1
|
Kadiyala GN, Telwatte S, Wedrychowski A, Janssens J, Kim SJ, Kim P, Deeks S, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Differential susceptibility of cells infected with defective and intact HIV proviruses to killing by obatoclax and other small molecules. AIDS 2024; 38:1281-1291. [PMID: 38626436 PMCID: PMC11216394 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some drugs that augment cell-intrinsic defenses or modulate cell death/survival pathways have been reported to selectively kill cells infected with HIV or Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), but comparative studies are lacking. We hypothesized that these drugs may differ in their ability to kill cells infected with intact and defective proviruses. DESIGN To investigate this hypothesis, drugs were tested ex vivo on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from nine antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed individuals. METHODS We tested drugs currently in clinical use or human trials, including auranofin (p53 modulator), interferon alpha2A, interferon gamma, acitretin (RIG-I inducer), GS-9620/vesatolimod (TLR7 agonist), nivolumab (PD-1 blocker), obatoclax (Bcl-2 inhibitor), birinapant [inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) inhibitor], bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor), and INK128/sapanisertib [mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR] [c]1/2 inhibitor). After 6 days of treatment, we measured cell counts/viabilities and quantified levels of total, intact, and defective HIV DNA by droplet digital PCR (Intact Proviral DNA Assay). RESULTS Obatoclax reduced intact HIV DNA [median = 27-30% of dimethyl sulfoxide control (DMSO)] but not defective or total HIV DNA. Other drugs showed no statistically significant effects. CONCLUSION Obatoclax and other Bcl-2 inhibitors deserve further study in combination therapies aimed at reducing the intact HIV reservoir in order to achieve a functional cure and/or reduce HIV-associated immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Nikhila Kadiyala
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Wedrychowski
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Janssens
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sun Jin Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peggy Kim
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joseph K. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cafaro A, Schietroma I, Sernicola L, Belli R, Campagna M, Mancini F, Farcomeni S, Pavone-Cossut MR, Borsetti A, Monini P, Ensoli B. Role of HIV-1 Tat Protein Interactions with Host Receptors in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1704. [PMID: 38338977 PMCID: PMC10855115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression. Here, we review the role of extracellular Tat in both the virus life cycle and on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, and we provide epidemiological and experimental evidence of the importance of targeting Tat to block residual HIV expression and replication. Finally, we briefly review vaccine studies showing that a therapeutic Tat vaccine intensifies ART, while its inclusion in a preventative vaccine may blunt escape from neutralizing antibodies and block early events in HIV acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuznetsova A, Kim K, Tumanov A, Munchak I, Antonova A, Lebedev A, Ozhmegova E, Orlova-Morozova E, Drobyshevskaya E, Pronin A, Prilipov A, Kazennova E. Features of Tat Protein in HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6 Variants Circulating in the Moscow Region, Russia. Viruses 2023; 15:2212. [PMID: 38005889 PMCID: PMC10675479 DOI: 10.3390/v15112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tat, the trans-activator of transcription, is a multifunctional HIV-1 protein that can induce chronic inflammation and the development of somatic diseases in HIV-infected patients. Natural polymorphisms in Tat can impact the propagation of the inflammatory signal. Currently, Tat is considered an object for creating new therapeutic agents. Therefore, the identification of Tat protein features in various HIV-1 variants is a relevant task. The purpose of the study was to characterize the genetic variations of Tat-A6 in virus variants circulating in the Moscow Region. The authors analyzed 252 clinical samples from people living with HIV (PLWH) with different stages of HIV infection. Nested PCR for two fragments (tat1, tat2) with subsequent sequencing, subtyping, and statistical analysis was conducted. The authors received 252 sequences for tat1 and 189 for tat2. HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 was identified in 250 samples. The received results indicated the features of Tat1-A6 in variants of viruses circulating in the Moscow Region. In PLWH with different stages of HIV infection, C31S in Tat1-A6 was detected with different occurrence rates. It was demonstrated that Tat2-A6, instead of a functional significant 78RGD80 motif, had a 78QRD80 motif. Herewith, G79R in Tat2-A6 was defined as characteristic amino acid substitution for sub-subtype A6. Tat2-A6 in variants of viruses circulating in the Moscow Region demonstrated high conservatism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuznetsova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Kristina Kim
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Alexander Tumanov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Iana Munchak
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Anastasiia Antonova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Ozhmegova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Orlova-Morozova
- Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, 129110 Moscow, Russia; (E.O.-M.); (E.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Elena Drobyshevskaya
- Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, 129110 Moscow, Russia; (E.O.-M.); (E.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexander Pronin
- Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, 129110 Moscow, Russia; (E.O.-M.); (E.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleksey Prilipov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Kazennova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (A.T.); (I.M.); (A.A.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Campbell GR, Rawat P, To RK, Spector SA. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates TREM1 Expression in Human Microglia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:429-442. [PMID: 37326481 PMCID: PMC10352590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because microglia are a reservoir for HIV and are resistant to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, they are a roadblock for any HIV cure strategy. We have previously identified that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) plays a key role in human macrophage resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. In this article, we show that HIV-infected human microglia express increased levels of TREM1 and are resistant to HIV-induced apoptosis. Moreover, upon genetic inhibition of TREM1, HIV-infected microglia undergo cell death in the absence of increased viral or proinflammatory cytokine expression or the targeting of uninfected cells. We also show that the expression of TREM1 is mediated by HIV Tat through a TLR4, TICAM1, PG-endoperoxide synthase 2, PGE synthase, and PGE2-dependent manner. These findings highlight the potential of TREM1 as a therapeutic target to eradicate HIV-infected microglia without inducing a proinflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Pratima Rawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rachel K. To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo Y, Yang Y, Wang W, Gao Q, Gong T, Feng Y, Wu D, Zheng X, Zhang G, Wang H. Aloe-emodin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by promoting apoptosis via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Virol J 2023; 20:158. [PMID: 37468960 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious haemorrhagic fever of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Aloe-emodin (Ae) is an active ingredient of Chinese herbs with antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of Ae against ASFV using Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Ae significantly inhibited ASFV replication. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that ASFV infection activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in the early stage and the apoptosis pathway in the late stage. Ae significantly downregulated the expression levels of MyD88, phosphor-NF-κB p65, and pIκB proteins as well as the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with ASFV, thereby inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by ASFV. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed that Ae significantly increased the percentage of ASFV-induced apoptotic cells. Additionally, Ae promoted apoptosis by upregulating the expression levels of cleaved-caspase3 and Bax proteins and downregulating the expression levels of Bcl-2 proteins. This suggests that Ae promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, resulting in inhibition of ASFV replication. These findings have further improved therapeutic reserves for the prevention and treatment of ASF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
7
|
