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Xiao T, English AM, Wilson ZN, Maschek J, Cox JE, Hughes AL. The phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine differentially regulate MDC biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202302069. [PMID: 38497895 PMCID: PMC10949074 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202302069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize multiple mechanisms to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. We recently characterized a pathway that remodels mitochondria in response to metabolic alterations and protein overload stress. This remodeling occurs via the formation of large membranous structures from the mitochondrial outer membrane called mitochondrial-derived compartments (MDCs), which are eventually released from mitochondria and degraded. Here, we conducted a microscopy-based screen in budding yeast to identify factors that regulate MDC formation. We found that two phospholipids, cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), differentially regulate MDC biogenesis. CL depletion impairs MDC biogenesis, whereas blocking mitochondrial PE production leads to constitutive MDC formation. Additionally, in response to metabolic MDC activators, cellular and mitochondrial PE declines, and overexpressing mitochondrial PE synthesis enzymes suppress MDC biogenesis. Altogether, our data indicate a requirement for CL in MDC biogenesis and suggest that PE depletion may stimulate MDC formation downstream of MDC-inducing metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyao Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alyssa M. English
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zachary N. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J.Alan. Maschek
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integration. Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Adam L. Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Mavuduru VA, Vadupu L, Ghosh KK, Chakrabortty S, Gulyás B, Padmanabhan P, Ball WB. Mitochondrial phospholipid transport: Role of contact sites and lipid transport proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 94:101268. [PMID: 38195013 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
One of the major constituents of mitochondrial membranes is the phospholipids, which play a key role in maintaining the structure and the functions of the mitochondria. However, mitochondria do not synthesize most of the phospholipids in situ, necessitating the presence of phospholipid import pathways. Even for the phospholipids, which are synthesized within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), the phospholipid precursors must be imported from outside the mitochondria. Therefore, the mitochondria heavily rely on the phospholipid transport pathways for its proper functioning. Since, mitochondria are not part of a vesicular trafficking network, the molecular mechanisms of how mitochondria receive its phospholipids remain a relevant question. One of the major ways that hydrophobic phospholipids can cross the aqueous barrier of inter or intraorganellar spaces is by apposing membranes, thereby decreasing the distance of transport, or by being sequestered by lipid transport proteins (LTPs). Therefore, with the discovery of LTPs and membrane contact sites (MCSs), we are beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms of phospholipid transport pathways in the mitochondria. In this review, we will present a brief overview of the recent findings on the molecular architecture and the importance of the MCSs, both the intraorganellar and interorganellar contact sites, in facilitating the mitochondrial phospholipid transport. In addition, we will also discuss the role of LTPs for trafficking phospholipids through the intermembrane space (IMS) of the mitochondria. Mechanistic insights into different phospholipid transport pathways of mitochondria could be exploited to vary the composition of membrane phospholipids and gain a better understanding of their precise role in membrane homeostasis and mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Aditya Mavuduru
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University AP Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Lavanya Vadupu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University AP Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Krishna Kanta Ghosh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Sabyasachi Chakrabortty
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University AP Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore; Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore; Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore.
| | - Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University AP Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India.
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Shiino H, Tashiro S, Hashimoto M, Sakata Y, Hosoya T, Endo T, Kojima H, Tamura Y. Chemical inhibition of phosphatidylcholine biogenesis reveals its role in mitochondrial division. iScience 2024; 27:109189. [PMID: 38420588 PMCID: PMC10901091 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components of biological membranes and play structural and regulatory roles in various biological processes. To determine the biological significance of phospholipids, the use of chemical inhibitors of phospholipid metabolism offers an effective approach; however, the availability of such compounds is limited. In this study, we performed a chemical-genetic screening using yeast and identified small molecules capable of inhibiting phosphatidylcholine (PC) biogenesis, which we designated PC inhibitors 1, 2, 3, and 4 (PCiB-1, 2, 3, and 4). Biochemical analyses indicated that PCiB-2, 3, and 4 inhibited the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) methyltransferase activity of Cho2, whereas PCiB-1 may inhibit PE transport from mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Interestingly, we found that PCiB treatment resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation, which was suppressed by expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the mitochondrial division factor Dnm1. These results provide evidence that normal PC biogenesis is important for the regulation of mitochondrial division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Shiino
- Graduate School of Global Symbiotic Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Shinya Tashiro
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Michiko Hashimoto
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakata
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Toshiya Endo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamura
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
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Li F, Shi Z, Cheng M, Zhou Z, Chu M, Sun L, Zhou JC. Biology and Roles in Diseases of Selenoprotein I Characterized by Ethanolamine Phosphotransferase Activity and Antioxidant Potential. J Nutr 2023; 153:3164-3172. [PMID: 36963501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein I (SELENOI) has been demonstrated to be an ethanolamine phosphotransferase (EPT) characterized by a nonselenoenzymatic domain and to be involved in the main synthetic branch of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, defects of SELENOI may affect the health status through the multiple functions of PE. On the other hand, selenium (Se) is covalently incorporated into SELENOI as selenocysteine (Sec) in its peptide, which forms a Sec-centered domain as in the other members of the selenoprotein family. Unlike other selenoproteins, Sec-containing SELENOI was formed at a later stage of animal evolution, and the high conservation of the structural domain for PE synthesis across a wide range of species suggests the importance of EPT activity in supporting the survival and evolution of organisms. A variety of factors, such as species characteristics (age and sex), diet and nutrition (dietary Se and fat intakes), SELENOI-specific properties (tissue distribution and rank in the selenoproteome), etc., synergistically regulate the expression of SELENOI in a tentatively unclear interaction. The N- and C-terminal domains confer 2 distinct biochemical functions to SELENOI, namely PE regulation and antioxidant potential, which may allow it to be involved in numerous physiological processes, including neurological diseases (especially hereditary spastic paraplegia), T cell activation, tumorigenesis, and adipocyte differentiation. In this review, we summarize advances in the biology and roles of SELENOI, shedding light on the precise regulation of SELENOI expression and PE homeostasis by dietary Se intake and pharmaceutical or transgenic approaches to modulate the corresponding pathological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengna Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minning Cheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhou
- School of Medical, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ji-Chang Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, China.
