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Koh WS, Knudsen C, Izumikawa T, Nakato E, Grandt K, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Nakato H. Regulation of morphogen pathways by a Drosophila chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Windpipe. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260525. [PMID: 36897575 PMCID: PMC10113886 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogens provide quantitative and robust signaling systems to achieve stereotypic patterning and morphogenesis. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of such regulatory feedback networks. In Drosophila, HSPGs serve as co-receptors for a number of morphogens, including Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Unpaired (Upd, or Upd1). Recently, Windpipe (Wdp), a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (CSPG), was found to negatively regulate Upd and Hh signaling. However, the roles of Wdp, and CSPGs in general, in morphogen signaling networks are poorly understood. We found that Wdp is a major CSPG with 4-O-sulfated CS in Drosophila. Overexpression of wdp modulates Dpp and Wg signaling, showing that it is a general regulator of HS-dependent pathways. Although wdp mutant phenotypes are mild in the presence of morphogen signaling buffering systems, this mutant in the absence of Sulf1 or Dally, molecular hubs of the feedback networks, produces high levels of synthetic lethality and various severe morphological phenotypes. Our study indicates a close functional relationship between HS and CS, and identifies the CSPG Wdp as a novel component in morphogen feedback pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seuk Koh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Collin Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin Grandt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Marques C, Poças J, Gomes C, Faria-Ramos I, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Glycosyltransferases EXTL2 and EXTL3 cellular balance dictates Heparan Sulfate biosynthesis and shapes gastric cancer cell motility and invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102546. [PMID: 36181793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are abundant glycoconjugates in cells' glycocalyx and Extracellular Matrix (ECM). By acting as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, HSPGs modulate extracellular ligand gradients, cell signaling networks, and cell-ECM crosstalk. Aberrant expression of HSPGs and enzymes involved in HSPG biosynthesis and processing has been reported in tumors, with impact in cancer cell behavior and tumor microenvironment properties. However, the roles of specific glycosyltransferases in the deregulated biosynthesis of HSPGs are not fully understood. In this study, we established glycoengineered gastric cancer cell models lacking either Exostosin Like glycosyltransferase 2 (EXTL2) or EXTL3, and revealed their regulatory roles in both Heparan Sulfate (HS) and Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) biosynthesis and structural features. We showed that EXTL3 is key for initiating the synthesis of HS chains in detriment of CS biosynthesis, intervening in the fine-tuned balance of the HS/CS ratio in cells, while EXTL2 functions as a negative regulator of HS biosynthesis, with impact over the glycoproteome of gastric cancer cells. We demonstrated that knock-out of EXTL2 enhanced HS levels along with concomitant upregulation of Syndecan-4, which is a major cell-surface carrier of HS. This aberrant HS expression profile promoted a more aggressive phenotype, characterized by higher cellular motility and invasion, and impaired activation of Ephrin type-A 4 cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. Our findings uncover the biosynthetic roles of EXTL2 and EXTL3 in the regulation of cancer cell GAGosylation and proteoglycans expression, and unravel the functional consequences of aberrant HS/CS balance in cellular malignant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Jones AA, Diamantopoulou E, Baxendale S, Whitfield TT. Presence of chondroitin sulphate and requirement for heparan sulphate biosynthesis in the developing zebrafish inner ear. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:959624. [PMID: 36092694 PMCID: PMC9458858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.959624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis to form the semicircular canal ducts of the zebrafish inner ear depends on the production of the large glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, which is thought to contribute to the driving force that pushes projections of epithelium into the lumen of the otic vesicle. Proteoglycans are also implicated in otic morphogenesis: several of the genes coding for proteoglycan core proteins, together with enzymes that synthesise and modify their polysaccharide chains, are expressed in the developing zebrafish inner ear. In this study, we demonstrate the highly specific localisation of chondroitin sulphate to the sites of epithelial projection outgrowth in the ear, present before any morphological deformation of the epithelium. Staining for chondroitin sulphate is also present in the otolithic membrane, whereas the otoliths are strongly positive for keratan sulphate. We show that heparan sulphate biosynthesis is critical for normal epithelial projection outgrowth, otolith growth and tethering. In the ext2 mutant ear, which has reduced heparan sulphate levels, but continues to produce hyaluronan, epithelial projections are rudimentary, and do not grow sufficiently to meet and fuse to form the pillars of tissue that normally span the otic lumen. Staining for chondroitin sulphate and expression of versican b, a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan core protein gene, persist abnormally at high levels in the unfused projections of the ext2 mutant ear. We propose a model for wild-type epithelial projection outgrowth in which hyaluronan and proteoglycans are linked to form a hydrated gel that fills the projection core, with both classes of molecule playing essential roles in zebrafish semicircular canal morphogenesis.
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4
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Fleming A, Xuan LZ, Sanchez-Elexpuru G, Williams SV, Windell D, Gelb MH, Herbst ZM, Schlotawa L, Rubinsztein DC. Unexpected Phenotype Reversion and Survival in a Zebrafish Model of Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843079. [PMID: 35721514 PMCID: PMC9203071 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is a rare recessively inherited Mendelian disorder that manifests with developmental delay, neurodegeneration, skeletal deformities, facial dysmorphism, congenital growth retardation, and other clinical signs. The disorder is caused by mutations in the SUMF1 gene, which encodes the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), and responsible for the activation of sulfatases. Mutations in SUMF1 result in reduced or absent FGE function with consequent compromised activities of its client sulfatases. This leads to an accumulation of enzyme substrates, such as glycosaminoglycans and sulfolipids, within lysosomes and subsequently impaired lysosome function and cellular pathology. Currently, there are no disease modifying therapeutic options for MSD patients, hence the need for more suitable animal models to investigate the disorder. Here, we describe the characterisation of a sumf1 null zebrafish model, which has negligible sulfatase activity. Our sumf1 -/- zebrafish model successfully recapitulates the pathology of MSD such as cranial malformation, altered bone development, an enlarged population of microglia, and growth retardation during early development but lacks early lethality of mouse Sumf1 -/- models. Notably, we provide evidence of recovery in MSD pathology during later developmental stages, resulting in homozygous mutants that are viable. Hence, our data suggest the possibility of a unique compensatory mechanism that allows the sumf1 -/- null zebrafish to survive better than human MSD patients and mouse Sumf1 -/- models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Angeleen Fleming, ; David C. Rubinsztein,
| | - Low Zhe Xuan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gentzane Sanchez-Elexpuru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V. Williams
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Windell
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zackary M. Herbst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Angeleen Fleming, ; David C. Rubinsztein,
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5
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Habicher J, Varshney GK, Waldmann L, Snitting D, Allalou A, Zhang H, Ghanem A, Öhman Mägi C, Dierker T, Kjellén L, Burgess SM, Ledin J. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosyltransferase genes are essential for craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010067. [PMID: 35192612 PMCID: PMC8896900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans are indispensable for animal development and homeostasis but the large number of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis have made CS/DS function a challenging problem to study genetically. In our study, we generated loss-of-function alleles in zebrafish genes encoding CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and characterized the effect on development in single and double mutants. Homozygous mutants in chsy1, csgalnact1a, csgalnat2, chpfa, ust and chst7, respectively, develop to adults. However, csgalnact1a-/- fish develop distinct craniofacial defects while the chsy1-/- skeletal phenotype is milder and the remaining mutants display no gross morphological abnormalities. These results suggest a high redundancy for the CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and to further reduce CS/DS biosynthesis we combined mutant alleles. The craniofacial phenotype is further enhanced in csgalnact1a-/-;chsy1-/- adults and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae. While csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- was the most affected allele combination in our study, CS/DS is still not completely abolished. Transcriptome analysis of chsy1-/-, csgalnact1a-/-and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae revealed that the expression had changed in a similar way in the three mutant lines but no differential expression was found in any of fifty GAG biosynthesis enzymes identified. Thus, zebrafish larvae do not increase transcription of GAG biosynthesis genes as a consequence of decreased CS/DS biosynthesis. The new zebrafish lines develop phenotypes similar to clinical characteristics of several human congenital disorders making the mutants potentially useful to study disease mechanisms and treatment. The components of the extracellular matrix are crucial for interactions and communication between cells during animal development and disease progression. One major component of the extracellular matrix is chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans, which support and modify cell functions and tissue homeostasis. The biosynthesis of CS/DS is complex and no genetic models have been developed to specifically reduce CS/DS in the zebrafish model organism. We have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out key CS/DS biosynthesis genes. We find that knocking out single genes rarely causes major effects on zebrafish morphology and viability, but by combining several knockout alleles we could observe malformations in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. In addition, one combination of alleles was embryonic lethal. Our findings describe the role of CS/DS in the development of the head skeleton and give insights in the regulation of genes involved in CS/DS biosynthesis. The zebrafish mutants generated in this study can be used as tools to further study human diseases caused by mutations in CS/DS biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habicher
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
| | - Gaurav K. Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laura Waldmann
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Snitting
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amin Allalou
- Department of Information Technology, and SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdurrahman Ghanem
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhman Mägi
- Department for Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
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6