Role of Apoptosis in HIV Pathogenesis. Adv Virol 2022; 2022:8148119. [PMID: 35462964 PMCID: PMC9023228 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8148119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic pathway is an important cell death pathway that contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis in living systems. However, variations in apoptosis have been linked to many diseases such as cancers and chronic infections. The HIV infection has contributed to increase mortality and morbidity worldwide, predominantly through the induction of gradual depletion of CD4+ T cells. The induction and mediation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are crucial in HIV pathogenesis and intracellular survival. Consequently, a deep molecular understanding of how apoptosis is induced and modulated in HIV-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion is paramount, as this can lead to new portals of therapeutic intervention and control.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis of mouse ovarian granulosa cells by targeting inhibin alpha (1 ~ 32) fragments. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:243-254. [PMID: 35378691 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), which exist in vertebrate, bacterial, and viral genomes, are regarded as strong immune adjuvants. To date, the biological activities of CpG-ODNs in reproduction remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of CpG-ODNs on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis in mouse granulosa cells (mGCs), in combination with inhibin alpha (1 ~ 32) fragments. mGCs were transfected with pEGFP (containing green fluorescent protein, as a control), pEGISI (containing inhibin alpha (1 ~ 32) fragments), or pEGISI-CpG-ODNs (containing inhibin alpha (1 ~ 32) fragments and CpG-ODNs motifs) plasmid for 48 h in vitro. Our results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of inhibin alpha were downregulated in mGCs transfected with pEGISI-CpG-ODNs, compared to those transfected with pEGISI. Flow cytometry demonstrated that pEGISI-CpG-ODNs transfection promoted cell proliferation (for example, increasing the number of cells in S and G2 phases) and decreased apoptosis, compared to pEGISI transfection. The present study also indicated that the expression of cell cycle-related genes (cyclin D2, cyclin D3, cyclin E1, Cdk2, and Cdk6) was increased, while the expression of apoptosis-related factors (Fas, FasL, caspase-8, and caspase-3) decreased after pEGISI-CpG-ODNs treatment. Additionally, pEGISI-CpG-ODNs reversed the effect of pEGISI on the secretion of estradiol in mGCs, which was further validated by upregulating the levels of its synthesis-related factors (StAR, Cyp11a1, and 17β-HSD II). Nevertheless, pEGISI-CpG-ODNs or pEGISI did not affect the concentration of progesterone nor changed the expression levels of its synthesis-related factors (3β-HSD I and Cyp19a1). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CpG-ODNs may affect the cell cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis by targeting the effects of inhibin alpha (1 ~ 32) fragments, supporting the potential role of CpG-ODNs in the development of granulosa cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Interaction between the Hepatitis B Virus and Cellular FLIP Variants in Viral Replication and the Innate Immune System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020373. [PMID: 35215970 PMCID: PMC8874586 DOI: 10.3390/v14020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral evolution and adaptation, many viruses have utilized host cellular factors and machinery as their partners. HBx, as a multifunctional viral protein encoded by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), promotes HBV replication and greatly contributes to the development of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx interacts with several host factors in order to regulate HBV replication and evolve carcinogenesis. The cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major factor that functions in a variety of cellular pathways and specifically in apoptosis. It has been shown that the interaction between HBx and c-FLIP determines HBV fate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the interplay between c-FLIP and HBV in various environmental circumstances. We describe strategies adapted by HBV to establish its chronic infection. We also summarize the conventional roles of c-FLIP and highlight the functional outcome of the interaction between c-FLIP and HBV or other viruses in viral replication and the innate immune system.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuznetsova AI, Gromov KB, Kireev DE, Shlykova AV, Lopatukhin AE, Kazennova EV, Lebedev AV, Tumanov AS, Kim KV, Bobkova MR. [Analysis of Tat protein characteristics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sub-subtype A6 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1)]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 66:452-464. [PMID: 35019252 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tat protein is a major factor of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transcription regulation and has other activities. Tat is characterized by high variability, with some amino acid substitutions, including subtypespecific ones, being able to influence on its functionality. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) sub-subtype A6 is the most widespread in Russia. Previous studies of the polymorphisms in structural regions of the A6 variant have shown numerous characteristic features; however, Tat polymorphism in A6 has not been studied.Goals and tasks. The main goal of the work was to analyze the characteristics of Tat protein in HIV-1 A6 variant, that is, to identify substitutions characteristic for A6 and A1 variants, as well as to compare the frequency of mutations in functionally significant domains in sub-subtype A6 and subtype B. MATERIAL AND METHODS The nucleotide sequences of HIV-1 sub-subtypes A6, A1, A2, A3, A4, subtype B and the reference nucleotide sequence were obtained from the Los Alamos international database. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Q54H and Q60H were identified as characteristic substitutions. Essential differences in natural polymorphisms between sub-subtypes A6 and A1 have been demonstrated. In the CPP-region, there were detected mutations (R53K, Q54H, Q54P, R57G) which were more common in sub-subtype A6 than in subtype B. CONCLUSION Tat protein of sub-subtype A6 have some characteristics that make it possible to reliably distinguish it from other HIV-1 variants. Mutations identified in the CPP region could potentially alter the activity of Tat. The data obtained could form the basis for the drugs and vaccines development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Kuznetsova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K B Gromov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia; FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - D E Kireev
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - A V Shlykova
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - A E Lopatukhin
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E V Kazennova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A V Lebedev
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A S Tumanov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K V Kim
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M R Bobkova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molyer B, Kumar A, Angel JB. SMAC Mimetics as Therapeutic Agents in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780400. [PMID: 34899741 PMCID: PMC8660680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy is extremely effective in lowering HIV RNA to undetectable levels in the blood, HIV persists in latently infected CD4+ T-cells and persistently infected macrophages. In latently/persistently infected cells, HIV proteins have shown to affect the expression of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, notably the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and thereby influence cell survival. IAPs, which are inhibited by endogenous second mitochondrial-derived activators of caspases (SMAC), can serve as targets for SMAC mimetics, synthetic compounds capable of inducing apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that SMAC mimetics can be used to reverse HIV latency and/or kill cells that are latently/persistently infected with HIV. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of SMAC mimetics as an approach to eliminate HIV infected cells and discuss the potential future use of SMAC mimetics as part of an HIV cure strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Molyer
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Center of Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ensoli B, Moretti S, Borsetti A, Maggiorella MT, Buttò S, Picconi O, Tripiciano A, Sgadari C, Monini P, Cafaro A. New insights into pathogenesis point to HIV-1 Tat as a key vaccine target. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2955-2974. [PMID: 34390393 PMCID: PMC8363864 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of enormous effort and progress in the field, no preventative and/or therapeutic vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are available. Here, we briefly summarize the vaccine strategies and vaccine candidates that in recent years advanced to efficacy trials with mostly unsatisfactory results. Next, we discuss a novel and somewhat contrarian approach based on biological and epidemiological evidence, which led us to choose the HIV protein Tat for the development of preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines. Toward this goal, we review here the role of Tat in the virus life cycle as well as experimental and epidemiological evidence supporting its key role in the natural history of HIV infection and comorbidities. We then discuss the preclinical and clinical development of a Tat therapeutic vaccine, which, by improving the functionality and homeostasis of the immune system and by reducing the viral reservoir in virologically suppressed vaccinees, helps to establish key determinants for intensification of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and a functional cure. Future developments and potential applications of the Tat therapeutic vaccine are also discussed, as well as the rationale for its use in preventative strategies. We hope this contribution will lead to a reconsideration of the current paradigms for the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines, with a focus on targeting of viral proteins with key roles in HIV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Buttò
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tripiciano
