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Zhao R, Yin F, Fredimoses M, Zhao J, Fu X, Xu B, Liang M, Chen H, Liu K, Lei M, Laster KV, Li Z, Kundu JK, Dong Z, Lee MH. Targeting FGFR1 by β,β-dimethylacrylalkannin suppresses the proliferation of colorectal cancer in cellular and xenograft models. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155612. [PMID: 38669968 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major global health challenge, ranking as a top cause of cancer-related mortality. Alarmingly, the five-year survival rate for CRC patients hovers around a mere 10-30 %. The disruption of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFRs) signaling pathways is significantly implicated in the onset and advancement of CRC, presenting a promising target for therapeutic intervention in CRC management. Further investigation is essential to comprehensively elucidate FGFR1's function in CRC and to create potent therapies that specifically target FGFR1. PURPOSE This study aims to demonstrate the oncogenic role of FGFR1 in colorectal cancer and to explore the potential of β,β-dimethylacrylalkannin (β,β-DMAA) as a therapeutic option to inhibit FGFR1. METHODS In this research, we employed a comprehensive suite of techniques including tissue array, kinase profiling, computational docking, knockdown assay to predict and explore the inhibitor of FGFR1. Furthermore, we utilized kinase assay, pull-down, cell proliferation tests, and Patient derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models to further investigate a novel FGFR1 inhibitor and its impact on the growth of CRC. RESULTS In our research, we discovered that FGFR1 protein is markedly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues, suggesting a significant role in regulating cellular proliferation, particularly in patients with colorectal cancer. Furthermore, we conducted a computational docking, kinase profiling analysis, simulation and identified that β,β-DMAA could directly bind with FGFR1 within ATP binding pocket domain. Cell-based assays confirmed that β,β-DMAA effectively inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells and also triggered cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and altered FGFR1-mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, β,β-DMAA effectively attenuated the development of PDX tumors in mice that were FGFR1-positive, with no notable toxicity observed. In summary, our study highlights the pivotal role of FGFR1 in colorectal cancer, suggesting that inhibiting FGFR1 activity could be a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention. We present strong evidence that targeting FGFR1 with β,β-DMAA is a viable approach for the management of colorectal cancer. Given its low toxicity and high efficacy, β,β-DMAA, as an FGFR1 inhibitor, warrants further investigation in clinical settings for the treatment of FGFR1-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Fanxiang Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Translational Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | | | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Beibei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Mengrui Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN55912, USA
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Mingjuan Lei
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | | | - Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Joydeb Kumar Kundu
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou 450000, China; College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Q, Huang J, Yan W, Liu Z, Liu S, Fang W. FGFR families: biological functions and therapeutic interventions in tumors. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e367. [PMID: 37750089 PMCID: PMC10518040 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are five fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), namely, FGFR1-FGFR5. When FGFR binds to its ligand, namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it dimerizes and autophosphorylates, thereby activating several key downstream pathways that play an important role in normal physiology, such as the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, phospholipase C gamma/diacylglycerol/protein kinase c, and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Furthermore, as an oncogene, FGFR genetic alterations were found in 7.1% of tumors, and these alterations include gene amplification, gene mutations, gene fusions or rearrangements. Therefore, FGFR amplification, mutations, rearrangements, or fusions are considered as potential biomarkers of FGFR therapeutic response for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it is worth noting that with increased use, resistance to TKIs inevitably develops, such as the well-known gatekeeper mutations. Thus, overcoming the development of drug resistance becomes a serious problem. This review mainly outlines the FGFR family functions, related pathways, and therapeutic agents in tumors with the aim of obtaining better outcomes for cancer patients with FGFR changes. The information provided in this review may provide additional therapeutic ideas for tumor patients with FGFR abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jiyu Huang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and DegradationBasic School of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Laminin matrix regulates beta-cell FGFR5 expression to enhance glucose-stimulated metabolism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6110. [PMID: 35414066 PMCID: PMC9005713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that pancreatic beta-cells plated on laminin matrix express reduced levels of FGFR1, a receptor linked to beta-cell metabolism and differentiation. Due to recent evidence that adult beta-cells also express FGFR5, a co-receptor for FGFR1, we now aim to determine the effect of laminin on FGFR5 expression and consequent effects on beta-cell metabolism. Using a genetically encoded sensor for NADPH/NADP+ redox state (Apollo-NADP+), we show overexpression of FGFR5 enhances glucose-stimulated NADPH metabolism in beta-cell lines as well as mouse and human beta-cells. This enhanced response was accompanied by increased insulin secretion as well as increased expression of transcripts for glycolytic enzymes (Glucokinase/GCK, PKM2) and the functional maturity marker Urocortin 3 (UCN3). Culturing beta-cells on laminin matrix also stimulated upregulation of endogenous FGFR5 expression, and similarly enhanced beta-cell glucose-stimulated NADPH-metabolism as well as GCK and PKM2 transcript expression. The metabolism and transcript responses triggered by laminin were disrupted by R5ΔC, a truncated receptor isoform that inhibits the FGFR5/FGFR1 signaling complex. Collectively these data reveal that beta-cells respond to laminin by increasing FGFR5 expression to enhance beta-cell glucose metabolism.
