1
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Alghazali R, Nugud A, El-Serafi A. Glycan Modifications as Regulators of Stem Cell Fate. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38392295 PMCID: PMC10886185 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a process where proteins or lipids are modified with glycans. The presence of glycans determines the structure, stability, and localization of glycoproteins, thereby impacting various biological processes, including embryogenesis, intercellular communication, and disease progression. Glycans can influence stem cell behavior by modulating signaling molecules that govern the critical aspects of self-renewal and differentiation. Furthermore, being located at the cell surface, glycans are utilized as markers for stem cell pluripotency and differentiation state determination. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature, focusing on the effect of glycans on stem cells with a reflection on the application of synthetic glycans in directing stem cell differentiation. Additionally, this review will serve as a primer for researchers seeking a deeper understanding of how synthetic glycans can be used to control stem cell differentiation, which may help establish new approaches to guide stem cell differentiation into specific lineages. Ultimately, this knowledge can facilitate the identification of efficient strategies for advancing stem cell-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Alghazali
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Nugud
- Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed El-Serafi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Trieger GW, Pessentheiner AR, Purcell SC, Green CR, DeForest N, Willert K, Majithia AR, Metallo CM, Godula K, Gordts PLSM. Glycocalyx engineering with heparan sulfate mimetics attenuates Wnt activity during adipogenesis to promote glucose uptake and metabolism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104611. [PMID: 36931394 PMCID: PMC10164900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis by storing lipids and glucose from circulation as intracellular fat. As peripheral tissues like adipose tissue become insulin resistant, decompensation of blood glucose levels occurs causing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Currently, modulating the glycocalyx, a layer of cell-surface glycans, is an underexplored pharmacological treatment strategy to improve glucose homeostasis in T2D patients. Here, we show a novel role for cell-surface heparan sulfate (HS) in establishing glucose uptake capacity and metabolic utilization in differentiated adipocytes. Using a combination of chemical and genetic interventions, we identified that HS modulates this metabolic phenotype by attenuating levels of Wnt signaling during adipogenesis. By engineering, the glycocalyx of pre-adipocytes with exogenous synthetic HS mimetics, we were able to enhance glucose clearance capacity after differentiation through modulation of Wnt ligand availability. These findings establish the cellular glycocalyx as a possible new target for therapeutic intervention in T2D patients by enhancing glucose clearance capacity independent of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg W Trieger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ariane R Pessentheiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean C Purcell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Natalie DeForest
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amit R Majithia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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3
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de Souza W, Gemini-Piperni S, Grenho L, Rocha LA, Granjeiro JM, Melo SA, Fernandes MH, Ribeiro AR. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles affect osteoblast-derived exosome cargos and impair osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2427-2444. [PMID: 36756939 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01854c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the most widely used metallic biomaterials in total joint replacement; however, increasing evidence supports the degradation of its surface due to corrosion and wear processes releasing debris (ions, and micro and nanoparticles) and contribute to particle-induced osteolysis and implant loosening. Cell-to-cell communication involving several cell types is one of the major biological processes occurring during bone healing and regeneration at the implant-bone interface. In addition to the internal response of cells to the uptake and intracellular localization of wear debris, a red flag is the ability of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (mimicking wear debris) to alter cellular communication with the tissue background, disturbing the balance between osseous tissue integrity and bone regenerative processes. This study aims to understand whether titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) alter osteoblast-derived exosome (Exo) biogenesis and whether exosomal protein cargos affect the communication of osteoblasts with human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (HMSCs). Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells coexisting in the bone microenvironment during development and remodelling. We observed that TiO2 NPs stimulate immature osteoblast- and mature osteoblast-derived Exo secretion that present a distinct proteomic cargo. Functional tests confirmed that Exos derived from both osteoblasts decrease the osteogenic differentiation of HMSCs. These findings are clinically relevant since wear debris alter extracellular communication in the bone periprosthetic niche, contributing to particle-induced osteolysis and consequent prosthetic joint failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson de Souza
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Gemini-Piperni
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Lab∈n Group, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Liliana Grenho
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís A Rocha
- Physics Department, Paulista State University, São Paulo, Brazil.,IBTN/Br - Brazilian Branch of the Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M Granjeiro
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Sonia A Melo
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria H Fernandes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,NanoSafety group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal.
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4
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HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021148. [PMID: 36674659 PMCID: PMC9867265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a number of modifications (acetylation, de-acetylation, epimerization, sulfation). Variable heparan sulfate chain lengths and sequences within the heparan sulfate chains provide structural diversity generating interactive oligosaccharide binding motifs with a diverse range of extracellular ligands and cellular receptors providing instructional cues over cellular behaviour and tissue homeostasis through the regulation of essential physiological processes in development, health, and disease. heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate-PGs are integral components of the specialized glycocalyx surrounding cells. Heparan sulfate is the most heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan, in terms of its sequence and biosynthetic modifications making it a difficult molecule to fully characterize, multiple ligands also make an elucidation of heparan sulfate functional properties complicated. Spatio-temporal presentation of heparan sulfate sulfate groups is an important functional determinant in tissue development and in cellular control of wound healing and extracellular remodelling in pathological tissues. The regulatory properties of heparan sulfate are mediated via interactions with chemokines, chemokine receptors, growth factors and morphogens in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, tissue remodelling, wound healing, immune regulation, inflammation, and tumour development. A greater understanding of these HS interactive processes will improve therapeutic procedures and prognoses. Advances in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and sequencing, computational analytical carbohydrate algorithms and advanced software for the evaluation of molecular docking of heparan sulfate with its molecular partners are now available. These advanced analytic techniques and artificial intelligence offer predictive capability in the elucidation of heparan sulfate conformational effects on heparan sulfate-ligand interactions significantly aiding heparan sulfate therapeutics development.