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marino J, Maubert ME, Mele AR, Spector C, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Functional impact of HIV-1 Tat on cells of the CNS and its role in HAND. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5079-5099. [PMID: 32577796 PMCID: PMC7674201 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a potent mediator involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Tat is expressed even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and is able to enter the central nervous system (CNS) through a variety of ways, where Tat can interact with microglia, astrocytes, brain microvascular endothelial cells, and neurons. The presence of low concentrations of extracellular Tat alone has been shown to lead to dysregulated gene expression, chronic cell activation, inflammation, neurotoxicity, and structural damage in the brain. The reported effects of Tat are dependent in part on the specific HIV-1 subtype and amino acid length of Tat used. HIV-1 subtype B Tat is the most common subtype in North American and therefore, most studies have been focused on subtype B Tat; however, studies have shown many genetic, biologic, and pathologic differences between HIV subtype B and subtype C Tat. This review will focus primarily on subtype B Tat where the full-length protein is 101 amino acids, but will also consider variants of Tat, such as Tat 72 and Tat 86, that have been reported to exhibit a number of distinctive activities with respect to mediating CNS damage and neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monique E Maubert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra Spector
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao Y, Chen S, Sun J, Su S, Yang D, Xiang L, Meng X. Traditional Chinese medicine may be further explored as candidate drugs for pancreatic cancer: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 35:603-628. [PMID: 32965773 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate. Although survival rates for different types of cancers have improved in recent years, the five-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer stands at 8%. Moreover, the current first-line therapy, gemcitabine, results in low remission rates and is associated with drug resistance problems. Alternative treatments for pancreatic cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy provide marginal remission and survival rates. This calls for the search of more effective drugs or treatments. Traditional Chinese medicine contains numerous bioactive ingredients some of which show activity against pancreatic cancer. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of five types of traditional Chinese medicine monomers. In so-doing, we provide new potential drug candidates for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Su
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hayes AML. Future approaches to clearing the latent human immunodeficiency virus reservoir: Beyond latency reversal. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1089. [PMID: 32934831 PMCID: PMC7479387 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) allows near-normal life expectancy for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it is unable to cure the infection and so life long treatment is required. Objectives The main barrier to curing HIV is the latent reservoir of cells, which is stable and resistant to cART. Method Current approaches under investigation for clearing this reservoir propose a 'Shock and Kill' mechanism, in which active replication is induced in latent cells by latency reversal agents, theoretically allowing killing of the newly active cells. Results However, previous studies have failed to achieve depletion of the T central memory cell reservoir, are unable to target other latent reservoirs and may be causing neurological damage to participants. Conclusion Future approaches to clearing the latent reservoir may bypass latency reversal through the use of drugs that selectively induce apoptosis in infected cells. Several classes of these pro-apoptotic drugs have shown promise in in vitro and ex vivo studies, and may represent the basis of a future functional cure for HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M L Hayes
- Medical Sciences Division, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Campbell GR, To RK, Zhang G, Spector SA. SMAC mimetics induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis of HIV-1-infected macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:590. [PMID: 32719312 PMCID: PMC7385130 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV)-infected macrophages (HIV-Mφ) are a reservoir for latent HIV infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, HIV-Mφ are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection and have increased expression of cell survival factors, including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), baculoviral IAP repeat containing (BIRC) 2/cIAP1, beclin-1, BCL2, BCL-xl, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, mitofusin (MFN) 1, and MFN2. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics are therapeutic agents that affect cancer cell survival and induce cell death. We found that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics (LCL-161, AT-406 (also known as SM-406 or Debio 1143), and birinapant) selectively kill HIV-Mφ without increasing bystander cell death. DIABLO/SMAC mimetic treatment of HIV-Mφ-induced XIAP and BIRC2 degradation, leading to the induction of autophagy and the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex on phagophore membranes that includes both pro-apoptotic or necroptotic (FADD, receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, RIPK3, caspase 8, and MLKL) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1) proteins. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of early stages of autophagy, but not late stages of autophagy, ablated this interaction and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, DIABLO/SMAC mimetic-mediated apoptosis of HIV-Mφ is dependent upon tumor necrosis factor signaling. Our findings thus demonstrate that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics selectively induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis in HIV-Mφ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel K To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mele AR, Marino J, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. HIV-1 Tat Length: Comparative and Functional Considerations. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32265877 PMCID: PMC7105873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jamie Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paim AC, Badley AD, Cummins NW. Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Lymphocyte Regulated Cell Death. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:101-115. [PMID: 31659912 PMCID: PMC7044792 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) causes CD4 T cell depletion through a number of mechanisms, including programmed cell death pathways (both apoptotic and nonapoptotic). In the setting of HIV-1 infection, the enhanced lymphocyte cell death occurs as a consequence of complex interactions between the host immune system and viral factors, which are reviewed herein. On the other hand, the main challenge to HIV-1 eradication is the development of latent infection in a subset of long lived cells, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages, which resist HIV-induced cell death. Understanding the potential mechanisms of how HIV-1 induces lymphocyte cell death is critical to the "kick and kill" cure strategy, which relies on the effective killing of reactivated, HIV-1-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Badley AD. The Role of the BCL-2 Family of Proteins in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00107-19. [PMID: 31666279 PMCID: PMC6822993 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 therapy have transformed the once fatal infection into a manageable, chronic condition, yet the search for a widely applicable approach to cure remains elusive. The ineffectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir has prompted investigation into the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and immune escape. One of the major regulators of apoptosis, the BCL-2 protein, alongside its homologous family members, is a major target of HIV-1-induced change. Recent studies have now demonstrated the association of this protein with cells that support proviral forms in the setting of latency and have helped identify BCL-2 as a novel and promising therapeutic target for HIV-1 therapy directed at possible cure. This review aims to systematically review the interactions of HIV-1 with BCL-2 and its homologs and to examine the possibility of using BCL-2 inhibitors in the study and elimination of the latent reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kruize Z, Kootstra NA. The Role of Macrophages in HIV-1 Persistence and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2828. [PMID: 31866988 PMCID: PMC6906147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of “shock and kill” to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current “shock and kill” strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
