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Tu Z, Zhong J, Li H, Sun L, Huang Y, Yang S, Lu Y, Cai S. Characterization and function analysis of cathepsin C in Marsupenaeusjaponicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109379. [PMID: 38242264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsin C is a cysteine protease widely found in invertebrates and vertebrates, and has the important physiological role participating in proteolysis in vivo and activating various functional proteases in immune/inflammatory cells in the animals. In order to study the role of cathepsin C in the disease resistance of shrimp, we cloned cathepsin C gene (MjcathC) from Marsupenaeus japonicus, analyzed its expression patterns in various tissues, performed MjcathC-knockdown, and finally challenged experimental shrimps with Vibrio alginolyticus and WSSV. The results have shown the full length of MjcathC is 1782 bp, containing an open reading frame of 1350 bp encoding 449 amino acids. Homology analysis revealed that the predicted amino acid sequence of MjcathC shared respectively 88.42 %, 87.36 % and 87.58 % similarity with Penaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus penicillatus and Litopenaeus vannamei. The expression levels of MjcathC in various tissues of healthy M. japonicus are the highest in the liver, followed by the gills and heart, and the lowest in the stomach. The expression levels of MjcathC were significantly up-regulated in all examined tissues of shrimp challenged with WSSV or V. alginolyticus. After knockdown-MjcathC using RNAi technology in M. japonicus, the expression levels of lectin and heat shock protein 70 in MjcathC-knockdown shrimp were significantly down-regulated, and the mortality of MjcathC-knockdown shrimp challenged by WSSV and V. alginolyticus significantly increased. Knockdown of the MjcathC reduced the resistance of M. japonicus to WSSV and V. alginolyticus. The above results have indicated that cathepsin C may play an important role in the antibacterial and antiviral innate immunity of M. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhao Tu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | | | | | - Yucong Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China.
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Coffey JW, van der Burg NMD, Rananakomol T, Ng HI, Fernando GJP, Kendall MAF. An Ultrahigh‐Density Microneedle Array for Skin Vaccination: Inducing Epidermal Cell Death by Increasing Microneedle Density Enhances Total IgG and IgG1 Immune Responses. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. Coffey
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunology University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nicole M. D. van der Burg
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Thippayawan Rananakomol
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hwee-Ing Ng
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Germain J. P. Fernando
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Vaxxas Pty Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Mark A. F. Kendall
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Perišić Nanut M, Žurga S, Konjar Š, Prunk M, Kos J, Sabotič J. The fungal Clitocybe nebularis lectin binds distinct cell surface glycoprotein receptors to induce cell death selectively in Jurkat cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22215. [PMID: 35224765 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101056rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clitocybe nebularis lectin (CNL) is a GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-binding lectin that exhibits an antiproliferative effect exclusively on the Jurkat leukemic T cell line by provoking homotypic aggregation and dose-dependent cell death. Cell death of Jurkat cells exhibited typical features of early apoptosis, but lacked the activation of initiating and executing caspases. None of the features of CNL-induced cell death were effectively blocked with the pan-caspase inhibitor or different cysteine peptidase inhibitors. Furthermore, CNL binding induced Jurkat cells to release the endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). A plant lectin with similar glycan-binding specificity, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) showed less selective toxicity and induced cell death in Jurkat, Tall-104, and Hut-87 cell lines. HMGB1 release was also detected when Jurkat cells were treated with WFA. We identified the CD45 and CD43 cell surface glycoproteins on Jurkat cells as the main targets for CNL binding. However, the blockade of CD45 phosphatase activity failed to block either CNL-induced homotypic agglutination or cell death. Overall, our results indicate that CNL triggers atypical cell death selectively on Jurkat cells, suggesting the potential applicability of CNL in novel strategies for treating and/or detecting acute T cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Žurga
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Konjar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Prunk
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Toupin NP, Steinke SJ, Herroon MK, Podgorski I, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Unlocking the Potential of Ru(II) Dual-action Compounds with the Power of the Heavy-atom Effect. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:378-388. [PMID: 34866185 DOI: 10.1111/php.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, photochemical and biological characterization of two new Ru(II) photoactivated complexes based on [Ru(tpy)(Me2 bpy)(L)]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, Me2 bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), where L = pyridyl-BODIPY (pyBOD). Two pyBOD ligands were prepared bearing flanking hydrogen or iodine atoms. Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes show a red-shift of absorption maxima relative to the free dyes and undergo photodissociation of BODIPY ligands with green light irradiation. Addition of iodine into the BODIPY ligand facilitates intersystem crossing, which leads to efficient singlet oxygen production in the free dye, but also enhances quantum yield of release of the BODIPY ligand from Ru(II). This represents the first report of a strategy to enhance photodissociation quantum yields through the heavy-atom effect in Ru(II) complexes. Furthermore, Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes display fluorescence turn-on once released, with a lead analog showing nanomolar EC50 values against triple negative breast cancer cells, >100-fold phototherapeutic indexes under green light irradiation, and higher selectivity toward cancer cells as compared to normal cells than the corresponding free BODIPY photosensitizer. Conventional Ru(II) photoactivated complexes require nonbiorthogonal blue light for activation and rarely show submicromolar potency to achieve cell death. Our study represents an avenue for the improved photochemistry and potency of future Ru(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Cathepsin C Regulates Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis in β-Cell Model Systems. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111694. [PMID: 34828301 PMCID: PMC8622156 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that several of the lysosomal cathepsin proteases are genetically associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and participate in immune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic β cells. We previously reported that the T1D candidate gene cathepsin H is downregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in human pancreatic islets and regulates β-cell function, apoptosis, and disease progression in children with new-onset T1D. In the present study, the objective was to investigate the expression patterns of all 15 known cathepsins in β-cell model systems and examine their role in the regulation of cytokine-induced apoptosis. Real-time qPCR screening of the cathepsins in human islets, 1.1B4 and INS-1E β-cell models identified several cathepsins that were expressed and regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using small interfering RNAs to knock down (KD) the cytokine-regulated cathepsins, we identified an anti-apoptotic function of cathepsin C as KD increased cytokine-induced apoptosis. KD of cathepsin C correlated with increased phosphorylation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and elevated chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 expression. This study suggests that cathepsin C is a modulator of β-cell survival, and that immune modulation of cathepsin expression in islets may contribute to immune-mediated β-cell destruction in T1D.