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5
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Clarke T, Fernandez FE, Dawson PA. Sulfation Pathways During Neurodevelopment. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:866196. [PMID: 35495624 PMCID: PMC9047184 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.866196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfate is an important nutrient that modulates a diverse range of molecular and cellular functions in mammalian physiology. Over the past 2 decades, animal studies have linked numerous sulfate maintenance genes with neurological phenotypes, including seizures, impaired neurodevelopment, and behavioral abnormalities. Despite sulfation pathways being highly conserved between humans and animals, less than one third of all known sulfate maintenance genes are clinically reportable. In this review, we curated the temporal and spatial expression of 91 sulfate maintenance genes in human fetal brain from 4 to 17 weeks post conception using the online Human Developmental Biology Resource Expression. In addition, we performed a systematic search of PubMed and Embase, identifying those sulfate maintenance genes linked to atypical neurological phenotypes in humans and animals. Those findings, together with a search of the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, identified a total of 18 candidate neurological dysfunction genes that are not yet considered in clinical settings. Collectively, this article provides an overview of sulfate biology genes to inform future investigations of perturbed sulfate homeostasis associated with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Clarke
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, Australia
| | - Francesca E. Fernandez
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Dawson,
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7
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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Heparan Sulfate in Animal Models: Its Biosynthesis and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041963. [PMID: 35216081 PMCID: PMC8876164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan that plays a key role in a variety of biological functions in neurology, skeletal development, immunology, and tumor metastasis. Biosynthesis of HS is initiated by a link of xylose to Ser residue of HS proteoglycans, followed by the formation of a linker tetrasaccharide. Then, an extension reaction of HS disaccharide occurs through polymerization of many repetitive units consisting of iduronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Subsequently, several modification reactions take place to complete the maturation of HS. The sulfation positions of N-, 2-O-, 6-O-, and 3-O- are all mediated by specific enzymes that may have multiple isozymes. C5-epimerization is facilitated by the epimerase enzyme that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid. Once these enzymatic reactions have been completed, the desulfation reaction further modifies HS. Apart from HS biosynthesis, the degradation of HS is largely mediated by the lysosome, an intracellular organelle with acidic pH. Mucopolysaccharidosis is a genetic disorder characterized by an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the body associated with neuronal, skeletal, and visceral disorders. Genetically modified animal models have significantly contributed to the understanding of the in vivo role of these enzymes. Their role and potential link to diseases are also discussed.
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8
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Chen J, Sun T, You Y, Wu B, Wang X, Wu J. Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Stem Cell Homeostasis and Bone Tissue Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760532. [PMID: 34917612 PMCID: PMC8669051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells maintain a subtle balance between self-renewal and differentiation under the regulatory network supported by both intracellular and extracellular components. Proteoglycans are large glycoproteins present abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix where they play pivotal roles in facilitating signaling transduction and maintaining stem cell homeostasis. In this review, we outline distinct proteoglycans profiles and their functions in the regulation of stem cell homeostasis, as well as recent progress and prospects of utilizing proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans as a novel glycomics carrier or bio-active molecules in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan You
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Buling Wu
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United states
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Regulation of 3-O-Sulfation of Heparan Sulfate During Transition from the Naïve to the Primed State in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34626399 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which are established from the inner cell mass of pre-implantation mouse blastocysts, rapidly expand and form dome-shaped colonies. The pluripotent state of mESCs has been defined as the "naïve" state. On the other hand, characteristics of mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs), which are derived from the epiblast of mouse post-implantation blastocysts, has been described as the "primed" state. Human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs/iPSCs) are also defined as primed state cells because their gene expression pattern and signal requirement are similar to those of mEpiSCs. Both mEpiSCs and hESCs/iPSCs proliferate slowly and form flat colonies. It is therefore difficult to genetically modify primed state cells and apply them to regenerative medicine. Therefore, stable methods of reversion from the primed to the naïve state are required. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms that underpin the primed-to-naïve transition is essential for the use of such cells in basic research and regenerative medicine applications. However, this is a challenging task, since the mechanisms involved in the transition from the naïve to the primed state are still unclear. Here, we induced mEpiSC-like cells (mEpiSCLCs) from mESCs. During induction of mEpiSCLCs, we suppressed expression of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (HS), the HS4C3 epitope, by shRNA-mediated knockdown of HS 3-O-sulfotransferases-5 (3OST-5, formally Hs3st5). The reduction in the level of HS 3-O-sulfation was confirmed by immunostaining with an anti-HS4C3 antibody. This protocol provides an efficient method for stable gene knockdown in mESCs and for the differentiation of mESCs to mEpiSCLCs.
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10
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Applications of Xylosides in the Manipulation of Stem Cell Niche to Regulate Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Neurite Outgrowth. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34626422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of neural stem cell differentiation, axon guidance and growth, and neural plasticity. Glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are significant components of brain ECM that dictates neurogenesis and neural repair. Herein, we describe a simple method to assess the effect of xylsoides, which serve as primers and inhibitors of GAG biosynthesis, on human neural stem cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth in in vitro culture conditions.
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11
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Lewejohann L, Pallerla SR, Schreiber RS, Gerula J, Grobe K. Cerebellar Morphology and Behavioral Profiles in Mice Lacking Heparan Sulfate Ndst Gene Function. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030013. [PMID: 32664575 PMCID: PMC7560088 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the Heparan sulfate (HS)-biosynthetic gene N-acetylglucosamine N-Deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) during nervous system development causes malformations that are composites of those caused by mutations of multiple HS binding growth factors and morphogens. However, the role of Ndst function in adult brain physiology is less explored. Therefore, we generated mice bearing a Purkinje-cell-specific deletion in Ndst1 gene function by using Cre/loxP technology under the control of the Purkinje cell protein 2 (Pcp2/L7) promotor, which results in HS undersulfation. We observed that mutant mice did not show overt changes in the density or organization of Purkinje cells in the adult cerebellum, and behavioral tests also demonstrated normal cerebellar function. This suggested that postnatal Purkinje cell development and homeostasis are independent of Ndst1 function, or that impaired HS sulfation upon deletion of Ndst1 function may be compensated for by other Purkinje cell-expressed Ndst isoforms. To test the latter possibility, we additionally deleted the second Purkinje-cell expressed Ndst family member, Ndst2. This selectively abolished reproductive capacity of compound mutant female, but not male, mice, suggesting that ovulation, gestation, or female reproductive behavior specifically depends on Ndst-dependent HS sulfation in cells types that express Cre under Pcp2/L7 promotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lewejohann
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.L.); (R.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Srinivas R. Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Rebecca S. Schreiber
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.L.); (R.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Joanna Gerula
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.L.); (R.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-52289
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13
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Yu C, Peall IW, Pham SH, Okolicsanyi RK, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Syndecan-1 Facilitates the Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteo-Adipogenic Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113884. [PMID: 32485953 PMCID: PMC7312587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stems cells (hMSCs) are precursors to adipocyte and osteoblast lineage cells. Dysregulation of the osteo-adipogenic balance has been implicated in pathological conditions involving bone loss. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) such as cell membrane-bound syndecans (SDCs) and glypicans (GPCs) mediate hMSC lineage differentiation and with syndecan-1 (SDC-1) reported in both adipogenesis and osteogenesis, these macromolecules are potential regulators of the osteo-adipogenic balance. Here, we disrupted the HSPG profile in primary hMSC cultures via temporal knockdown (KD) of SDC-1 using RNA interference (RNAi) in undifferentiated, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiated hMSCs. SDC-1 KD cultures were examined for osteogenic and adipogenic lineage markers along with changes in HSPG profile and common signalling pathways implicated in hMSC lineage fate. Undifferentiated hMSC SDC-1 KD cultures exhibited a pro-adipogenic phenotype with subsequent osteogenic differentiation demonstrating enhanced maturation of osteoblasts. In cultures where SDC-1 KD was performed following initiation of differentiation, increased adipogenic gene and protein marker expression along with increased Oil Red O staining identified enhanced adipogenesis, with impaired osteogenesis also observed in these cultures. These findings implicate SDC-1 as a facilitator of the hMSC osteo-adipogenic balance during early induction of lineage differentiation.