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Dubail J, Cormier-Daire V. Chondrodysplasias With Multiple Dislocations Caused by Defects in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:642097. [PMID: 34220933 PMCID: PMC8242584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations form a group of severe disorders characterized by joint laxity and multiple dislocations, severe short stature of pre- and post-natal onset, hand anomalies, and/or vertebral anomalies. The majority of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations have been associated with mutations in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and transporters implicated in the synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, long and unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeated disaccharide bond to protein core of proteoglycan. Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that occurs mainly in the Golgi and that requires the coordinated action of numerous enzymes and transporters as well as an adequate Golgi environment. Any disturbances of this chain of reactions will lead to the incapacity of a cell to construct correct glycanic chains. This review focuses on genetic and glycobiological studies of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations associated with glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis defects and related animal models. Strong comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to those disorders, mostly through extensive phenotypic analyses of in vitro and/or in vivo models, is essential for the development of novel biomarkers for clinical screenings and innovative therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dubail
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Pour Les Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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7
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Akalın A, Taskiran EZ, Şimşek-Kiper PÖ, Utine E, Alanay Y, Özçelik U, Boduroğlu K. Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia EXTL3-deficient type: Long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3104-3110. [PMID: 34089299 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) is a group of genetic skeletal disorders characterized by disproportionate short stature, and varying degrees of vertebral, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal involvement of the skeleton. According to the Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders 2019 revision, more than 20 types of SEMD have been identified, and SEMD with immune deficiency, EXTL3 type is one of the newcomers. Affected individuals display variable skeletal abnormalities and neurodevelopmental findings. Liver and kidney cysts have also been reported frequently. Patients may exhibit varying degrees of immune deficiency as well. To date, only 14 patients from 9 unrelated families with SEMD with immune deficiency, EXTL3 type have been reported in the literature. We report a new patient who is currently 15 years old in whom cystic liver lesions were detected in the prenatal period. Disproportionate short stature, mild developmental delay and a T- NK+ B+ immunological profile were detected in the postnatal follow-up. Exome sequence analysis revealed a previously reported homozygous missense variant in exon 3 c.953C > T; p.(Pro318Leu) in EXTL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akçahan Akalın
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Z Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Özlem Şimşek-Kiper
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Acıbadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Özçelik
- Department of Pediatric Chest Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroğlu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Delbaere S, De Clercq A, Mizumoto S, Noborn F, Bek JW, Alluyn L, Gistelinck C, Syx D, Salmon PL, Coucke PJ, Larson G, Yamada S, Willaert A, Malfait F. b3galt6 Knock-Out Zebrafish Recapitulate β3GalT6-Deficiency Disorders in Human and Reveal a Trisaccharide Proteoglycan Linkage Region. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597857. [PMID: 33363150 PMCID: PMC7758351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are structurally and functionally diverse biomacromolecules found abundantly on cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. They consist of a core protein linked to glycosaminoglycan chains via a tetrasaccharide linkage region. Here, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated b3galt6 knock-out zebrafish, lacking galactosyltransferase II, which adds the third sugar in the linkage region, largely recapitulate the phenotypic abnormalities seen in human β3GalT6-deficiency disorders. These comprise craniofacial dysmorphism, generalized skeletal dysplasia, skin involvement and indications for muscle hypotonia. In-depth TEM analysis revealed disturbed collagen fibril organization as the most consistent ultrastructural characteristic throughout different affected tissues. Strikingly, despite a strong reduction in glycosaminoglycan content, as demonstrated by anion-exchange HPLC, subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a small amount of proteoglycans containing a unique linkage region consisting of only three sugars. This implies that formation of glycosaminoglycans with an immature linkage region is possible in a pathogenic context. Our study, therefore unveils a novel rescue mechanism for proteoglycan production in the absence of galactosyltransferase II, hereby opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Delbaere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Willem Bek
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Alluyn
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Gistelinck
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Paul J. Coucke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Jiang Z, Derrick-Roberts AL, Byers S. Altered IHH signaling contributes to reduced chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate of MPS VII mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100668. [PMID: 33117654 PMCID: PMC7582094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone elongation is driven by chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy in the growth plate. Both processes are modulated by multiple signaling pathways including the Indian Hedgehog (IHH) signaling pathway. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in multiple tissues and organs, leading to a range of clinical symptoms including bone shortening through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Using MPS VII mice, we previously observed a reduction in the number of proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes and a reduced gene expression of Ihh in the tibial growth plate. We further demonstrate here that IHH secretion by MPS VII chondrocytes was reduced both in vitro and in vivo. While normal chondrocytes showed no response to exogenous IHH, proliferation of MPS VII chondrocytes was stimulated in response to exogenous IHH in vitro. This was accompanied by an elevated gene expression of patched receptor (Ptch1). The results from this study suggested that reduced proliferation in MPS VII growth plate may be partially due to dysfunction of the IHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Jiang
- Genetics and Evolution, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ainslie L.K. Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- Genetics and Evolution, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Filipek-Górniok B, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis in Zebrafish. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:49-60. [PMID: 33216642 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420973980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans occurs in the Golgi compartment of cells and will determine the sulfation pattern of HS chains, which in turn will have a large impact on the biological activity of the proteoglycans. Earlier studies in mice have demonstrated the importance of HS for embryonic development. In this review, the enzymes participating in zebrafish HS biosynthesis, along with a description of enzyme mutants available for functional studies, are presented. The consequences of the zebrafish genome duplication and maternal transcript contribution are briefly discussed as are the possibilities of CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies to use the zebrafish model system for studies of biosynthesis as well as proteoglycan biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Ondruskova N, Cechova A, Hansikova H, Honzik T, Jaeken J. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: Still "hot" in 2020. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129751. [PMID: 32991969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by defects in the genes important for the process of protein and lipid glycosylation. With the ever growing number of the known subtypes and discoveries regarding the disease mechanisms and therapy development, it remains a very active field of study. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review brings an update on the CDG-related research since 2017, describing the novel gene defects, pathobiomechanisms, biomarkers and the patients' phenotypes. We also summarize the clinical guidelines for the most prevalent disorders and the current therapeutical options for the treatable CDG. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In the majority of the 23 new CDG, neurological involvement is associated with other organ disease. Increasingly, different aspects of cellular metabolism (e.g., autophagy) are found to be perturbed in multiple CDG. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work highlights the recent trends in the CDG field and comprehensively overviews the up-to-date clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ondruskova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cechova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Paediatrics and Centre for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Bachvarova V, Dierker T, Esko J, Hoffmann D, Kjellen L, Vortkamp A. Chondrocytes respond to an altered heparan sulfate composition with distinct changes of heparan sulfate structure and increased levels of chondroitin sulfate. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:43-59. [PMID: 32201365 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates the activity of many signaling molecules critical for the development of endochondral bones. Even so, mice with a genetically altered HS metabolism display a relatively mild skeletal phenotype compared to the defects observed in other tissues and organs pointing to a reduced HS dependency of growth-factor signaling in chondrocytes. To understand this difference, we have investigated the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition in two mouse lines that produce either reduced levels of HS (Ext1gt/gt mice) or HS lacking 2-O-sulfation (Hs2st1-/- mice). Analysis by RPIP-HPLC revealed an increased level of sulfated disaccarides not affected by the mutation in both mouse lines indicating that chondrocytes attempt to restore a critical level of sulfation. In addition, in both mutant lines we also detected significantly elevated levels of CS. Size exclusion chromatography further demonstrated that Ext1gt/gt mutants produce more but shorter CS chains, while the CS chains produced by (Hs2st1-/- mice) mutants are of similar length to that of wild type littermates indicating that chondrocytes produce more rather than longer CS chains. Expression analysis revealed an upregulation of aggrecan, which likely carries most of the additionally produced CS. Together the results of this study demonstrate for the first time that not only a reduced HS synthesis but also an altered HS structure leads to increased levels of CS in mammalian tissues. Furthermore, as chondrocytes produce 100-fold more CS than HS the increased CS levels point to an active, precursor-independent mechanism that senses the quality of HS in a vast excess of CS. Interestingly, reducing the level of cell surface CS by chondroitinase treatment leads to reduced Bmp2 induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation. In addition, Erk phosphorylation is increased independent of Fgf18 treatment indicating that both, HS and CS, affect growth factor signaling in chondrocytes in distinct manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jeffrey Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, United States.