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Nie W, Lan T, Yuan X, Luo M, Shen G, Yu J, Wei X. Crystalline silica induces macrophage necrosis and causes subsequent acute pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:591-609. [PMID: 34170461 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline silica (CS), an airborne particulate, is a major global occupational health hazard. While it is known as an important pathogenic factor in many severe lung diseases, the underlying mechanisms of its toxicity are still unclear. In the present study, we found that intra-tracheal instillation of CS caused rapid emergence of necrotic alveolar macrophages. Cell necrosis was a consequence of the release of cathepsin B in CS-treated macrophages, which caused dysfunction of the mitochondrial membrane. Damage to mitochondria disrupted Na+/K+ ATPase activity in macrophages, leading to intracellular sodium overload and the subsequent cell necrosis. Further studies indicate that CS-induced macrophage necrosis and the subsequent release of mitochondrial DNA could trigger the recruitment of neutrophils in the lung, which was regulated by the TLR9 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest a novel mechanism whereby CS leads to rapid macrophage necrosis through cathepsin B release, following the leakage of mitochondrial DNA as a key event in the induction of pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation. This study has important implications for the early prevention and treatment of diseases induced by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Nie
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Luo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobo Shen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmad R, Akhter QS, Haque M. Occupational Cement Dust Exposure and Inflammatory Nemesis: Bangladesh Relevance. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2425-2444. [PMID: 34135615 PMCID: PMC8200167 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s312960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged, repeated exposure to cement dust, depending on duration and sensitivity of cement dust-exposed workers, may cause deteriorating effects on the skin, eye, respiratory and hematological system. Toxic cement dust causes inflammatory damage to different body organs. White blood cells (WBCs) are considered cellular markers of ongoing tissue inflammation. Aim of the Study Determining the influence of occupational cement dust exposure on WBCs with its differentials (inflammatory markers) in workers from the cement manufacturing plant. Methodology Ninety-two seemingly healthy male subjects (46 workers of cement plant and 46 control subjects, who do not contact cement dust, residing in Dhaka) aged between 20 and 50 years participated in this cross-sectional study. This study took place in Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, between the years of 2017 and 2018. An automated hematoanalyser was used to assess both the total and differential count of WBC. Data were analyzed with multivariate regression analysis, independent samples t-test, and correlation test. Results The total WBC count, differential count of lymphocyte, and eosinophil were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in cement dust-exposed recruits than in the control group. Additionally, multivariate regression analysis revealed that duration of cement dust exposure showed a significant association with total WBC count [odds ratio (OR)=4.42,95%, confidence level (CI) 1.56,12.47, p 0.005]. Furthermore, univariate analysis revealed that the control group (not exposed to cement dust) was less likely to have the total WBC count alteration (OR = 0.122, 95% CI =0.047 to 0.311) than the cement dust-exposed group. The total WBC count showed a significant positive correlation with exposure duration to this toxic dust. Conclusion Cement dust exposure causes harmful inflammatory responses, as evidenced by increased total and differential WBC count. The period of contact with this toxic dust has an impact on WBC count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Khalfin B, Lichtenstein A, Albeck A, Nathan I. Targeting Necrosis: Elastase-like Protease Inhibitors Curtail Necrotic Cell Death Both In Vitro and in Three In Vivo Disease Models. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1510-1523. [PMID: 33522230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Necrosis is the main mode of cell death, which leads to multiple clinical conditions affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, hampering therapeutics development. Here, we identify key proteolytic activities essential for necrosis using various biochemical approaches, enzymatic assays, medicinal chemistry, and siRNA library screening. These findings provide strategies to treat and prevent necrosis, including known medicines used for other indications, siRNAs, and establish a platform for the design of new inhibitory molecules. Indeed, inhibitors of these pathways demonstrated protective activity in vitro and in vivo in animal models of traumatic brain injury, acute myocardial infarction, and drug-induced liver toxicity. Consequently, this study may pave the way for the development of novel therapies for the treatment, inhibition, or prevention of a large number of hitherto untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Khalfin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexandra Lichtenstein
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Amnon Albeck
- The Julius Spokojny Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ilana Nathan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8457108, Israel
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Haque M, Ahmed R, Akhter Q. Cement dust revelation and inflammatory response: Global health comportment with special consideration towards Bangladesh. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_59_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Nagakannan P, Islam MI, Conrad M, Eftekharpour E. Cathepsin B is an executioner of ferroptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118928. [PMID: 33340545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a necrotic form of cell death caused by inactivation of the glutathione system and uncontrolled iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Increasing evidence implicates ferroptosis in a wide range of diseases from neurotrauma to cancer, highlighting the importance of identifying an executioner system that can be exploited for clinical applications. In this study, using pharmacological and genetic models of ferroptosis, we observed that lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cytoplasmic leakage of cathepsin B unleashes structural and functional changes in mitochondria and promotes a not previously reported cleavage of histone H3. Inhibition of cathepsin-B robustly rescued cellular membrane integrity and chromatin degradation. We show that these protective effects are independent of glutathione peroxidase-4 and are mediated by preventing lysosomal membrane damage. This was further confirmed when cathepsin B knockout primary fibroblasts remained unaffected in response to various ferroptosis inducers. Our work identifies new and yet-unrecognized aspects of ferroptosis and identifies cathepsin B as a mediator of ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Md Imamul Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute for Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Carey KL, Paulus GLC, Wang L, Balce DR, Luo JW, Bergman P, Ferder IC, Kong L, Renaud N, Singh S, Kost-Alimova M, Nyfeler B, Lassen KG, Virgin HW, Xavier RJ. TFEB Transcriptional Responses Reveal Negative Feedback by BHLHE40 and BHLHE41. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108371. [PMID: 33176151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) activates lysosomal biogenesis genes in response to environmental cues. Given implications of impaired TFEB signaling and lysosomal dysfunction in metabolic, neurological, and infectious diseases, we aim to systematically identify TFEB-directed circuits by examining transcriptional responses to TFEB subcellular localization and stimulation. We reveal that steady-state nuclear TFEB is sufficient to activate transcription of lysosomal, autophagy, and innate immunity genes, whereas other targets require higher thresholds of stimulation. Furthermore, we identify shared and distinct transcriptional signatures between mTOR inhibition and bacterial autophagy. Using a genome-wide CRISPR library, we find TFEB targets that protect cells from or sensitize cells to lysosomal cell death. BHLHE40 and BHLHE41, genes responsive to high, sustained levels of nuclear TFEB, act in opposition to TFEB upon lysosomal cell death induction. Further investigation identifies genes counter-regulated by TFEB and BHLHE40/41, adding this negative feedback to the current understanding of TFEB regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Carey
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Geraldine L C Paulus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica W Luo
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Phil Bergman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ianina C Ferder
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lingjia Kong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicole Renaud
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shantanu Singh
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kara G Lassen
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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13
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Batista LFS, Torrecilha RBP, Silva RB, Utsunomiya YT, Silva TBF, Tomokane TY, Pacheco AD, Bosco AM, Paulan SC, Rossi CN, Costa GNO, Marcondes M, Ciarlini PC, Nunes CM, Matta VLR, Laurenti MD. Chromosomal segments may explain the antibody response cooperation for canine leishmaniasis pathogenesis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109276. [PMID: 33152678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is marked by hyperactivation of a humoral response secreting high quantity of immunoglobulins (Igs) that are inaccessible to intracellular parasites. Here we investigated the contributions of the antibody response to the canine leishmaniasis pathogenesis. Using correlation and genome-wide association analysis, we investigated the relationship of anti-Leishmania infantum immunoglobulin classes levels with parasite burden, clinical response, renal/hepatic biochemical, and oxidative stress markers in dogs from endemic areas of VL. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were positively correlated with parasite burden on lymph node and blood. Increased IgG, IgA and IgE levels were associated with severe canine leishmaniasis (CanL) whereas IgM was elevated in uninfected exposed dogs. Correlations of IgM, IgG and IgA with creatinine, urea, AST and ALT levels in the serum were suggested an involvement of those Igs with renal and hepatic changes. The correlogram of oxidative radicals and antioxidants revealed a likely relationship of IgM, IgG and IgA with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the blood, suggested as mechanisms mediating tissue damage and CanL worsening. The gene mapping on chromosomal segments associated with the quantitative variation of immunoglobulin classes identified genetic signatures involved with reactive oxygen species generation, phagolysosome maturation and rupture, free iron availability, Th1/Th2 differenciation and, immunoglobulin clearance. The findings demonstrated the roles of the antibody response as resistance or susceptibility markers and mediators of CanL pathogenesis. In addition we pinpointed candidate genes as potential targets for the therapy against the damage caused by exacerbated antibody response and parasitism in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F S Batista
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela B P Torrecilha
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela B Silva
- Escola de Saúde, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41720-200, Brazil.