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14
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Pessentheiner AR, Ducasa GM, Gordts PLSM. Proteoglycans in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Dysfunction and Meta-Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:769. [PMID: 32508807 PMCID: PMC7248225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a specific subset of glycoproteins found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in metabolic homeostasis and meta-inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged on the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of diet-induced disorders such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. Complications of energy metabolism drive most diet-induced metabolic disorders, which results in low-grade chronic inflammation, thereby affecting proper function of many vital organs involved in energy homeostasis, such as the brain, liver, kidney, heart and adipose tissue. Here, we discuss how heparan, chondroitin and keratan sulfate proteoglycans modulate obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and low-grade inflammation that impact the initiation and progression of obesity-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R. Pessentheiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - G. Michelle Ducasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip L. S. M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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15
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Xiong A, Spyrou A, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Involvement of Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase in Neural Development and Pathogenesis of Brain Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:365-403. [PMID: 32274718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are aggressive and devastating diseases. The most common type of brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable and has one of the worst five-year survival rates of all human cancers. GBMs are invasive and infiltrate healthy brain tissue, which is one main reason they remain fatal despite resection, since cells that have already migrated away lead to rapid regrowth of the tumor. Curative therapy for medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor, has improved, but the outcome is still poor for many patients, and treatment causes long-term complications. Recent advances in the classification of pediatric brain tumors reveal distinct subgroups, allowing more targeted therapy for the most aggressive forms, and sparing children with less malignant tumors the side-effects of massive treatment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), main components of the neurogenic niche, interact specifically with a large number of physiologically important molecules and vital roles for HS biosynthesis and degradation in neural stem cell differentiation have been presented. HSPGs are composed of a core protein with attached highly charged, sulfated disaccharide chains. The major enzyme that degrades HS is heparanase (HPSE), an important regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which has been suggested to promote the growth and invasion of other types of tumors. This is of clinical interest because GBM are highly invasive and children with metastatic MB at the time of diagnosis exhibit a worse outcome. Here we review the involvement of HS and HPSE in development of the nervous system and some of its most malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Gu Y, Liu B, Liu Q, Hang Y, Wang L, Brash JL, Chen G, Chen H. Modular Polymers as a Platform for Cell Surface Engineering: Promoting Neural Differentiation and Enhancing the Immune Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47720-47729. [PMID: 31793283 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulating cell behavior and cell fate are of great significance for basic biological research and cell therapy. Carbohydrates, as the key biomacromolecules, play a crucial role in regulating cell behavior. Herein, "modular" glycopolymers were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. These glycopolymers contain sugar units (glucose), anchoring units (cholesterol), "guest" units (adamantane) for host-guest interaction, and fluorescent labeling units (fluorescein). It was demonstrated that these glycopolymers can insert into cell membranes with high efficiency and their residence time on the membranes can be regulated by controlling their cholesterol content. Furthermore, the behavior of the engineered cells can be controlled by modifying with different functional β-cyclodextrins (CD-X) via host-guest interactions with the adamantane units. Host-guest interactions with the modular polymers were demonstrated using CD-RBITC (X = a rhodamine B isothiocyanate). The glycopolymers were modified with CD-S (X = seven sulfonate groups) and CD-M (X = seven mannose groups) and were then attached, respectively, to the surfaces of mouse embryonic stem cells for the promotion of neural differentiation and to the surfaces of cancer cells for the enhancement of the immune response. The combination of multiple anchors and host-guest interactions provides a widely applicable cell membrane modification platform for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Hang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - John L Brash
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S4L7 , Canada
| | - Gaojian Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
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17
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Heparanase promotes myeloma stemness and in vivo tumorigenesis. Matrix Biol 2019; 88:53-68. [PMID: 31812535 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is known to enhance the progression of many cancer types and is associated with poor patient prognosis. We recently reported that after patients with multiple myeloma were treated with high dose chemotherapy, the tumor cells that emerged upon relapse expressed a much higher level of heparanase than was present prior to therapy. Because tumor cells having stemness properties are thought to seed tumor relapse, we investigated whether heparanase had a role in promoting myeloma stemness. When plated at low density and grown in serum-free conditions that support survival and expansion of stem-like cells, myeloma cells expressing a low level of heparanase formed tumor spheroids poorly. In contrast, cells expressing a high level of heparanase formed significantly more and larger spheroids than did the heparanase low cells. Importantly, heparanase-low expressing cells exhibited plasticity and were induced to exhibit stemness properties when exposed to recombinant heparanase or to exosomes that contained a high level of heparanase cargo. The spheroid-forming heparanase-high cells had elevated expression of GLI1, SOX2 and ALDH1A1, three genes known to be associated with myeloma stemness. Inhibitors that block the heparan sulfate degrading activity of heparanase significantly diminished spheroid formation and expression of stemness genes implying a direct role of the enzyme in regulating stemness. Blocking the NF-κB pathway inhibited spheroid formation and expression of stemness genes demonstrating a role for NF-κB in heparanase-mediated stemness. Myeloma cells made deficient in heparanase exhibited decreased stemness properties in vitro and when injected into mice they formed tumors poorly compared to the robust tumorigenic capacity of cells expressing higher levels of heparanase. These studies reveal for the first time a role for heparanase in promoting cancer stemness and provide new insight into its function in driving tumor progression and its association with poor prognosis in cancer patients.