TREM-1 Protects HIV-1-Infected Macrophages from Apoptosis through Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02638-19. [PMID: 31719184 PMCID: PMC6851287 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02638-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment is the development of strategies that lead to viral eradication. A roadblock to accomplishing this goal is the lack of an approach that would safely eliminate HIV from all resting/latent reservoirs, including macrophages. Macrophages are a key part of the innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. Here, we found that HIV induces the upregulation of the protein TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1), which signals an increase in the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, thus promoting survival of HIV-infected macrophages. Macrophages are a reservoir for latent human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection. Emerging data suggest a role for TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) in this resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. Here, we show that upon HIV infection, macrophages increase the expression of BCL2, BCLXL, TREM1, mitofusin 1 (MFN1), and MFN2 and the translocation of BCL2L11 (BIM) to the mitochondria and decrease the expression of BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) and BAX while maintaining a 95% survival rate over 28 days. The HIV proteins Tat and gp120 and the GU-rich single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) (RNA40) from the HIV long terminal repeat region (and a natural Toll-like receptor 8 [TLR8] agonist) induced similar effects. TREM1 silencing in HIV-infected macrophages led to decreased expression of BCL2, BCLXL, MFN1, and MFN2 and increased expression of BAD and BAX. This correlated with a significant increase in apoptosis mediated by a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), leading to the release of cytochrome c and caspase 9 cleavage. Exposure of TREM1-silenced macrophages to Tat, gp120, or RNA40 similarly resulted in the disruption of Δψm, cytochrome c release, caspase 9 cleavage, and apoptosis. Thus, our findings identify a mechanism whereby HIV promotes macrophage survival through TREM1-dependent upregulation of BCL2 family proteins and mitofusins that inhibits BCL2L11-mediated disruption of Δψm and subsequent apoptosis. These findings indicate that TREM1 can be a useful target for elimination of the HIV reservoir in macrophages.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cafaro A, Tripiciano A, Picconi O, Sgadari C, Moretti S, Buttò S, Monini P, Ensoli B. Anti-Tat Immunity in HIV-1 Infection: Effects of Naturally Occurring and Vaccine-Induced Antibodies Against Tat on the Course of the Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030099. [PMID: 31454973 PMCID: PMC6789840 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is an essential protein in the virus life cycle, which is required for virus gene expression and replication. Most Tat that is produced during infection is released extracellularly and it plays a key role in HIV pathogenesis, including residual disease upon combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here, we review epidemiological and experimental evidence showing that antibodies against HIV-1 Tat, infrequently occurring in natural infection, play a protective role against disease progression, and that vaccine targeting Tat can intensify cART. In fact, Tat vaccination of subjects on suppressive cART in Italy and South Africa promoted immune restoration, including CD4+ T-cell increase in low immunological responders, and a reduction of proviral DNA even after six years of cART, when both CD4+ T-cell gain and DNA decay have reached a plateau. Of note, DNA decay was predicted by the neutralization of Tat-mediated entry of Env into dendritic cells by anti-Tat antibodies, which were cross-clade binding and neutralizing. Anti-Tat cellular immunity also contributed to the DNA decay. Based on these data, we propose the Tat therapeutic vaccine as a pathogenesis-driven intervention that effectively intensifies cART and it may lead to a functional cure, providing new perspectives and opportunities also for prevention and virus eradication strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Antonella Tripiciano
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Stefano Buttò
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Link RW, Mele AR, Antell GC, Pirrone V, Zhong W, Kercher K, Passic S, Szep Z, Malone K, Jacobson JM, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Investigating the distribution of HIV-1 Tat lengths present in the Drexel Medicine CARES cohort. Virus Res 2019; 272:197727. [PMID: 31437485 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes for Tat, a multi-functional regulatory protein involved in transcriptional enhancement and in causing neurotoxicity/central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. This study examines Sanger sequencing of HIV-1 subtype B Tat from 2006 to 2014 within the Drexel University College of Medicine CNS AIDS Research and Eradication Study (CARES) Cohort to investigate Tat length in patients. The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) database was used as a comparator. Miscoded stop codons were present in the CARES Cohort and LANL and protein variability was highly similar. Tat proteins in CARES and LANL were predominantly 101 residues. There was no observed correlation between Tat length and clinical parameters within the CARES Cohort. Unique Tat lengths found in the CARES Cohort and not in LANL were 31, 36, and 39 residues. When CARES patients were longitudinally examined, sequence lengths of 101 had a low probability of reducing to below 48, and sequences had a high probability of increasing to above 86 residues during their next visit, when below 48 residues in length. This suggests that Tat length is conserved to retain the majority of the proteins function highlighting its importance in viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Link
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory C Antell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Kercher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shendra Passic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zsofia Szep
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kim Malone
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Department of Neuroscience and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Translational AIDS Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Will Dampier
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang G, Luk BT, Wei X, Campbell GR, Fang RH, Zhang L, Spector SA. Selective cell death of latently HIV-infected CD4 + T cells mediated by autosis inducing nanopeptides. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:419. [PMID: 31142734 PMCID: PMC6541658 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection, antiretroviral therapy only suppresses viral replication but is unable to eliminate infection. Thus, discontinuation of antiretrovirals results in viral reactivation and disease progression. A major reservoir of HIV latent infection resides in resting central memory CD4+ T cells (TCM) that escape clearance by current therapeutic regimens and will require novel strategies for elimination. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of autophagy-inducing peptides, Tat-Beclin 1 and Tat-vFLIP-α2, which can induce a novel Na+/K+-ATPase dependent form of cell death (autosis), to kill latently HIV-infected TCM while preventing virologic rebound. In this study, we encapsulated autophagy inducing peptides into biodegradable lipid-coated hybrid PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for controlled intracellular delivery. A single dose of nanopeptides was found to eliminate latent HIV infection in an in vitro primary model of HIV latency and ex vivo using resting CD4+ T cells obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral with fully suppressed virus for greater than 12 months. Notably, increased LC3B lipidation, SQSTM1/p62 degradation and Na+/K+-ATPase activity characteristic of autosis, were detected in nanopeptide treated latently HIV-infected cells compared to untreated uninfected or infected cells. Nanopeptide-induced cell death could be reversed by knockdown of autophagy proteins, ATG5 and ATG7, and inhibition or knockdown of Na+/K+-ATPase. Importantly, viral rebound was not detected following the induction of the Na+/K+-ATPase dependent form of cell death induced by the Tat-Beclin 1 and Tat-vFLIP-α2 nanopeptides. These findings provide a novel strategy to eradicate HIV latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells, the major reservoir of HIV latency, through the induction of Na+/K+-ATPase dependent autophagy, while preventing reactivation of virus and new infection of uninfected bystander cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian T Luk
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Spector C, Mele AR, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Genetic variation and function of the HIV-1 Tat protein. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:131-169. [PMID: 30834965 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, which has several functions that promote viral replication, pathogenesis, and disease. Amino acid variation within Tat has been observed to alter the functional properties of Tat and, depending on the HIV-1 subtype, may produce Tat phenotypes differing from viruses' representative of each subtype and commonly used in in vivo and in vitro experimentation. The molecular properties of Tat allow for distinctive functional activities to be determined such as the subcellular localization and other intracellular and extracellular functional aspects of this important viral protein influenced by variation within the Tat sequence. Once Tat has been transported into the nucleus and becomes engaged in transactivation of the long terminal repeat (LTR), various Tat variants may differ in their capacity to activate viral transcription. Post-translational modification patterns based on these amino acid variations may alter interactions between Tat and host factors, which may positively or negatively affect this process. In addition, the ability of HIV-1 to utilize or not utilize the transactivation response (TAR) element within the LTR, based on genetic variation and cellular phenotype, adds a layer of complexity to the processes that govern Tat-mediated proviral DNA-driven transcription and replication. In contrast, cytoplasmic or extracellular localization of Tat may cause pathogenic effects in the form of altered cell activation, apoptosis, or neurotoxicity. Tat variants have been shown to differentially induce these processes, which may have implications for long-term HIV-1-infected patient care in the antiretroviral therapy era. Future studies concerning genetic variation of Tat with respect to function should focus on variants derived from HIV-1-infected individuals to efficiently guide Tat-targeted therapies and elucidate mechanisms of pathogenesis within the global patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Spector