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Lena Kjellen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
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13
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Hypomorphic zebrafish models mimic the musculoskeletal phenotype of β4GalT7-deficient Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Matrix Biol 2019; 89:59-75. [PMID: 31862401 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
β4GalT7 is a transmembrane Golgi enzyme, encoded by B4GALT7, that plays a pivotal role in the proteoglycan linker region formation during proteoglycan biosynthesis. Defects in this enzyme give rise to a rare autosomal recessive form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), currently known as 'spondylodysplastic EDS (spEDS-B4GALT7)'. This EDS subtype is mainly characterized by short stature, hypotonia and skeletal abnormalities, thereby illustrating its pleiotropic importance during human development. Insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disabling disease are very limited, in part due to the lack of a relevant in vivo model. As the majority of mutations identified in patients with spEDS-B4GALT7 are hypomorphic, we generated zebrafish models with partial loss of B4galt7 function, including different knockdown (morphant) and mosaic knockout (crispant) b4galt7 zebrafish models and studied the morphologic, functional and molecular aspects in embryonic and larval stages. Morphant and crispant zebrafish show highly similar morphological abnormalities in early development including a small, round head, bowed pectoral fins, short body-axis and mild developmental delay. Several craniofacial cartilage and bone structures are absent or strongly misshapen. In addition, the total amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycans is significantly diminished and particularly heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan levels are greatly reduced. We also show impaired cartilage patterning and loss of chondrocyte organization in a cartilage-specific Tg(Col2a1aBAC:mcherry) zebrafish reporter line. The occurrence of the same abnormalities in the different models confirms these are specifically caused by B4galt7 deficiency. A disturbed actin pattern, along with a lack of muscle tone, was only noted in morphants in which translation of b4galt7 was blocked. In conclusion, we generated the first viable animal models for spEDS-B4GALT7, and show that in early development the human spEDS-B4GALT7 phenotype is faithfully mimicked in these zebrafish models. Our findings underscore a key role for β4GalT7 in early development of cartilage, bone and muscle. These models will lead to a better understanding of spEDS-B4GALT7 and can be used in future efforts focusing on therapeutic applications.
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14
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Morikawa M, Mitani Y, Holmborn K, Kato T, Koinuma D, Maruyama J, Vasilaki E, Sawada H, Kobayashi M, Ozawa T, Morishita Y, Bessho Y, Maeda S, Ledin J, Aburatani H, Kageyama R, Maruyama K, Heldin CH, Miyazono K. The ALK-1/SMAD/ATOH8 axis attenuates hypoxic responses and protects against the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/607/eaay4430. [PMID: 31719172 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) is implicated in vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here, we showed that the transcription factor ATOH8 was a direct target of SMAD1/5 and was induced in a manner dependent on BMP but independent of Notch, another critical signaling pathway in ECs. In zebrafish and mice, inactivation of Atoh8 did not cause an arteriovenous malformation-like phenotype, which may arise because of dysregulated Notch signaling. In contrast, Atoh8-deficient mice exhibited a phenotype mimicking PAH, which included increased pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy. Moreover, ATOH8 expression was decreased in PAH patient lungs. We showed that in cells, ATOH8 interacted with hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) and decreased its abundance, leading to reduced induction of HIF-2α target genes in response to hypoxia. Together, these findings suggest that the BMP receptor type II/ALK-1/SMAD/ATOH8 axis may attenuate hypoxic responses in ECs in the pulmonary circulation and may help prevent the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Morikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yoshihide Mitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Katarina Holmborn
- Genome Engineering Zebrafish Facility, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taichi Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Daizo Koinuma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junko Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eleftheria Vasilaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hirofumi Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Mai Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Medical Joint Materials, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Johan Ledin
- Genome Engineering Zebrafish Facility, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Flanagan-Steet H, Christian C, Lu PN, Aarnio-Peterson M, Sanman L, Archer-Hartmann S, Azadi P, Bogyo M, Steet RA. TGF-ß Regulates Cathepsin Activation during Normal and Pathogenic Development. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29539424 PMCID: PMC6247414 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play roles during development and disease beyond their function in lysosomal protein turnover. Here, we leverage a fluorescent activity-based probe (ABP), BMV109, to track cysteine cathepsins in normal and diseased zebrafish embryos. Using this probe in a model of mucolipidosis II, we show that loss of carbohydrate-dependent lysosomal sorting alters the activity of several cathepsin proteases. The data support a pathogenic mechanism where TGF-β signals enhance the proteolytic processing of pro-Ctsk by modulating the expression of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). In MLII, elevated C4-S corresponds with TGF-β-mediated increases in chst11 expression. Inhibiting chst11 impairs the proteolytic activation of Ctsk and alleviates the MLII phenotypes. These findings uncover a regulatory loop between TGF-β signaling and Ctsk activation that is altered in the context of lysosomal disease. This work highlights the power of ABPs to identify mechanisms underlying pathogenic development in living animals. Chondroitin sulfate is a known regulator of cathepsin protease activity. Flanagan-Steet et al. identify a positive feedback mechanism whereby cathepsins secreted from chondrocytes upon loss of lysosomal targeting activate TGF-β signaling in developing cartilage. This increased signaling, in turn, stimulates chondroitin-4 sulfation and enhances cathepsin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney Christian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Po-Nien Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | | | - Laura Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Richard A Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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16
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Khalil R, Lalai RA, Wiweger MI, Avramut CM, Koster AJ, Spaink HP, Bruijn JA, Hogendoorn PCW, Baelde HJ. Glomerular permeability is not affected by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan deficiency in zebrafish embryos. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1211-F1216. [PMID: 31461353 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00126.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria develops when specific components in the glomerular filtration barrier have impaired function. Although the precise components involved in maintaining this barrier have not been fully identified, heparan sulfate proteoglycans are believed to play an essential role in maintaining glomerular filtration. Although in situ studies have shown that a loss of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans increases the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, recent studies using experimental models have shown that podocyte-specific deletion of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan assembly does not lead to proteinuria. However, tubular reabsorption of leaked proteins might have masked an increase in glomerular permeability in these models. Furthermore, not only podocytes but also glomerular endothelial cells are involved in heparan sulfate synthesis in the glomerular filtration barrier. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a global heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan deficiency on glomerular permeability. We used a zebrafish embryo model carrying a homozygous germline mutation in the ext2 gene. Glomerular permeability was assessed with a quantitative dextran tracer injection method. In this model, we accounted for tubular reabsorption. Loss of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane was measured using polyethyleneimine staining. Although mutant animals had significantly fewer negatively charged areas in the glomerular basement membrane, glomerular permeability was unaffected. Moreover, heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan-deficient embryos had morphologically intact podocyte foot processes. Glomerular filtration remains fully functional despite a global reduction of heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reshma A Lalai
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cristina M Avramut
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Fischer B, Ly TD, Hendig D, Kuhn J, Pécheur EI, Reungoat E, Knabbe C, Faust I. First description of a compensatory xylosyltransferase I induction observed after an antifibrotic UDP-treatment of normal human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:7-13. [PMID: 30853184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a serious health problem often leading to accompanying organ failure. During the manifestation of the disease, an accumulation of different extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, such as proteoglycans, takes place. There is no appropriate therapeutic option available to heal fibrosis to date. Current research focuses primarily on targets such as the cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which is assumed to be one of the key mediators of fibrosis. Both xylosyltransferase isoforms, XT-I and XT-II, catalyze the rate-limiting step of the proteoglycan biosynthesis. Consequently, inhibiting XT activity could be a promising approach to treat fibrosis. It was shown in earlier studies that nucleotides and nucleosides have anti-fibrotic properties and decrease XT activity in cell-free systems. In contrast, we evaluated the mechanisms beyond an UDP-mediated induction of intracellular XT-activity in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). The observed pseudo-fibrotic XT increasement could be attributed to a compensation of decreased UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase 1 (UXS1) mRNA expression as well as a diminished intracellular UDP-xylose concentration. In summary, our results describe a so far unknown XT-inductive pathway and show that UDP could be a promising molecule for the development of an anti-fibrotic therapy. Nevertheless, XT activity has to be inhibited in parallel intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Eve-Isabelle Pécheur
- UMR INSERM 1052 / CNRS 5286, CRCL, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Lyon, France
| | - Emma Reungoat
- UMR INSERM 1052 / CNRS 5286, CRCL, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Lyon, France
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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18