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Tlatelpa-Romero B, Contreras-Cruz DA, Guerrero-Luna G, Hernández-Linares MG, Ruiz-Salgado S, Mendoza-Milla C, Romero Y, de-la-Rosa Paredes R, Oyarzábal LF, Mendoza-Sámano DA, Galván-León JA, Vázquez-de-Lara LG. Organic synthesis of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine and its effect on the induction of apoptosis in normal human lung fibroblasts. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 257:105349. [PMID: 37838345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND /OBJECTIVE The phospholipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) comprises two fatty acid chains: glycerol, phosphate, and ethanolamine. PE participates in critical cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, which places it as a target for designing new therapeutic alternatives in diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, this study aimed obtain PE through a six-step organic synthesis pathway and determine its biological effect on apoptosis induction in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). METHODOLOGY The first step of the organic synthesis route began with protected glycerol that was benzylated at sn-3; later, it was deprotected to react with palmitic acid at sn-1, sn-2. To remove the benzyl group, hydrogenation was performed with palladium on carbon (Pd/C); subsequently, the molecule was phosphorylated in sn-3 with phosphorus oxychloride and triethylamine, and the intermediate was hydrolyzed in an acid medium to obtain the final compound. After PE synthesis, apoptosis assessment was performed: apoptosis was induced using exposure to annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide-ECD (PI) and quantified using flow cytometry. The experiments were performed in three NHLF cell lines with different concentrations of PE 10, 100 and 1000 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. RESULTS The PE obtained by organic synthesis presented a melting point of 190-192 °C, a purity of 95%, and a global yield of 8%. The evaluation of apoptosis with flow cytometry showed that at 24 h, exposure to PE 10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL induces early apoptosis in 19.42%- 25.54%, while late apoptosis was only significant P < 0.05 in cells challenged with 100 µg/mL PE. At 48 h, NHLF exposed to PE 10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL showed decreasing early apoptosis: 28.69-32.16%, 12.59-18.84%, and 10.91-12.61%, respectively. The rest of the NHLF exposed to PE showed late apoptosis: 12.03-16-42%, 11.04-15.94%, and 49.23-51.28%. Statistical analysis showed a significance P < 0.05 compared to the control. CONCLUSION The organic synthesis route of PE allows obtaining rac-1,2-O-Dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (1), which showed an apoptotic effect on NHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tlatelpa-Romero
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Ondotológicas y de la Salud, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriel Guerrero-Luna
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias. Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Hernández-Linares
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias. Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Sinuhé Ruiz-Salgado
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales, Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Luis F Oyarzábal
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Jiovani Alfredo Galván-León
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Luis G Vázquez-de-Lara
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico.
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Joshi A, Richard TH, Gohil VM. Mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism in health and disease. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260857. [PMID: 37655851 PMCID: PMC10482392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of rare human genetic disorders of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism have highlighted the crucial role that membrane phospholipids play in mitochondrial bioenergetics and human health. The phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is highly conserved from yeast to humans, with each class of phospholipid performing a specific function in the assembly and activity of various mitochondrial membrane proteins, including the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Recent studies have uncovered novel roles of cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine, two crucial mitochondrial phospholipids, in organismal physiology. Studies on inter-organellar and intramitochondrial phospholipid transport have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis. Here, we discuss these recent advances in the function and transport of mitochondrial phospholipids while describing their biochemical and biophysical properties and biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, we highlight the roles of mitochondrial phospholipids in human health by describing the various genetic diseases caused by disruptions in their biosynthesis and discuss advances in therapeutic strategies for Barth syndrome, the best-studied disorder of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaumy Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Travis H. Richard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M. Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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7
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Muñoz JP, Basei FL, Rojas ML, Galvis D, Zorzano A. Mechanisms of Modulation of Mitochondrial Architecture. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1225. [PMID: 37627290 PMCID: PMC10452872 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial network architecture plays a critical role in cellular physiology. Indeed, alterations in the shape of mitochondria upon exposure to cellular stress can cause the dysfunction of these organelles. In this scenario, mitochondrial dynamics proteins and the phospholipid composition of the mitochondrial membrane are key for fine-tuning the modulation of mitochondrial architecture. In addition, several factors including post-translational modifications such as the phosphorylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, and o-GlcNAcylation of mitochondrial dynamics proteins contribute to shaping the plasticity of this architecture. In this regard, several studies have evidenced that, upon metabolic stress, mitochondrial dynamics proteins are post-translationally modified, leading to the alteration of mitochondrial architecture. Interestingly, several proteins that sustain the mitochondrial lipid composition also modulate mitochondrial morphology and organelle communication. In this context, pharmacological studies have revealed that the modulation of mitochondrial shape and function emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases. Here, we review the factors that modulate mitochondrial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Muñoz
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda Luisa Basei
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-871 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - María Laura Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - David Galvis
- Programa de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad CES, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Coyne LP, Wang X, Song J, de Jong E, Schneider K, Massa PT, Middleton FA, Becker T, Chen XJ. Mitochondrial protein import clogging as a mechanism of disease. eLife 2023; 12:e84330. [PMID: 37129366 PMCID: PMC10208645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis requires the import of >1,000 mitochondrial preproteins from the cytosol. Most studies on mitochondrial protein import are focused on the core import machinery. Whether and how the biophysical properties of substrate preproteins affect overall import efficiency is underexplored. Here, we show that protein traffic into mitochondria can be disrupted by amino acid substitutions in a single substrate preprotein. Pathogenic missense mutations in ADP/ATP translocase 1 (ANT1), and its yeast homolog ADP/ATP carrier 2 (Aac2), cause the protein to accumulate along the protein import pathway, thereby obstructing general protein translocation into mitochondria. This impairs mitochondrial respiration, cytosolic proteostasis, and cell viability independent of ANT1's nucleotide transport activity. The mutations act synergistically, as double mutant Aac2/ANT1 causes severe clogging primarily at the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex. This confers extreme toxicity in yeast. In mice, expression of a super-clogger ANT1 variant led to neurodegeneration and an age-dependent dominant myopathy that phenocopy ANT1-induced human disease, suggesting clogging as a mechanism of disease. More broadly, this work implies the existence of uncharacterized amino acid requirements for mitochondrial carrier proteins to avoid clogging and subsequent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Jiyao Song
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Ebbing de Jong