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Bonar NA, Gittin DI, Petersen CP. Src acts with WNT/FGFRL signaling to pattern the planarian anteroposterior axis. Development 2022; 149:274880. [PMID: 35297964 PMCID: PMC8995084 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue identity determination is crucial for regeneration, and the planarian anteroposterior (AP) axis uses positional control genes expressed from body wall muscle to determine body regionalization. Canonical Wnt signaling establishes anterior versus posterior pole identities through notum and wnt1 signaling, and two Wnt/FGFRL signaling pathways control head and trunk domains, but their downstream signaling mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we identify a planarian Src homolog that restricts head and trunk identities to anterior positions. src-1(RNAi) animals formed enlarged brains and ectopic eyes and also duplicated trunk tissue, similar to a combination of Wnt/FGFRL RNAi phenotypes. src-1 was required for establishing territories of positional control gene expression in Schmidtea mediterranea, indicating that it acts at an upstream step in patterning the AP axis. Double RNAi experiments and eye regeneration assays suggest src-1 can act in parallel to at least some Wnt and FGFRL factors. Co-inhibition of src-1 with other posterior-promoting factors led to dramatic patterning changes and a reprogramming of Wnt/FGFRLs into controlling new positional outputs. These results identify src-1 as a factor that promotes robustness of the AP positional system that instructs appropriate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle A Bonar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David I Gittin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christian P Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Yu L, Toriseva M, Afshan S, Cangiano M, Fey V, Erickson A, Seikkula H, Alanen K, Taimen P, Ettala O, Nurmi M, Boström PJ, Kallajoki M, Tuomela J, Mirtti T, Beumer IJ, Nees M, Härkönen P. Increased Expression and Altered Cellular Localization of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-Like 1 (FGFRL1) Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020278. [PMID: 35053442 PMCID: PMC8796033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in men. PCa is primarily regulated by androgens, but other mechanisms, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling, are also involved. In some patients, PCa relapses after surgical removal of prostate, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is used as the first-line treatment. Unfortunately, the patients often lose response to ADT and progress by other mechanisms to castration-resistant, currently non-curable PCa. In our study, we aimed to identify better diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets against PCa. We analyzed patient PCa tissue samples from radical prostatectomies and biopsies, and used physiologically relevant 3D organoids and mouse xenografts to study FGFR signaling in PCa. We found that FGFRL1, a protein belonging to the FGFR family, plays a role in PCa. Our results suggest that FGFRL1 has significant effects on PCa progression and has potential as a prognostic biomarker. Abstract Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) 1–4 are involved in prostate cancer (PCa) regulation, but the role of FGFR-like 1 (FGFRL1) in PCa is unclear. FGFRL1 expression was studied by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry of patient tissue microarrays (TMAs) and correlated with clinical patient data. The effects of FGFRL1 knockdown (KD) in PC3M were studied in in vitro culture models and in mouse xenograft tumors. Our results showed that FGFRL1 was significantly upregulated in PCa. The level of membranous FGFRL1 was negatively associated with high Gleason scores (GSs) and Ki67, while increased cytoplasmic and nuclear FGFRL1 showed a positive correlation. Cox regression analysis indicated that nuclear FGFRL1 was an independent prognostic marker for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Functional studies indicated that FGFRL1-KD in PC3M cells increases FGFR signaling, whereas FGFRL1 overexpression attenuates it, supporting decoy receptor actions of membrane-localized FGFRL1. In accordance with clinical data, FGFRL1-KD markedly suppressed PC3M xenograft growth. Transcriptomics of FGFRL1-KD cells and xenografts revealed major changes in genes regulating differentiation, ECM turnover, and tumor–stromal interactions associated with decreased growth in FGFRL1-KD xenografts. Our results suggest that FGFRL1 upregulation and altered cellular compartmentalization contribute to PCa progression. The nuclear FGFRL1 could serve as a prognostic marker for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Mervi Toriseva
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Syeda Afshan
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Mario Cangiano
- GenomeScan, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Vidal Fey
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford 0X3 9DU, UK;
| | - Heikki Seikkula
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (H.S.); (O.E.); (M.N.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Kalle Alanen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (K.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (K.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Otto Ettala
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (H.S.); (O.E.); (M.N.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Martti Nurmi
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (H.S.); (O.E.); (M.N.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Peter J. Boström
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (H.S.); (O.E.); (M.N.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (K.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- HUS Diagnostic Center and Research Program in Systems Oncology (ONCOSYS), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Inès J. Beumer
- GenomeScan, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Matthias Nees
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University in Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.Y.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (V.F.); (P.T.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-7343520
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FGF/FGFR-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225796. [PMID: 34830951 PMCID: PMC8616288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR axis is associated with many types of cancer and contributes to the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of current treatment strategies. There are several mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, including cross-talks with other signaling pathways, avoidance of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, and initiation of EMT. Here, we provide an overview of current research and approaches focusing on targeting components of the FGFR/FGF signaling module to overcome drug resistance during anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Increased expression of both FGF proteins and their receptors observed in many cancers is often associated with the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of currently used anti-cancer therapies. Malfunctioning of the FGF/FGFR axis in cancer cells generates a number of molecular mechanisms that may affect the sensitivity of tumors to the applied drugs. Of key importance is the deregulation of cell signaling, which can lead to increased cell proliferation, survival, and motility, and ultimately to malignancy. Signaling pathways activated by FGFRs inhibit apoptosis, reducing the cytotoxic effect of some anti-cancer drugs. FGFRs-dependent signaling may also initiate angiogenesis and EMT, which facilitates metastasis and also correlates with drug resistance. Therefore, treatment strategies based on FGF/FGFR inhibition (using receptor inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, or microRNAs) appear to be extremely promising. However, this approach may lead to further development of resistance through acquisition of specific mutations, metabolism switching, and molecular cross-talks. This review brings together information on the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the FGF/FGFR axis in the generation of drug resistance in cancer and highlights the need for further research to overcome this serious problem with novel therapeutic strategies.
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Akhavan S, Tutunchi S, Malmir A, Ajorlou P, Jalili A, Panahi G. Molecular study of the proliferation process of beta cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1429-1436. [PMID: 34734370 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder, increasing in the number of patients and poses a severe threat to human health. Significant advances have been made in DM treatment; the most important of which is differentiation and proliferation of beta cells from IPSCs. METHODS Data were collected from PUBMED at various time points up to the academic year of 2020. The related keywords are listed as follows: "Induced pluripotent stem cell", "Proliferation", "Growth factor", "Small molecule", "cardiotoxicity" and "Scaffold." RESULT The use of growth factors along with small molecules can be a good strategy for beta-cell proliferation. Also, proliferation of beta cells on nanofibers scaffolds can create a similar in vivo environment, that leads to increased function of beta-cell. Some transcription factors that cause beta cells proliferation play an important role in inflammation; so, it is essential to monitor them to prevent inflammation. CONCLUSION Finally, the simultaneous use of growth factors, micronutrients and scaffolds can be an excellent strategy to increase the proliferation and function of beta cells derived from IPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Akhavan