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Zeng L, Qian J, Luo X, Zhou A, Zhang Z, Fang Q. CHSY1 promoted proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in colorectal cancer through regulation of the NFκB and/or caspase-3/7 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6140-6146. [PMID: 30344756 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a commonly observed malignant cancer. However, the limited therapies for colorectal cancer do not bring much benefit for patients. Chondroitin synthase-1 (CHSY1) is an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of several cancer types; however, there is limited information regarding the role of CHSY1 in colorectal cancer. In the present study, CHSY1 was demonstrated to be highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissues and in cell lines, and the CHSY1 expression level was associated with the 5-year survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer. Following CHSY1 knockdown, the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells was significantly decreased. The number of RKO cells decreased by 50% following CHSY1 knockdown compared with that in the control after culture for 5 days. However, the apoptosis rate of RKO cells increased to 14.15% after CHSY1 knockdown. In addition, the activity of caspase-3/7 was also enhanced. Furthermore, the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was reduced, whereas the levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and truncated caspase-3/7 were increased following CHSY1 knockdown. Additionally, the phosphorylation level of IκB and the expression of nuclear factor (NF)κB also decreased. In contrast, forced expression of CHSY1 increased the level of Bcl-2, NFκB, and phosphorylated IκB, whereas the level of bax and truncated caspase-3/7 decreased. Therefore, the data of the present study suggest that CHSY1 promoted cell proliferation by regulating NFκB signaling and suppressed cell apoptosis by regulating/caspase-3/7 signaling in colorectal cancer. The present study also suggests that CHSY1 may be a potential target for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinrong Qian
- Department of Health Care of Cadre, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Aiqun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Quangang Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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19
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Jao TM, Li YL, Lin SW, Tzeng ST, Yu IS, Yen SJ, Tsai MH, Yang YC. Alteration of colonic epithelial cell differentiation in mice deficient for glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 4. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84938-84950. [PMID: 27793051 PMCID: PMC5356710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases (NDSTs) are the first enzymes that mediate the initiation of heparan sulfate sulfation. We previously identified NDST4 as a putative tumor suppressor in human colorectal cancer. In the study, we generated an Ndst4 knockout (Ndst4-/-) mouse strain and explored its phenotypic characteristics, particularly in the development of colonic epithelial homeostasis. The Ndst4-deficient mice were viable and fertile, and their life spans were similar to those of wild-type littermates. No gross behavioral or morphological differences were observed between the Ndst4-/- and wild-type mice, and no significant changes were determined in the hematological or serum biochemical parameters of the Ndst4-/- mice. Ndst4 RNA transcripts were expressed in the brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and ovary. However, Ndst4-null mice exhibited no gross or histological abnormalities in the studied organs, except for the colon. Although no alterations were observed in the crypt length or number of proliferating cells, the Ndst4-/- mice exhibited an increased number of goblet cells and a decreased number of colonocytes in the proximal colon compared with the wild-type mice. Moreover, Ndst4 deficiency increased the basal level of apoptosis in the colonic epithelium. Taken together, we established, for the first time, an Ndst4-/- mouse strain and revealed the involvement of Ndst4 in the development and homeostasis of colonic epithelium. Accordingly, NDST4 in human colon might direct the biosynthesis of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are essential for the maintenance of colonic epithelial homeostasis. Thus, the loss of its function may result in the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Jhy Yen
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Igarashi M, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama S. Roles of CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in regulation of CS synthesis, in neuronal regeneration and plasticity. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:77-83. [PMID: 28987564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharide units that are attached to core proteins, resulting in CS proteoglycans (CSPGs). In the mature brain, CS is concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are extracellular structures that surround synapses and regulate synaptic plasticity. In addition, CS is rapidly synthesized after CNS injury to create a physical and chemical barrier that inhibits axon growth. Most previous studies used a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme to investigate the physiological roles of CS. Recent studies have shown that CS is synthesized by more than 15 enzymes, all of which have been characterized in vitro. Here we focus on one of those enzymes, CSGalNAcT1 (T1). We produced T1 knockout mice (KO), which show extensive axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, as well as the loss of onset of ocular dominance plasticity. These results from T1KO mice suggest important roles for extracellular CS in the brain regarding neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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21
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Dierker T, Kjellén L. Separation and Purification of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2437. [PMID: 34541157 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a popular model organism for studies of developmental biology, neurology, ageing and other fields of basic research. Because many developmental processes are regulated by glycosaminoglyans (GAGs) on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix, methods to isolate and analyze C. elegans GAGs are needed. Such methods have previously been optimized for other species such as mice and zebrafish. After modifying existing purification protocols, we could recently show that the nematodes also produce chondroitin sulfate, in addition to heparan sulfate, thus challenging the view that only non-sulfated chondroitin was synthesized by C. elegans. We here present our protocol adapted for C. elegans. Since the purification strategy involves separation of non-sulfated and sulfated GAGs, it may also be useful for other applications where this approach could be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Kasper DM, Moro A, Ristori E, Narayanan A, Hill-Teran G, Fleming E, Moreno-Mateos M, Vejnar CE, Zhang J, Lee D, Gu M, Gerstein M, Giraldez A, Nicoli S. MicroRNAs Establish Uniform Traits during the Architecture of Vertebrate Embryos. Dev Cell 2017; 40:552-565.e5. [PMID: 28350988 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of an organism requires cells and tissues to behave in uniform, well-organized ways. How this optimum of phenotypes is achieved during the development of vertebrates is unclear. Here, we carried out a multi-faceted and single-cell resolution screen of zebrafish embryonic blood vessels upon mutagenesis of single and multi-gene microRNA (miRNA) families. We found that embryos lacking particular miRNA-dependent signaling pathways develop a vascular trait similar to wild-type, but with a profound increase in phenotypic heterogeneity. Aberrant trait variance in miRNA mutant embryos uniquely sensitizes their vascular system to environmental perturbations. We discovered a previously unrecognized role for specific vertebrate miRNAs to protect tissue development against phenotypic variability. This discovery marks an important advance in our comprehension of how miRNAs function in the development of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna M Kasper
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Albertomaria Moro
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Emma Ristori
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anand Narayanan
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Guillermina Hill-Teran
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fleming
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Miguel Moreno-Mateos
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Charles E Vejnar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Donghoon Lee
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mengting Gu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antonio Giraldez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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23
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Guo L, Elcioglu NH, Mizumoto S, Wang Z, Noyan B, Albayrak HM, Yamada S, Matsumoto N, Miyake N, Nishimura G, Ikegawa S. Identification of biallelic EXTL3 mutations in a novel type of spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:797-801. [PMID: 28331220 PMCID: PMC5537416 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) is a group of inherited skeletal diseases characterized by the anomalies in spine, epiphyses and metaphyses. SEMD is highly heterogeneous and >20 distinct entities have been identified. Here we describe a novel type of SEMD in two unrelated Turkish patients who presented with severe platyspondyly, kyphoscoliosis, pelvic distortion, constriction of the proximal femora and brachydactyly. Although these phenotypes overlap considerably with some known SEMDs, they had a novel causal gene, exostosin-like glycosyltransferase 3 (EXTL3), that encodes a glycosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate. The EXTL3 mutation identified in the patients was a homozygous missense mutation (c.953C>T) that caused a substitution in a highly conserved amino acid (p.P318L). The enzyme activity of the mutant EXTL3 protein was significantly decreased compared to the wild-type protein. Both patients had spinal cord compression at the cranio-vertebral junction and multiple liver cysts since early infancy. One of the patients showed severe immunodeficiency, which is considered non-fortuitous association. Our findings would help define a novel type of SEMD caused by EXTL3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Cyprus, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zheng Wang