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Karin Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Xin Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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Lionaki E, Gkikas I, Tavernarakis N. Mitochondrial protein import machinery conveys stress signals to the cytosol and beyond. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200160. [PMID: 36709422 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria hold diverse and pivotal roles in fundamental processes that govern cell survival, differentiation, and death, in addition to organismal growth, maintenance, and aging. The mitochondrial protein import system is a major contributor to mitochondrial biogenesis and lies at the crossroads between mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. Recent findings highlight the mitochondrial protein import system as a signaling hub, receiving inputs from other cellular compartments and adjusting its function accordingly. Impairment of protein import, in a physiological, or disease context, elicits adaptive responses inside and outside mitochondria. In this review, we discuss recent developments, relevant to the mechanisms of mitochondrial protein import regulation, with a particular focus on quality control, proteostatic and metabolic cellular responses, triggered upon impairment of mitochondrial protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Lionaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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10
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St Germain M, Iraji R, Bakovic M. Phosphatidylethanolamine homeostasis under conditions of impaired CDP-ethanolamine pathway or phosphatidylserine decarboxylation. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1094273. [PMID: 36687696 PMCID: PMC9849821 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1094273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine is the major inner-membrane lipid in the plasma and mitochondrial membranes. It is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum from ethanolamine and diacylglycerol (DAG) by the CDP-ethanolamine pathway and from phosphatidylserine by decarboxylation in the mitochondria. Recently, multiple genetic disorders that impact these pathways have been identified, including hereditary spastic paraplegia 81 and 82, Liberfarb syndrome, and a new type of childhood-onset neurodegeneration-CONATOC. Individuals with these diseases suffer from multisystem disorders mainly affecting neuronal function. This indicates the importance of maintaining proper phospholipid homeostasis when major biosynthetic pathways are impaired. This study summarizes the current knowledge of phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in order to identify areas of future research that might lead to the development of treatment options.
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11
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Structural basis of Tom20 and Tom22 cytosolic domains as the human TOM complex receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200158119. [PMID: 35733257 PMCID: PMC9245660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200158119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial preproteins synthesized in cytosol are imported into mitochondria by a multisubunit translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex. Functioned as the receptor, the TOM complex components, Tom 20, Tom22, and Tom70, recognize the presequence and further guide the protein translocation. Their deficiency has been linked with neurodegenerative diseases and cardiac pathology. Although several structures of the TOM complex have been reported by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), how Tom22 and Tom20 function as TOM receptors remains elusive. Here we determined the structure of TOM core complex at 2.53 Å and captured the structure of the TOM complex containing Tom22 and Tom20 cytosolic domains at 3.74 Å. Structural analysis indicates that Tom20 and Tom22 share a similar three-helix bundle structural feature in the cytosolic domain. Further structure-guided biochemical analysis reveals that the Tom22 cytosolic domain is responsible for binding to the presequence, and the helix H1 is critical for this binding. Altogether, our results provide insights into the functional mechanism of the TOM complex recognizing and transferring preproteins across the mitochondrial membrane.
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12
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Hoffmann JJ, Becker T. Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Protein Import and Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095274. [PMID: 35563660 PMCID: PMC9101885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria import about 1000 precursor proteins from the cytosol. The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex) forms the major entry site for precursor proteins. Subsequently, membrane-bound protein translocases sort the precursor proteins into the outer and inner membrane, the intermembrane space, and the matrix. The phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is critical for protein import. Structural and biochemical data revealed that phospholipids affect the stability and activity of mitochondrial protein translocases. Integration of proteins into the target membrane involves rearrangement of phospholipids and distortion of the lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are present in the interface between subunits of protein translocases and affect the dynamic coupling of partner proteins. Phospholipids are required for full activity of the respiratory chain to generate membrane potential, which in turn drives protein import across and into the inner membrane. Finally, outer membrane protein translocases are closely linked to organellar contact sites that mediate lipid trafficking. Altogether, intensive crosstalk between mitochondrial protein import and lipid biogenesis controls mitochondrial biogenesis.
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13
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Berteli TS, Vireque AA, Da Luz CM, Borges ED, Ferreira CR, Navarro PA. Equilibration solution composition and extended exposure to equilibration phase affect embryo development and lipid profile of mouse oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 44:961-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Renne MF, Bao X, Hokken MW, Bierhuizen AS, Hermansson M, Sprenger RR, Ewing TA, Ma X, Cox RC, Brouwers JF, De Smet CH, Ejsing CS, de Kroon AI. Molecular species selectivity of lipid transport creates a mitochondrial sink for di-unsaturated phospholipids. EMBO J 2021; 41:e106837. [PMID: 34873731 PMCID: PMC8762554 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria depend on the import of phospholipid precursors for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin, yet the mechanism of their transport remains elusive. A dynamic lipidomics approach revealed that mitochondria preferentially import di-unsaturated phosphatidylserine (PS) for subsequent conversion to PE by the mitochondrial PS decarboxylase Psd1p. Several protein complexes tethering mitochondria to the endomembrane system have been implicated in lipid transport in yeast, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial encounter structure (ERMES), ER-membrane complex (EMC), and the vacuole and mitochondria patch (vCLAMP). By limiting the availability of unsaturated phospholipids, we created conditions to investigate the mechanism of lipid transfer and the contributions of the tethering complexes in vivo. Under these conditions, inactivation of ERMES components or of the vCLAMP component Vps39p exacerbated accumulation of saturated lipid acyl chains, indicating that ERMES and Vps39p contribute to the mitochondrial sink for unsaturated acyl chains by mediating transfer of di-unsaturated phospholipids. These results support the concept that intermembrane lipid flow is rate-limited by molecular species-dependent lipid efflux from the donor membrane and driven by the lipid species' concentration gradient between donor and acceptor membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F Renne
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xue Bao
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet Wj Hokken
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adolf S Bierhuizen
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hermansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard R Sprenger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tom A Ewing
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Ma
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud C Cox
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cedric H De Smet
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton Ipm de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Fat of the Gut: Epithelial Phospholipids in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111682. [PMID: 34769112 PMCID: PMC8584226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite the significant progress in understanding the etiology and development of treatment strategies, IBD remain incurable for thousands of patients. Metabolic deregulation is indicative of IBD, including substantial shifts in lipid metabolism. Recent data showed that changes in some phospholipids are very common in IBD patients. For instance, phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)/PC ratios are associated with the severity of the inflammatory process. Composition of phospholipids also changes upon IBD towards an increase in arachidonic acid and a decrease in linoleic and a-linolenic acid levels. Moreover, an increase in certain phospholipid metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide, can result in enhanced intestinal inflammation, malignancy, apoptosis or necroptosis. Because some phospholipids are associated with pathogenesis of IBD, they may provide a basis for new strategies to treat IBD. Current attempts are aimed at controlling phospholipid and fatty acid levels through the diet or via pharmacological manipulation of lipid metabolism.