| | - Yuri T Utsunomiya
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Thaís B F Silva
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Thaíse Y Tomokane
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Acácio D Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Anelise M Bosco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Silvana C Paulan
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Claudio N Rossi
- Departamento de Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo N O Costa
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Ciarlini
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Cáris M Nunes
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Vânia L R Matta
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
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14
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Yu XM, Chen JL, Abbas MN, Gul I, Kausar S, Dai LS. Characterization of the cathepsin D in Procambarus clarkii and its biological role in innate immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 111:103766. [PMID: 32525034 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D belongs to aspartic protease family, produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and then transported to lysosomes, where it participates in various physiological processes. Despite its importance, only a few reports available on the functional role of cathepsin D in crustaceans. Herein, we cloned a cDNA fragment of cathepsin D from the hepatopancreas of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Pc-cathepsin D) for the first time. It included 1158 base pairs open reading frame, encoding a protein of 385 amino acids. Multiple alignment analysis confirmed the presence of aspartic proteinase active sites and N glycosylation sites. Pc-cathepsin D mRNA expression was high in the gills followed by gut, heart, hepatopancreas of P. clarkii. At different time points post-infection with lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, or polyinosinic polycytidylic acid, Pc-cathepsin D mRNA expression significantly enhanced compared with the control group. Knockdown of the Pc-cathepsin D by double-stranded RNA, strikingly, changed the expression of all the tested P. clarkii immune-associated genes, including Pc-Toll, Pc-lectin, Pc-cactus, Pc-anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, Pc-phospholipase, and Pc-sptzale. Altogether, these results suggest that Pc-cathepsin D is needed to confer innate immunity against microbial pathogens by modulating the expression of crucial transcripts that encode immune-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Jia-Le Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Li-Shang Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
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15
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Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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16
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Brock RM, Beitel-White N, Davalos RV, Allen IC. Starting a Fire Without Flame: The Induction of Cell Death and Inflammation in Electroporation-Based Tumor Ablation Strategies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1235. [PMID: 32850371 PMCID: PMC7399335 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies and paradigms are direly needed for the treatment of cancer. While the surgical removal of tumors is favored in most cancer treatment plans, resection options are often limited based on tumor localization. Over the last two decades, multiple tumor ablation strategies have emerged as promising stand-alone or combination therapeutic options for patients. These strategies are often employed to treat tumors in areas where surgical resection is not possible or where chemotherapeutics have proven ineffective. The type of cell death induced by the ablation modality is a critical aspect of therapeutic success that can impact the efficacy of the treatment and systemic anti-tumor immune system responses. Electroporation-based ablation technologies include electrochemotherapy, irreversible electroporation, and other modalities that rely on pulsed electric fields to create pores in cell membranes. These pores can either be reversible or irreversible depending on the electric field parameters and can induce cell death either alone or in combination with a therapeutic agent. However, there have been many controversial findings among these technologies as to the cell death type initiated, from apoptosis to pyroptosis. As cell death mechanisms can impact treatment side effects and efficacy, we review the main types of cell death induced by electroporation-based treatments and summarize the impact of these mechanisms on treatment response. We also discuss potential reasons behind the variability of findings such as the similarities between cell death pathways, differences between cell-types, and the variation in electric field strength across the treatment area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Natalie Beitel-White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Science, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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17
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Vashum Y, Khashim Z. Obesity and Cathepsin K: A Complex Pathophysiological Relationship in Breast Cancer Metastases. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:1227-1231. [PMID: 32368981 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200505115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer appears in a strong inclination to metastasize in bone tissue. Several strategies are discussed in combating bone metastasis in breast cancer. However, therapy is only palliative and does not provide any improvement in survival to the majority of patients with advanced cancer. Obese and overweight women with breast cancer are three times more likely to develop metastatic disease compared to normal-weight women with the same treatment regimen. Overweight greatly intensify adipocytes formation in the bone marrow affecting bone metabolism by decreasing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Cathepsin K (CTSK), a cysteine protease, effectively degrades several components of the extracellular matrix and has the ability to differentiate adipocytes from bone marrow lineage. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the underlying mechanism of CTSK and obesity role in breast cancer metastasis. METHODS Systematic review was performed using PubMed, EMBASE. The evidence of obesity and CTSK in breast cancer skeletal metastasis were analyzed, summarized and compared. RESULTS The present investigation argues for a specific association of CTSK with breast cancer skeletal metastasis by promoting adipocyte differentiation. The potential tumor-supporting roles of adipocytes are well documented, and in fact, suppressing adipocyte could be a new therapeutic option in the battle against lethal metastatic breast cancers. CONCLUSION This review emphasizes CTSK through its multifaceted role in differentiating adipocytes, inflammation, and extracellular degradation, may be a critical factor in an obesity-cancer connection. Thus, integration of CTSK targeting strategies into established traditional therapies seems to hold substantial promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaongamphi Vashum
- Department of Biochemistry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra-411040, India
| | - Zenith Khashim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, United States
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18
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Kavčič N, Butinar M, Sobotič B, Hafner Česen M, Petelin A, Bojić L, Zavašnik Bergant T, Bratovš A, Reinheckel T, Turk B. Intracellular cathepsin C levels determine sensitivity of cells to leucyl-leucine methyl ester-triggered apoptosis. FEBS J 2020; 287:5148-5166. [PMID: 32319717 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
L-leucyl-leucine methyl ester (LLOMe) is a lysosomotropic detergent, which was evaluated in clinical trials in graft-vs-host disease because it very efficiently killed monocytic cell lines. It was also shown to efficiently trigger apoptosis in cancer cells, suggesting that the drug might have potential in anticancer therapy. Using U-937 and THP-1 promonocytes as models for monocytic cells, U-87-MG and HeLa cells as models for cancer cells, and noncancerous HEK293 cells, we show that the drug triggers rapid cathepsin C-dependent lysosomal membrane permeabilization, followed by the release of other cysteine cathepsins into the cytosol and subsequent apoptosis. However, monocytes were found to be far more sensitive to the drug than the cancer and noncancer cells, which is most likely a consequence of the much higher intracellular levels of cathepsin C-the most upstream molecule in the pathway-in monocytic cell lines as compared to cancer cells. Overexpression of cathepsin C in HEK293 cells substantially enhances their sensitivity to the drug, consistent with the crucial role of cathepsin C. Major involvement of cysteine cathepsins B, S, and L in the downstream signaling pathway to mitochondrial cell death was confirmed in two gene ablation models, including the ablation of the major cytosolic inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, stefin B, in primary mouse cancer cells, and simultaneous ablation of two major cathepsins, B and L, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Deletion of stefin B resulted in sensitizing primary murine breast cancer cells to cell death without affecting the release of cathepsins, whereas simultaneous ablation of cathepsins B and L largely protected MEFs against cell death. However, due to the extreme sensitivity of monocytes to LLOMe, it appears that the drug may not be suitable for anticancer therapy due to risk of systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nežka Kavčič
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Butinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Sobotič
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Hafner Česen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Petelin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Lea Bojić
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Zavašnik Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Bratovš
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Arafiles JVV, Hirose H, Akishiba M, Tsuji S, Imanishi M, Futaki S. Stimulating Macropinocytosis for Intracellular Nucleic Acid and Protein Delivery: A Combined Strategy with Membrane-Lytic Peptides To Facilitate Endosomal Escape. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:547-553. [PMID: 32017537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of biomacromolecules via endocytic pathways requires the efficient accumulation of cargo molecules into endosomes, followed by their release to the cytosol. We propose a unique intracellular delivery strategy for bioactive molecules using a new potent macropinocytosis-inducing peptide derived from stromal-derived factor 1α (SN21). This peptide allowed extracellular materials to enter cells through the activation of macropinocytosis. To provide the ability to release internalized cargoes from endosomes, we conjugated SN21 with membrane-lytic peptides. The combination of a macropinocytosis-inducing peptide and a membrane-lytic peptide successfully delivered functional siRNA and proteins, which include antibodies, Cre recombinase, and an artificial transcription regulator protein having a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) motif. This study shows the feasibility of combining the physiological stimulation of macropinocytosis with the physicochemical disruption of endosomes as a strategy for intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisaaki Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Misao Akishiba
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shogo Tsuji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Miki Imanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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20
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Toupin NP, Arora K, Shrestha P, Peterson JA, Fischer LJ, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I, Winter AH, Kodanko JJ. BODIPY-Caged Photoactivated Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Flip the Light Switch on Cancer Cell Apoptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2833-2840. [PMID: 31750642 PMCID: PMC9885843 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to apoptotic agents is a long-standing challenge in cancer treatment. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is an enzyme which, among many essential functions, promotes apoptosis during cellular stress through regulation of intracellular proteolytic networks on the minute time scale. Recent data indicate that CTSB inhibition may be a promising method to steer cells away from apoptotic death toward necrosis, a mechanism of cell death that can overcome resistance to apoptotic agents, stimulate an immune response and promote antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, rapid and selective intracellular inactivation of CTSB has not been possible. However, here we report on the synthesis and characterization of photochemical and biological properties of BODIPY-caged inhibitors of CTSB that are cell permeable, highly selective and activated rapidly upon exposure to visible light. Intriguingly, these compounds display tunable photophysical and biological properties based on substituents bound directly to boron. Me2BODIPY-caged compound 8 displays the dual-action capability of light-accelerated CTSB inhibition and singlet oxygen production from a singular molecular entity. The dual-action capacity of 8 leads to a rapid necrotic response in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells with high phototherapeutic indexes (>30) and selectivity vs noncancerous cells that neither CTSB inhibition nor photosensitization gives alone. Our work confirms that singlet oxygen production and CTSB inactivation is highly synergistic and a promising method for killing cancer cells. Furthermore, this ability to trigger intracellular inactivation of CTSB with light provides researchers with a powerful photochemical tool for probing biochemical processes on short time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Karan Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Julie A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Logan J. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States,Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States,Corresponding Authors: .
