating that all three residues are essential in the recognition of Lex by mAb IG5F6. We explored the involvement of 4″-OH of d-Gal in the binding with IG5F6 using a panel of 4″-modified Lex analogues. Although the 4″-OH is only involved in a weak polar interaction, we conclude that the D-Gal residue in Lex is primarily involved in aromatic stacking interactions with the Ab binding site. We compared these results to our work with mAb SH1. Although stacking interactions between D-Gal and an aromatic residue was also suggested for SH1, an H-bond involving the 4″-OH was identified that is not found in the binding of IG5F6 to Lex Thus, anti-Lex mAbs SH1 and IG5F6 bind to Lex in different manners, even though the hydrophobic patch displayed by the β-galactoside in Lex is essential in both cases for their binding to Lex.
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39
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Jin W, Xing Z, Song Y, Huang C, Xu X, Ghose S, Li ZJ. Protein aggregation and mitigation strategy in low pH viral inactivation for monoclonal antibody purification. MAbs 2019; 11:1479-1491. [PMID: 31441367 PMCID: PMC6816434 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1658493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant amounts of soluble product aggregates were observed during low-pH viral inactivation (VI) scale-up for an IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb IgG4-N1), while small-scale experiments in the same condition showed negligible aggregation. Poor mixing and product exposure to low pH were identified as the root cause. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the problem, protein aggregation properties were studied by varying critical parameters including pH, hold time and protein concentration. Comprehensive biophysical characterization of product monomers and aggregates was performed using fluorescence-size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning fluorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Results showed IgG4-N1 partially unfolds at about pH 3.3 where the product molecules still exist largely as monomers owing to strong inter-molecular repulsions and favorable colloidal stability. In the subsequent neutralization step, however, the conformationally changed monomers are prone to aggregation due to weaker inter-molecular repulsions following the pH transition from 3.3 to 5.5. Surface charge calculations using homology modeling suggested that intra-molecular repulsions, especially between CH2 domains, may contribute to the IgG4-N1 unfolding at ≤ pH 3.3. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was employed to simulate the conditions of pH titration to reduce the risk of aggregate formation. The low-pH zones during acid addition were characterized using CFD modeling and correlated to the condition causing severe product aggregation. The CFD tool integrated with the mAb solution properties was used to optimize the VI operating parameters for successful scale-up demonstration. Our research revealed the governing aggregation mechanism for IgG4-N1 under acidic conditions by linking its molecular properties and various process-related parameters to macroscopic aggregation phenomena. This study also provides useful insights into the cause and mitigation of low-pH-induced IgG4 aggregation in downstream VI operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Jin
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zizhuo Xing
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
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40
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Lopez E, Scott NE, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Low pH Exposure During Immunoglobulin G Purification Methods Results in Aggregates That Avidly Bind Fcγ Receptors: Implications for Measuring Fc Dependent Antibody Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2415. [PMID: 31681303 PMCID: PMC6797627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the biophysical and functional nature of IgG is key to defining correlates of protection in infectious disease, and autoimmunity research cohorts, as well as vaccine efficacy trials. These studies often require small quantities of IgG to be purified from plasma for downstream analysis with high throughput immunoaffinity formats which elute IgG at low-pH, such as Protein G and Protein A. Herein we sought to compare Protein G purification of IgG with an immunoaffinity method which elutes at physiological pH (Melon Gel). Critical factors impacting Fc functionality with the potential to significantly influence FcγR binding, such as IgG subclass distribution, N-glycosylation, aggregation, and IgG conformational changes were investigated and compared. We observed that transient exposure of IgG to the low-pH elution buffer, used during the Protein G purification process, artificially enhanced recognition of Fcγ Receptors (FcγRs) as demonstrated by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), FcγR dimer ELISA, and a functional cell-based assay. Furthermore, low-pH exposed IgG caused conformational changes resulting in increased aggregation and hydrophobicity; factors likely to contribute to the observed enhanced interaction with FcγRs. These results highlight that methods employed to purify IgG can significantly alter FcγR-binding behavior and biological activity and suggest that the IgG purification approach selected may be a previously overlooked factor contributing to the poor reproducibility across current assays employed to evaluate Fc-mediated antibody effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Department, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Winters D, Tran M, Yoo D, Walker KW. Development of BioRad NGC and GE ÄKTA pure systems for highly automated three column protein purification employing tandem affinity, buffer exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 165:105497. [PMID: 31499166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Affinity purification, such as Protein A (ProA) followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) remains a popular method to obtain research scale proteins. With