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16
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The Diversity of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Protein Import Channels: Emerging Targets for Modulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134087. [PMID: 34279427 PMCID: PMC8272145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of mitochondria and their biogenesis are largely based on the proper function of the mitochondrial outer membrane channels, which selectively recognise and import proteins but also transport a wide range of other molecules, including metabolites, inorganic ions and nucleic acids. To date, nine channels have been identified in the mitochondrial outer membrane of which at least half represent the mitochondrial protein import apparatus. When compared to the mitochondrial inner membrane, the presented channels are mostly constitutively open and consequently may participate in transport of different molecules and contribute to relevant changes in the outer membrane permeability based on the channel conductance. In this review, we focus on the channel structure, properties and transported molecules as well as aspects important to their modulation. This information could be used for future studies of the cellular processes mediated by these channels, mitochondrial functioning and therapies for mitochondria-linked diseases.
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17
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Xiao C, Rossignol F, Vaz FM, Ferreira CR. Inherited disorders of complex lipid metabolism: A clinical review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:809-825. [PMID: 33594685 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over 80 human diseases have been attributed to defects in complex lipid metabolism. A majority of them have been reported recently in the setting of rapid advances in genomic technology and their increased use in clinical settings. Lipids are ubiquitous in human biology and play roles in many cellular and intercellular processes. While inborn errors in lipid metabolism can affect every organ system with many examples of genetic heterogeneity and pleiotropy, the clinical manifestations of many of these disorders can be explained based on the disruption of the metabolic pathway involved. In this review, we will discuss the physiological function of major pathways in complex lipid metabolism, including nonlysosomal sphingolipid metabolism, acylceramide metabolism, de novo phospholipid synthesis, phospholipid remodeling, phosphatidylinositol metabolism, mitochondrial cardiolipin synthesis and remodeling, and ether lipid metabolism as well as common clinical phenotypes associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Xiao
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis Rossignol
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Byeon SK, Madugundu AK, Jain AP, Bhat FA, Jung JH, Renuse S, Darrow J, Bakker A, Albert M, Moghekar A, Pandey A. Cerebrospinal fluid lipidomics for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Omics 2021; 17:454-463. [PMID: 34125126 PMCID: PMC8210464 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00186d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is associated with serious neurologic sequelae resulting from neurodegenerative changes. Identification of markers of early-stage AD could be important for designing strategies to arrest the progression of the disease. The brain is rich in lipids because they are crucial for signal transduction and anchoring of membrane proteins. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an excellent specimen for studying the metabolism of lipids in AD because it can reflect changes occurring in the brain. We aimed to identify CSF lipidomic alterations associated with AD, using untargeted lipidomics, carried out in positive and negative ion modes. We found CSF lipids that were significantly altered in AD cases. In addition, comparison of CSF lipid profiles between persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD showed a strong positive correlation between the lipidomes of the MCI and AD groups. The novel lipid biomarkers identified in this study are excellent candidates for validation in a larger set of patient samples and as predictive biomarkers of AD through future longitudinal studies. Once validated, the lipid biomarkers could lead to early detection, disease monitoring and the ability to measure the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
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19
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Acoba MG, Senoo N, Claypool SM. Phospholipid ebb and flow makes mitochondria go. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151918. [PMID: 32614384 PMCID: PMC7401802 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, so much more than just being energy factories, also have the capacity to synthesize macromolecules including phospholipids, particularly cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phospholipids are vital constituents of mitochondrial membranes, impacting the plethora of functions performed by this organelle. Hence, the orchestrated movement of phospholipids to and from the mitochondrion is essential for cellular integrity. In this review, we capture recent advances in the field of mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis and trafficking, highlighting the significance of interorganellar communication, intramitochondrial contact sites, and lipid transfer proteins in maintaining membrane homeostasis. We then discuss the physiological functions of CL and PE, specifically how they associate with protein complexes in mitochondrial membranes to support bioenergetics and maintain mitochondrial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Grace Acoba
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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20
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Sam PN, Calzada E, Acoba MG, Zhao T, Watanabe Y, Nejatfard A, Trinidad JC, Shutt TE, Neal SE, Claypool SM. Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors. iScience 2021; 24:102196. [PMID: 33718843 PMCID: PMC7921845 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) made in mitochondria has long been recognized as an important precursor for phosphatidylcholine production that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, the strict mitochondrial localization of the enzyme that makes PE in the mitochondrion, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1), was questioned. Since a dual localization of Psd1 to the ER would have far-reaching implications, we initiated our study to independently re-assess the subcellular distribution of Psd1. Our results support the unavoidable conclusion that the vast majority, if not all, of functional Psd1 resides in the mitochondrion. Through our efforts, we discovered that mutant forms of Psd1 that impair a self-processing step needed for it to become functional are dually localized to the ER when expressed in a PE-limiting environment. We conclude that severely impaired cellular PE metabolism provokes an ER-assisted adaptive response that is capable of identifying and resolving nonfunctional mitochondrial precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Grace Acoba
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tian Zhao
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Anahita Nejatfard