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of "shock and kill" to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current "shock and kill" strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, Chu YL, Trout RN, Spector SA. SMAC Mimetics Induce Autophagy-Dependent Apoptosis of HIV-1-Infected Resting Memory CD4+ T Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:689-702.e7. [PMID: 30344003 PMCID: PMC6250054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells (TCM) are a major reservoir of latent HIV infection. We hypothesized that latent HIV-TCM cells are maintained by aberrant expression of cell survival factors, including XIAP, BIRC2/cIAP1, and beclin-1. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics are therapeutic agents that compromise cell survival by hijacking host apoptotic machinery. We found that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics (birinapant, GDC-0152, and embelin) selectively kill HIV-TCM without increasing virus production or targeting uninfected TCM. Treatment of HIV-TCM with DIABLO/SMAC mimetics promoted XIAP and BIRC2 degradation, which triggered autophagy and the formation of a cell death complex consisting of pro-apoptotic (FADD, RIPK1, RIPK3, and caspase 8) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1) proteins. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy induction, but not autophagy-mediated degradation, abrogated this interaction and subsequent cell death. Our findings identify a mechanism whereby DIABLO/SMAC mimetics exploit autophagy and apoptotic machinery to selectively induce killing of HIV-TCM without viral reactivation while sparing uninfected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachel S Bruckman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yen-Lin Chu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rodney N Trout
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Campestrini J, Silveira DB, Pinto AR. HIV-1 Tat-induced bystander apoptosis in Jurkat cells involves unfolded protein responses. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:377-386. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Campestrini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Douglas Bardini Silveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo Roberto Pinto
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Significance of prohibitin domain family in tumorigenesis and its implication in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:580. [PMID: 29784973 PMCID: PMC5962566 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prohibitin (PHB) was originally isolated and characterized as an anti-proliferative gene in rat liver. The evolutionarily conserved PHB gene encodes two human protein isoforms with molecular weights of ~33 kDa, PHB1 and PHB2. PHB1 and PHB2 belong to the prohibitin domain family, and both are widely distributed in different cellular compartments such as the mitochondria, nucleus, and cell membrane. Most studies have confirmed differential expression of PHB1 and PHB2 in cancers compared to corresponding normal tissues. Furthermore, studies verified that PHB1 and PHB2 are involved in the biological processes of tumorigenesis, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Two small molecule inhibitors, Rocaglamide (RocA) and fluorizoline, derived from medicinal plants, were demonstrated to interact directly with PHB1 and thus inhibit the interaction of PHB with Raf-1, impeding Raf-1/ERK signaling cascades and significantly suppressing cancer cell metastasis. In addition, a short peptide ERAP and a natural product xanthohumol were shown to target PHB2 directly and prohibit cancer progression in estrogen-dependent cancers. As more efficient biomarkers and targets are urgently needed for cancer diagnosis and treatment, here we summarize the functional role of prohibitin domain family proteins, focusing on PHB1 and PHB2 in tumorigenesis and cancer development, with the expectation that targeting the prohibitin domain family will offer more clues for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mele AR, Marino J, Chen K, Pirrone V, Janetopoulos C, Wigdahl B, Klase Z, Nonnemacher MR. Defining the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 Tat secretion: PtdIns(4,5)P 2 at the epicenter. Traffic 2018; 19:10.1111/tra.12578. [PMID: 29708629 PMCID: PMC6207469 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein functions both intracellularly and extracellularly. Intracellularly, the main function is to enhance transcription of the viral promoter. However, this process only requires a small amount of intracellular Tat. The majority of Tat is secreted through an unconventional mechanism by binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2 ), a phospholipid in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane that is required for secretion. This interaction is mediated by the basic domain of Tat (residues 48-57) and a conserved tryptophan (residue 11). After binding to PtdIns(4,5)P2 , Tat secretion diverges into multiple pathways, which we categorized as oligomerization-mediated pore formation, spontaneous translocation and incorporation into exosomes. Extracellular Tat has been shown to be neurotoxic and toxic to other cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, able to recruit immune cells to the CNS and cerebrospinal fluid, and alter the gene expression and morphology of uninfected cells. The effects of extracellular Tat have been examined in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND); however, only a small number of studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying Tat secretion. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of Tat secretion will be examined in a variety of biologically relevant cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jamie Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Chen
- Department of Biology, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris Janetopoulos
- Department of Biology, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary Klase
- Department of Biology, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
van der Kuyl AC, Vink M, Zorgdrager F, Bakker M, Wymant C, Hall M, Gall A, Blanquart F, Berkhout B, Fraser C, Cornelissen M. The evolution of subtype B HIV-1 tat in the Netherlands during 1985-2012. Virus Res 2018; 250:51-64. [PMID: 29654800 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the production of viral genomic RNA, HIV-1 is dependent on an early viral protein, Tat, which is required for high-level transcription. The quantity of viral RNA detectable in blood of HIV-1 infected individuals varies dramatically, and a factor involved could be the efficiency of Tat protein variants to stimulate RNA transcription. HIV-1 virulence, measured by set-point viral load, has been observed to increase over time in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Investigation of tat gene evolution in clinical isolates could discover a role of Tat in this changing virulence. A dataset of 291 Dutch HIV-1 subtype B tat genes, derived from full-length HIV-1 genome sequences from samples obtained between 1985-2012, was used to analyse the evolution of Tat. Twenty-two patient-derived tat genes, and the control TatHXB2 were analysed for their capacity to stimulate expression of an LTR-luciferase reporter gene construct in diverse cell lines, as well as for their ability to complement a tat-defective HIV-1LAI clone. Analysis of 291 historical tat sequences from the Netherlands showed ample amino acid (aa) variation between isolates, although no specific mutations were selected for over time. Of note, however, the encoded protein varied its length over the years through the loss or gain of stop codons in the second exon. In transmission clusters, a selection against the shorter Tat86 ORF was apparent in favour of the more common Tat101 version, likely due to negative selection against Tat86 itself, although random drift, transmission bottlenecks, or linkage to other variants could also explain the observation. There was no correlation between Tat length and set-point viral load; however, the number of non-intermediate variants in our study was small. In addition, variation in the length of Tat did not significantly change its capacity to stimulate transcription. From 1985 till 2012, variation in the length of the HIV-1 subtype B tat gene is increasingly found in the Dutch epidemic. However, as Tat proteins did not differ significantly in their capacity to stimulate transcription elongation in vitro, the increased HIV-1 virulence seen in recent years could not be linked to an evolving viral Tat protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique Vink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fokla Zorgdrager
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Wymant
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Gall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - François Blanquart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Mao X, Zhang Y, Xia J. Baicalein induces cervical cancer apoptosis through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5088-5094. [PMID: 29393414 PMCID: PMC5865972 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of baicalein in inducing human cervical cancer cell line C33A apoptosis. Baicalein (200 µM) was used to treat C33A cells. Cell proliferation was tested by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL assay and caspase‑3 activity measurement. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry and associated gene expression at mRNA and protein levels. Nuclear factor (NF)‑κB activity was assessed by luciferase assay and western blotting. Baicalein suppressed cervical cancer cell C33A proliferation and induced cell apoptosis by activating caspase‑3 activity. Baicalein blocked cell cycle in G0/G1 phase through regulating the expression of associated genes. Baicalein inhibited NF‑κB activity by repressing nuclear translocation. Baicalein suppressed C33A proliferation and promoted cellular apoptosis by inhibiting NF‑κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, the results indicate that baicalein can inhibit cervical cancer cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis by affecting NF-κB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhou Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiguan Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jiyi Xia