the need for higher throughput protein production increasing for discovery research, there is substantial interest in the automation of complex protein purification processes, which often start with a ProA step followed by SEC. However, the harsh elution conditions from ProA based chromatography can destabilize some proteins resulting in particulates, which in turn can cause column fouling and potential cross-contamination of subsequent purifications. We modified both Bio Rad NGC and ÄKTA Pure systems to run a three-column process (ProA to buffer exchange to SEC) enabling automated tandem affinity to SEC purification while minimizing the risk of SEC column fouling and subsequent cross-contamination. The intervening buffer exchange column, unlike the final SEC column, can be rapidly regenerated using harsh methods between runs, and these automated systems are capable of processing up to six samples per day without user intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Winters
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA
| | - Mai Tran
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA
| | - Kenneth W Walker
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA.
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42
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Streamlining the polishing step development process via physicochemical characterization of monoclonal antibody aggregates. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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A stepwise mechanism for aqueous two-phase system formation in concentrated antibody solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15784-15791. [PMID: 31337677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900886116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formation is the macroscopic completion of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process by which aqueous solutions demix into 2 distinct phases. We report the temperature-dependent kinetics of ATPS formation for solutions containing a monoclonal antibody and polyethylene glycol. Measurements are made by capturing dark-field images of protein-rich droplet suspensions as a function of time along a linear temperature gradient. The rate constants for ATPS formation fall into 3 kinetically distinct categories that are directly visualized along the temperature gradient. In the metastable region, just below the phase separation temperature, T ph , ATPS formation is slow and has a large negative apparent activation energy. By contrast, ATPS formation proceeds more rapidly in the spinodal region, below the metastable temperature, T meta , and a small positive apparent activation energy is observed. These region-specific apparent activation energies suggest that ATPS formation involves 2 steps with opposite temperature dependencies. Droplet growth is the first step, which accelerates with decreasing temperature as the solution becomes increasingly supersaturated. The second step, however, involves droplet coalescence and is proportional to temperature. It becomes the rate-limiting step in the spinodal region. At even colder temperatures, below a gelation temperature, T gel , the proteins assemble into a kinetically trapped gel state that arrests ATPS formation. The kinetics of ATPS formation near T gel is associated with a remarkably fragile solid-like gel structure, which can form below either the metastable or the spinodal region of the phase diagram.
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44
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Gao X, Conard A, Yang C, Zhan Y, Zeng F, Shi J, Li W, Dimitrov DS, Gong R. Optimization of the C-Terminus of an Autonomous Human IgG1 CH2 Domain for Stability and Aggregation Resistance. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3647-3656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alex Conard
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Chunpeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yancheng Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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45
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Utility of High Resolution NMR Methods to Probe the Impact of Chemical Modifications on Higher Order Structure of Monoclonal Antibodies in Relation to Antigen Binding. Pharm Res 2019; 36:130. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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The effect of new compounds in stabilizing downstream monoclonal antibody (mAb) process intermediates. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:162-173. [PMID: 31054877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Determining the stability of downstream process (DSP) intermediates is an extremely important parameter used to maintain product quality attributes within their acceptance ranges. The IgG4 monoclonal antibody studied (mAb1) showed aggregation under acidic conditions, inhibiting the use of low pH treatment to inactivate endogenous retroviruses, and poor virus filtration performance. Both manufacturing steps are included in mAb DSP for viral clearance. The impact of several new compounds on the aggregation and stabilization of mAb1 in process intermediate pools encountered during these critical DSP steps was investigated. Results showed that, in the presence of a protein stabilizer at pH 3.2, 27% less aggregation was observed compared to controls, during the low pH treatment for viral inactivation. The impact of a novel protein stabilizer on virus filter throughput during mAb1 filtration was compared to L-arginine using an innovative high-throughput automation technique. Compared to control experiments without additives, conditions were found where a 70% increase in filter volumetric throughput was achieved in the presence of the novel stabilizer, and a 56% decrease in volumetric throughput observed with L-arginine. These findings present the possibility of using these novel compounds to stabilize proteins during DSP and permitting the use of platform DSP elements such as low pH treatment and high-throughput virus filtration to challenging and unstable proteins.