- Division of Biological Sciences, The Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Sonya E. Neal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Takeda H, Tsutsumi A, Nishizawa T, Lindau C, Busto JV, Wenz LS, Ellenrieder L, Imai K, Straub SP, Mossmann W, Qiu J, Yamamori Y, Tomii K, Suzuki J, Murata T, Ogasawara S, Nureki O, Becker T, Pfanner N, Wiedemann N, Kikkawa M, Endo T. Mitochondrial sorting and assembly machinery operates by β-barrel switching. Nature 2021; 590:163-169. [PMID: 33408415 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial outer membrane contains so-called β-barrel proteins, which allow communication between the cytosol and the mitochondrial interior1-3. Insertion of β-barrel proteins into the outer membrane is mediated by the multisubunit mitochondrial sorting and assembly machinery (SAM, also known as TOB)4-6. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of two different forms of the yeast SAM complex at a resolution of 2.8-3.2 Å. The dimeric complex contains two copies of the β-barrel channel protein Sam50-Sam50a and Sam50b-with partially open lateral gates. The peripheral membrane proteins Sam35 and Sam37 cap the Sam50 channels from the cytosolic side, and are crucial for the structural and functional integrity of the dimeric complex. In the second complex, Sam50b is replaced by the β-barrel protein Mdm10. In cooperation with Sam50a, Sam37 recruits and traps Mdm10 by penetrating the interior of its laterally closed β-barrel from the cytosolic side. The substrate-loaded SAM complex contains one each of Sam50, Sam35 and Sam37, but neither Mdm10 nor a second Sam50, suggesting that Mdm10 and Sam50b function as placeholders for a β-barrel substrate released from Sam50a. Our proposed mechanism for dynamic switching of β-barrel subunits and substrate explains how entire precursor proteins can fold in association with the mitochondrial machinery for β-barrel assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Takeda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihisa Tsutsumi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Caroline Lindau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jon V Busto
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena-Sophie Wenz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lars Ellenrieder
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.,Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sebastian P Straub
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Sanofi-Aventis (Suisse) ag, Vernier, Switzerland
| | - Waltraut Mossmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jian Qiu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yamamori
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.,AIST-Tokyo Tech Real World Big-Data Computation Open Innovation Laboratory (RWBC-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Suzuki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Pfanner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Wiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Endo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kyoto, Japan. .,Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Wang W, Chen X, Zhang L, Yi J, Ma Q, Yin J, Zhuo W, Gu J, Yang M. Atomic structure of human TOM core complex. Cell Discov 2020; 6:67. [PMID: 33083003 PMCID: PMC7522991 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex is the main entry gate for mitochondrial precursor proteins synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes. Here we report the single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the dimeric human TOM core complex (TOM-CC). Two Tom40 β-barrel proteins, connected by two Tom22 receptor subunits and one phospholipid, form the protein-conducting channels. The small Tom proteins Tom5, Tom6, and Tom7 surround the channel and have notable configurations. The distinct electrostatic features of the complex, including the pronounced negative interior and the positive regions at the periphery and center of the dimer on the intermembrane space (IMS) side, provide insight into the preprotein translocation mechanism. Further, two dimeric TOM complexes may associate to form tetramer in the shape of a parallelogram, offering a potential explanation into the unusual structural features of Tom subunits and a new perspective of viewing the import of mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Laixing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Qingxi Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jinke Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
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23
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Yang X, Liang J, Ding L, Li X, Lam SM, Shui G, Ding M, Huang X. Phosphatidylserine synthase regulates cellular homeostasis through distinct metabolic mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008548. [PMID: 31869331 PMCID: PMC6946173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS), is transported to the plasma membrane (PM) and mitochondria through distinct routes. The in vivo functions of PS at different subcellular locations and the coordination between different PS transport routes are not fully understood. Here, we report that Drosophila PSS regulates cell growth, lipid storage and mitochondrial function. In pss RNAi, reduced PS depletes plasma membrane Akt, contributing to cell growth defects; the metabolic shift from phospholipid synthesis to neutral lipid synthesis results in ectopic lipid accumulation; and the reduction of mitochondrial PS impairs mitochondrial protein import and mitochondrial integrity. Importantly, reducing PS transport from the ER to PM by loss of PI4KIIIα partially rescues the mitochondrial defects of pss RNAi. Together, our results uncover a balance between different PS transport routes and reveal that PSS regulates cellular homeostasis through distinct metabolic mechanisms. Phosphatidylserine (PS), a membrane phospholipid synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS), is transported to the plasma membrane (PM) and mitochondria through different paths. The cellular functions of PS at different places in the cell and the mechanisms that coordinate the different PS transport paths are not fully understood. Here, we identified that PSS regulates cell growth, lipid storage and mitochondrial function in the fruit fly larval salivary gland. We showed that loss of pss function has three effects: (1) reduced levels of PS lead to reduced levels of plasma membrane Akt, a key component in the insulin pathway, which is important for cell growth; (2) it causes a shift from phospholipid synthesis to neutral lipid synthesis, which results in excess lipid accumulation; and (3) it reduces the level of mitochondrial PS, which impairs mitochondrial protein import and mitochondrial morphology. We also found that reducing the transport of PS from the ER to PM partially rescues the mitochondrial defects caused by loss of pss function. Together, our results reveal that PSS regulates cellular homeostasis through distinct metabolic changes, and uncover a balance between different PS transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, TaiAn, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sin-Man Lam
- LipidAll Technologies Co., Ltd. Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Structure of the mitochondrial import gate reveals distinct preprotein paths. Nature 2019; 575:395-401. [PMID: 31600774 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) is the main entry gate for proteins1-4. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to report the structure of the yeast TOM core complex5-9 at 3.8-Å resolution. The structure reveals the high-resolution architecture of the translocator consisting of two Tom40 β-barrel channels and α-helical transmembrane subunits, providing insight into critical features that are conserved in all eukaryotes1-3. Each Tom40 β-barrel is surrounded by small TOM subunits, and tethered by two Tom22 subunits and one phospholipid. The N-terminal extension of Tom40 forms a helix inside the channel; mutational analysis reveals its dual role in early and late steps in the biogenesis of intermembrane-space proteins in cooperation with Tom5. Each Tom40 channel possesses two precursor exit sites. Tom22, Tom40 and Tom7 guide presequence-containing preproteins to the exit in the middle of the dimer, whereas Tom5 and the Tom40 N extension guide preproteins lacking a presequence to the exit at the periphery of the dimer.