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18
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Samsonov SA, Zacharias M, Chauvot de Beauchene I. Modeling large protein-glycosaminoglycan complexes using a fragment-based approach. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:1429-1439. [PMID: 30768805 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a major constituent of the extracellular matrix, participate in cell-signaling by binding specific proteins. Structural data on protein-GAG interactions are crucial to understand and modulate these signaling processes, with potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, experimental and theoretical approaches used to study GAG-protein systems are challenged by GAGs high flexibility limiting the conformational sampling above a certain size, and by the scarcity of GAG-specific docking tools compared to protein-protein or protein-drug docking approaches. We present for the first time an automated fragment-based method for docking GAGs on a protein binding site. In this approach, trimeric GAG fragments are flexibly docked to the protein, assembled based on their spacial overlap, and refined by molecular dynamics. The method appeared more successful than the classical full-ligand approach for most of 13 tested complexes with known structure. The approach is particularly promising for docking of long GAG chains, which represents a bottleneck for classical docking approaches applied to these systems. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Samsonov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Isaure Chauvot de Beauchene
- CNRS, LORIA (CNRS, Inria NGE, Université de Lorraine), Campus Scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
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19
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Chatterjee S, Stephenson TN, Michalak AL, Godula K, Huang ML. Silencing glycosaminoglycan functions in mouse embryonic stem cells with small molecule antagonists. Methods Enzymol 2019; 626:249-270. [PMID: 31606078 PMCID: PMC7265920 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that decorates proteins and lipids with glycans. These glycans can play critical roles in regulating biological events, and therefore, the discovery of strategies that target these molecules represent an important advancement toward understanding and controlling glycan-mediated cellular phenotypes. We describe the use of a small molecule, surfen, to temporarily silence the functions mediated by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans in mouse embryonic stem cells. Surfen binds heparan sulfate to antagonize growth factor interactions, thereby inhibiting signal transduction events that lead to differentiation. The strategies outlined in this chapter allow the characterization of resulting antagonistic effects caused by glycan-small molecule binding events toward maintaining embryonic stem cell pluripotency, curbing differentiation, and inhibiting signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Tesia N Stephenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Austen L Michalak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Mia L Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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20
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Kalaska B, Miklosz J, Kamiński K, Musielak B, Yusa SI, Pawlak D, Nowakowska M, Szczubiałka K, Mogielnicki A. The neutralization of heparan sulfate by heparin-binding copolymer as a potential therapeutic target. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3020-3029. [PMID: 35518950 PMCID: PMC9059929 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides regulating ligand–receptor and cell–cell interactions, heparan sulfate (HS) may participate in the development of many diseases, such as cancer, bacterial or viral infections, and their complications, like bleeding or inflammation. In these cases, the neutralization of HS could be a potential therapeutic target. The heparin-binding copolymer (HBC, PEG41-PMAPTAC53) was previously reported by us as a fully synthetic compound for efficient and safe neutralization of heparins and synthetic anticoagulants. In a search for molecular antagonists of HS, we examined the activity of HBC as an HS inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo and characterized HBC/HS complexes. Using a colorimetric Azure A method, isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering techniques we found that HBC binds HS by forming complexes below 200 nm with less than 1 : 1 stoichiometry. We confirmed the HBC inhibitory effect in rats by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, anti-factor Xa activity, anti-factor IIa activity, and platelet aggregation. HBC reversed the enhancement of all tested parameters caused by HS demonstrating that cationic synthetic block copolymers may have a therapeutic value in various disorders involving overproduction of HS. The neutralization of heparan sulfate (HS) by a heparin-binding copolymer (HBC) could be a promising treating option for bacterial or viral infections or bleeding related to overproduction of HS in cancer or other diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
| | - Joanna Miklosz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Bogdan Musielak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- University of Hyogo
- Himeji
- Japan
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Mogielnicki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
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21
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Thieker DF, Xu Y, Chapla D, Nora C, Qiu H, Felix T, Wang L, Moremen KW, Liu J, Esko JD, Woods RJ. Downstream Products are Potent Inhibitors of the Heparan Sulfate 2-O-Sulfotransferase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11832. [PMID: 30087361 PMCID: PMC6081452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate (HS) is a cell signaling molecule linked to pathological processes ranging from cancer to viral entry, yet fundamental aspects of its biosynthesis remain incompletely understood. Here, the binding preferences of the uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST) are examined with variably-sulfated hexasaccharides. Surprisingly, heavily sulfated oligosaccharides formed by later-acting sulfotransferases bind more tightly to HS2ST than those corresponding to its natural substrate or product. Inhibition assays also indicate that the IC50 values correlate simply with degree of oligosaccharide sulfation. Structural analysis predicts a mode of inhibition in which 6-O-sulfate groups located on glucosamine residues present in highly-sulfated oligosaccharides occupy the canonical binding site of the nucleotide cofactor. The unexpected finding that oligosaccharides associated with later stages in HS biosynthesis inhibit HS2ST indicates that the enzyme must be separated temporally and/or spatially from downstream products during biosynthesis in vivo, and highlights a challenge for the enzymatic synthesis of lengthy HS chains in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Thieker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 1044, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hong Qiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas Felix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 1044, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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22
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Okolicsanyi RK, Oikari LE, Yu C, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Drivers of Neural Progenitors Derived From Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:134. [PMID: 29740281 PMCID: PMC5928449 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to their relative ease of isolation and their high ex vivo and in vitro expansive potential, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are an attractive candidate for therapeutic applications in the treatment of brain injury and neurological diseases. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a family of ubiquitous proteins involved in a number of vital cellular processes including proliferation and stem cell lineage differentiation. Methods: Following the determination that hMSCs maintain neural potential throughout extended in vitro expansion, we examined the role of HSPGs in mediating the neural potential of hMSCs. hMSCs cultured in basal conditions (undifferentiated monolayer cultures) were found to co-express neural markers and HSPGs throughout expansion with modulation of the in vitro niche through the addition of exogenous HS influencing cellular HSPG and neural marker expression. Results: Conversion of hMSCs into hMSC Induced Neurospheres (hMSC IN) identified distinctly localized HSPG staining within the spheres along with altered gene expression of HSPG core protein and biosynthetic enzymes when compared to undifferentiated hMSCs. Conclusion: Comparison of markers of pluripotency, neural self-renewal and neural lineage specification between hMSC IN, hMSC and human neural stem cell (hNSC H9) cultures suggest that in vitro generated hMSC IN may represent an intermediary neurogenic cell type, similar to a common neural progenitor cell. In addition, this data demonstrates HSPGs and their biosynthesis machinery, are associated with hMSC IN formation. The identification of specific HSPGs driving hMSC lineage-specification will likely provide new markers to allow better use of hMSCs in therapeutic applications and improve our understanding of human neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chieh Yu