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bilge Noyan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice M Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Imaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Oud MM, Tuijnenburg P, Hempel M, van Vlies N, Ren Z, Ferdinandusse S, Jansen MH, Santer R, Johannsen J, Bacchelli C, Alders M, Li R, Davies R, Dupuis L, Cale CM, Wanders RJA, Pals ST, Ocaka L, James C, Müller I, Lehmberg K, Strom T, Engels H, Williams HJ, Beales P, Roepman R, Dias P, Brunner HG, Cobben JM, Hall C, Hartley T, Le Quesne Stabej P, Mendoza-Londono R, Davies EG, de Sousa SB, Lessel D, Arts HH, Kuijpers TW. Mutations in EXTL3 Cause Neuro-immuno-skeletal Dysplasia Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:281-296. [PMID: 28132690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EXTL3 regulates the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), important for both skeletal development and hematopoiesis, through the formation of HS proteoglycans (HSPGs). By whole-exome sequencing, we identified homozygous missense mutations c.1382C>T, c.1537C>T, c.1970A>G, and c.2008T>G in EXTL3 in nine affected individuals from five unrelated families. Notably, we found the identical homozygous missense mutation c.1382C>T (p.Pro461Leu) in four affected individuals from two unrelated families. Affected individuals presented with variable skeletal abnormalities and neurodevelopmental defects. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with a complete absence of T cells was observed in three families. EXTL3 was most abundant in hematopoietic stem cells and early progenitor T cells, which is in line with a SCID phenotype at the level of early T cell development in the thymus. To provide further support for the hypothesis that mutations in EXTL3 cause a neuro-immuno-skeletal dysplasia syndrome, and to gain insight into the pathogenesis of the disorder, we analyzed the localization of EXTL3 in fibroblasts derived from affected individuals and determined glycosaminoglycan concentrations in these cells as well as in urine and blood. We observed abnormal glycosaminoglycan concentrations and increased concentrations of the non-sulfated chondroitin disaccharide D0a0 and the disaccharide D0a4 in serum and urine of all analyzed affected individuals. In summary, we show that biallelic mutations in EXTL3 disturb glycosaminoglycan synthesis and thus lead to a recognizable syndrome characterized by variable expression of skeletal, neurological, and immunological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Tuijnenburg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious disease, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Naomi van Vlies
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zemin Ren
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Machiel H Jansen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious disease, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessika Johannsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Marielle Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Rosalind Davies
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Catherine M Cale
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven T Pals
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Ocaka
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Chela James
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Ingo Müller
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hywel J Williams
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Phil Beales
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Dias
- Serviςo de Genética, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, 1640-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Maarten Cobben
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center University Hospital, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, St. George's University Hospital, SW19 0ER London, UK
| | - Christine Hall
- Emerita, Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8 L1, Canada
| | - Polona Le Quesne Stabej
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - E Graham Davies
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK; Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Sérgio B de Sousa
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK; Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heleen H Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4J9, Canada
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Abstract
The zebrafish skeleton shares many similarities with human and other vertebrate skeletons. Over the past years, work in zebrafish has provided an extensive understanding of the basic developmental mechanisms and cellular pathways directing skeletal development and homeostasis. This review will focus on the cell biology of cartilage and bone and how the basic cellular processes within chondrocytes and osteocytes function to assemble the structural frame of a vertebrate body. We will discuss fundamental functions of skeletal cells in production and secretion of extracellular matrix and cellular activities leading to differentiation of progenitors to mature cells that make up the skeleton. We highlight important examples where findings in zebrafish provided direction for the search for genes causing human skeletal defects and also how zebrafish research has proven important for validating candidate human disease genes. The work we cover here illustrates utility of zebrafish in unraveling molecular mechanisms of cellular functions necessary to form and maintain a healthy skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn N Luderman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gokhan Unlu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ela W Knapik
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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26
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Dierker T, Shao C, Haitina T, Zaia J, Hinas A, Kjellén L. Nematodes join the family of chondroitin sulfate-synthesizing organisms: Identification of an active chondroitin sulfotransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34662. [PMID: 27703236 PMCID: PMC5050403 DOI: 10.1038/srep34662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are proteins that carry sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They help form and maintain morphogen gradients, guiding cell migration and differentiation during animal development. While no sulfated GAGs have been found in marine sponges, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) have been identified in Cnidarians, Lophotrocozoans and Ecdysozoans. The general view that nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans, which belong to Ecdysozoa, produce HS but only chondroitin without sulfation has therefore been puzzling. We have analyzed GAGs in C. elegans using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC, mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Our analyses included wild type C. elegans but also a mutant lacking two HS sulfotransferases (hst-6 hst-2), as we suspected that the altered HS structure could boost CS sulfation. We could indeed detect sulfated CS in both wild type and mutant nematodes. While 4-O-sulfation of galactosamine dominated, we also detected 6-O-sulfated galactosamine residues. Finally, we identified the product of the gene C41C4.1 as a C. elegans CS-sulfotransferase and renamed it chst-1 (CarboHydrate SulfoTransferase) based on loss of CS-4-O-sulfation in a C41C4.1 mutant and in vitro sulfotransferase activity of recombinant C41C4.1 protein. We conclude that C. elegans indeed manufactures CS, making this widely used nematode an interesting model for developmental studies involving CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, USA
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, USA
| | - Andrea Hinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Gouignard N, Maccarana M, Strate I, von Stedingk K, Malmström A, Pera EM. Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and neurocristopathies: dermatan sulfate is required for Xenopus neural crest cells to migrate and adhere to fibronectin. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:607-20. [PMID: 27101845 PMCID: PMC4920151 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Of all live births with congenital anomalies, approximately one-third exhibit deformities of the head and face. Most craniofacial disorders are associated with defects in a migratory stem and progenitor cell population, which is designated the neural crest (NC). Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (MCEDS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder with distinct craniofacial features; this syndrome comprises multiple congenital malformations that are caused by dysfunction of dermatan sulfate (DS) biosynthetic enzymes, including DS epimerase-1 (DS-epi1; also known as DSE). Studies in mice have extended our understanding of DS-epi1 in connective tissue maintenance; however, its role in fetal development is not understood. We demonstrate that DS-epi1 is important for the generation of isolated iduronic acid residues in chondroitin sulfate (CS)/DS proteoglycans in early Xenopus embryos. The knockdown of DS-epi1 does not affect the formation of early NC progenitors; however, it impairs the correct activation of transcription factors involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reduces the extent of NC cell migration, which leads to a decrease in NC-derived craniofacial skeleton, melanocytes and dorsal fin structures. Transplantation experiments demonstrate a tissue-autonomous role for DS-epi1 in cranial NC cell migration in vivo Cranial NC explant and single-cell cultures indicate a requirement of DS-epi1 in cell adhesion, spreading and extension of polarized cell processes on fibronectin. Thus, our work indicates a functional link between DS and NC cell migration. We conclude that NC defects in the EMT and cell migration might account for the craniofacial anomalies and other congenital malformations in MCEDS, which might facilitate the diagnosis and development of therapies for this distressing condition. Moreover, the presented correlations between human DS-epi1 expression and gene sets of mesenchymal character, invasion and metastasis in neuroblastoma and malignant melanoma suggest an association between DS and NC-derived cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Gouignard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Ina Strate
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Edgar M Pera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
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28
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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29
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Marques DA, Lucek K, Meier JI, Mwaiko S, Wagner CE, Excoffier L, Seehausen O. Genomics of Rapid Incipient Speciation in Sympatric Threespine Stickleback. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005887. [PMID: 26925837 PMCID: PMC4771382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological speciation is the process by which reproductively isolated populations emerge as a consequence of divergent natural or ecologically-mediated sexual selection. Most genomic studies of ecological speciation have investigated allopatric populations, making it difficult to infer reproductive isolation. The few studies on sympatric ecotypes have focused on advanced stages of the speciation process after thousands of generations of divergence. As a consequence, we still do not know what genomic signatures of the early onset of ecological speciation look like. Here, we examined genomic differentiation among migratory lake and resident stream ecotypes of threespine stickleback reproducing in sympatry in one stream, and in parapatry in another stream. Importantly, these ecotypes started diverging less than 150 years ago. We obtained 34,756 SNPs with restriction-site associated DNA sequencing and identified genomic islands of differentiation using a Hidden Markov Model approach. Consistent with incipient ecological speciation, we found significant genomic differentiation between ecotypes both in sympatry and parapatry. Of 19 islands of differentiation resisting gene flow in sympatry, all were also differentiated in parapatry and were thus likely driven by divergent selection among habitats. These islands clustered in quantitative trait loci controlling divergent traits among the ecotypes, many of them concentrated in one region with low to intermediate recombination. Our findings suggest that adaptive genomic differentiation at many genetic loci can arise and persist in sympatry at the very early stage of ecotype divergence, and that the genomic architecture of adaptation may facilitate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Marques
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Kay Lucek
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Department of Animal and Plant Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joana I. Meier
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Mwaiko
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Wagner
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Laurent Excoffier