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Castellano P, Prevedel L, Eugenin EA. HIV-infected macrophages and microglia that survive acute infection become viral reservoirs by a mechanism involving Bim. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12866. [PMID: 28993666 PMCID: PMC5634422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While HIV kills most of the cells it infects, a small number of infected cells survive and become latent viral reservoirs, posing a significant barrier to HIV eradication. However, the mechanism by which immune cells resist HIV-induced apoptosis is still incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that while acute HIV infection of human microglia/macrophages results in massive apoptosis, a small population of HIV-infected cells survive infection, silence viral replication, and can reactivate viral production upon specific treatments. We also found that HIV fusion inhibitors intended for use as antiretroviral therapies extended the survival of HIV-infected macrophages. Analysis of the pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways indicated no significant changes in Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bak, Bax or caspase activation, suggesting that HIV blocks a very early step of apoptosis. Interestingly, Bim, a highly pro-apoptotic negative regulator of Bcl-2, was upregulated and recruited into the mitochondria in latently HIV-infected macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that macrophages/microglia act as HIV reservoirs and utilize a novel mechanism to prevent HIV-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, they also suggest that Bim recruitment to mitochondria could be used as a biomarker of viral reservoirs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Castellano
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of NJ, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa Prevedel
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of NJ, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of NJ, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Changes in the cellular microRNA profile by the intracellular expression of HIV-1 Tat regulator: A potential mechanism for resistance to apoptosis and impaired proliferation in HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185677. [PMID: 28968466 PMCID: PMC5624617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 induces changes in the miRNA expression profile of infected CD4+ T cells that could improve viral replication. HIV-1 regulator Tat modifies the cellular gene expression and has been appointed as an RNA silencing suppressor. Tat is a 101-residue protein codified by two exons that regulates the elongation of viral transcripts. The first exon of Tat (amino acids 1–72) forms the transcriptionally active protein Tat72, but the presence of the second exon (amino acids 73–101) results in a more competent regulatory protein (Tat101) with additional functions. Intracellular, full-length Tat101 induces functional and morphological changes in CD4+ T cells that contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis such as delay in T-cell proliferation and protection against FasL-mediated apoptosis. But the precise mechanism by which Tat produces these changes remains unknown. We analyzed how the stable expression of intracellular Tat101 and Tat72 modified the miRNA expression profile in Jurkat cells and if this correlated with changes in apoptotic pathways and cell cycle observed in Tat-expressing cells. Specifically, the enhanced expression of hsa-miR-21 and hsa-miR-222 in Jurkat-Tat101 cells was associated with the reduced expression of target mRNAs encoding proteins related to apoptosis and cell cycle such as PTEN, PDCD4 and CDKN1B. We developed Jurkat cells with stable expression of hsa-miR-21 or hsa-miR-222 and observed a similar pattern to Jurkat-Tat101 in resistance to FasL-mediated apoptosis, cell cycle arrest in G2/M and altered cell morphology. Consequently, upregulation of hsa-miR-21 and hsa-miR-222 by Tat may contribute to protect against apoptosis and to anergy observed in HIV-infected CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
|
35
|
Coiras M, Ambrosioni J, Cervantes F, Miró JM, Alcamí J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: potential use and safety considerations in HIV-1 infection. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:547-559. [PMID: 28387147 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1313224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infection caused by HIV-1 is nowadays a chronic disease due to a highly efficient antiretroviral treatment that is nevertheless, unable to eliminate the virus from the organism. New strategies are necessary in order to impede the formation of the viral reservoirs, responsible for the failure of the antiretroviral treatment to cure the infection. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to discuss the possibility of using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. These inhibitors are successfully used in patients with distinct cancers such as chronic myeloid leukemia. The most relevant papers have been selected and commented. Expert opinion: The family of TKIs are directed against the activation of tyrosine kinases from the Src family. Some of these kinases are essential for the activation of CD4 + T cells, the major target of HIV-1. During acute or primary infection the CD4 + T cells are massively activated, which is mostly responsible for the generation of the reservoirs, the spread of the infection and the destruction of activated CD4 + T cells, infected or not. Consequently, we discuss the possibility of using TKIs as adjuvant of the antiretroviral treatment against HIV-1 infection mostly, but not exclusively, during the acute/recent phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Coiras
- a AIDS Immunopathology Unit , National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Ambrosioni
- b Infectious Diseases Service , AIDS Research Group, Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - José M Miró
- b Infectious Diseases Service , AIDS Research Group, Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- a AIDS Immunopathology Unit , National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang X, Zhang Z, He S, Fu Y, Chen Y, Yi N, Jiang Y, Geng W, Shang H. FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP Are Correlated with Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men During Early HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:172-180. [PMID: 27841661 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO)1, FOXO3, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP), and E74-like factor (ELF)4 have been described as important regulators of T cell functions and differentiation. However, whether these molecules are associated with HIV-1 disease progression is still unknown. In this study, we showed that the levels of FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP mRNA in rapid progressors (RPs) were significantly higher than in HIV-negative healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, FOXO3 expression was positively correlated with HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T cell activation. Remarkably, increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation was apparent in RPs compared with typical progressors and HCs. In addition, a profile of higher apoptosis, more CD8+ TEM cells, and fewer CD4+ and CD8+ Naive T cells were observed in early HIV infection patients with low CD4+ T cell counts. Furthermore, in vitro, IRF4 and xIAP expression was enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy people following T cell receptor stimulation. T cell activation was decreased by treatment with siRNA inhibiting FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP. Our results show that significantly increased levels of FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP mRNA in Chinese HIV-1-infected patients were related to T cell immune activation, implicating them as potential targets for developing new therapeutic avenues to slow down HIV-1 disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia He
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ma J, Zhang X, Feng Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Zheng Y, Qiao W, Liu X. Structural and Functional Study of Apoptosis-linked Gene-2·Heme-binding Protein 2 Interactions in HIV-1 Production. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26670-26685. [PMID: 27784779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the HIV-1 replication cycle, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery promotes viral budding and release in the late stages. In this process, the ESCRT proteins, ALIX and TSG101, are recruited through interactions with HIV-1 Gag p6. ALG-2, also known as PDCD6, interacts with both ALIX and TSG101 and bridges ESCRT-III and ESCRT-I. In this study, we show that ALG-2 affects HIV-1 production negatively at both the exogenous and endogenous levels. Through a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified HEBP2 as the binding partner of ALG-2, and we solved the crystal structure of the ALG-2·HEBP2 complex. The function of ALG-2·HEBP2 complex in HIV-1 replication was further explored. ALG-2 inhibits HIV-1 production by affecting Gag expression and distribution, and HEBP2 might aid this process by tethering ALG-2 in the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071.,the Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- the CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, and
| | - Yanbin Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071
| | - Hui Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- the CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, and
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- the CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, and