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47
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Horenstein AL, Bracci C, Morandi F, Malavasi F. CD38 in Adenosinergic Pathways and Metabolic Re-programming in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells: In-tandem Insights From Basic Science to Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:760. [PMID: 31068926 PMCID: PMC6491463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironments are rich in extracellular nucleotides that can be metabolized by ectoenzymes to produce adenosine, a nucleoside involved in controlling immune responses. Multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy developed within a bone marrow niche, exploits adenosinergic pathways to customize the immune homeostasis of the tumor. CD38, a multifunctional protein that acts as both receptor and ectoenzyme, is overexpressed at all stages of myeloma. At neutral and acidic pH, CD38 catalyzes the extracellular conversion of NAD+ to regulators of calcium signaling. The initial disassembly of NAD+ is also followed by adenosinergic activity, if CD38 is operating in the presence of CD203a and CD73 nucleotidases. cAMP extruded from tumor cells provides another substrate for metabolizing nucleotidases to signaling adenosine. These pathways flank or bypass the canonical adenosinergic pathway subjected to the conversion of ATP by CD39. All of the adenosinergic networks can be hijacked by the tumor, thus controlling the homeostatic reprogramming of the myeloma in the bone marrow. In this context, adenosine assumes the role of a local hormone: cell metabolism is adjusted via low- or high-affinity purinergic receptors expressed by immune and bone cells as well as by tumor cells. The result is immunosuppression, which contributes to the failure of immune surveillance in cancer. A similar metabolic strategy silences immune effectors during the progression of indolent gammopathies to symptomatic overt multiple myeloma disease. Plasma from myeloma aspirates contains elevated levels of adenosine resulting from interactions between myeloma and other cells lining the niche and adenosine concentrations are known to increase as the disease progresses. This is statistically reflected in the International Staging System for multiple myeloma. Along with the ability to deplete CD38+ malignant plasma cell populations which has led to their widespread therapeutic use, anti-CD38 antibodies are involved in the polarization and release of microvesicles characterized by the expression of multiple adenosine-producing molecules. These adenosinergic pathways provide new immune checkpoints for improving immunotherapy protocols by helping to restore the depressed immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bracci
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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48
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Gupta J, Hoque M, Ahmad MF, Khan RH, Saleemuddin M. Acid pH promotes bispecific antibody formation by the redox procedure. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:469-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Kinman AWL, Pompano RR. Optimization of Enzymatic Antibody Fragmentation for Yield, Efficiency, and Binding Affinity. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:800-807. [PMID: 30649877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic antibody fragmentation has been well studied for various hosts and isotypes, but fragmentation patterns also vary unpredictably by clone, and optimizing Fab or F(ab')2 production by trial and error consumes large quantities of antibodies. Here, we report a systematic strategy for optimizing functional F(ab')2 production via pepsin digestion from small quantities of IgG. We tested three key parameters that affect fragmentation, pH, enzyme concentration (% pepsin w/w), and reaction time, and found that pH had the greatest impact on fragmentation yield and efficiency. We then developed a systematic approach to obtaining acceptable yields, digestion efficiency, and binding affinity. Three case studies are described to illustrate the approach. We anticipate that this work will provide a quick and cost-effective method for researchers to produce antibody fragments from whole IgG, avoiding haphazard trial and error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W L Kinman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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50
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Freeze/thaw of IGG solutions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 134:185-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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