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Tutunchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Malmir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorlou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Aprajita, Sharma R. Comprehending fibroblast growth factor receptor like 1: Oncogene or tumor suppressor? Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100472. [PMID: 34689016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Like 1 (FGFRL1) signaling has crucial role in a multitude of processes during genetic diseases, embryonic development and various types of cancer. Due to its partial structural similarity with its classical Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor [FGFR] counterparts and lack of tyrosine kinase domain, FGFRL1 was thought to work as a decoy receptor in FGF/FGFR signaling. Later on, growing number evidences showed that expression of FGFRL1 affects major pathways like ERK1/2, Akt and others, which are dysfunctional in a wide range of human cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of FGFRL1 and its roles in cell differentiation, adhesion and proliferation pathways . Overexpression of FGFRL1 might lead to tumor progression and invasion. In this context, inhibitors for FGFRL1 might have therapeutic benefits in human cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprajita
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinu Sharma
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
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Faranda AP, Shihan MH, Wang Y, Duncan MK. The aging mouse lens transcriptome. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108663. [PMID: 34119483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for cataract (ARC). However, the influence of aging on the lens transcriptome is under studied. Lens epithelial (LEC) and fiber cells (LFC) were isolated from young (3 month old) and aged (24 month old) C57BL/6J mice, and the transcriptome elucidated via RNAseq. EdgeR estimated differential gene expression in pairwise contrasts, and Advaita's Ipathway guide and custom R scripts were used to evaluate the potential biological significance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This analysis revealed age-dependent decreases in lens differentiation marker expression in both LECs and LFCs, with gamma crystallin transcripts downregulating nearly 50 fold in aged LFCs. The expression of the transcription factors Hsf4 and Maf, which are known to activate lens fiber cell preferred genes, are downregulated, while FoxE3, which represses gamma crystallin expression, is upregulated in aged fibers. Aged LECs upregulate genes controlling the immune response, complement pathways, and cellular stress responses, including glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3). Aged LFCs exhibit broad changes in the expression of genes regulating cell communication, and upregulate genes involved in antigen processing/presentation and cholesterol metabolism, while changes in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain genes are consistent with mitochondrial stress, including upregulation of NDufa4l2, which encodes an alternate electron transport chain protein. However, age did not profoundly affect the response of LECs to injury as both young and aged LECs upregulate inflammatory gene signatures at 24 h post injury to similar extents. These RNAseq profiles provide a rich data set that can be mined to understand the genetic regulation of lens aging and how this impinges on the pathophysiology of age related cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Faranda
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Mahbubul H Shihan
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Pathophysiological Implications of Imbalances in Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in the Development of Diabetes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122583. [PMID: 34208131 PMCID: PMC8230948 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have associated the increase in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 levels, the main regulator of phosphate levels, with the onset of diabetes. These studies open the debate on the plausible existence of undescribed diabetogenic mechanisms derived from chronic supraphysiological levels of FGF23, a prevalent condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. These maladaptive and diabetogenic responses to FGF23 may occur at different levels, including a direct effect on the pancreatic ß cells, and an indirect effect derived from the stimulation of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors. Both mechanisms could be mediated by the binding of FGF23 to noncanonical receptor complexes with the subsequent overactivation of signaling pathways that leads to harmful effects. The canonical binding of FGF23 to the receptor complex formed by the receptor FGFR1c and the coreceptor αKlotho activates Ras/MAPK/ERK signaling. However, supraphysiological concentrations of FGF23 favor non-αKlotho-dependent binding of this molecule to other FGFRs, which could generate an undesired overactivation of the PLCγ/CN/NFAT pathway, as observed in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Moreover, the decrease in αKlotho expression may constitute a contributing factor to the appearance of these effects by promoting the nonspecific activation of the PLCγ/CN/NFAT to the detriment of the αKlotho-dependent Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway. The description of these mechanisms would allow the development of new therapeutic targets susceptible to be modified by dietary changes or by pharmacological intervention.
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Szybowska P, Kostas M, Wesche J, Haugsten EM, Wiedlocha A. Negative Regulation of FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor) Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061342. [PMID: 34071546 PMCID: PMC8226934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) signaling controls fundamental processes in embryonic, fetal and adult human life. The magnitude, duration, and location of FGFR signaling must be strictly controlled in order to induce the correct biological response. Uncontrolled receptor signaling has been shown to lead to a variety of diseases, such as skeletal disorders and cancer. Here we review the numerous cellular mechanisms that regulate and turn off FGFR signaling, once the receptor is activated. These mechanisms include endocytosis and endocytic sorting, phosphatase activity, negative regulatory proteins and negative feedback phosphorylation events. The mechanisms act together simultaneously or sequentially, controlling the same or different steps in FGFR signaling. Although more work is needed to fully understand the regulation of FGFR signaling, it is clear that the cells in our body have evolved an extensive repertoire of mechanisms that together keep FGFR signaling tightly controlled and prevent excess FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szybowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (E.M.H.); (A.W.); Tel.: +47-2278-1785 (E.M.H.); +47-2278-1930 (A.W.)
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.M.H.); (A.W.); Tel.: +47-2278-1785 (E.M.H.); +47-2278-1930 (A.W.)
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12
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Ferguson HR, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) and Noncanonical Partners in Cancer Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1201. [PMID: 34068954 PMCID: PMC8156822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that success of targeted therapies in the treatment of cancer is context-dependent and is influenced by a complex crosstalk between signaling pathways and between cell types in the tumor. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling axis highlights the importance of such context-dependent signaling in cancer. Aberrant FGFR signaling has been characterized in almost all cancer types, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. This occurs primarily through amplification and over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulting in ligand-independent activation. Mutations and translocations of FGFR1-4 are also identified in cancer. Canonical FGF-FGFR signaling is tightly regulated by ligand-receptor combinations as well as direct interactions with the FGFR coreceptors heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Klotho. Noncanonical FGFR signaling partners have been implicated in differential regulation of FGFR signaling. FGFR directly interacts with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to invasive and migratory properties of cancer cells, whereas interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate angiogenic, resistance to therapy, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The diversity in FGFR signaling partners supports a role for FGFR signaling in cancer, independent of genetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R. Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Michael P. Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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13
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Solanki HS, Welsh EA, Fang B, Izumi V, Darville L, Stone B, Franzese R, Chavan S, Kinose F, Imbody D, Koomen JM, Rix U, Haura EB. Cell Type-specific Adaptive Signaling Responses to KRAS G12C Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2533-2548. [PMID: 33619172 PMCID: PMC9940280 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C specifically target tumors driven by this form of mutant KRAS, yet early studies show that bypass signaling drives adaptive resistance. Although several combination strategies have been shown to improve efficacy of KRASG12C inhibitors (KRASi), underlying mechanisms and predictive strategies for patient enrichment are less clear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics analysis in KRASG12C cell lines after short-term treatment with ARS-1620. To understand signaling diversity and cell type-specific markers, we compared proteome and phosphoproteomes of KRASG12C cells. Gene expression patterns of KRASG12C cell lines and lung tumor tissues were examined. RESULTS Our analysis suggests cell type-specific perturbation to ERBB2/3 signaling compensates for repressed ERK and AKT signaling following ARS-1620 treatment in epithelial cell type, and this subtype was also more responsive to coinhibition of SHP2 and SOS1. Conversely, both high basal and feedback activation of FGFR or AXL signaling were identified in mesenchymal cells. Inhibition of FGFR signaling suppressed feedback activation of ERK and mTOR, while AXL inhibition suppressed PI3K pathway. In both cell lines and human lung cancer tissues with KRASG12C, we observed high basal ERBB2/3 associated with epithelial gene signatures, while higher basal FGFR1 and AXL were observed in cells/tumors with mesenchymal gene signatures. CONCLUSIONS Our phosphoproteomic study identified cell type-adaptive responses to KRASi. Markers and targets associated with ERBB2/3 signaling in epithelial subtype and with FGFR1/AXL signaling in mesenchymal subtype should be considered in patient enrichment schemes with KRASi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S. Solanki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brandon Stone