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21
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Georg P, Sander LE. Innate sensors that regulate vaccine responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:31-41. [PMID: 30978666 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) control elemental functions of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and critically shape adaptive immune responses. Wielding a natural adjuvanticity, live attenuated vaccines elicit exceptionally efficient and durable immunity. Commonly used vaccine adjuvants target individual PRRs or bolster the immunogenicity of vaccines via indirect mechanisms of inflammation. Here, we review the impact of innate sensors on immune responses to live attenuated vaccines and commonly used vaccine adjuvants, with a focus on human vaccine responses. We discuss the unique potential of microbial nucleic acids and their corresponding sensing receptors to mimic live attenuated vaccines and promote protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Georg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Pan W, Yin W, Yang L, Xue L, Ren J, Wei W, Lu Q, Ding H, Liu Z, Nabar NR, Wang M, Hao L. Inhibition of Ctsk alleviates periodontitis and comorbid rheumatoid arthritis via downregulation of the TLR9 signalling pathway. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:286-296. [PMID: 30636333 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we investigate the mechanistic link between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis to identify a novel target (cathepsin K; Ctsk) for the treatment of comorbid periodontitis and RA. METHODS An experimental model of periodontitis with arthritis was established in DBA/1 mice. We then tested the effect of BML-244, a specific inhibitor of Ctsk, by quantifying several inflammatory markers of TLR9 signalling both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Our results showed that periodontitis-rheumatoid arthritis comorbidity causes severer periodontal bone and joint cartilage destruction than either disease alone. Inhibition of Ctsk reduced infiltration by dendritic cells and T cells and inflammatory cytokine production; these improvements alleviated the hard-tissue erosion in periodontitis and RA as measured by bone erosion in periodontal lesions and cartilage destruction in knee joints. Inhibition of Ctsk also decreased the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in vivo, whereas in vitro experiments indicated that Ctsk is involved specifically in the production of cytokines in response to TLR9 engagement. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that periodontitis and RA may have additive pathological effects through dysregulation of the TLR9 pathway and that Ctsk is a critical mediator of this pathway and contributes to the pathogenesis of RA and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuwei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Xue
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuyu Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Handong Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Neel R Nabar
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Tie D, Da X, Natsuga K, Yamada N, Yamamoto O, Morita E. Bullous Pemphigoid IgG Induces Cell Dysfunction and Enhances the Motility of Epidermal Keratinocytes via Rac1/Proteasome Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:200. [PMID: 30809225 PMCID: PMC6379344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the formation of blisters, in which autoantibodies mainly target type XVII collagen (ColXVII) expressed in basal keratinocytes. BP IgG is known to induce the internalization of ColXVII from the plasma membrane of keratinocytes through macropinocytosis. However, the cellular dynamics following ColXVII internalization have not been completely elucidated. BP IgG exerts a precise effect on cultured keratinocytes, and the morphological/functional changes in BP IgG-stimulated cells lead to the subepidermal blistering associated with BP pathogenesis. Based on the electron microscopy examination, BP IgG-stimulated cells exhibit alterations in the cell membrane structure and the accumulation of intracellular vesicles. These morphological changes in the BP IgG-stimulated cells are accompanied by dysfunctional mitochondria, increased production of reactive oxygen species, increased motility, and detachment. BP IgG triggers the cascade leading to metabolic impairments and stimulates cell migration in the treated keratinocytes. These cellular alterations are reversed by pharmacological inhibitors of Rac1 or the proteasome pathway, suggesting that Rac1 and proteasome activation are involved in the effects of BP IgG on cultured keratinocytes. Our study highlights the role of keratinocyte kinetics in the direct functions of IgG in patients with BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duerna Tie
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Xia Da
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan,*Correspondence: Eishin Morita
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Asín J, Molín J, Pérez M, Pinczowski P, Gimeno M, Navascués N, Muniesa A, de Blas I, Lacasta D, Fernández A, de Pablo L, Mold M, Exley C, de Andrés D, Reina R, Luján L. Granulomas Following Subcutaneous Injection With Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Products in Sheep. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:418-428. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818809142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of vaccines including aluminum (Al)–based adjuvants is widespread among small ruminants and other animals. They are associated with the appearance of transient injection site nodules corresponding to granulomas. This study aims to characterize the morphology of these granulomas, to understand the role of the Al adjuvant in their genesis, and to establish the presence of the metal in regional lymph nodes. A total of 84 male neutered lambs were selected and divided into 3 treatment groups of 28 animals each: (1) vaccine (containing Al-based adjuvant), (2) adjuvant-only, and (3) control. A total of 19 subcutaneous injections were performed in a time frame of 15 months. Granulomas and regional lymph nodes were evaluated by clinicopathological means. All of the vaccine and 92.3% of the adjuvant-only lambs presented injection-site granulomas; the granulomas were more numerous in the group administered the vaccine. Bacterial culture in granulomas was always negative. Histologically, granulomas in the vaccine group presented a higher degree of severity. Al was specifically identified by lumogallion staining in granulomas and lymph nodes. Al median content was significantly higher ( P < .001) in the lymph nodes of the vaccine group (82.65 μg/g) compared with both adjuvant-only (2.53 μg/g) and control groups (0.96 μg/g). Scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrated aggregates of Al within macrophages in vaccine and adjuvant-only groups. In these two groups, Al-based adjuvants induce persistent, sterile, subcutaneous granulomas with macrophage-driven translocation of Al to regional lymph nodes. Local translocation of Al may induce further accumulation in distant tissues and be related to the appearance of systemic signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jéssica Molín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Pinczowski
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Gimeno
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Navascués
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragón (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Muniesa
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lorena de Pablo
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC–Public University of Navarra, Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Matthew Mold
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC–Public University of Navarra, Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC–Public University of Navarra, Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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25
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De Leon-Rodriguez CM, Rossi DCP, Fu MS, Dragotakes Q, Coelho C, Guerrero Ros I, Caballero B, Nolan SJ, Casadevall A. The Outcome of the Cryptococcus neoformans-Macrophage Interaction Depends on Phagolysosomal Membrane Integrity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:583-603. [PMID: 29858266 PMCID: PMC6245949 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen with worldwide distribution. C. neoformans resides within mature phagolysosomes where it often evades killing and replicates. C. neoformans induces phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization (PMP), but the mechanism for this phenomenon and its consequences for macrophage viability are unknown. In this study, we used flow cytometry methodology in combination with cell viability markers and LysoTracker to measure PMP in J774.16 and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with C. neoformans Our results showed that cells manifesting PMP were positive for apoptotic markers, indicating an association between PMP and apoptosis. We investigated the role of phospholipase B1 in C. neoformans induction of PMP. Macrophages infected with a C. neoformans Δplb1 mutant had reduced PMP compared with those infected with wild-type and phospholipase B1-complemented strains, suggesting a mechanism of action for this virulence factor. Capsular enlargement inside macrophages was identified as an additional likely mechanism for phagolysosomal membrane damage. Macrophages undergoing apoptosis did not maintain an acidic phagolysosomal pH. Induction of PMP with ciprofloxacin enhanced macrophages to trigger lytic exocytosis whereas nonlytic exocytosis was common in those without PMP. Our results suggest that modulation of PMP is a critical event in determining the outcome of C. neoformans-macrophage interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego C P Rossi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Man Shun Fu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Quigly Dragotakes
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ignacio Guerrero Ros
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Benjamin Caballero
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Sabrina J Nolan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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26
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Muñoz-Wolf N, Lavelle EC. A Guide to IL-1 family cytokines in adjuvanticity. FEBS J 2018; 285:2377-2401. [PMID: 29656546 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing awareness of the multiplicity of roles for the IL-1 family in immune regulation has prompted research exploring these cytokines in the context of vaccine-induced immunity. While tightly regulated, cytokines of the IL-1 family are normally released in response to cellular stress and in combination with other danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering potent local and systemic immune responses. In the context of infection or autoimmunity, engagement of IL-1 family receptors links robust innate responses to adaptive immunity. Clinical and experimental evidence has revealed that many vaccine adjuvants induce the release of one or multiple IL-1 family cytokines. The coordinated release of IL-1 family members in response to adjuvant-induced damage or cell death may be a determining factor in the transition from local inflammation to the induction of an adaptive response. Here, we analyse the effects of IL-1 family cytokines on innate and adaptive immunity with a particular emphasis on activation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of T cell-mediated immunity, and we address in detail the contribution of these cytokines to the modes of action of vaccine adjuvants including those currently approved for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Nakayama M. Macrophage Recognition of Crystals and Nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:103. [PMID: 29434606 PMCID: PMC5796913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of exogenous crystals such as silica, asbestos, and carbon nanotubes can cause lung fibrosis and cancer. Endogenous crystals such as monosodium urate, cholesterol, and hydroxyapatite are associated with pathogenesis of gout, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, respectively. These crystal-associated-inflammatory diseases are triggered by the macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death. Therefore, it is important to understand how macrophages recognize crystals. However, it is unlikely that macrophages have evolutionally acquired receptors specific for crystals or recently emerged nanoparticles. Several recent studies have reported that some crystal particles are negatively charged and are recognized by scavenger receptor family members in a charge-dependent manner. Alternatively, a model for receptor-independent phagocytosis of crystals has also been proposed. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which macrophages recognize crystals and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nakayama