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have long been implicated in a wide range of cell-cell signaling and cell-matrix interactions, both in vitro and in vivo in invertebrate models. Although many of the genes that encode HSPG core proteins and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate and modify HSPG sugar chains have not yet been analyzed by genetics in vertebrates, recent studies have shown that HSPGs do indeed mediate a wide range of functions in early vertebrate development, for example during left-right patterning and in cardiovascular and neural development. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of HSPGs in these systems and explore the concept of an instructive heparan sulfate sugar code for modulating vertebrate development. Summary: This Review article examines the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vertebrate development and explores the concept of an instructive 'sugar code' for modulating development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - H Joseph Yost
- University of Utah, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Momose T, Yoshimura Y, Harumiya S, Isobe K, Kito M, Fukushima M, Kato H, Nakayama J. Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 expression is associated with malignant potential of soft tissue sarcomas with myxoid substance. Hum Pathol 2015; 50:15-23. [PMID: 26997434 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The glycosyltransferases chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) and exostoses-like 3 (EXTL3) specifically function in biosynthesis of the glycans chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, respectively. Although these glycans play important roles in pathogenesis of various tumors, their significance in soft tissue sarcoma remains unknown. Here, we asked whether CHSY1 or EXTL3 expression correlates with malignant potential of soft tissue sarcomas with myxoid substance. To do so, we examined 40 samples representing specific types, including 12 cases of myxoid liposarcoma, 14 of myxofibrosarcoma, 12 of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and 2 of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. We performed immunohistochemistry with anti-CHSY1 and anti-EXTL3 antibodies and compared enzyme expression levels with tumor histologic grade as assessed by the Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer classification and with patient 5-year survival rate. CHSY1 and EXTL3 were expressed in 72.5% and 32.5% of all tumors, respectively. Notably, CHSY1 was strongly expressed in myxofibrosarcoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor compared with other tumors and significantly associated with higher- rather than lower-grade tumors (P < .01). High expression of CHSY1 was also significantly associated with poorer patient outcomes (P = .031) and higher stages assessed by American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (P = .004). By contrast, EXTL3 expression was not correlated with histologic grade or patient prognosis. We conclude that CHSY1 expression is closely associated with malignant potential of soft tissue sarcomas with myxoid substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashige Momose
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; Department of Orthopedics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshimura
- Department of Orthopedics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoru Harumiya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Isobe
- Department of Orthopedics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Munehisa Kito
- Department of Orthopedics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mana Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopedics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Kamaid A, Molina-Villa T, Mendoza V, Pujades C, Maldonado E, Ispizua Belmonte JC, López-Casillas F. Betaglycan knock-down causes embryonic angiogenesis defects in zebrafish. Genesis 2015; 53:583-603. [PMID: 26174808 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential requirement for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Its deregulation is a key feature of numerous pathologies and many studies have shown that members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family of proteins play important roles in angiogenesis during development and disease. Betaglycan (BG), also known as TGF-β receptor type III, is a TGF-β coreceptor essential for mice embryonic development but its role in angiogenesis has not been described. We have cloned the cDNA encoding zebrafish BG, a TGF-β-binding membrane proteoglycan that showed a dynamic expression pattern in zebrafish embryos, including the notochord and cells adjacent to developing vessels. Injection of antisense morpholinos decreased BG protein levels and morphant embryos exhibited impaired angiogenesis that was rescued by coinjection with rat BG mRNA. In vivo time-lapse microscopy revealed that BG deficiency differentially affected arterial and venous angiogenesis: morphants showed impaired pathfinding of intersegmental vessels migrating from dorsal aorta, while endothelial cells originating from the caudal vein displayed sprouting and migration defects. Our results reveal a new role for BG during embryonic angiogenesis in zebrafish, which has not been described in mammals and pose interesting questions about the molecular machinery regulating angiogenesis in different vertebrates. genesis 53:583-603, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Kamaid
- Instituto De Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, D.F. México
| | - Tonatiuh Molina-Villa
- Instituto De Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, D.F. México
| | - Valentín Mendoza
- Instituto De Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, D.F. México
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental And Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Park, Barcelona, España
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- Instituto De Ciencias Del Mar Y Limnología, Unidad Académica De Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | | | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Instituto De Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, D.F. México
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Budde BS, Mizumoto S, Kogawa R, Becker C, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Rüschendorf F, Toliat MR, Kaleschke G, Hämmerle JM, Höhne W, Sugahara K, Nürnberg P, Kennerknecht I. Skeletal dysplasia in a consanguineous clan from the island of Nias/Indonesia is caused by a novel mutation in B3GAT3. Hum Genet 2015; 134:691-704. [PMID: 25893793 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a large family with disproportionate short stature and bone dysplasia from Nias in which we observed differences in severity when comparing the phenotypes of affected individuals from two remote branches. We conducted a linkage scan in the more severely affected family branch and determined a critical interval of 4.7 cM on chromosome 11. Sequencing of the primary candidate gene TBX10 did not reveal a disease-causing variant. When performing whole exome sequencing we noticed a homozygous missense variant in B3GAT3, c.419C>T [p.(Pro140Leu)]. B3GAT3 encodes β-1,3-glucuronyltransferase-I (GlcAT-I). GlcAT-I catalyzes an initial step of proteoglycan synthesis and the mutation p. (Pro140Leu) lies within the donor substrate-binding subdomain of the catalytic domain. In contrast to the previously published mutation in B3GAT3, c.830G>A [p.(Arg277Gln)], no heart phenotype could be detected in our family. Functional studies revealed a markedly reduced GlcAT-I activity in lymphoblastoid cells from patients when compared to matched controls. Moreover, relative numbers of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains were decreased in patient cells. We found that Pro140Leu-mutant GlcAT-I cannot efficiently transfer GlcA to the linker region trisaccharide. This failure results in a partial deficiency of both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate chains. Since the phenotype of the Nias patients differs from the Larsen-like syndrome described for patients with mutation p.(Arg277Gln), we suggest mutation B3GAT3:p.(Pro140Leu) to cause a different type of GAG linkeropathy showing no involvement of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit S Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Habicher J, Haitina T, Eriksson I, Holmborn K, Dierker T, Ahlberg PE, Ledin J. Chondroitin / dermatan sulfate modification enzymes in zebrafish development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121957. [PMID: 25793894 PMCID: PMC4368567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans consist of unbranched sulfated polysaccharide chains of repeating GalNAc-GlcA/IdoA disaccharide units, attached to serine residues on specific proteins. The CS/DS proteoglycans are abundant in the extracellular matrix where they have essential functions in tissue development and homeostasis. In this report a phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate genes coding for the enzymes that modify CS/DS is presented. We identify single orthologous genes in the zebrafish genome for the sulfotransferases chst7, chst11, chst13, chst14, chst15 and ust and the epimerase dse. In contrast, two copies were found for mammalian sulfotransferases CHST3 and CHST12 and the epimerase DSEL, named chst3a and chst3b, chst12a and chst12b, dsela and dselb, respectively. Expression of CS/DS modification enzymes is spatially and temporally regulated with a large variation between different genes. We found that CS/DS 4-O-sulfotransferases and 6-O-sulfotransferases as well as CS/DS epimerases show a strong and partly overlapping expression, whereas the expression is restricted for enzymes with ability to synthesize di-sulfated disaccharides. A structural analysis further showed that CS/DS sulfation increases during embryonic development mainly due to synthesis of 4-O-sulfated GalNAc while the proportion of 6-O-sulfated GalNAc increases in later developmental stages. Di-sulfated GalNAc synthesized by Chst15 and 2-O-sulfated GlcA/IdoA synthesized by Ust are rare, in accordance with the restricted expression of these enzymes. We also compared CS/DS composition with that of heparan sulfate (HS). Notably, CS/DS biosynthesis in early zebrafish development is more dynamic than HS biosynthesis. Furthermore, HS contains disaccharides with more than one sulfate group, which are virtually absent in CS/DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habicher
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Holmborn