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Yu C, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Exploiting Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Human Neurogenesis-Controlling Lineage Specification and Fate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:28. [PMID: 29089873 PMCID: PMC5650988 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecialized, self-renewing stem cells have extraordinary application to regenerative medicine due to their multilineage differentiation potential. Stem cell therapies through replenishing damaged or lost cells in the injured area is an attractive treatment of brain trauma and neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Several stem cell types have neurogenic potential including neural stem cells (NSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Currently, effective use of these cells is limited by our lack of understanding and ability to direct lineage commitment and differentiation of neural lineages. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous proteins within the stem cell microenvironment or niche and are found localized on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), where they interact with numerous signaling molecules. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains carried by HSPGs are heterogeneous carbohydrates comprised of repeating disaccharides with specific sulfation patterns that govern ligand interactions to numerous factors including the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnts). As such, HSPGs are plausible targets for guiding and controlling neural stem cell lineage fate. In this review, we provide an overview of HSPG family members syndecans and glypicans, and perlecan and their role in neurogenesis. We summarize the structural changes and subsequent functional implications of heparan sulfate as cells undergo neural lineage differentiation as well as outline the role of HSPG core protein expression throughout mammalian neural development and their function as cell receptors and co-receptors. Finally, we highlight suitable biomimetic approaches for exploiting the role of HSPGs in mammalian neurogenesis to control and tailor cell differentiation into specific lineages. An improved ability to control stem cell specific neural lineage fate and produce abundant cells of lineage specificity will further advance stem cell therapy for the development of improved repair of neurological disorders. We propose a deeper understanding of HSPG-mediated neurogenesis can potentially provide novel therapeutic targets of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Yu
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Lei J, Yuan Y, Lyu Z, Wang M, Liu Q, Wang H, Yuan L, Chen H. Deciphering the Role of Sulfonated Unit in Heparin-Mimicking Polymer to Promote Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28209-28221. [PMID: 28783314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), hold great potential for inducing the neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the disadvantages of natural heparin/HS, such as difficulty in isolating them with a sufficient amount, highly heterogeneous structure, and the risk of immune responses, have limited their further therapeutic applications. Thus, there is a great demand for stable, controllable, and well-defined synthetic alternatives of heparin/HS with more effective biological functions. In this study, based upon a previously proposed unit-recombination strategy, several heparin-mimicking polymers were synthesized by integrating glucosamine-like 2-methacrylamido glucopyranose monomers (MAG) with three sulfonated units in different structural forms, and their effects on cell proliferation, the pluripotency, and the differentiation of ESCs were carefully studied. The results showed that all the copolymers had good cytocompatibility and displayed much better bioactivity in promoting the neural differentiation of ESCs as compared to natural heparin; copolymers with different sulfonated units exhibited different levels of promoting ability; among them, copolymer with 3-sulfopropyl acrylate (SPA) as a sulfonated unit was the most potent in promoting the neural differentiation of ESCs; the promoting effect is dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of P(MAG-co-SPA), with the highest levels occurring at the intermediate molecular weight and concentration. These results clearly demonstrated that the sulfonated unit in the copolymers played an important role in determining the promoting effect on ESCs' neural differentiation; SPA was identified as the most potent sulfonated unit for copolymer with the strongest promoting ability. The possible reason for sulfonated unit structure as a vital factor influencing the ability of the copolymers may be attributed to the difference in electrostatic and steric hindrance effect. The synthetic heparin-mimicking polymers obtained here can offer an effective alternative to heparin/HS and have great therapeutic potential for nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Lei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Lyu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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25
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Spyrou A, Kundu S, Haseeb L, Yu D, Olofsson T, Dredge K, Hammond E, Barash U, Vlodavsky I, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Inhibition of Heparanase in Pediatric Brain Tumor Cells Attenuates their Proliferation, Invasive Capacity, and In Vivo Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1705-1716. [PMID: 28716813 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Curative therapy for medulloblastoma and other pediatric embryonal brain tumors has improved, but the outcome still remains poor and current treatment causes long-term complications. Malignant brain tumors infiltrate the healthy brain tissue and, thus despite resection, cells that have already migrated cause rapid tumor regrowth. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), modulate the activities of a variety of proteins. The major enzyme that degrades HS, heparanase (HPSE), is an important regulator of the ECM. Here, we report that the levels of HPSE in pediatric brain tumors are higher than in healthy brain tissue and that treatment of pediatric brain tumor cells with HPSE stimulated their growth. In addition, the latent, 65 kDa form of HPSE (that requires intracellular enzymatic processing for activation) enhanced cell viability and rapidly activated the ERK and AKT signaling pathways, before enzymatically active HPSE was detected. The HPSE inhibitor PG545 efficiently killed pediatric brain tumor cells, but not normal human astrocytes, and this compound also reduced tumor cell invasion in vitro and potently reduced the size of flank tumors in vivo Our findings indicate that HPSE in malignant brain tumors affects both the tumor cells themselves and their ECM. In conclusion, HPSE plays a substantial role in childhood brain tumors, by contributing to tumor aggressiveness and thereby represents a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1705-16. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lulu Haseeb
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommie Olofsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keith Dredge
- Zucero Therapeutics Pty Ltd., Darra, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Hammond
- Zucero Therapeutics Pty Ltd., Darra, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Papy-Garcia D, Albanese P. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as key regulators of the mesenchymal niche of hematopoietic stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:377-391. [PMID: 28577070 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex microenvironment that surrounds hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow niche involves different coordinated signaling pathways. The stem cells establish permanent interactions with distinct cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts or endothelial cells and with secreted regulators such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. These interactions are mediated through adhesion to extracellular matrix compounds also. All these signaling pathways are important for stem cell fates such as self-renewal, proliferation or differentiation, homing and mobilization, as well as for remodeling of the niche. Among these complex molecular cues, this review focuses on heparan sulfate (HS) structures and functions and on the role of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and turnover. HS associated to core protein, constitute the superfamily of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all tissues. The key regulatory effects of major medullar HSPGs are described, focusing on their roles in the interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their endosteal niche, and on their ability to interact with Heparin Binding Proteins (HBPs). Finally, according to the relevance of HS moieties effects on this complex medullar niche, we describe recent data that identify HS mimetics or sulfated HS signatures as new glycanic tools and targets, respectively, for hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Patricia Albanese
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France.