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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28
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29
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How Inflammasomes Inform Adaptive Immunity. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:217-237. [PMID: 28987733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An immune response consists of a finely orchestrated interplay between initial recognition of potential microbial threats by the innate immune system and subsequent licensed adaptive immune neutralization. The initial recognition integrates environmental cues derived from pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell-intrinsic damage-associated molecular patterns to contextualize the insult and inform a tailored adaptive response via T and B lymphocytes. While there are much data to support the role of transcriptional responses downstream of pattern recognition receptors in informing the adaptive immune response, markedly less attention has been paid to the role of post-translational responses to pathogen-associated molecular pattern and damage-associated molecular pattern recognition by the innate immune system, and how this may influence adaptive immunity. A well-characterized post-translational consequence of pattern recognition receptor signaling is the assembly of a multimeric signaling platform, termed the inflammasome, by members of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod), leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs), and pyrin and HIN domain (PYHIN) families. Inflammasomes assemble in response to cytosolic perturbations, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant ion fluxes in the case of the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome or the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the case of the non-canonical inflammasome. Assembly of the inflammasome allows for the cleavage and activation of inflammatory caspases. These activated inflammatory caspases in turn cleave pro-form inflammatory cytokines into their mature bioactive species and lead to unconventional protein secretion and lytic cell death. In this review, we discuss evidence for inflammasome-mediated instruction and contextualization of infectious and sterile agents to the adaptive immune system.
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30
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Inhaled Fine Particles Induce Alveolar Macrophage Death and Interleukin-1α Release to Promote Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation. Immunity 2017; 45:1299-1310. [PMID: 28002730 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is thought to function as an adjuvant that can induce allergic responses. However, the exact cell types and immunological factors that initiate the lung-specific immune responses are unclear. We found that upon intratracheal instillation, particulates such as aluminum salts and silica killed alveolar macrophages (AMs), which then released interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and caused inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation in the lung. IL-1α release continued for up to 2 weeks after particulate exposure, and type-2 allergic immune responses were induced by the inhalation of antigen during IL-1α release and iBALT formation, even long after particulate instillation. Recombinant IL-1α was sufficient to induce iBALTs, which coincided with subsequent immunoglobulin E responses, and IL-1-receptor-deficient mice failed to induce iBALT formation. Therefore, the AM-IL-1α-iBALT axis might be a therapeutic target for particulate-induced allergic inflammation.
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31
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Biphasic ROS production, p53 and BIK dictate the mode of cell death in response to DNA damage in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182809. [PMID: 28796811 PMCID: PMC5552129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis, apoptosis and autophagic cell death are the main cell death pathways in multicellular organisms, all with distinct and overlapping cellular and biochemical features. DNA damage may trigger different types of cell death in cancer cells but the molecular events governing the mode of cell death remain elusive. Here we showed that increased BH3-only protein BIK levels promoted cisplatin- and UV-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and biphasic ROS production in HCT-116 wild-type cells. Nonetheless, early single peak of ROS formation along with lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin activation regulated cisplatin- and UV-induced necrosis in p53-null HCT-116 cells. Of note, necrotic cell death in p53-null HCT-116 cells did not depend on BIK, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization or caspase activation. These data demonstrate how cancer cells with different p53 background respond to DNA-damaging agents by integrating distinct cell signaling pathways dictating the mode of cell death.
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32
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Abstract
Adjuvants have been deliberately added to vaccines since the 1920's when alum was discovered to boost antibody responses, leading to better protection. The first adjuvants were discovered by accident and were used in the safer but less immunogenic subunit vaccines, supposedly by providing an antigen depot to extend antigen presentation. Since that time, much has been discovered about how these adjuvants impact cells at the tissue site to activate innate immune responses, mobilize dendritic cells and drive adaptive immunity. New approaches to vaccine construction for infectious diseases that have so far not been well addressed by conventional vaccines often attempt to induce antibodies, polyfunctional CD4+ T cells and CD8+ CTLs. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors and ligands that drive desired T cell responses has led to development of novel adjuvant strategies using immunomodulatory agents to direct appropriate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400, Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, USA
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33
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Orlowski GM, Sharma S, Colbert JD, Bogyo M, Robertson SA, Kataoka H, Chan FK, Rock KL. Frontline Science: Multiple cathepsins promote inflammasome-independent, particle-induced cell death during NLRP3-dependent IL-1β activation. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:7-17. [PMID: 28087651 PMCID: PMC6608057 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0316-152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile particles cause several chronic, inflammatory diseases, characterized by repeating cycles of particle phagocytosis and inflammatory cell death. Recent studies have proposed that these processes are driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome, a platform activated by phagocytosed particles, which controls both caspase-1-dependent cell death (pyroptosis) and mature IL-1β secretion. After phagocytosis, particles can disrupt lysosomes, and inhibitor studies have suggested that the resulting release of a lysosomal protease-cathepsin B-into the cytosol somehow activates NLRP3. However, using primary murine macrophages, we found that particle-induced cell death occurs independent of NLRP3/caspase-1 and depends instead on multiple, redundant cathepsins. In contrast, nigericin, a soluble activator of NLRP3 inflammasomes, induced cell death that was dependent on the NLRP3. Interestingly, nigericin-induced cell death depended partly on a single cathepsin, cathepsin X. By inhibiting or silencing multiple cathepsins in macrophages, several key proinflammatory events induced by sterile particles are blocked, including cell death, pro-IL-1β production, and IL-1β secretion. These data suggest that cathepsins might be potential therapeutic targets in particulate-mediated inflammatory disease. In support of this concept, we find that a broad-spectrum cathepsin inhibitor can suppress particle-induced IL-1-dependent peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Orlowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; and
| | - Stephanie A Robertson
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francis K Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA;
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34
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Weiss-Sadan T, Gotsman I, Blum G. Cysteine proteases in atherosclerosis. FEBS J 2017; 284:1455-1472. [PMID: 28207191 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predisposes patients to cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Instigation of vascular injury is triggered by retention of lipids and inflammatory cells in the vascular endothelium. Whereas these vascular lesions develop in young adults and are mostly considered harmless, over time persistent inflammatory and remodeling processes will ultimately damage the arterial wall and cause a thrombotic event due to exposure of tissue factors into the lumen. Evidence from human tissues and preclinical animal models has clearly established the role of cathepsin cysteine proteases in the development and progression of vascular lesions. Hence, understanding the function of cathepsins in atherosclerosis is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies and advanced point of care diagnostics. In this review we will describe the roles of cysteine cathepsins in different cellular process that become dysfunctional in atherosclerosis, such as lipid metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis, and how they contribute to arterial remodeling and atherogenesis. Finally, we will explore new horizons in protease molecular imaging, which may potentially become a surrogate marker to identify future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Weiss-Sadan
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Gotsman
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Blum
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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35
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Jessop F, Hamilton RF, Rhoderick JF, Fletcher P, Holian A. Phagolysosome acidification is required for silica and engineered nanoparticle-induced lysosome membrane permeabilization and resultant NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 318:58-68. [PMID: 28126413 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurs in response to hazardous particle exposures and is critical for the development of particle-induced lung disease. Mechanisms of Lysosome Membrane Permeabilization (LMP), a central pathway for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhaled particles, are not fully understood. We demonstrate that the lysosomal vATPases inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 blocked LMP in vitro and ex vivo in primary murine macrophages following exposure to silica, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and titanium nanobelts. Bafilomycin A1 treatment of particle-exposed macrophages also resulted in decreased active cathepsin L in the cytosol, a surrogate measure for leaked cathepsin B, which was associated with less NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Silica-induced LMP was partially dependent upon lysosomal cathepsins B and L, whereas nanoparticle-induced LMP occurred independent of cathepsin activity. Furthermore, inhibition of lysosomal cathepsin activity with CA-074-Me decreased the release of High Mobility Group Box 1. Together, these data support the notion that lysosome acidification is a prerequisite for particle-induced LMP, and the resultant leak of lysosome cathepsins is a primary regulator of ongoing NLRP3 inflammasome activity and release of HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Jessop
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Raymond F Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Joseph F Rhoderick
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.