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per E. Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Filipek-Górniok B, Carlsson P, Haitina T, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. The NDST gene family in zebrafish: role of NDST1B in pharyngeal arch formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119040. [PMID: 25767878 PMCID: PMC4359090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze N-deacetylation and N-sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish ndst1a, ndst1b, ndst2a and ndst2b represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of NDST1 and NDST2 that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue ndst3, is equally similar to tetrapod Ndst3 and Ndst4. It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of ndst1b resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the Ndst1 mouse knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Noborn F, Gomez Toledo A, Sihlbom C, Lengqvist J, Fries E, Kjellén L, Nilsson J, Larson G. Identification of chondroitin sulfate linkage region glycopeptides reveals prohormones as a novel class of proteoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:41-9. [PMID: 25326458 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates produce various chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are important structural components of cartilage and other connective tissues. CSPGs also contribute to the regulation of more specialized processes such as neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Although many aspects of CSPGs have been studied extensively, little is known of where the CS chains are attached on the core proteins and so far, only a limited number of CSPGs have been identified. Obtaining global information on glycan structures and attachment sites would contribute to our understanding of the complex proteoglycan structures and may also assist in assigning CSPG specific functions. In the present work, we have developed a glycoproteomics approach that characterizes CS linkage regions, attachment sites, and identities of core proteins. CSPGs were enriched from human urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples by strong-anion-exchange chromatography, digested with chondroitinase ABC, a specific CS-lyase used to reduce the CS chain lengths and subsequently analyzed by nLC-MS/MS with a novel glycopeptide search algorithm. The protocol enabled the identification of 13 novel CSPGs, in addition to 13 previously established CSPGs, demonstrating that this approach can be routinely used to characterize CSPGs in complex human samples. Surprisingly, five of the identified CSPGs are traditionally defined as prohormones (cholecystokinin, chromogranin A, neuropeptide W, secretogranin-1, and secretogranin-3), typically stored and secreted from granules of endocrine cells. We hypothesized that the CS side chain may influence the assembly and structural organization of secretory granules and applied surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to show that CS actually promotes the assembly of chromogranin A core proteins in vitro. This activity required mild acidic pH and suggests that the CS-side chains may also influence the self-assembly of chromogranin A in vivo giving a possible explanation to previous observations that chromogranin A has an inherent property to assemble in the acidic milieu of secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- §Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Johan Lengqvist
- §Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Erik Fries
- ¶Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- ¶Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Reprint of: Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:239-47. [PMID: 24726293 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Wiweger MI, de Andrea CE, Scheepstra KWF, Zhao Z, Hogendoorn PCW. Possible effects of EXT2 on mesenchymal differentiation--lessons from the zebrafish. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:35. [PMID: 24628984 PMCID: PMC4004154 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the EXT genes disrupt polymerisation of heparan sulphates (HS) and lead to the development of osteochondroma, an isolated/sporadic- or a multifocal/hereditary cartilaginous bone tumour. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a very powerful animal model which has shown to present the same cartilage phenotype that is commonly seen in mice model and patients with the rare hereditary syndrome, Multiple Osteochondroma (MO). Methods Zebrafish dackel (dak) mutant that carries a nonsense mutation in the ext2 gene was used in this study. A panel of molecular, morphological and biochemical analyses was used to assess at what step bone formation is affected and what mechanisms underlie changes in the bone formation in the ext2 mutant. Results During bone development in the ext2-/- zebrafish, chondrocytes fail to undergo terminal differentiation; and pre-osteoblasts do not differentiate toward osteoblasts. This inadequate osteogenesis coincides with increased deposition of lipids/fats along/in the vessels and premature adipocyte differentiation as shown by biochemical and molecular markers. Also, the ext2-null fish have a muscle phenotype, i.e. muscles are shorter and thicker. These changes coexist with misshapen bones. Normal expression of runx2 together with impaired expression of osterix and its master regulator - xbp1 suggest that unfolded protein responses might play a role in MO pathogenesis. Conclusions Heparan sulphates are required for terminal differentiation of the cartilaginous template and consecutive formation of a scaffold that is needed for further bone development. HS are also needed for mesenchymal cell differentiation. At least one copy of ext2 is needed to maintain the balance between bone and fat lineages, but homozygous loss of the ext2 function leads to an imbalance between cartilage, bone and fat lineages. Normal expression of runx2 and impaired expression of osterix in the ext2-/- fish indicate that HS are required by osteoblast precursors for their further differentiation towards osteoblastic lineage. Lower expression of xbp1, a master regulator of osterix, suggests that HS affect the ‘unfolded protein response’, a pathway that is known to control bone formation and lipid metabolism. Our observations in the ext2-null fish might explain the musculoskeletal defects that are often observed in MO patients.
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Beahm BJ, Dehnert KW, Derr NL, Kuhn J, Eberhart JK, Spillmann D, Amacher SL, Bertozzi CR. A Visualizable Chain-Terminating Inhibitor of Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis in Developing Zebrafish. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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40
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Beahm BJ, Dehnert KW, Derr NL, Kuhn J, Eberhart JK, Spillmann D, Amacher SL, Bertozzi CR. A visualizable chain-terminating inhibitor of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in developing zebrafish. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3347-52. [PMID: 24554559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are proteoglycan-associated polysaccharides with essential functions in animals. They have been studied extensively by genetic manipulation of biosynthetic enzymes, but chemical tools for probing GAG function are limited. HS and CS possess a conserved xylose residue that links the polysaccharide chain to a protein backbone. Here we report that, in zebrafish embryos, the peptide-proximal xylose residue can be metabolically replaced with a chain-terminating 4-azido-4-deoxyxylose (4-XylAz) residue by administration of UDP-4-azido-4-deoxyxylose (UDP-4-XylAz). UDP-4-XylAz disrupted both HS and CS biosynthesis and caused developmental abnormalities reminiscent of GAG biosynthesis and laminin mutants. The azide substituent of protein-bound 4-XylAz allowed for rapid visualization of the organismal sites of chain termination in vivo through bioorthogonal reaction with fluorescent cyclooctyne probes. UDP-4-XylAz therefore complements genetic tools for studies of GAG function in zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Beahm
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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Carvalho D, Mackay A, Bjerke L, Grundy RG, Lopes C, Reis RM, Jones C. The prognostic role of intragenic copy number breakpoints and identification of novel fusion genes in paediatric high grade glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:23. [PMID: 24548782 PMCID: PMC3938307 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric high grade glioma (pHGG) is a distinct biological entity to histologically similar tumours arising in older adults, and has differing copy number profiles and driver genetic alterations. As functionally important intragenic copy number aberrations (iCNA) and fusion genes begin to be identified in adult HGG, the same has not yet been done in the childhood setting. We applied an iCNA algorithm to our previously published dataset of DNA copy number profiling in pHGG with a view to identify novel intragenic breakpoints. RESULTS We report a series of 288 iCNA events in pHGG, with the presence of intragenic breakpoints itself a negative prognostic factor. We identified an increased number of iCNA in older children compared to infants, and increased iCNA in H3F3A K27M mutant tumours compared to G34R/V and wild-type. We observed numerous gene disruptions by iCNA due to both deletions and amplifications, targeting known HGG-associated genes such as RB1 and NF1, putative tumour suppressors such as FAF1 and KIDINS220, and novel candidates such as PTPRE and KCND2. We further identified two novel fusion genes in pHGG - CSGALNACT2:RET and the complex fusion DHX57:TMEM178:MAP4K3. The latter was sequence-validated and appears to be an activating event in pHGG. CONCLUSIONS These data expand upon our understanding of the genomic events driving these tumours and represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention in these poor prognosis cancers of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carvalho
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
- />University of Coimbra, Palácio dos Grilos, R. da Ilha, Coimbra, 3000-214 Portugal
- />Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, and ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alan Mackay
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Lynn Bjerke
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Richard G Grundy
- />Childhood Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Kings Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane, Nottingham, NG7 2NR UK
| | - Celeste Lopes
- />University of Coimbra, Palácio dos Grilos, R. da Ilha, Coimbra, 3000-214 Portugal
| | - Rui M Reis
- />Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, and ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- />Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP Brazil
| | - Chris Jones
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
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Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:55-63. [PMID: 24370655 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Neacsu CD, Ko YP, Tagariello A, Røkenes Karlsen K, Neiss WF, Paulsson M, Wagener R. Matrilin-1 is essential for zebrafish development by facilitating collagen II secretion. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1505-18. [PMID: 24293366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrilin-1 is the prototypical member of the matrilin protein family and is highly expressed in cartilage. However, gene targeting of matrilin-1 in mouse did not lead to pronounced phenotypes. Here we used the zebrafish as an alternative model to study matrilin function in vivo. Matrilin-1 displays a multiphasic expression during zebrafish development. In an early phase, with peak expression at about 15 h post-fertilization, matrilin-1 is present throughout the zebrafish embryo with exception of the notochord. Later, when the skeleton develops, matrilin-1 is expressed mainly in cartilage. Morpholino knockdown of matrilin-1 results both in overall growth defects and in disturbances in the formation of the craniofacial cartilage, most prominently loss of collagen II deposition. In fish with mild phenotypes, certain cartilage extracellular matrix components were present, but the tissue did not show features characteristic for cartilage. The cells showed endoplasmic reticulum aberrations but no activation of XBP-1, a marker for endoplasmic reticulum stress. In severe phenotypes nearly all chondrocytes died. During the early expression phase the matrilin-1 knockdown had no effects on cell morphology, but increased cell death was observed. In addition, the broad deposition of collagen II was largely abolished. Interestingly, the early phenotype could be rescued by the co-injection of mRNA coding for the von Willebrand factor C domain of collagen IIα1a, indicating that the functional loss of this domain occurs as a consequence of matrilin-1 deficiency. The results show that matrilin-1 is indispensible for zebrafish cartilage formation and plays a role in the early collagen II-dependent developmental events.