| | - Wentao Qiao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, .,the Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cummins NW, Sainski AM, Dai H, Natesampillai S, Pang YP, Bren GD, de Araujo Correia MCM, Sampath R, Rizza SA, O'Brien D, Yao JD, Kaufmann SH, Badley AD. Prime, Shock, and Kill: Priming CD4 T Cells from HIV Patients with a BCL-2 Antagonist before HIV Reactivation Reduces HIV Reservoir Size. J Virol 2016; 90:4032-4048. [PMID: 26842479 PMCID: PMC4810548 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03179-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding how some HIV-infected cells resist the cytotoxicity of HIV replication is crucial to enabling HIV cure efforts. HIV killing of CD4 T cells that replicate HIV can involve HIV protease-mediated cleavage of procaspase 8 to generate a fragment (Casp8p41) that directly binds and activates the mitochondrial proapoptotic protein BAK. Here, we demonstrate that Casp8p41 also binds with nanomolar affinity to the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, which sequesters Casp8p41 and prevents apoptosis. Further, we show that central memory CD4 T cells (TCM) from HIV-infected individuals have heightened expression of BCL-2 relative to procaspase 8, possibly explaining the persistence of HIV-infected TCMdespite generation of Casp8p41. Consistent with this hypothesis, the selective BCL-2 antagonist venetoclax induced minimal killing of uninfected CD4 T cells but markedly increased the death of CD4 T cells and diminished cell-associated HIV DNA when CD4 T cells from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV patients were induced with αCD3/αCD28 to reactivate HIVex vivo Thus, priming CD4 T cells from ART suppressed HIV patients with a BCL-2 antagonist, followed by HIV reactivation, achieves reductions in cell-associated HIV DNA, whereas HIV reactivation alone does not. IMPORTANCE HIV infection is incurable due to a long-lived reservoir of HIV(+)memory CD4 T cells, and no clinically relevant interventions have been identified that reduce the number of these HIV DNA-containing cells. Since postintegration HIV replication can result in HIV protease generation of Casp8p41, which activates BAK, causing infected CD4 T cell death, we sought to determine whether this occurs in memory CD4 T cells. Here, we demonstrate that memory CD4 T cells can generate Casp8p41 and yet are intrinsically resistant to death induced by diverse stimuli, including Casp8p41. Furthermore, BCL-2 expression is relatively increased in these cells and directly binds and inhibits Casp8p41's proapoptotic effects. Antagonizing BCL-2 with venetoclax derepresses this antagonism, resulting in death, preferentially in HIV DNA containing cells, since only these cells generate Casp8p41. Thus, BCL-2 antagonism is a clinically relevant intervention with the potential to reduce HIV reservoir size in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy M Sainski
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haiming Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Yuan-Ping Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Rahul Sampath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stacey A Rizza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph D Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
López-Huertas MR, Li J, Zafar A, Rodríguez-Mora S, García-Domínguez C, Mateos E, Alcamí J, Rao S, Coiras M. PKCθ and HIV-1 Transcriptional Regulator Tat Co-exist at the LTR Promoter in CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:69. [PMID: 26973648 PMCID: PMC4770193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCθ is essential for the activation of CD4+ T cells. Upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, PKCθ is phosphorylated and migrates to the immunological synapse, inducing the activation of cellular transcription factors such as NF-κB and kinases as ERK that are critical for HIV-1 replication. We previously demonstrated that PKCθ is also necessary for HIV-1 replication but the precise mechanism is unknown. Efficient HIV-1 transcription and elongation are absolutely dependent on the synergy between NF-κB and the viral regulator Tat. Tat exerts its function by binding a RNA stem-loop structure proximal to the viral mRNA cap site termed TAR. Besides, due to its effect on cellular metabolic pathways, Tat causes profound changes in infected CD4+ T cells such as the activation of NF-κB and ERK. We hypothesized that the aberrant upregulation of Tat-mediated activation of NF-κB and ERK occurred through PKCθ signaling. In fact, Jurkat TetOff cells with stable and doxycycline-repressible expression of Tat (Jurkat-Tat) expressed high levels of mRNA for PKCθ. In these cells, PKCθ located at the plasma membrane was phosphorylated at T538 residue in undivided cells, in the absence of stimulation. Treatment with doxycycline inhibited PKCθ phosphorylation in Jurkat-Tat, suggesting that Tat expression was directly related to the activation of PKCθ. Both NF-κB and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway were significantly activated in Jurkat-Tat cells, and this correlated with high transactivation of HIV-1 LTR promoter. RNA interference for PKCθ inhibited NF-κB and ERK activity, as well as LTR-mediated transactivation even in the presence of Tat. In addition to Tat-mediated activation of PKCθ in the cytosol, we demonstrated by sequential ChIP that Tat and PKCθ coexisted in the same complex bound at the HIV-1 LTR promoter, specifically at the region containing TAR loop. In conclusion, PKCθ-Tat interaction seemed to be essential for HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells and could be used as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Anjum Zafar
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlota García-Domínguez
- Functional Research Unit in Chronic Diseases, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sudha Rao
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
To V, Dzananovic E, McKenna SA, O’Neil J. The Dynamic Landscape of the Full-Length HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1314-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vu To
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Edis Dzananovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sean A. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joe O’Neil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Timilsina U, Gaur R. Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency - an axis to be well understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:813-824. [PMID: 26764023 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the deadly disease AIDS, which is characterized by the progressive decline of CD4(+)T-cells. HIV-1-encoded proteins such as envelope gp120 (glycoprotein gp120), Tat (trans-activator of transcription), Nef (negative regulatory factor), Vpr (viral protein R), Vpu (viral protein unique) and protease are known to be effective in modulating host cell signalling pathways that lead to an alteration in apoptosis of both HIV-infected and uninfected bystander cells. Depending on the stage of the virus life cycle and host cell type, these viral proteins act as mediators of pro- or anti-apoptotic signals. HIV latency in viral reservoirs is a persistent phenomenon that has remained beyond the control of the human immune system. To cure HIV infections completely, it is crucial to reactivate latent HIV from cellular pools and to drive these apoptosis-resistant cells towards death. Several previous studies have reported the role of HIV-encoded proteins in apoptosis modulation, but the molecular basis for apoptosis evasion of some chronically HIV-infected cells and reactivated latently HIV-infected cells still needs to be elucidated. The current review summarizes our present understanding of apoptosis modulation in HIV-infected cells, uninfected bystander cells and latently infected cells, with a focus on highlighting strategies to activate the apoptotic pathway to kill latently infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rodríguez-Mora S, Mateos E, Moran M, Martín MÁ, López JA, Calvo E, Terrón MC, Luque D, Muriaux D, Alcamí J, Coiras M, López-Huertas MR. Intracellular expression of Tat alters mitochondrial functions in T cells: a potential mechanism to understand mitochondrial damage during HIV-1 replication. Retrovirology 2015; 12:78. [PMID: 26376973 PMCID: PMC4571071 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 replication results in mitochondrial damage that is enhanced during antiretroviral therapy (ART). The onset of HIV-1 replication is regulated by viral protein Tat, a 101-residue protein codified by two exons that elongates viral transcripts. Although the first exon of Tat (aa 1–72) forms itself an active protein, the presence of the second exon (aa 73–101) results in a more competent transcriptional protein with additional functions. Results Mitochondrial overall functions were analyzed in Jurkat cells stably expressing full-length Tat (Tat101) or one-exon Tat (Tat72). Representative results were confirmed in PBLs transiently expressing Tat101 and in HIV-infected Jurkat cells. The intracellular expression of Tat101 induced the deregulation of metabolism and cytoskeletal proteins which remodeled the function and distribution of mitochondria. Tat101 reduced the transcription of the mtDNA, resulting in low
ATP production. The total amount of mitochondria increased likely to counteract their functional impairment. These effects were enhanced when Tat second exon was expressed. Conclusions Intracellular Tat altered mtDNA transcription, mitochondrial content and distribution in CD4+ T cells. The importance of Tat second exon in non-transcriptional functions was confirmed. Tat101 may be responsible for mitochondrial dysfunctions found in HIV-1 infected patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0203-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Mateos
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Moran
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Raras: mitocondriales y neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, "i + 12", Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U723, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Raras: mitocondriales y neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, "i + 12", Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U723, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Terrón
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica y Confocal, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Luque
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica y Confocal, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Unité de Virologie Humaine - INSERM U758/École Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France. .,Laboratoire de Domaines Membranaires et Assemblage Viral, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France.