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25
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The Liberfarb syndrome, a multisystem disorder affecting eye, ear, bone, and brain development, is caused by a founder pathogenic variant in thePISD gene. Genet Med 2019; 21:2734-2743. [PMID: 31263216 PMCID: PMC6892740 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We observed four individuals in two unrelated but consanguineous
families from Portugal and Brazil affected by early-onset retinal degeneration,
sensorineural hearing loss, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and skeletal
dysplasia with scoliosis and short stature. The phenotype precisely matched that
of an individual of Azorean descent published in 1986 by Liberfarb and
coworkers. Methods Patients underwent specialized clinical examinations (including
ophthalmological, audiological, orthopedic, radiological, and developmental
assessment). Exome and targeted sequencing was performed on selected
individuals. Minigene constructs were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR) and Sanger sequencing. Results Affected individuals shared a 3.36-Mb region of autozygosity on
chromosome 22q12.2, including a 10-bp deletion
(NM_014338.3:c.904-12_904-3delCTATCACCAC), immediately upstream of the last exon
of the PISD (phosphatidylserine
decarboxylase) gene. Sequencing of PISD from
paraffin-embedded tissue from the 1986 case revealed the identical homozygous
variant. In HEK293T cells, this variant led to aberrant splicing of PISD transcripts. Conclusion We have identified the genetic etiology of the Liberfarb syndrome,
affecting brain, eye, ear, bone, and connective tissue. Our work documents the
migration of a rare Portuguese founder variant to two continents and highlights
the link between phospholipid metabolism and bone formation, sensory defects,
and cerebral development, while raising the possibility of therapeutic
phospholipid replacement.
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26
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Tulha J, Lucas C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial Por1/yVDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) interacts physically with the MBOAT O-acyltransferase Gup1/HHATL in the control of cell wall integrity and programmed cell death. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5089977. [PMID: 30184078 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gup1 is the yeast counterpart of the high eukaryotes HHATL. This and the close homologue Gup2/HHAT regulate the Hedgehog morphogenic, developmental pathway. In yeasts, a similar paracrine pathway is not known though the Δgup1 mutant is associated with morphology and proliferation/death processes. As a first step toward identifying the actual molecular/enzymatic function of Gup1, this work identified by co-immunoprecipitation the yeast mitochondria membrane VDAC1/Por1 as a physical partner of Gup1. Gup1 locates in the ER and the plasma membrane. It was now confirmed to further locate, as Por1, in the mitochondrial sub-cellular fraction. The yeast Por1-Gup1 association was found important for (i) the sensitivity to cell wall perturbing agents and high temperature, (ii) the differentiation into structured colonies, (iii) the size achieved by multicellular aggregates/mats and (iv) acetic-acid-induced Programmed Cell Death. Moreover, the absence of Gup1 increased the levels of POR1 mRNA, while decreasing the amounts of intracellular Por1, which was concomitantly previously known to be secreted by the mutant but not by wt. Additionally, Por1 patchy distribution in the mitochondrial membrane was evened. Results suggest that Por1 and Gup1 collaborate in the control of colony morphology and mat development, but more importantly of cellular integrity and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tulha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cândida Lucas
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal.,Institute of Science and Innovation on Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal
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27
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Basu Ball W, Baker CD, Neff JK, Apfel GL, Lagerborg KA, Žun G, Petrovič U, Jain M, Gohil VM. Ethanolamine ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiolipin-deficient yeast cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10870-10883. [PMID: 29866881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a signature phospholipid of the mitochondria required for the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) supercomplexes. The destabilization of MRC supercomplexes is the proximal cause of the pathology associated with the depletion of CL in patients with Barth syndrome. Thus, promoting supercomplex formation could ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with CL depletion. However, to date, physiologically relevant small-molecule regulators of supercomplex formation have not been identified. Here, we report that ethanolamine (Etn) supplementation rescues the MRC defects by promoting supercomplex assembly in a yeast model of Barth syndrome. We discovered this novel role of Etn while testing the hypothesis that elevating mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a phospholipid suggested to overlap in function with CL, could compensate for CL deficiency. We found that the Etn supplementation rescues the respiratory growth of CL-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a dose-dependent manner but independently of its incorporation into PE. The rescue was specifically dependent on Etn but not choline or serine, the other phospholipid precursors. Etn improved mitochondrial function by restoring the expression of MRC proteins and promoting supercomplex assembly in CL-deficient cells. Consistent with this mechanism, overexpression of Cox4, the MRC complex IV subunit, was sufficient to promote supercomplex formation in CL-deficient cells. Taken together, our work identifies a novel role of a ubiquitous metabolite, Etn, in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction caused by CL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Writoban Basu Ball
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Charli D Baker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - John K Neff
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Gabriel L Apfel
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kim A Lagerborg
- the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Gašper Žun
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and
| | - Uroš Petrovič
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,the Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohit Jain
- the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
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28
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Adipose tissue ATGL modifies the cardiac lipidome in pressure-overload-induced left ventricular failure. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007171. [PMID: 29320510 PMCID: PMC5779697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue lipolysis occurs during the development of heart failure as a consequence of chronic adrenergic stimulation. However, the impact of enhanced adipose triacylglycerol hydrolysis mediated by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) on cardiac function is unclear. To investigate the role of adipose tissue lipolysis during heart failure, we generated mice with tissue-specific deletion of ATGL (atATGL-KO). atATGL-KO mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to induce pressure-mediated cardiac failure. The cardiac mouse lipidome and the human plasma lipidome from healthy controls (n = 10) and patients with systolic heart failure (HFrEF, n = 13) were analyzed by MS-based shotgun lipidomics. TAC-induced increases in left ventricular mass (LVM) and diastolic LV inner diameter were significantly attenuated in atATGL-KO mice compared to wild type (wt) -mice. More importantly, atATGL-KO mice were protected against TAC-induced systolic LV failure. Perturbation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue of atATGL-KO mice resulted in the prevention of the major cardiac lipidome changes observed after TAC in wt-mice. Profound changes occurred in the lipid class of phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) in which multiple PE-species were markedly induced in failing wt-hearts, which was attenuated in atATGL-KO hearts. Moreover, selected heart failure-induced PE species in mouse hearts were also induced in plasma samples from patients with chronic heart failure. TAC-induced cardiac PE induction resulted in decreased PC/ PE-species ratios associated with increased apoptotic marker expression in failing wt-hearts, a process absent in atATGL-KO hearts. Perturbation of adipose tissue lipolysis by ATGL-deficiency ameliorated pressure-induced heart failure and the potentially deleterious cardiac lipidome changes that accompany this pathological process, namely the induction of specific PE species. Non-cardiac ATGL-mediated modulation of the cardiac lipidome may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure.