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36
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Bunderson-Schelvan M, Holian A, Hamilton RF. Engineered nanomaterial-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and anti-cathepsin agents. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:230-248. [PMID: 28632040 PMCID: PMC6127079 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1305924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), or small anthropogenic particles approximately < 100 nm in size and of various shapes and compositions, are increasingly incorporated into commercial products and used for industrial and medical purposes. There is an exposure risk to both the population at large and individuals in the workplace with inhalation exposures to ENMs being a primary concern. Further, there is increasing evidence to suggest that certain ENMs may represent a significant health risk, and many of these ENMs exhibit distinct similarities with other particles and fibers that are known to induce adverse health effects, such as asbestos, silica, and particulate matter (PM). Evidence regarding the importance of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsins in ENM toxicity has been accumulating. The aim of this review was to describe our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to ENM-associated pathologies, including LMP and the role of cathepsins with a focus on inflammation. In addition, anti-cathepsin agents, some of which have been tested in clinical trials and may prove useful for ameliorating the harmful effects of ENM exposure, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Raymond F. Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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37
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Effects of MF59 Adjuvant on Induction of Isotype-Switched IgG Antibodies and Protection after Immunization with T-Dependent Influenza Virus Vaccine in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:6976-6988. [PMID: 27226368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00339-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4(+) T cells play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immunity. To better understand the roles of CD4(+) T cells in the effects of adjuvants, we investigated the efficacy of a T-dependent influenza virus split vaccine with MF59 or alum in CD4 knockout (CD4KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. CD4(+) T cells were required for the induction of IgG antibody responses to the split vaccine and the effects of alum adjuvant. In contrast, MF59 was found to be highly effective in raising isotype-switched IgG antibodies to a T-dependent influenza virus split vaccine in CD4KO mice or CD4-depleted WT mice equivalent to those in intact WT mice, thus overcoming the deficiency of CD4(+) T cells in helping B cells and inducing immunity against influenza virus. Vaccination with the MF59-adjuvanted influenza virus vaccine was able to induce protective CD8(+) T cells and long-lived antibody-secreting cells in CD4KO mice. The effects of MF59 adjuvant in CD4KO mice might be associated with uric acid, inflammatory cytokines, and the recruitment of multiple immune cells at the injection site, but their cellularity and phenotypes were different from those in WT mice. These findings suggest a new paradigm of CD4-independent adjuvant mechanisms, providing the rationales to improve vaccine efficacy in infants, the elderly, immunocompromised patients, as well as healthy adults. IMPORTANCE MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines were licensed for human vaccination, but the detailed mechanisms are not fully elucidated. CD4(+) T cells are required to induce antibody isotype switching and long-term memory responses. In contrast, we discovered that MF59 was highly effective in inducing isotype-switched IgG antibodies and long-term protective immune responses to a T-dependent influenza vaccine independent of CD4(+) T cells. These findings are highly significant for the following reasons: (i) MF59 can overcome a defect of CD4(+) T cells in inducing protective immunity to vaccination with a T-dependent influenza virus vaccine; (ii) a CD4-independent pathway can be an alternative mechanism for certain adjuvants such as MF59; and (iii) this study has significant implications for improving vaccine efficacies in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised populations.
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Streptococcus oralis Induces Lysosomal Impairment of Macrophages via Bacterial Hydrogen Peroxide. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2042-2050. [PMID: 27113357 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00134-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus oralis, an oral commensal, belongs to the mitis group of streptococci and occasionally causes opportunistic infections, such as bacterial endocarditis and bacteremia. Recently, we found that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by S. oralis is sufficient to kill human monocytes and epithelial cells, implying that streptococcal H2O2 is a cytotoxin. In the present study, we investigated whether streptococcal H2O2 impacts lysosomes, organelles of the intracellular digestive system, in relation to cell death. S. oralis infection induced the death of RAW 264 macrophages in an H2O2-dependent manner, which was exemplified by the fact that exogenous H2O2 also induced cell death. Infection with either a mutant lacking spxB, which encodes pyruvate oxidase responsible for H2O2 production, or Streptococcus mutans, which does not produce H2O2, showed less cytotoxicity. Visualization of lysosomes with LysoTracker revealed lysosome deacidification after infection with S. oralis or exposure to H2O2, which was corroborated by acridine orange staining. Similarly, fluorescent labeling of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 gradually disappeared during infection with S. oralis or exposure to H2O2 The deacidification and the following induction of cell death were inhibited by chelating iron in lysosomes. Moreover, fluorescent staining of cathepsin B indicated lysosomal destruction. However, treatment of infected cells with a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B had negligible effects on cell death; instead, it suppressed the detachment of dead cells from the culture plates. These results suggest that streptococcal H2O2 induces cell death with lysosomal destruction and then the released lysosomal cathepsins contribute to the detachment of the dead cells.