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ryan Franzese
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sandip Chavan
- Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Denis Imbody
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Undergraduate Studies in Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - John M. Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Eric Haura, Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, , Tel.: 813-745-6827
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14
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Giacomini A, Grillo E, Rezzola S, Ribatti D, Rusnati M, Ronca R, Presta M. The FGF/FGFR system in the physiopathology of the prostate gland. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:569-610. [PMID: 32730114 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins possessing paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine functions in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and cancer. Canonical FGFs bind and activate tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs), triggering intracellular signaling cascades that mediate their biological activity. Experimental evidence indicates that FGFs play a complex role in the physiopathology of the prostate gland that ranges from essential functions during embryonic development to modulation of neoplastic transformation. The use of ligand- and receptor-deleted mouse models has highlighted the requirement for FGF signaling in the normal development of the prostate gland. In adult prostate, the maintenance of a functional FGF/FGFR signaling axis is critical for organ homeostasis and function, as its disruption leads to prostate hyperplasia and may contribute to cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. Dissection of the molecular landscape modulated by the FGF family will facilitate ongoing translational efforts directed toward prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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15
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Jia RZ, Zhang JZ, Jing CQ, Li CS, Zhuo HQ. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-like-1: a new therapeutic target and unfavorable prognostic indicator for rectal adenocarcinoma. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:257-263. [PMID: 32098557 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1731534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-like-1 (FGFRL1) is important to cell motility and links with tumorigenic potential in various types of cancers. To investigate the biological function and underlying mechanism of FGFRL1 in rectal adenocarcinoma, we conducted this study. TCGA and Oncomine databases were used to analyze FGFRL1 expression and its association with clinical characteristics or overall survival (OS) in rectal adenocarcinoma patients. siRNA strategy was implemented to knockdown FGFRL1 expression in rectal adenocarcinoma cells. CCK8, colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays were implemented to measure cell behaviors. qRT-PCR and western blot were utilized to identify mRNA and protein expression levels. FGFRL1 was significantly increased in rectal adenocarcinoma tissue samples, either colon or rectum. High-regulation of FGFRL1 expression induced poorer outcome of rectal adenocarcinoma patients. Downregulation of FGFRL1 inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of SW837 cells. The MAPK pathway-related proteins, phosphorylation of MEK and ERK, were also decreased after si-FGFRL1 transfection. These findings demonstrated that FGFRL1, acting as a potential inducator, may promote the progression of rectal adenocarcinoma via activating the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Zhen Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ji-Zhun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chang-Qing Jing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chen-Sheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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16
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Chen R, Li D, Zheng M, Chen B, Wei T, Wang Y, Li M, Huang W, Tong Q, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Fang W, Guo L, Fang S. FGFRL1 affects chemoresistance of small-cell lung cancer by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway via ENO1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2123-2134. [PMID: 31957179 PMCID: PMC7011138 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor‐like 1 (FGFRL1), a member of the FGFR family, has been demonstrated to play important roles in various cancers. However, the role of FGFRL1 in small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the role of FGFRL1 in chemoresistance of SCLC and elucidate the possible molecular mechanism. We found that FGFRL1 levels are significantly up‐regulated in multidrug‐resistant SCLC cells (H69AR and H446DDP) compared with the sensitive parental cells (H69 and H446). In addition, clinical samples showed that FGFRL1 was overexpressed in SCLC tissues, and high FGFRL1 expression was associated with the clinical stage, chemotherapy response and survival time of SCLC patients. Knockdown of FGFRL1 in chemoresistant SCLC cells increased chemosensitivity by increasing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, whereas overexpression of FGFRL1 in chemosensitive SCLC cells produced the opposite results. Mechanistic investigations showed that FGFRL1 interacts with ENO1, and FGFRL1 was found to regulate the expression of ENO1 and its downstream signalling pathway (the PI3K/Akt pathway) in SCLC cells. In brief, our study demonstrated that FGFRL1 modulates chemoresistance of SCLC by regulating the ENO1‐PI3K/Akt pathway. FGFRL1 may be a predictor and a potential therapeutic target for chemoresistance in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Jiujiang, China
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shun Fang
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Mayers S, Moço PD, Maqbool T, Silva PN, Kilkenny DM, Audet J. Establishment of an erythroid progenitor cell line capable of enucleation achieved with an inducible c-Myc vector. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 30987611 PMCID: PMC6466758 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A robust scalable method for producing enucleated red blood cells (RBCs) is not only a process to produce packed RBC units for transfusion but a potential platform to produce modified RBCs with applications in advanced cellular therapy. Current strategies for producing RBCs have shortcomings in the limited self-renewal capacity of progenitor cells, or difficulties in effectively enucleating erythroid cell lines. We explored a new method to produce RBCs by inducibly expressing c-Myc in primary erythroid progenitor cells and evaluated the proliferative and maturation potential of these modified cells. RESULTS Primary erythroid progenitor cells were genetically modified with an inducible gene transfer vector expressing a single transcription factor, c-Myc, and all the gene elements required to achieve dox-inducible expression. Genetically modified cells had enhanced proliferative potential compared to control cells, resulting in exponential growth for at least 6 weeks. Inducibly proliferating erythroid (IPE) cells were isolated with surface receptors similar to colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-Es), and after removal of ectopic c-Myc expression cells hemoglobinized, decreased in cell size to that of native RBCs, and enucleated achieving cultures with 17% enucleated cells. Experiments with IPE cells at various levels of ectopic c-Myc expression provided insight into differentiation dynamics of the modified cells, and an optimized two-stage differentiation strategy was shown to promote greater expansion and maturation. CONCLUSIONS Genetic engineering of adult erythroid progenitor cells with an inducible c-Myc vector established an erythroid progenitor cell line that could produce RBCs, demonstrating the potential of this approach to produce large quantities of RBCs and modified RBC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mayers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pablo Diego Moço
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Talha Maqbool
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pamuditha N Silva
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dawn M Kilkenny
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Audet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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18