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27
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and GAG mimetics regulate the behavior of stem cell differentiation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 150:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Lyu Z, Shi X, Lei J, Yuan Y, Yuan L, Yu Q, Chen H. Promoting neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells using β-cyclodextrin sulfonate. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1896-1900. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02572b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Promoting neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells using inclusion complexes formed between β-cyclodextrin sulfonate and all-trans retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Lyu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Jiehua Lei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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29
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Xiong A, Kundu S, Forsberg M, Xiong Y, Bergström T, Paavilainen T, Kjellén L, Li JP, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Heparanase confers a growth advantage to differentiating murine embryonic stem cells, and enhances oligodendrocyte formation. Matrix Biol 2016; 62:92-104. [PMID: 27890389 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), ubiquitous components of mammalian cells, play important roles in development and homeostasis. These molecules are located primarily on the cell surface and in the pericellular matrix, where they interact with a multitude of macromolecules, including many growth factors. Manipulation of the enzymes involved in biosynthesis and modification of HSPG structures alters the properties of stem cells. Here, we focus on the involvement of heparanase (HPSE), the sole endo-glucuronidase capable of cleaving of HS, in differentiation of embryonic stem cells into the cells of the neural lineage. Embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing HPSE (Hpse-Tg) proliferated more rapidly than WT ES cells in culture and formed larger teratomas in vivo. In addition, differentiating Hpse-Tg ES cells also had a higher growth rate, and overexpression of HPSE in NSPCs enhanced Erk and Akt phosphorylation. Employing a two-step, monolayer differentiation, we observed an increase in HPSE as wild-type (WT) ES cells differentiated into neural stem and progenitor cells followed by down-regulation of HPSE as these NSPCs differentiated into mature cells of the neural lineage. Furthermore, NSPCs overexpressing HPSE gave rise to more oligodendrocytes than WT cultures, with a concomitant reduction in the number of neurons. Our present findings emphasize the importance of HS, in neural differentiation and suggest that by regulating the availability of growth factors and, or other macromolecules, HPSE promotes differentiation into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maud Forsberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuyuan Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Paavilainen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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30
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Glycan Engineering for Cell and Developmental Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:108-121. [PMID: 26933739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface glycans are a diverse class of macromolecules that participate in many key biological processes, including cell-cell communication, development, and disease progression. Thus, the ability to modulate the structures of glycans on cell surfaces provides a powerful means not only to understand fundamental processes but also to direct activity and elicit desired cellular responses. Here, we describe methods to sculpt glycans on cell surfaces and highlight recent successes in which artificially engineered glycans have been employed to control biological outcomes such as the immune response and stem cell fate.
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31
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Glycans define the stemness of naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:737-747. [PMID: 27796614 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface glycans are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. They function as essential modulators in cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and ligand-receptor interactions, binding to various ligands, including Wnt, fibroblast growth factors, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, originally derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, have the essential characteristics of pluripotency and self-renewal. Recently, it has been proposed that mouse and human conventional ES cells are present in different developmental stages, namely pre-implantation blastocyst and post-implantation blastocyst stages, also called the naïve state and the primed state, respectively. They therefore require different extrinsic signals for the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency, and also appear to require different surface glycans. Understanding of molecular mechanisms involving glycans in self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells is increasingly important for potential clinical applications, as well as for basic research. This review focuses on the roles of glycans in the two different states of pluripotent stem cells, namely the naïve state and the primed state, and the transition between these two states.
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32
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans: their distinct roles in stem cell biology. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:725-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Ghadiali RS, Guimond SE, Turnbull JE, Pisconti A. Dynamic changes in heparan sulfate during muscle differentiation and ageing regulate myoblast cell fate and FGF2 signalling. Matrix Biol 2016; 59:54-68. [PMID: 27496348 PMCID: PMC5380652 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are skeletal muscle stem cells residing quiescent around healthy muscle fibres. In response to injury or disease SCs activate, proliferate and eventually differentiate and fuse to one another to form new muscle fibres, or to existing damaged fibres to repair them. The sulfated polysaccharide heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly variable biomolecule known to play key roles in the regulation of cell fate decisions, though the changes that muscle HS undergoes during SC differentiation are unknown. Here we show that the sulfation levels of HS increase during SC differentiation; more specifically, we observe an increase in 6-O and 2-O-sulfation in N-acetylated disaccharides. Interestingly, a specific increase in 6-O sulfation is also observed in the heparanome of ageing muscle, which we show leads to promotion of FGF2 signalling and satellite cell proliferation, suggesting a role for the heparanome dynamics in age-associated loss of quiescence. Addition of HS mimetics to differentiating SC cultures results in differential effects: an oversulfated HS mimetic increases differentiation and inhibits FGF2 signalling, a known major promoter of SC proliferation and inhibitor of differentiation. In contrast, FGF2 signalling is promoted by an N-acetylated HS mimetic, which inhibits differentiation and promotes SC expansion. We conclude that the heparanome of SCs is dynamically regulated during muscle differentiation and ageing, and that such changes might account for some of the phenotypes and signalling events that are associated with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ghadiali
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - S E Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - J E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - A Pisconti
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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34
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Bogdani M. Thinking Outside the Cell: A Key Role for Hyaluronan in the Pathogenesis of Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2105-14. [PMID: 27456615 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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35
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Deligny A, Dierker T, Dagälv A, Lundequist A, Eriksson I, Nairn AV, Moremen KW, Merry CLR, Kjellén L. NDST2 (N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase-2) Enzyme Regulates Heparan Sulfate Chain Length. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18600-18607. [PMID: 27387504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of heparan sulfate synthesized by HEK 293 cells overexpressing murine NDST1 and/or NDST2 demonstrated that the amount of heparan sulfate was increased in NDST2- but not in NDST1-overexpressing cells. Altered transcript expression of genes encoding other biosynthetic enzymes or proteoglycan core proteins could not account for the observed changes. However, the role of NDST2 in regulating the amount of heparan sulfate synthesized was confirmed by analyzing heparan sulfate content in tissues isolated from Ndst2(-/-) mice, which contained reduced levels of the polysaccharide. Detailed disaccharide composition analysis showed no major structural difference between heparan sulfate from control and Ndst2(-/-) tissues, with the exception of heparan sulfate from spleen where the relative amount of trisulfated disaccharides was lowered in the absence of NDST2. In vivo transcript expression levels of the heparan sulfate-polymerizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 were also largely unaffected by NDST2 levels, pointing to a mode of regulation other than increased gene transcription. Size estimation of heparan sulfate polysaccharide chains indicated that increased chain lengths in NDST2-overexpressing cells alone could explain the increased heparan sulfate content. A model is discussed where NDST2-specific substrate modification stimulates elongation resulting in increased heparan sulfate chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Deligny
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Tabea Dierker
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Anders Dagälv
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Anders Lundequist
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Alison V Nairn
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
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36
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Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise in treating many diseases either through promoting endogenous cell repair or through direct cell transplants. In order to maximize their potential, understanding the fundamental signals and mechanisms that regulate their behavior is essential. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is one such component involved in mediating stem cell fate. Recent studies have made significant progress in understanding stem cell-ECM interactions. Technological developments have provided greater clarity in how cells may sense and respond to the ECM, in particular the physical properties of the matrix. This review summarizes recent developments, providing illustrative examples of the different modes with which the ECM controls both embryonic and adult stem cell behavior.