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Champa D, Orlacchio A, Patel B, Ranieri M, Shemetov AA, Verkhusha VV, Cuervo AM, Di Cristofano A. Obatoclax kills anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by inducing lysosome neutralization and necrosis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:34453-71. [PMID: 27144341 PMCID: PMC5085168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are very aggressive, almost invariably lethal neoplasms for which no effective treatment exists. These tumors are intrinsically resistant to cell death, even when their driver oncogenic signaling pathways are inhibited.We have undertaken a detailed analysis, in mouse and human thyroid cancer cells, of the mechanism through which Obatoclax, a pan-inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family, effectively reduces tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.We demonstrate that Obatoclax does not induce apoptosis, but rather necrosis of thyroid cancer cells, and that non-transformed thyroid cells are significantly less affected by this compound. Surprisingly, we show that Obatoclax rapidly localizes to the lysosomes and induces loss of acidification, block of lysosomal fusion with autophagic vacuoles, and subsequent lysosomal permeabilization. Notably, prior lysosome neutralization using different V-ATPase inhibitors partially protects cancer cells from the toxic effects of Obatoclax. Although inhibition of autophagy does not affect Obatoclax-induced cell death, selective down-regulation of ATG7, but not of ATG5, partially impairs Obatoclax effects, suggesting the existence of autophagy-independent functions for ATG7. Strikingly, Obatoclax killing activity depends only on its accumulation in the lysosomes, and not on its interaction with BCL2 family members.Finally, we show that also other lysosome-targeting compounds, Mefloquine and LLOMe, readily induce necrosis in thyroid cancer cells, and that Mefloquine significantly impairs tumor growth in vivo, highlighting a clear vulnerability of these aggressive, apoptosis-resistant tumors that can be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devora Champa
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bindi Patel
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anton A Shemetov
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Repnik U, Hafner Česen M, Turk B. Strategies for Assaying Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/6/pdb.top077479. [PMID: 27250949 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top077479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Late endosomal organelles have an acidic pH and contain hydrolytic enzymes to degrade cargo delivered either from the extracellular environment by endocytosis or from within the cell itself by autophagy. In the event of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), the contents of late endosomes and lysosomes can be released into the cytosol and then initiate apoptosis. Compounds that can trigger LMP are therefore candidates for the induction of apoptosis, in particular in anticancer therapy. Alternatively, drug-delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, can have side effects that can include LMP, which has toxic consequences for the cells. To determine when, to what extent, and with what consequences LMP occurs is therefore of paramount importance for the evaluation of new potentially LMP-inducing compounds. In this introduction, we provide an overview of some basic assays for assessing LMP, such as staining with lysosomotropic dyes and measurement of cysteine cathepsin activity, and discuss additional strategies for the detection of the release of endogenous lysosomal molecules or preloaded exogenous tracers into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Repnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maruša Hafner Česen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo S. Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; , ,
| | - Matthew S. Mangan
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; , ,
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; , ,
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn 53175, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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Katsnelson MA, Lozada-Soto KM, Russo HM, Miller BA, Dubyak GR. NLRP3 inflammasome signaling is activated by low-level lysosome disruption but inhibited by extensive lysosome disruption: roles for K+ efflux and Ca2+ influx. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C83-C100. [PMID: 27170638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00298.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic protein that nucleates assembly of inflammasome signaling platforms, which facilitate caspase-1-mediated IL-1β release and other inflammatory responses in myeloid leukocytes. NLRP3 inflammasomes are assembled in response to multiple pathogen- or environmental stress-induced changes in basic cell physiology, including the destabilization of lysosome integrity and activation of K(+)-permeable channels/transporters in the plasma membrane (PM). However, the quantitative relationships between lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP), induction of increased PM K(+) permeability, and activation of NLRP3 signaling are incompletely characterized. We used Leu-Leu-O-methyl ester (LLME), a soluble lysosomotropic agent, to quantitatively track the kinetics and extent of LMP in relation to NLRP3 inflammasome signaling responses (ASC oligomerization, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β release) and PM cation fluxes in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Treatment of BMDCs with submillimolar (≤1 mM) LLME induced slower and partial increases in LMP that correlated with robust NLRP3 inflammasome activation and K(+) efflux. In contrast, supramillimolar (≥2 mM) LLME elicited extremely rapid and complete collapse of lysosome integrity that was correlated with suppression of inflammasome signaling. Supramillimolar LLME also induced dominant negative effects on inflammasome activation by the canonical NLRP3 agonist nigericin; this inhibition correlated with an increase in NLRP3 ubiquitination. LMP elicited rapid BMDC death by both inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis and inflammasome-independent necrosis. LMP also triggered Ca(2+) influx, which attenuated LLME-stimulated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling but potentiated LLME-induced necrosis. Taken together, these studies reveal a previously unappreciated signaling network that defines the coupling between LMP, changes in PM cation fluxes, cell death, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Katsnelson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristen M Lozada-Soto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hana M Russo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Barbara A Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;
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43
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Liang F, Loré K. Local innate immune responses in the vaccine adjuvant-injected muscle. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e74. [PMID: 27195117 PMCID: PMC4855268 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing a high magnitude of antibodies, possibly in combination with T-cell responses that offer epitope breadth over prolonged periods of time is likely a prerequisite for effective vaccines against severe diseases such as HIV-1 infection, malaria and tuberculosis. A much better understanding of the innate immune mechanisms that are critical for inducing desired responses to vaccination would help in the design of novel vaccines. The majority of human vaccines are administered into the muscle. In this brief review, we focus on the initial innate immune events that occur locally at the site of intramuscular vaccine delivery, and how they are influenced by clinically approved vaccine adjuvants. In particular, the effects on cell mobilization, cell activation and vaccine antigen uptake are reviewed. Understanding how distinct adjuvants enhance and tailor vaccine responses would facilitate the selection of the best-suited adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy to a given pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Oh DY, Dowling DJ, Ahmed S, Choi H, Brightman S, Bergelson I, Berger ST, Sauld JF, Pettengill M, Kho AT, Pollack HJ, Steen H, Levy O. Adjuvant-induced Human Monocyte Secretome Profiles Reveal Adjuvant- and Age-specific Protein Signatures. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1877-94. [PMID: 26933193 PMCID: PMC5083103 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants boost vaccine responses, enhancing protective immunity against infections that are most common among the very young. Many adjuvants activate innate immunity, some via Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), whose activities varies with age. Accordingly, characterization of age-specific adjuvant-induced immune responses may inform rational adjuvant design targeting vulnerable populations. In this study, we employed proteomics to characterize the adjuvant-induced changes of secretomes from human newborn and adult monocytes in response to Alum, the most commonly used adjuvant in licensed vaccines; Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA), a TLR4-activating adjuvant component of a licensed Human Papilloma Virus vaccine; and R848 an imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonist that is a candidate adjuvant for early life vaccines. Monocytes were incubated in vitro for 24 h with vehicle, Alum, MPLA, or R848 and supernatants collected for proteomic analysis employing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) (data available via ProteomeXchange, ID PXD003534). 1894 non-redundant proteins were identified, of which ∼30 - 40% were common to all treatment conditions and ∼5% were treatment-specific. Adjuvant-stimulated secretome profiles, as identified by cluster analyses of over-represented proteins, varied with age and adjuvant type. Adjuvants, especially Alum, activated multiple innate immune pathways as assessed by functional enrichment analyses. Release of lactoferrin, pentraxin 3, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was confirmed in newborn and adult whole blood and blood monocytes stimulated with adjuvants alone or adjuvanted licensed vaccines with distinct clinical reactogenicity profiles. MPLA-induced adult monocyte secretome profiles correlated in silico with transcriptome profiles induced in adults immunized with the MPLA-adjuvanted RTS,S malaria vaccine (Mosquirix™). Overall, adjuvants such as Alum, MPLA and R848 give rise to distinct and age-specific monocyte secretome profiles, paralleling responses to adjuvant-containing vaccines in vivo. Age-specific in vitro modeling coupled with proteomics may provide fresh insight into the ontogeny of adjuvant action thereby informing targeted adjuvanted vaccine development for distinct age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djin-Ye Oh
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and §Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ¶Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, New York University Medical School, New York; Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Dowling
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and §Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saima Ahmed
- ‖Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- **Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Spencer Brightman
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and
| | - Sebastian T Berger
- ‖Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John F Sauld
- ‖Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Pettengill
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and §Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvin T Kho
- ‡‡Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry J Pollack
- ¶Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, New York University Medical School, New York