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Porębska N, Latko M, Kucińska M, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Targeting Cellular Trafficking of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors as a Strategy for Selective Cancer Treatment. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010007. [PMID: 30577533 PMCID: PMC6352210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) transmit signals across the cell membrane, regulating important cellular processes, like differentiation, division, motility, and death. The aberrant activity of FGFRs is often observed in various diseases, especially in cancer. The uncontrolled FGFRs' function may result from their overproduction, activating mutations, or generation of FGFRs' fusion proteins. Besides their typical subcellular localization on the cell surface, FGFRs are often found inside the cells, in the nucleus and mitochondria. The intracellular pool of FGFRs utilizes different mechanisms to facilitate cancer cell survival and expansion. In this review, we summarize the current stage of knowledge about the role of FGFRs in oncogenic processes. We focused on the mechanisms of FGFRs' cellular trafficking-internalization, nuclear translocation, and mitochondrial targeting, as well as their role in carcinogenesis. The subcellular sorting of FGFRs constitutes an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. The blocking of FGFRs' nuclear and mitochondrial translocation can lead to the inhibition of cancer invasion. Moreover, the endocytosis of FGFRs can serve as a tool for the efficient and highly selective delivery of drugs into cancer cells overproducing these receptors. Here, we provide up to date examples how the cellular sorting of FGFRs can be hijacked for selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Latko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Cheng VKF, Au PCM, Tan KC, Cheung CL. MicroRNA and Human Bone Health. JBMR Plus 2018; 3:2-13. [PMID: 30680358 PMCID: PMC6339549 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The small non‐coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are post‐transcription regulators that modulate diverse cellular process in bone cells. Because optimal miRNA targeting is essential for their function, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or proximal to the loci of miRNA (miR‐SNPs) or mRNA (PolymiRTS) could potentially disrupt the miRNA‐mRNA interaction, leading to changes in bone metabolism and osteoporosis. Recent human studies of skeletal traits using miRNA profiling, genomewide association studies, and functional studies started to decipher the complex miRNA regulatory network. These studies have indicated that miRNAs may be a promising bone marker. This review focuses on human miRNA studies on bone traits and discusses how genetic variants affect bone metabolic pathways. Major ex vivo investigations using human samples supported with animal and in vitro models have shed light on the mechanistic role of miRNAs. Furthermore, studying the miRNAs’ signatures in secondary osteoporosis and osteoporotic medications such as teriparatide (TPTD) and denosumab (DMab) have provided valuable insight into clinical management of the disease. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ka-Fai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Philip Chun-Ming Au
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn Cb Tan
- Department of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong.,Centre for Genomic Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
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20
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Regeenes R, Silva PN, Chang HH, Arany EJ, Shukalyuk AI, Audet J, Kilkenny DM, Rocheleau JV. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 5 (FGFR5) is a co-receptor for FGFR1 that is up-regulated in beta-cells by cytokine-induced inflammation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17218-17228. [PMID: 30217817 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) activity at the plasma membrane is tightly controlled by the availability of co-receptors and competing receptor isoforms. We have previously shown that FGFR1 activity in pancreatic beta-cells modulates a wide range of processes, including lipid metabolism, insulin processing, and cell survival. More recently, we have revealed that co-expression of FGFR5, a receptor isoform that lacks a tyrosine-kinase domain, influences FGFR1 responses. We therefore hypothesized that FGFR5 is a co-receptor to FGFR1 that modulates responses to ligands by forming a receptor heterocomplex with FGFR1. We first show here increased FGFR5 expression in the pancreatic islets of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and also in mouse and human islets treated with proinflammatory cytokines. Using siRNA knockdown, we further report that FGFR5 and FGFR1 expression improves beta-cell survival. Co-immunoprecipitation and quantitative live-cell imaging to measure the molecular interaction between FGFR5 and FGFR1 revealed that FGFR5 forms a mixture of ligand-independent homodimers (∼25%) and homotrimers (∼75%) at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, co-expressed FGFR5 and FGFR1 formed heterocomplexes with a 2:1 ratio and subsequently responded to FGF2 by forming FGFR5/FGFR1 signaling complexes with a 4:2 ratio. Taken together, our findings identify FGFR5 as a co-receptor that is up-regulated by inflammation and promotes FGFR1-induced survival, insights that reveal a potential target for intervention during beta-cell pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romario Regeenes
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9
| | - Pamuditha N Silva
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9
| | - Huntley H Chang
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9
| | - Edith J Arany
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7.,the Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario N6A 6K1
| | - Andrey I Shukalyuk
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9
| | - Julie Audet
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9.,the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5
| | - Dawn M Kilkenny
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9
| | - Jonathan V Rocheleau
- From the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, .,the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H7, and.,the Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Ghedini GC, Ronca R, Presta M, Giacomini A. Future applications of FGF/FGFR inhibitors in cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:861-872. [PMID: 29936878 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1491795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) network occurs frequently in tumors due to gene amplification, activating mutations, and oncogenic fusions. Thus, the development of FGF/FGFR-targeting therapies is the focus of several basic, preclinical, and clinical studies. Areas covered: This review will recapitulate the status of current FGF/FGFR-targeted drugs. Expert commentary: Non-selective FGF/FGFR inhibitors have been approved for cancer treatment but evidence highlights various complications affecting their use in the clinical practice. It appears mandatory to identify FGF/FGFR alterations and appropriate biomarkers that may predict and monitor response to treatment, to establish the contribution of the FGF/FGFR system to the onset of mechanisms of drug resistance, and to develop effective combinations of FGF/FGFR inhibitors with other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cristina Ghedini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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22
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Kwon M, Leem S, Yoon J, Park T. GxGrare: gene-gene interaction analysis method for rare variants from high-throughput sequencing data. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:19. [PMID: 29560826 PMCID: PMC5861485 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background With the rapid advancement of array-based genotyping techniques, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified common genetic variants associated with common complex diseases. However, it has been shown that only a small proportion of the genetic etiology of complex diseases could be explained by the genetic factors identified from GWAS. This missing heritability could possibly be explained by gene-gene interaction (epistasis) and rare variants. There has been an exponential growth of gene-gene interaction analysis for common variants in terms of methodological developments and practical applications. Also, the recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies makes it possible to conduct rare variant analysis. However, little progress has been made in gene-gene interaction analysis for rare variants. Results Here, we propose GxGrare which is a new gene-gene interaction method for the rare variants in the framework of the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. The proposed method consists of three steps; 1) collapsing the rare variants, 2) MDR analysis for the collapsed rare variants, and 3) detect top candidate interaction pairs. GxGrare can be used for the detection of not only gene-gene interactions, but also interactions within a single gene. The proposed method is illustrated with 1080 whole exome sequencing data of the Korean population in order to identify causal gene-gene interaction for rare variants for type 2 diabetes. Conclusion The proposed GxGrare performs well for gene-gene interaction detection with collapsing of rare variants. GxGrare is available at http://bibs.snu.ac.kr/software/gxgrare which contains simulation data and documentation. Supported operating systems include Linux and OS X. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0543-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Sangseob Leem
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Joon Yoon
- Interdisciplinary program, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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23
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FGFRL1 Promotes Ovarian Cancer Progression by Crosstalk with Hedgehog Signaling. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7438608. [PMID: 29675438 PMCID: PMC5838460 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7438608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-like-1 (FGFRL1) has been identified as the fifth fibroblast growth factor receptor. So far, little is known about its biological functions, particularly in cancer development. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated the roles of FGFRL1 in ovarian carcinoma (OC). An array and existing databases were used to investigate the expression profile of FGFRL1 and the relationship between FGFRL1 expression and clinicopathological parameters. FGFRL1 was significantly upregulated in OC patients, and high FGFRL1 expression was correlated with poor prognosis. In vitro cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration assays, and in vivo subcutaneous xenograft tumor models were used to determine the role of FGFRL1. Loss of function of FGFRL1 significantly influenced cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of OC cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR analysis and microarray hybridization were performed to uncover the mechanism. FGFRL1 expression could be induced by hypoxia through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, which directly binds to the promoter elements of FGFRL1. FGFRL1 promoted tumor progression by crosstalk with Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Taken together, FGFRL1 is a potential predictor and plays an important role in tumor growth and Hh signaling which could serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of OC.