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44
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The exostosin family: proteins with many functions. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:25-33. [PMID: 24128412 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates are complex sulfated molecules found in abundance at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They bind to and influence the activity of a variety of molecules like growth factors, proteases and morphogens and are thus involved in various cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The mammalian EXT proteins have glycosyltransferase activities relevant for HS chain polymerization, however their exact role in this process is still confusing. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the biochemical activities and some proposed functions of the members of the EXT protein family and their roles in human disease.
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Spinal deformity in aged zebrafish is accompanied by degenerative changes to their vertebrae that resemble osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75787. [PMID: 24086633 PMCID: PMC3782452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related degenerative changes within the vertebral column are a significant cause of morbidity with considerable socio-economic impact worldwide. An improved understanding of these changes through the development of experimental models may lead to improvements in existing clinical treatment options. The zebrafish is a well-established model for the study of skeletogenesis with significant potential in gerontological research. With advancing age, zebrafish frequently develop gross deformities of their vertebral column, previously ascribed to reduced trunk muscle tone. In this study, we assess degenerative changes specifically within the bone and cartilage of the vertebral column of zebrafish at 1, 2 and 3-years of age. We show increased frequency and severity of spinal deformities/curvatures with age. Underlying the most severe phenotypes are partial or complete vertebral dislocations and focal thickening of the vertebral bone at the joint margins. MicroCT examination demonstrates small defects, fractures and morphological evidence suggestive of bone erosion and remodeling (i.e. osteophytes) within the vertebrae during aging, but no significant change in bone density. Light and electron microscopic examination reveal striking age-related changes in cell morphology, suggestive of chondroptosis, and tissue remodelling of the vertebral cartilage, particularly within the pericellular micro-environment. Glycosaminoglycan analysis of the vertebral column by HPLC demonstrates a consistent, age-related increase in the yield of total chondroitin sulfate disaccharide, but no change in sulfation pattern, supported by immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemistry strongly identifies all three chondroitin/dermatan sulphate isoforms (C-0-S, C-4-S/DS and C-6-S) within the vertebral cartilage, particularly within the pericellular micro-environment. In contrast, keratan sulfate immunolocalises specifically with the notochordal tissue of the intervertebral disc, and its labelling diminishes with age. In summary, these observations raise the prospect that zebrafish, in addition to modelling skeletal development, may have utility in modelling age-related degenerative changes that affect the skeleton during senescence.
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Kasza Z, Fredlund Fuchs P, Tamm C, Eriksson AS, O'Callaghan P, Heindryckx F, Spillmann D, Larsson E, Le Jan S, Eriksson I, Gerwins P, Kjellén L, Kreuger J. MicroRNA-24 suppression of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1) reduces endothelial cell responsiveness to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25956-25963. [PMID: 23884416 PMCID: PMC3764800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, present at the plasma membrane of vascular endothelial cells, bind to the angiogenic growth factor VEGFA to modulate its signaling through VEGFR2. The interactions between VEGFA and proteoglycan co-receptors require sulfated domains in the HS chains. To date, it is essentially unknown how the formation of sulfated protein-binding domains in HS can be regulated by microRNAs. In the present study, we show that microRNA-24 (miR-24) targets NDST1 to reduce HS sulfation and thereby the binding affinity of HS for VEGFA. Elevated levels of miR-24 also resulted in reduced levels of VEGFR2 and blunted VEGFA signaling. Similarly, suppression of NDST1 using siRNA led to a reduction in VEGFR2 expression. Consequently, not only VEGFA binding, but also VEGFR2 protein expression is dependent on NDST1 function. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-24, or siRNA-mediated reduction of NDST1, reduced endothelial cell chemotaxis in response to VEGFA. These findings establish NDST1 as a target of miR-24 and demonstrate how such NDST1 suppression in endothelial cells results in reduced responsiveness to VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kasza
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Peder Fredlund Fuchs
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Christoffer Tamm
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Anna S Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Erik Larsson
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, and
| | - Sébastien Le Jan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Pär Gerwins
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,; the Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Johan Kreuger
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,.
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Filipek-Górniok B, Holmborn K, Haitina T, Habicher J, Oliveira MB, Hellgren C, Eriksson I, Kjellén L, Kreuger J, Ledin J. Expression of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosyltransferases during early zebrafish development. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:964-75. [PMID: 23703795 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans present in the extracellular matrix have important structural and regulatory functions. RESULTS Six human genes have previously been shown to catalyze CS/DS polymerization. Here we show that one of these genes, chpf, is represented by two copies in the zebrafish genome, chpfa and chpfb, while the other five human CS/DS glycosyltransferases csgalnact1, csgalnact2, chpf2, chsy1, and chsy3 all have single zebrafish orthologues. The putative zebrafish CS/DS glycosyltransferases are spatially and temporally expressed. Interestingly, overlapping expression of multiple glycosyltransferases coincides with high CS/DS deposition. Finally, whereas the relative levels of the related polysaccharide HS reach steady-state at around 2 days post fertilization, there is a continued relative increase of the CS amounts per larvae during the first 6 days of development, matching the increased cartilage formation. CONCLUSIONS There are 7 CS/DS glycosyltransferases in zebrafish, which, based on homology, can be divided into the CSGALNACT, CHSY, and CHPF families. The overlap between intense CS/DS production and the expression of multiple CS/DS glycosyltransferases suggests that efficient CS/DS biosynthesis requires a combination of several glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hayes AJ, Mitchell RE, Bashford A, Reynolds S, Caterson B, Hammond CL. Expression of glycosaminoglycan epitopes during zebrafish skeletogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:778-89. [PMID: 23576310 PMCID: PMC3698701 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish is an important developmental model. Surprisingly, there are few studies that describe the glycosaminoglycan composition of its extracellular matrix during skeletogenesis. Glycosaminoglycans on proteoglycans contribute to the material properties of musculo skeletal connective tissues, and are important in regulating signalling events during morphogenesis. Sulfation motifs within the chain structure of glycosaminoglycans on cell-associated and extracellular matrix proteoglycans allow them to bind and regulate the sequestration/presentation of bioactive signalling molecules important in musculo-skeletal development. RESULTS We describe the spatio-temporal expression of different glycosaminoglycan moieties during zebrafish skeletogenesis with antibodies recognising (1) native sulfation motifs within chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains, and (2) enzyme-generated neoepitope sequences within the chain structure of chondroitin sulfate (i.e., 0-, 4-, and 6-sulfated isoforms) and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. We show that all the glycosaminoglycan moieties investigated are expressed within the developing skeletal tissues of larval zebrafish. However, subtle changes in their patterns of spatio-temporal expression over the period examined suggest that their expression is tightly and dynamically controlled during development. CONCLUSIONS The subtle differences observed in the domains of expression between different glycosaminoglycan moieties suggest differences in their functional roles during establishment of the primitive analogues of the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bashford
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reynolds
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
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Kreuger J, Kjellén L. Heparan sulfate biosynthesis: regulation and variability. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:898-907. [PMID: 23042481 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412464972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all vertebrate cells have been shown to express heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) at the cell surface. The HSPGs bind to many secreted signaling proteins, including numerous growth factors, cytokines, and morphogens, to affect their tissue distribution and signaling. The heparan sulfate (HS) chains may have variable length and may differ with regard to both degree and pattern of sulfation. As the sulfation pattern of HS chains in most cases will determine if an interaction with a potential ligand will take place, as well as the affinity of the interaction, a key to understanding the function of HSPGs is to clarify how HS biosynthesis is regulated in different biological contexts. This review provides an introduction to the current understanding of HS biosynthesis and its regulation, and identifies research areas where more knowledge is needed to better understand how the HS biosynthetic machinery works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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