| | - Hanno Steen
- ‖Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ofer Levy
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and §Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Brojatsch J, Lima H, Palliser D, Jacobson LS, Muehlbauer SM, Furtado R, Goldman DL, Lisanti MP, Chandran K. Distinct cathepsins control necrotic cell death mediated by pyroptosis inducers and lysosome-destabilizing agents. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:964-72. [PMID: 25830414 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.991194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic cell death triggers a range of biological responses including a strong adaptive immune response, yet we know little about the cellular pathways that control necrotic cell death. Inhibitor studies suggest that proteases, and in particular cathepsins, drive necrotic cell death. The cathepsin B-selective inhibitor CA-074-Me blocks all forms of programmed necrosis by an unknown mechanism. We found that cathepsin B deficiency does not prevent induction of pyroptosis and lysosome-mediated necrosis suggesting that CA-074-Me blocks necrotic cell death by targeting cathepsins other than cathepsin B. A single cathepsin, cathepsin C, drives necrotic cell death mediated by the lysosome-destabilizing agent Leu-Leu-OMe (LLOMe). Here we present evidence that cathepsin C-deficiency and CA-074-Me block LLOMe killing in a distinct and cell type-specific fashion. Cathepsin C-deficiency and CA-074-Me block LLOMe killing of all myeloid cells, except for neutrophils. Cathepsin C-deficiency, but not CA-074-Me, blocks LLOMe killing of neutrophils suggesting that CA-074-Me does not target cathepsin C directly, consistent with inhibitor studies using recombinant cathepsin C. Unlike other cathepsins, cathepsin C lacks endoproteolytic activity, and requires activation by other lysosomal proteases, such as cathepsin D. Consistent with this theory, we found that lysosomotropic agents and cathepsin D downregulation by siRNA block LLOMe-mediated necrosis. Our findings indicate that a proteolytic cascade, involving cathepsins C and D, controls LLOMe-mediated necrosis. In contrast, cathepsins C and D were not required for pyroptotic cell death suggesting that distinct cathepsins control pyroptosis and lysosome-mediated necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Brojatsch
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY USA
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Oleszycka E, Moran HBT, Tynan GA, Hearnden CH, Coutts G, Campbell M, Allan SM, Scott CJ, Lavelle EC. IL-1α and inflammasome-independent IL-1β promote neutrophil infiltration following alum vaccination. FEBS J 2015; 283:9-24. [PMID: 26536497 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite its long record of successful use in human vaccines, the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of alum are not fully understood. Alum is a potent inducer of interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion in vitro in dendritic cells and macrophages via Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. However, the contribution of IL-1 to alum-induced innate and adaptive immune responses is controversial and the role of IL-1α following alum injection has not been addressed. This study shows that IL-1 is dispensable for alum-induced antibody and CD8 T cell responses to ovalbumin. However, IL-1 is essential for neutrophil infiltration into the injection site, while recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and eosinophils is IL-1 independent. Both IL-1α and IL-1β are released at the site of injection and contribute to the neutrophil response. Surprisingly, these effects are NLRP3-inflammasome independent as is the infiltration of other cell populations. However, while NLRP3 and caspase 1 were dispensable, alum-induced IL-1β at the injection site was dependent on the cysteine protease cathepsin S. Overall, these data demonstrate a previously unreported role for cathepsin S in IL-1β secretion, show that inflammasome formation is dispensable for alum-induced innate immunity and reveal that IL-1α and IL-1β are both necessary for alum-induced neutrophil influx in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oleszycka
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah B T Moran
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham A Tynan
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire H Hearnden
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham Coutts
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Orlowski GM, Colbert JD, Sharma S, Bogyo M, Robertson SA, Rock KL. Multiple Cathepsins Promote Pro-IL-1β Synthesis and NLRP3-Mediated IL-1β Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1685-97. [PMID: 26195813 PMCID: PMC4530060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sterile particles induce robust inflammatory responses that underlie the pathogenesis of diseases like silicosis, gout, and atherosclerosis. A key cytokine mediating this response is IL-1β. The generation of bioactive IL-1β by sterile particles is mediated by the NOD-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, although exactly how this occurs is incompletely resolved. Prior studies have found that the cathepsin B inhibitor, Ca074Me, suppresses this response, supporting a model whereby ingested particles disrupt lysosomes and release cathepsin B into the cytosol, somehow activating NLRP3. However, reports that cathepsin B-deficient macrophages have no defect in particle-induced IL-1β generation have questioned cathepsin B's involvement. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that multiple redundant cathepsins (not just cathepsin B) mediate this process by evaluating IL-1β generation in murine macrophages, singly or multiply deficient in cathepsins B, L, C, S and X. Using an activity-based probe, we measure specific cathepsin activity in living cells, documenting compensatory changes in cathepsin-deficient cells, and Ca074Me's dose-dependent cathepsin inhibition profile is analyzed in parallel with its suppression of particle-induced IL-1β secretion. Also, we evaluate endogenous cathepsin inhibitors cystatins C and B. Surprisingly, we find that multiple redundant cathepsins, inhibited by Ca074Me and cystatins, promote pro-IL-1β synthesis, and to our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that cathepsin X plays a nonredundant role in nonparticulate NLRP3 activation. Finally, we find cathepsin inhibitors selectively block particle-induced NLRP3 activation, independently of suppressing pro-IL-1β synthesis. Altogether, we demonstrate that both small molecule and endogenous cathepsin inhibitors suppress particle-induced IL-1β secretion, implicating roles for multiple cathepsins in both pro-IL-1β synthesis and NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Orlowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Stephanie A Robertson
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655;
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Pereira H, Oliveira CSF, Castro L, Preto A, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Yeast as a tool to explore cathepsin D function. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:225-234. [PMID: 28357298 PMCID: PMC5349170 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D has garnered increased attention in recent years, mainly since it has been associated with several human pathologies. In particular, cathepsin D is often overexpressed and hypersecreted in cancer cells, implying it may constitute a therapeutic target. However, cathepsin D can have both anti- and pro-survival functions depending on its proteolytic activity, cellular context and stress stimulus. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of cathepsin D regulation and how to modulate its apoptotic functions is clearly needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of cathepsin D in physiological and pathological scenarios. We then focus on the opposing functions of cathepsin D in apoptosis, particularly relevant in cancer research. Emphasis is given to the role of the yeast protease Pep4p, the vacuolar counterpart of cathepsin D, in life and death. Finally, we discuss how insights from yeast cathepsin D and its role in regulated cell death can unveil novel functions of mammalian cathepsin D in apoptosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pereira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - C S F Oliveira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. ; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Castro
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Preto
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - S R Chaves
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Côrte-Real
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Deficiency of cathepsin K prevents inflammation and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis and reveals its shared osteoimmune role. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1331-1339. [PMID: 25896020 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis mouse models, we demonstrate that RA and periodontitis share many pathological features, such as deregulated cytokine production, increased immune-cell infiltration, increased expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and enhanced osteoclast activity and bone erosion. We reveal that genetic deletion of cathepsin K (Ctsk) caused a radical reduction in inflammation and bone erosion within RA joint capsules and periodontal lesions, a drastic decrease in immune-cell infiltration, and a significant reduction in osteoclasts, macrophages, dendritic and T-cells. Deficiency of Ctsk greatly decreased the expression of TLR-4, 5, and 9 and their downstream cytokines in periodontal gingival epithelial lesions and synovial RA lesions. Hence, Ctsk may be targeted to treat RA and periodontitis simultaneously due to its shared osteoimmune role.
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Hao L, Chen J, Zhu Z, Reddy MS, Mountz JD, Chen W, Li YP. Odanacatib, A Cathepsin K-Specific Inhibitor, Inhibits Inflammation and Bone Loss Caused by Periodontal Diseases. J Periodontol 2015; 86:972-83. [PMID: 25879791 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a bacteria-induced inflammatory disease mainly affecting periodontal tissues, leading to periodontal inflammation, bone breakdown, and loss of the tooth. The main obstacle for treating periodontitis effectively is the difficulty in finding a target that can inhibit bone loss and inflammation simultaneously. Recent studies showed that cathepsin K (CTSK) might have functions in the immune system besides its role in osteoclasts. Thus, targeting CTSK would have a potential therapeutic effect in both the bone system and the immune system during the progression of periodontitis. METHODS In the current study, a small molecular inhibitor (odanacatib [ODN]) is explored to inhibit the function of CTSK in a bacteria-induced periodontitis mouse model. RESULTS The application of ODN decreased the number of osteoclasts, macrophages, and T cells, as well as the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the periodontitis lesion area. Furthermore, lack of CTSK inhibited the expression of TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 and their downstream cytokine signaling in the gingival epithelial cells in periodontitis lesions, demonstrating that the innate immune response was inhibited in periodontitis. CONCLUSION The present results show that inhibition of CTSK can prevent bone loss and the immune response during the progression of periodontitis, indicating that CTSK is a promising target for treating inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis by affecting both osteoclasts and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hao
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael S Reddy
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL
| | - John D Mountz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL
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