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24
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Kähkönen TE, Ivaska KK, Jiang M, Büki KG, Väänänen HK, Härkönen PL. Role of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) and FGFR like-1 (FGFRL1) in mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation to osteoblasts and adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:194-204. [PMID: 28923346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors (FGFRs) regulate many developmental processes including differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). We developed two MSC lines capable of differentiating to osteoblasts and adipocytes and studied the role of FGFRs in this process. We identified FGFR2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor like-1 (FGFRL1) as possible actors in MSC differentiation with gene microarray and qRT-PCR. FGFR2 and FGFRL1 mRNA expression strongly increased during MSC differentiation to osteoblasts. FGF2 treatment, resulting in downregulation of FGFR2, or silencing FGFR2 expression with siRNAs inhibited osteoblast differentiation. During adipocyte differentiation expression of FGFR1 and FGFRL1 increased and was down-regulated by FGF2. FGFR1 knockdown inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Silencing FGFR2 and FGFR1 in MSCs was associated with decreased FGFRL1 expression in osteoblasts and adipocytes, respectively. Our results suggest that FGFR1 and FGFR2 regulate FGFRL1 expression. FGFRL1 may mediate or modulate FGFR regulation of MSC differentiation together with FGFR2 in osteoblastic and FGFR1 in adipocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Kähkönen
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland.
| | - K K Ivaska
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - M Jiang
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - K G Büki
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - H K Väänänen
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - P L Härkönen
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
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DNA methylation map in circulating leukocytes mirrors subcutaneous adipose tissue methylation pattern: a genome-wide analysis from non-obese and obese patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41903. [PMID: 28211912 PMCID: PMC5314866 DOI: 10.1038/srep41903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the epigenetic changes within the obesity-related adipose tissue will provide new insights to understand this metabolic disorder, but adipose tissue is not easy to sample in population-based studies. We aimed to evaluate the capacity of circulating leukocytes to reflect the adipose tissue-specific DNA methylation status of obesity susceptibility. DNA samples isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue and circulating leukocytes were hybridized in the Infinium HumanMethylation 450 BeadChip. Data were compared between samples from obese (n = 45) and non-obese (n = 8–10) patients by Wilcoxon-rank test, unadjusted for cell type distributions. A global hypomethylation of the differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCpGs) was observed in the obese subcutaneous adipose tissue and leukocytes. The overlap analysis yielded a number of genes mapped by the common DMCpGs that were identified to reflect the obesity state in the leukocytes. Specifically, the methylation levels of FGFRL1, NCAPH2, PNKD and SMAD3 exhibited excellent and statistically significant efficiencies in the discrimination of obesity from non-obesity status (AUC > 0.80; p < 0.05) and a great correlation between both tissues. Therefore, the current study provided new and valuable DNA methylation biomarkers of obesity-related adipose tissue pathogenesis through peripheral blood analysis, an easily accessible and minimally invasive biological material instead of adipose tissue.
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Silva PN, Atto Z, Regeenes R, Tufa U, Chen YY, Chan WCW, Volchuk A, Kilkenny DM, Rocheleau JV. Highly efficient adenoviral transduction of pancreatic islets using a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2921-2934. [PMID: 27378588 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00345a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are challenging to genetically manipulate due to limited penetration of viral particles resulting in low transduction efficiency. We are particularly interested in expressing genetically-encoded sensors in ex vivo pancreatic islets to measure glucose-stimulated metabolism, however poor viral penetration biases these measurements to only a subset of cells at the periphery. To increase mass transfer of viral particles, we designed a microfluidic device that holds islets in parallel hydrodynamic traps connected by an expanding by-pass channel. We modeled viral particle flow into the tissue using fluorescently-labelled gold nanoparticles of varying sizes and showed a penetration threshold of only ∼5 nm. To increase this threshold, we used EDTA to transiently reduce cell-cell adhesion and expand intercellular space. Ultimately, a combination of media flow and ETDA treatment significantly increased adenoviral transduction to the core of the islet. As proof-of-principle, we used this protocol to transduce an ER-targeted redox sensitive sensor (eroGFP), and revealed significantly greater ER redox capacity at core islet cells. Overall, these data demonstrate a robust method to enhance transduction efficiency of islets, and potentially other tissues, by using a combination of microfluidic flow and transient tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamuditha N Silva
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.