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29
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Basu Ball W, Neff JK, Gohil VM. The role of nonbilayer phospholipids in mitochondrial structure and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1273-1290. [PMID: 29067684 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial structure and function are influenced by the unique phospholipid composition of its membranes. While mitochondria contain all the major classes of phospholipids, recent studies have highlighted specific roles of the nonbilayer-forming phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) in the assembly and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes. The nonbilayer phospholipids are cone-shaped molecules that introduce curvature stress in the bilayer membrane and have been shown to impact mitochondrial fusion and fission. In addition to their overlapping roles in these mitochondrial processes, each nonbilayer phospholipid also plays a unique role in mitochondrial function; for example, CL is specifically required for MRC supercomplex formation. Recent discoveries of mitochondrial PE- and CL-trafficking proteins and prior knowledge of their biosynthetic pathways have provided targets for precisely manipulating nonbilayer phospholipid levels in the mitochondrial membranes in vivo. Thus, the genetic mutants of these pathways could be valuable tools in illuminating molecular functions and biophysical properties of nonbilayer phospholipids in driving mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John K Neff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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30
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Straub SP, Stiller SB, Wiedemann N, Pfanner N. Dynamic organization of the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1097-1114. [PMID: 27289000 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain elaborate machineries for the import of precursor proteins from the cytosol. The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) performs the initial import of precursor proteins and transfers the precursors to downstream translocases, including the presequence translocase and the carrier translocase of the inner membrane, the mitochondrial import and assembly machinery of the intermembrane space, and the sorting and assembly machinery of the outer membrane. Although the protein translocases can function as separate entities in vitro, recent studies revealed a close and dynamic cooperation of the protein import machineries to facilitate efficient transfer of precursor proteins in vivo. In addition, protein translocases were found to transiently interact with distinct machineries that function in the respiratory chain or in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane architecture. Mitochondrial protein import is embedded in a regulatory network that ensures protein biogenesis, membrane dynamics, bioenergetic activity and quality control.
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31
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Ellenrieder L, Rampelt H, Becker T. Connection of Protein Transport and Organelle Contact Sites in Mitochondria. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2148-2160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Di Bartolomeo F, Doan KN, Athenstaedt K, Becker T, Daum G. Involvement of a putative substrate binding site in the biogenesis and assembly of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:716-725. [PMID: 28473294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1p) produces the largest amount of cellular phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Psd1p is synthesized as a larger precursor on cytosolic ribosomes and then imported into mitochondria in a three-step processing event leading to the formation of an α-subunit and a β-subunit. The α-subunit harbors a highly conserved motif, which was proposed to be involved in phosphatidylserine (PS) binding. Here, we present a molecular analysis of this consensus motif for the function of Psd1p by using Psd1p variants bearing either deletions or point mutations in this region. Our data show that mutations in this motif affect processing and stability of Psd1p, and consequently the enzyme's activity. Thus, we conclude that this consensus motif is essential for structural integrity and processing of Psd1p.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Nguyen Doan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karin Athenstaedt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NaWi Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas Becker
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, Austria.
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33
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membranes and aqueous compartments reveal a remarkable variability of mechanisms for protein recognition, translocation, and sorting. The protein translocases do not operate as separate entities but are connected to each other and to machineries with functions in energetics, membrane organization, and quality control. Here, we discuss the versatility and dynamic organization of the mitochondrial protein import machineries. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial protein translocation is crucial for understanding the integration of protein translocases into a large network that controls organelle biogenesis, function, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; ,
| | - Nikolaus Pfanner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; ,
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34
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Abstract
Mitochondria have to import the vast majority of their proteins, which are synthesized as precursors on cytosolic ribosomes. The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex) forms the general entry gate for the precursor proteins, which are subsequently sorted by protein machineries into the mitochondrial subcompartments: the outer and inner membrane, the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. The transport across and into the inner membrane is driven by the membrane potential, which is generated by the respiratory chain. Recent studies revealed that the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is important for the biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins. Cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine exhibit unexpectedly specific functions for the activity of distinct protein translocases. Both phospholipids are required for full activity of respiratory chain complexes and thus to maintain the membrane potential for protein import. In addition, cardiolipin is required to maintain structural integrity of mitochondrial protein translocases. Finally, the low sterol content in the mitochondrial outer membrane may contribute to the targeting of some outer membrane proteins with a single α-helical membrane anchor. Altogether, mitochondrial lipids modulate protein import on various levels involving precursor targeting, membrane potential generation, stability and activity of protein translocases.