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37
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Wang M, Lyu Z, Chen G, Wang H, Yuan Y, Ding K, Yu Q, Yuan L, Chen H. A new avenue to the synthesis of GAG-mimicking polymers highly promoting neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15434-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06944k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for the fabrication of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analogs with high bioactivities was proposed by copolymerizing the sulfonated unit and the glyco unit, ‘splitted’ from the sulfated saccharide building blocks of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Zhonglin Lyu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215006
- China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Kaiguo Ding
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
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38
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Pulsipher A, Griffin ME, Stone SE, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Long-Lived Engineering of Glycans to Direct Stem Cell Fate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Pulsipher A, Griffin ME, Stone SE, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Long-lived engineering of glycans to direct stem cell fate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1466-70. [PMID: 25476911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycans mediate many critical, long-term biological processes, such as stem cell differentiation. However, few methods are available for the sustained remodeling of cells with specific glycan structures. A new strategy that enables the long-lived presentation of defined glycosaminoglycans on cell surfaces using HaloTag proteins (HTPs) as anchors is reported. By controlling the sulfation patterns of heparan sulfate (HS) on pluripotent embryonic stem cell (ESC) membranes, it is demonstrated that specific glycans cause ESCs to undergo accelerated exit from self-renewal and differentiation into neuronal cell types. Thus, the stable display of glycans on HTP scaffolds provides a powerful, versatile means to direct key signaling events and biological outcomes such as stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Pulsipher
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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40
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Ding K, Wang Y, Wang H, Yuan L, Tan M, Shi X, Lyu Z, Liu Y, Chen H. 6-O-sulfated chitosan promoting the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20043-20050. [PMID: 25300532 DOI: 10.1021/am505628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be induced to differentiate into nerve cells, endowing them with potential applications in the treatment of neurological diseases and neural repair. In this work, we report for the first time that sulfated chitosan can promote the neural differentiation of ESCs. As a type of sulfated glycosaminoglycan analog, sulfated chitosan with well-defined sulfation sites and a controlled degree of sulfation (DS) were prepared through simple procedures and the influence of sulfated glycosaminoglycan on neural differentiation of ESCs was investigated. Compared with other sulfation sites, 6-O-sulfated chitosan showed the most optimal effects. By monitoring the expression level of neural differentiation markers using immunofluorescence staining and PCR, it was found that neural differentiation was better enhanced by increasing the DS of 6-O-sulfated chitosan. However, increasing the DS by introducing another sulfation site in addition to the 6-O site to chitosan did not promote neural differentiation as much as 6-O-sulfated chitosan, indicating that compared with DS, the sulfation site is more important. Additionally, the optimal concentration and incubation time of 6-O-sulfated chitosan were investigated. Together, our results indicate that the sulfate site and the molecular structure in a sulfated polysaccharide are very important for inducing the differentiation of ESCs. Our findings may help to highlight the role of sulfated polysaccharide in inducing the neural differentiation of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiguo Ding
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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41
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Xiong A, Kundu S, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Heparan sulfate in the regulation of neural differentiation and glioma development. FEBS J 2014; 281:4993-5008. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory; Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory; Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory; Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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42
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Reuter MS, Musante L, Hu H, Diederich S, Sticht H, Ekici AB, Uebe S, Wienker TF, Bartsch O, Zechner U, Oppitz C, Keleman K, Jamra RA, Najmabadi H, Schweiger S, Reis A, Kahrizi K. NDST1missense mutations in autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2753-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S. Reuter
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Luciana Musante
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics; Dept. Human Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics; Dept. Human Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Diederich
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas F. Wienker
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics; Dept. Human Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | | | - Krystyna Keleman
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology; Vienna Austria
- Janelia Farm Research Campus; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Ashburn Virginia
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Using embryonic stem cells to understand how glycosaminoglycans regulate differentiation. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:689-95. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20140064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation and subsequent specialization of every cell within an organism is an intricate interwoven process. A complex network of signalling pathways eventually leads to the specification of a multitude of different cell types able to function co-operatively. HS (heparan sulfate) is a highly sulfated linear polysaccharide that resides at the pericellular cell–matrix interface where it dictates the binding and activity of a large number of proteins, including growth factors and morphogens such as members of the FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) families. Embryonic stem cells derived from mice with mutations in components of the HS biosynthetic pathway provide an opportunity to dissect the contribution of HS to signalling pathways critical for regulating stem cell maintenance and differentiation. In addition to improving our understanding of signalling mechanisms, this knowledge enables the selection of exogenous HS saccharides to improve the efficiency and selectivity of directed differentiation protocols, offering a cost-effective alternative to high concentrations of expensive growth factors to drive differentiation towards a particular therapeutically relevant cell type.