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Zhou WY, Zheng H, Du XL, Yang JL. Characterization of FGFR signaling pathway as therapeutic targets for sarcoma patients. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:260-8. [PMID: 27458533 PMCID: PMC4944539 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family plays important roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and angiogenesis. Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling pathway has been associated with multiple development syndromes and cancers, and thus therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFR in human cancer are currently being explored. However, few studies on the FGF/FGFR pathway have been conducted in sarcoma, which has a poor outcome with traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Hence, in the present review, we provide an overview of the role of the FGF/FGFR pathway signal in sarcoma and FGFR inhibitors, which might be new targets for the treatment of sarcomas according to recent research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300061, China
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28
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Yang X, Steinberg F, Zhuang L, Bessey R, Trueb B. Receptor FGFRL1 does not promote cell proliferation but induces cell adhesion. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:30-8. [PMID: 27220341 PMCID: PMC4899019 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-like protein 1 (FGFRL1) is the most recently discovered member of the FGFR family. Owing to the fact that it interacts with FGF ligands, but lacks the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, several researchers have speculated that it may function as a decoy receptor and exert a negative effect on cell proliferation. In this study, we performed overexpression experiments with TetOn‑inducible cell clones and downregulation experiments with siRNA oligonucleotides, and found that FGFRL1 had absolutely no effect on cell growth and proliferation. Likewise, we did not observe any influence of FGFRL1 on ERK1/2 activation and on the phosphorylation of 250 other signaling proteins analyzed by the Kinexus antibody microarray. On the other hand, with bacterial petri dishes, we observed a clear effect of FGFRL1 on cell adhesion during the initial hours after cell seeding. Our results suggest that FGFRL1 is a cell adhesion protein similar to the nectins rather than a signaling receptor similar to FGFR1-FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lei Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Bessey
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Trueb
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Hensel N, Schön A, Konen T, Lübben V, Förthmann B, Baron O, Grothe C, Leifheit-Nestler M, Claus P, Haffner D. Fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling in hippocampal cells: impact on neuronal morphology and synaptic density. J Neurochem 2016; 137:756-69. [PMID: 26896818 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is predominantly secreted by osteocytes and facilitates renal phosphate excretion. However, FGF23 is also present in cerebrospinal fluid. In chronic kidney disease, FGF23 serum levels are excessively elevated and associated with learning and memory deficits. Structural plasticity of the hippocampus such as formation of new synapses or an altered dendritic arborization comprises a cellular and morphological correlate of memory formation. Therefore, we hypothesize that FGF23 alters hippocampal neuron morphology and synapses. To address this, we prepared primary murine hippocampal cultures and incubated them with recombinant FGF23 alone or together with a soluble isoform of its co-receptor α-Klotho. Neuronal expression of a fluorescent reporter allowed for a detailed evaluation of the neuronal morphology by Sholl analysis. Additionally, we evaluated synaptic density, identified by stainings, for synaptic markers. We show an enhanced number of primary neurites combined with a reduced arborization, resulting in a less complex morphology of neurons treated with FGF23. Moreover, FGF23 enhances the synaptic density in a FGF-receptor (FGF-R) dependent manner. Finally, we addressed the corresponding signaling events downstream of FGF-R employing a combination of western blots and quantitative immunofluorescence. Interestingly, FGF23 induces phospholipase Cγ activity in primary hippocampal neurons. Co-application of soluble α-Klotho leads to activation of the Akt-pathway and modifies FGF23-impact on neuronal morphology and synaptic density. Compared with other FGFs, this alternative signaling pattern is a possible reason for differential effects of FGF23 on hippocampal neurons and may thereby contribute to learning and memory deficits in chronic kidney disease patients. In this study, we show that fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibits neuronal ramification and enhances the synaptic density in primary hippocampal cultures accompanied by phospholipase Cγ-activation. Co-application of the co-receptor α-Klotho leads to an Akt-activation and further modifies neuronal morphology and number of synapses. Those effects provide a mechanistic basis for memory deficits in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by excessively elevated FGF23 levels as well as memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Schön
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo Konen
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Lübben
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Olga Baron
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Audette DS, Anand D, So T, Rubenstein TB, Lachke SA, Lovicu FJ, Duncan MK. Prox1 and fibroblast growth factor receptors form a novel regulatory loop controlling lens fiber differentiation and gene expression. Development 2015; 143:318-28. [PMID: 26657765 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lens epithelial cells differentiate into lens fibers (LFs) in response to a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gradient. This cell fate decision requires the transcription factor Prox1, which has been hypothesized to promote cell cycle exit in differentiating LF cells. However, we find that conditional deletion of Prox1 from mouse lenses results in a failure in LF differentiation despite maintenance of normal cell cycle exit. Instead, RNA-seq demonstrated that Prox1 functions as a global regulator of LF cell gene expression. Intriguingly, Prox1 also controls the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and can bind to their promoters, correlating with decreased downstream signaling through MAPK and AKT in Prox1 mutant lenses. Further, culturing rat lens explants in FGF increased their expression of Prox1, and this was attenuated by the addition of inhibitors of MAPK. Together, these results describe a novel feedback loop required for lens differentiation and morphogenesis, whereby Prox1 and FGFR signaling interact to mediate LF differentiation in response to FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Audette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Tammy So
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, Bosch Institute & Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Troy B Rubenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, Bosch Institute & Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Hierro C, Rodon J, Tabernero J. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor/FGF Inhibitors: Novel Targets and Strategies for Optimization of Response of Solid Tumors. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:801-19. [PMID: 26615127 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway plays a major role in several biological processes, from organogenesis to metabolism homeostasis and angiogenesis. Several aberrations, including gene amplifications, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations have been described across solid tumors. Most of these molecular alterations promote multiple steps of carcinogenesis in FGFR oncogene-addicted cells, increasing cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Data suggest that upregulation of FGFR signaling is a common event in many cancer types. The FGFR pathway thus arises as a potential promising target for cancer treatment. Several FGFR inhibitors are currently under development. Initial preclinical results have translated into limited successful clinical responses when first-generation, nonspecific FGFR inhibitors were evaluated in patients. The future development of selective and unselective FGFR inhibitors will rely on a better understanding of the tissue-specific role of FGFR signaling and identification of biomarkers to select those patients who will benefit the most from these drugs. Further studies are warranted to establish the predictive significance of the different FGFR-aberrations and to incorporate them into clinical algorithms, now that second-generation, selective FGFR inhibitors exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Hierro
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
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33
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1306] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Nies VJM, Sancar G, Liu W, van Zutphen T, Struik D, Yu RT, Atkins AR, Evans RM, Jonker JW, Downes MR. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Metabolic Regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:193. [PMID: 26834701 PMCID: PMC4718082 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is a growing health problem. Obesity is strongly associated with several comorbidities, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain cancers, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, which all reduce life expectancy and life quality. Several drugs have been put forward in order to treat these diseases, but many of them have detrimental side effects. The unexpected role of the family of fibroblast growth factors in the regulation of energy metabolism provides new approaches to the treatment of metabolic diseases and offers a valuable tool to gain more insight into metabolic regulation. The known beneficial effects of FGF19 and FGF21 on metabolism, together with recently discovered similar effects of FGF1 suggest that FGFs and their derivatives carry great potential as novel therapeutics to treat metabolic conditions. To facilitate the development of new therapies with improved targeting and minimal side effects, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of FGFs is needed. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about the physiological roles of FGF signaling in tissues important for metabolic homeostasis. In addition, we will discuss current concepts regarding their pharmacological properties and effector tissues in the context of metabolic disease. Also, the recent progress in the development of FGF variants will be reviewed. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current concepts and consensuses regarding FGF signaling in metabolic health and disease and to provide starting points for the development of FGF-based therapies against metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera J. M. Nies
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weilin Liu
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annette R. Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johan W. Jonker, ; Michael Robert Downes,
| | - Michael Robert Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Johan W. Jonker, ; Michael Robert Downes,
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Carter EP, Fearon AE, Grose RP. Careless talk costs lives: fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and the consequences of pathway malfunction. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:221-33. [PMID: 25467007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 40 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) signalling has been found to regulate fundamental cellular behaviours in a wide range of cell types. FGFRs regulate development, homeostasis, and repair and are implicated in many disorders and diseases; and indeed, there is extensive potential for severe consequences, be they developmental, homeostatic, or oncogenic, should FGF-FGFR signalling go awry, so careful control of the pathway is critically important. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in the FGF field, highlighting how FGFR signalling works in normal cells, how it can go wrong, how frequently it is compromised, and how it is being targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK
| | - Abbie E Fearon
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK.