| | - José Alcamí
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. .,Unité de Virologie Humaine - INSERM U758/École Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gonnella R, Granato M, Farina A, Santarelli R, Faggioni A, Cirone M. PKC theta and p38 MAPK activate the EBV lytic cycle through autophagy induction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1586-95. [PMID: 25827954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PKC activation by combining TPA with sodium butyrate (T/B) represents the most effective and widely used strategy to induce the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle. The results obtained in this study show that novel PKCθ is involved in such process and that it acts through the activation of p38 MAPK and autophagy induction. Autophagy, a mechanism of cellular defense in stressful conditions, is manipulated by EBV to enhance viral replication. Besides promoting the EBV lytic cycle, the activation of p38 and autophagy resulted in a pro-survival effect, as indicated by p38 or ATG5 knocking down experiments. However, this pro-survival role was counteracted by a pro-death activity of PKCθ, due to the dephosphorylation of AKT. In conclusion, this study reports, for the first time, that T/B activates a PKCθ-p38 MAPK axis in EBV infected B cells, that promotes the viral lytic cycle and cell survival and dephosphorylates AKT, balancing cell life and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Granato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Farina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
NF-κB regulates caspase-4 expression and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117953. [PMID: 25695505 PMCID: PMC4335045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Found in neurons and neuroblastoma cells, Fas-induced apoptosis and accompanied activation of NF-κB signaling were thought to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, the detailed functions of NF-κB activation in Fas killing and the effect of NF-κB activation on its downstream events remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that agonistic Fas antibody induces cell death in a dose-dependent way and NF-κB signaling is activated as well, in neuroblastoma cells SH-EP1. Unexpectedly, NF-κB activation was shown to be pro-apoptotic, as suggested by the reduction of Fas-induced cell death with either a dominant negative form of IκBα (DN-IκBα) or an IκB kinase-specific inhibitor. To our interest, when analyzing downstream events of NF-κB signaling, we found that DN-IκBα only suppressed the expression of caspase-4, but not other caspases. Vice versa, enhancement of NF-κB activity by p65 (RelA) overexpression increased the expression of caspase-4 at both mRNA and protein levels. More directly, results from dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated the regulation of caspase-4 promoter activity by NF-κB. When caspase-4 activity was blocked by its dominant negative (DN) form, Fas-induced cell death was substantially reduced. Consistently, the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3 induced by Fas was also reduced. In contrast, the cleavage of caspase-8 remained unaffected in caspase-4 DN cells, although caspase-8 inhibitor could rescue Fas-induced cell death. Collectively, these data suggest that caspase-4 activity is required for Fas-induced cell apoptosis and caspase-4 may act upstream of PARP and caspase-3 and downstream of caspase-8. Overall, we demonstrate that NF-κB can mediate Fas-induced apoptosis through caspase-4 protease, indicating that caspase-4 is a new mediator of NF-κB pro-apoptotic pathway in neuroblastoma cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
Li M. Proteomics in the investigation of HIV-1 interactions with host proteins. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:221-34. [PMID: 25523935 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Productive HIV-1 infection depends on host machinery, including a broad array of cellular proteins. Proteomics has played a significant role in the discovery of HIV-1 host proteins. In this review, after a brief survey of the HIV-1 host proteins that were discovered by proteomic analyses, I focus on analyzing the interactions between the virion and host proteins, as well as the technologies and strategies used in those proteomic studies. With the help of proteomics, the identification and characterization of HIV-1 host proteins can be translated into novel antiretroviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fan R, Dong Y, Huang G, Takeuchi Y. Apoptosis in virus infection dynamics models. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2014; 8:20-41. [PMID: 24963975 PMCID: PMC4220821 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2014.895433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, on the basis of the simplified two-dimensional virus infection dynamics model, we propose two extended models that aim at incorporating the influence of activation-induced apoptosis which directly affects the population of uninfected cells. The theoretical analysis shows that increasing apoptosis plays a positive role in control of virus infection. However, after being included the third population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes immune response in HIV-infected patients, it shows that depending on intensity of the apoptosis of healthy cells, the apoptosis can either promote or comfort the long-term evolution of HIV infection. Further, the discrete-time delay of apoptosis is incorporated into the pervious model. Stability switching occurs as the time delay in apoptosis increases. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the theoretical results and display the different impacts of a delay in apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Fan
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Yueping Dong
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu432-8561, Japan
| | - Gang Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara252-5258, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Badley AD, Sainski A, Wightman F, Lewin SR. Altering cell death pathways as an approach to cure HIV infection. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e718. [PMID: 23846220 PMCID: PMC3730421 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent cases of successful control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by bone marrow transplant in combination with suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and very early initiation of ART have provided proof of concept that HIV infection might now be cured. Current efforts focusing on gene therapy, boosting HIV-specific immunity, reducing inflammation and activation of latency have all been the subject of recent excellent reviews. We now propose an additional avenue of research towards a cure for HIV: targeting HIV apoptosis regulatory pathways. The central enigma of HIV disease is that HIV infection kills most of the CD4 T cells that it infects, but those cells that are spared subsequently become a latent reservoir for HIV against which current medications are ineffective. We propose that if strategies could be devised which would favor the death of all cells which HIV infects, or if all latently infected cells that release HIV would succumb to viral-induced cytotoxicity, then these approaches combined with effective ART to prevent spreading infection, would together result in a cure for HIV. This premise is supported by observations in other viral systems where the relationship between productive infection, apoptosis resistance, and the development of latency or persistence has been established. Therefore we propose that research focused at understanding the mechanisms by which HIV induces apoptosis of infected cells, and ways that some cells escape the pro-apoptotic effects of productive HIV infection are critical to devising novel and rational approaches to cure HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|