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Kraushaar DC, Dalton S, Wang L. Heparan sulfate: a key regulator of embryonic stem cell fate. Biol Chem 2014; 394:741-51. [PMID: 23370908 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) belongs to a class of glycosaminoglycans and is a highly sulfated, linear polysaccharide. HS biosynthesis and modification involves numerous enzymes. HS exists as part of glycoproteins named HS proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. HS interacts with numerous proteins, including growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion molecules, and thereby regulates important developmental processes in invertebrates and vertebrates. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are distinguished by their characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. Self-renewal allows ESCs to proliferate indefinitely in their undifferentiated state, whereas pluripotency implies their capacity to differentiate into the three germ layers and ultimately all cell types of the adult body. Both traits are tightly regulated by numerous cell signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of HS in the modulation of ESC functions, specifically their lineage fate. Here, we review the current advances that have been made in understanding the structural changes of HS during ESC differentiation and in deciphering the molecular mechanisms by which HS modulates cell fate. Finally, we discuss the applications of heparinoids and chemical inhibitors of HS biosynthesis for the manipulation of ESC culture and directed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Kraushaar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Matrix regulators in neural stem cell functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2520-5. [PMID: 24447567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) reside within a complex and dynamic extracellular microenvironment, or niche. This niche regulates fundamental aspects of their behavior during normal neural development and repair. Precise yet dynamic regulation of NSPC self-renewal, migration, and differentiation is critical and must persist over the life of an organism. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we summarize some of the major components of the NSPC niche and provide examples of how cues from the extracellular matrix regulate NSPC behaviors. We use proteoglycans to illustrate the many diverse roles of the niche in providing temporal and spatial regulation of cellular behavior. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The NSPC niche is comprised of multiple components that include; soluble ligands, such as growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, and neurotransmitters, the extracellular matrix, and cellular components. As illustrated by proteoglycans, a major component of the extracellular matrix, the NSPC, niche provides temporal and spatial regulation of NSPC behaviors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The factors that control NSPC behavior are vital to understand as we attempt to modulate normal neural development and repair. Furthermore, an improved understanding of how these factors regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, crucial for malignancy, may reveal novel anti-tumor strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Izumikawa T, Sato B, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate is indispensable for pluripotency and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3701. [PMID: 24424429 PMCID: PMC3892716 DOI: 10.1038/srep03701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans are present on the surfaces of virtually all cells and in the extracellular matrix and are required for cytokinesis at early developmental stages. Studies have shown that heparan sulfate (HS) is essential for maintaining mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are primed for differentiation, whereas the function of CS has not yet been elucidated. To clarify the role of CS, we generated glucuronyltransferase-I-knockout ESCs lacking CS. We found that CS was required to maintain the pluripotency of ESCs and promoted initial ESC commitment to differentiation compared with HS. In addition, CS-A and CS-E polysaccharides, but not CS-C polysaccharides, bound to E-cadherin and enhanced ESC differentiation. Multiple-lineage differentiation was inhibited in chondroitinase ABC-digested wild-type ESCs. Collectively, these results suggest that CS is a novel determinant in controlling the functional integrity of ESCs via binding to E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ban Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Zhang X, Wang B, Li JP. Implications of heparan sulfate and heparanase in neuroinflammation. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:174-81. [PMID: 24398134 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, have essential functions in development and homeostasis, and have been implicated in several pathological conditions. The functions of HSPGs are mainly mediated through interactions of the heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide side chains with different protein ligands. The molecular structure of HS is highly diverse, expressed in a cell-type specific manner. The flexible yet controlled structure of HS is primarily generated through a strictly regulated biosynthesis process and is further modified post-synthetically, such as desulfation by endosulfatases and fragmentation by heparanase. Heparanase is an endo-glucuronidase expressed in all tissues. The enzyme has been found up-regulated in a number of pathological conditions, implying a role in diseases mainly through degradation of HS. Emerging evidence demonstrates important roles of HS and heparanase in inflammatory reactions, particularly in the regulation of leukocyte activation and extravasation. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of various central nervous system disorders, thus it is a great interest to understand the implications of HS and heparanase in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Pedersen ME, Snieckute G, Kagias K, Nehammer C, Multhaupt HAB, Couchman JR, Pocock R. An epidermal microRNA regulates neuronal migration through control of the cellular glycosylation state. Science 2013; 341:1404-8. [PMID: 24052309 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate balance in glycosylation of proteoglycans is crucial for their ability to regulate animal development. Here, we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA mir-79, an ortholog of mammalian miR-9, controls sugar-chain homeostasis by targeting two proteins in the proteoglycan biosynthetic pathway: a chondroitin synthase (SQV-5; squashed vulva-5) and a uridine 5'-diphosphate-sugar transporter (SQV-7). Loss of mir-79 causes neurodevelopmental defects through SQV-5 and SQV-7 dysregulation in the epidermis. This results in a partial shutdown of heparan sulfate biosynthesis that impinges on a LON-2/glypican pathway and disrupts neuronal migration. Our results identify a regulatory axis controlled by a conserved microRNA that maintains proteoglycan homeostasis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Egebjerg Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wade A, Robinson AE, Engler JR, Petritsch C, James CD, Phillips JJ. Proteoglycans and their roles in brain cancer. FEBS J 2013; 280:2399-417. [PMID: 23281850 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a malignant brain cancer, is characterized by abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways and a poor prognosis. Extracellular proteoglycans, including heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, play critical roles in the regulation of cell signalling and migration via interactions with extracellular ligands, growth factor receptors and extracellular matrix components, as well as intracellular enzymes and structural proteins. In cancer, proteoglycans help drive multiple oncogenic pathways in tumour cells and promote critical tumour-microenvironment interactions. In the present review, we summarize the evidence for proteoglycan function in gliomagenesis and examine the expression of proteoglycans and their modifying enzymes in human glioblastoma using data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/). Furthermore, we demonstrate an association between specific proteoglycan alterations and changes in receptor tyrosine kinases. Based on these data, we propose a model in which proteoglycans and their modifying enzymes promote receptor tyrosine kinase signalling and progression in glioblastoma, and we suggest that cancer-associated proteoglycans are promising biomarkers for disease and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wade
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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