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Prostate anatomy in motheaten viable (me(v)) mice with mutations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:438-44. [PMID: 24819344 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study prostate and seminal vesicle anatomy in viable motheaten (mev) with mutations in PTPN6 gene leading to a severe reduction in the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Homozygous mev mice exhibit multiple anomalies that include immunodeficiencies, increased proliferation of macrophage, neutrophil, and erythrocyte progenitors, decreased bone density and sterility. MATERIAL AND METHOD We analyzed macro- and microscopic anatomy of the seminal vesicle and prostate macro- and microscopic anatomy of 5 mev/mev and 8 wt/wt adult 7 week old mice. Computerized morphometric analysis was performed to measure the relative changes appearing in the epithelial volume of the different prostatic lobes. RESULTS All mice studied revealed normal genital organs (penis, testis, epididymis, vas deferens) and bladder. The seminal vesicle was absent in all mev/mev individuals analyzed, being normal and very noticeable in wt/wt mice. The different glands that compose the prostatic complex (anterior, ventral and dorso-lateral prostate) were atrophied in mev/mev mice: anterior prostate 0.4 times, ventral 0.19 times, dorsal 0.35 times and lateral 0.28 times those of the respective regions in wt/wt mice. Microscopically, mev/mev mice revealed scarce and large prostatic ducts, acini severely atrophic with empty lumen and scarce loose epithelial component forming tufts and infoldings, and hyperplastic changes in fibromuscular stroma. CONCLUSIONS The prostate of mev/mev mice exhibits signs of aberrant differentiation and the resulting phenotype may be related to the loss of function of SHP-1. Prostatic anomalies in these mice affect, together with defects in sperm maduration, for their sterility. These data suggest SHP-1 plays an important role in prostate epithelial morphogenesis.
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Targeted disruption of the intracellular domain of receptor FgfrL1 in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105210. [PMID: 25126760 PMCID: PMC4134281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FgfrL1 is the fifth member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr) family. Studies with FgfrL1 deficient mice have demonstrated that the gene plays an important role during embryonic development. FgfrL1 knock-out mice die at birth as they have a malformed diaphragm and lack metanephric kidneys. Similar to the classical Fgfrs, the FgfrL1 protein contains an extracellular part composed of three Ig-like domains that interact with Fgf ligands and heparin. However, the intracellular part of FgfrL1 is not related to the classical receptors and does not possess any tyrosine kinase activity. Curiously enough, the amino acid sequence of this domain is barely conserved among different species, with the exception of three motifs, namely a dileucine peptide, a tandem tyrosine-based motif YXXΦ and a histidine-rich sequence. To investigate the function of the intracellular domain of FgfrL1, we have prepared genetically modified mice that lack the three conserved sequence motifs, but instead contain a GFP cassette (FgfrL1ΔC-GFP). To our surprise, homozygous FgfrL1ΔC-GFP knock-in mice are viable, fertile and phenotypically normal. They do not exhibit any alterations in the diaphragm or the kidney, except for a slight reduction in the number of glomeruli that does not appear to affect life expectancy. In addition, the pancreas of both FgfrL1ΔC-GFP knock-in and FgfrL1 knock-out mice do not show any disturbances in the production of insulin, in contrast to what has been suggested by recent studies. Thus, the conserved motifs of the intracellular FgfrL1 domain are dispensable for organogenesis and normal life. We conclude that the extracellular domain of the protein must conduct the vital functions of FgfrL1.
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Haasl RJ, Payseur BA. Remarkable selective constraints on exonic dinucleotide repeats. Evolution 2014; 68:2737-44. [PMID: 24899386 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long dinucleotide repeats found in exons present a substantial mutational hazard: mutations at these loci occur often and generate frameshifts. Here, we provide clear and compelling evidence that exonic dinucleotides experience strong selective constraint. In humans, only 18 exonic dinucleotides have repeat lengths greater than six, which contrasts sharply with the genome-wide distribution of dinucleotides. We genotyped each of these dinucleotides in 200 humans from eight 1000 Genomes Project populations and found a near-absence of polymorphism. More remarkably, divergence data demonstrate that repeat lengths have been conserved across the primate phylogeny in spite of what is likely considerable mutational pressure. Coalescent simulations show that even a very low mutation rate at these loci fails to explain the anomalous patterns of polymorphism and divergence. Our data support two related selective constraints on the evolution of exonic dinucleotides: a short-term intolerance for any change to repeat length and a long-term prevention of increases to repeat length. In general, our results implicate purifying selection as the force that eliminates new, deleterious mutants at exonic dinucleotides. We briefly discuss the evolution of the longest exonic dinucleotide in the human genome--a 10 x CA repeat in fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1 (FGFRL1)--that should possess a considerably greater mutation rate than any other exonic dinucleotide and therefore generate a large number of deleterious variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Haasl
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.
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Merry TL, Tran M, Stathopoulos M, Wiede F, Fam BC, Dodd GT, Clarke I, Watt MJ, Andrikopoulos S, Tiganis T. High-fat-fed obese glutathione peroxidase 1-deficient mice exhibit defective insulin secretion but protection from hepatic steatosis and liver damage. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2114-29. [PMID: 24252128 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 can promote signaling through the inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). However, in obesity, the generation of ROS exceeds the antioxidant reserve and can contribute to the promotion of insulin resistance. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) is an antioxidant enzyme that eliminates H2O2. Here, we have used Gpx1(-/-) mice to assess the impact of oxidative stress on glucose homeostasis in the context of obesity. RESULTS Gpx1(-/-) mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet for 12 weeks exhibited systemic oxidative stress and hyperglycemia, but had unaltered whole-body insulin sensitivity, improved hepatic insulin signaling, and decreased whole-body glucose production. High-fat-fed Gpx1(-/-) mice also exhibited decreased hepatic steatosis and liver damage accompanied by decreased plasma insulin and decreased glucose-induced insulin secretion. The decreased insulin secretion was associated with reduced islet β cell pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) and insulin content, elevated pancreatic PTP oxidation (including PTPN2 oxidation), and elevated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) Y701 phosphorylation. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Taken together, these results are consistent with H2O2 inactivating pancreatic PTPs (such as the STAT1 phosphatase PTPN2) for the promotion of STAT-1 signaling to suppress Pdx1 expression and differentiation and, consequently, reduce β cell insulin secretion. We propose that the decreased insulin secretion, in turn, results in decreased hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis, attenuates liver damage, and improves hepatic insulin signaling to suppress hepatic glucose production. Limiting insulin secretion may help combat the development of hepatic steatosis and liver damage in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Merry
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Victoria, Australia
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