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35
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Kawałek A, Jagadeesan C, van der Klei IJ. Impaired biosynthesis of the non-bilayer lipids phosphatidylethanolamine or cardiolipin does not affect peroxisome biogenesis and proliferation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:228-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Di Bartolomeo F, Wagner A, Daum G. Cell biology, physiology and enzymology of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:25-38. [PMID: 27650064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine is one of the most abundant phospholipids whose major amounts are formed by phosphatidylserine decarboxylases (PSD). Here we provide a comprehensive description of different types of PSDs in the different kingdoms of life. In eukaryotes, type I PSDs are mitochondrial enzymes, whereas other PSDs are localized to other cellular compartments. We describe the role of mitochondrial Psd1 proteins, their function, enzymology, biogenesis, assembly into mitochondria and their contribution to phospholipid homeostasis in much detail. We also discuss briefly the cellular physiology and the enzymology of Psd2. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Bartolomeo
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ariane Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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37
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Schuler MH, Di Bartolomeo F, Mårtensson CU, Daum G, Becker T. Phosphatidylcholine Affects Inner Membrane Protein Translocases of Mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18718-29. [PMID: 27402832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two protein translocases transport precursor proteins into or across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The presequence translocase (TIM23 complex) sorts precursor proteins with a cleavable presequence either into the matrix or into the inner membrane. The carrier translocase (TIM22 complex) inserts multispanning proteins into the inner membrane. Both protein import pathways depend on the presence of a membrane potential, which is generated by the activity of the respiratory chain. The non-bilayer-forming phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine are required for the activity of the respiratory chain and therefore to maintain the membrane potential for protein import. Depletion of cardiolipin further affects the stability of the TIM23 complex. The role of bilayer-forming phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC) in protein transport into the inner membrane and the matrix is unknown. Here, we report that import of presequence-containing precursors and carrier proteins is impaired in PC-deficient mitochondria. Surprisingly, depletion of PC does not affect stability and activity of respiratory supercomplexes, and the membrane potential is maintained. Instead, the dynamic TIM23 complex is destabilized when the PC levels are reduced, whereas the TIM22 complex remains intact. Our analysis further revealed that initial precursor binding to the TIM23 complex is impaired in PC-deficient mitochondria. We conclude that reduced PC levels differentially affect the TIM22 and TIM23 complexes in mitochondrial protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Hinderk Schuler
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Francesca Di Bartolomeo
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph U Mårtensson
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, and
| | - Günther Daum
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Becker
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany and
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38
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Effects of lipids on mitochondrial functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:102-113. [PMID: 27349299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain two membranes: the outer and inner membrane. Whereas the outer membrane is particularly enriched in phospholipids, the inner membrane has an unusual high protein content and forms large invaginations termed cristae. The proper phospholipid composition of the membranes is crucial for mitochondrial functions. Phospholipids affect activity, biogenesis and stability of protein complexes including protein translocases and respiratory chain supercomplexes. Negatively charged phospholipids such as cardiolipin are important for the architecture of the membranes and recruit soluble factors to the membranes to support mitochondrial dynamics. Thus, phospholipids not only form the hydrophobic core of biological membranes that surround mitochondria, but also create a specific environment to promote functions of various protein machineries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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39
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Wideman JG, Muñoz-Gómez SA. The evolution of ERMIONE in mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid homeostasis: An evolutionary view from comparative cell biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:900-912. [PMID: 26825688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ER-mitochondria organizing network (ERMIONE) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in maintaining mitochondrial morphology and lipid homeostasis. ERMES and MICOS are two scaffolding complexes of ERMIONE that contribute to these processes. ERMES is ancient but has been lost in several lineages including animals, plants, and SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizaria). On the other hand, MICOS is ancient and has remained present in all organisms bearing mitochondrial cristae. The ERMIONE precursor evolved in the α-proteobacterial ancestor of mitochondria which had the central subunit of MICOS, Mic60. The subsequent evolution of ERMIONE and its interactors in eukaryotes reflects the integrative co-evolution of mitochondria and their hosts and the adaptive paths that some lineages have followed in their specialization to certain environments. By approaching the ERMIONE from a perspective of comparative evolutionary cell biology, we hope to shed light on not only its evolutionary history, but also how ERMIONE components may function in organisms other than S. cerevisiae. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio A Muñoz-Gómez
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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40
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Calzada E, Onguka O, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 321:29-88. [PMID: 26811286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells. The existence of four only partially redundant biochemical pathways that produce PE, highlights the importance of this essential phospholipid. The CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathways occur in different subcellular compartments and are the main sources of PE in cells. Mammalian development fails upon ablation of either pathway. Once made, PE has diverse cellular functions that include serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine and a substrate for important posttranslational modifications, influencing membrane topology, and promoting cell and organelle membrane fusion, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. The importance of PE metabolism in mammalian health has recently emerged following its association with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nonalcoholic liver disease, and the virulence of certain pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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41
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Schuler MH, Di Bartolomeo F, Böttinger L, Horvath SE, Wenz LS, Daum G, Becker T. Phosphatidylcholine affects the role of the sorting and assembly machinery in the biogenesis of mitochondrial β-barrel proteins. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26523-32. [PMID: 26385920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two protein translocases drive the import of β-barrel precursor proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane: The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex) promotes transport of the precursor to the intermembrane space, whereas the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) mediates subsequent folding of the β-barrel and its integration into the target membrane. The non-bilayer-forming phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) are required for the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins. Whether bilayer-forming phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant phospholipid of the mitochondrial outer membrane, play a role in the import of β-barrel precursors is unclear. In this study, we show that PC is required for stability and function of the SAM complex during the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins. PC further promotes the SAM-dependent assembly of the TOM complex, indicating a general role of PC for the function of the SAM complex. In contrast to PE-deficient mitochondria precursor accumulation at the TOM complex is not affected by depletion of PC. We conclude that PC and PE affect the function of distinct protein translocases in mitochondrial β-barrel biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Hinderk Schuler
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Lena Böttinger
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne E Horvath
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena-Sophie Wenz
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute for Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria,
| | - Thomas Becker
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Vögtle FN, Keller M, Taskin AA, Horvath SE, Guan XL, Prinz C, Opalińska M, Zorzin C, van der Laan M, Wenk MR, Schubert R, Wiedemann N, Holzer M, Meisinger C. The fusogenic lipid phosphatidic acid promotes the biogenesis of mitochondrial outer membrane protein Ugo1. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:951-60. [PMID: 26347140 PMCID: PMC4576865 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Import and assembly of mitochondrial proteins depend on a complex interplay of proteinaceous translocation machineries. The role of lipids in this process has been studied only marginally and so far no direct role for a specific lipid in mitochondrial protein biogenesis has been shown. Here we analyzed a potential role of phosphatidic acid (PA) in biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vivo remodeling of the mitochondrial lipid composition by lithocholic acid treatment or by ablation of the lipid transport protein Ups1, both leading to an increase of mitochondrial PA levels, specifically stimulated the biogenesis of the outer membrane protein Ugo1, a component of the mitochondrial fusion machinery. We reconstituted the import and assembly pathway of Ugo1 in protein-free liposomes, mimicking the outer membrane phospholipid composition, and found a direct dependency of Ugo1 biogenesis on PA. Thus, PA represents the first lipid that is directly involved in the biogenesis pathway of a mitochondrial membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Michael Keller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asli A. Taskin
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University
of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and
Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Susanne E. Horvath
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School
of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456,
Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
117456, Singapore
| | - Claudia Prinz
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Magdalena Opalińska
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Carina Zorzin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin van der Laan
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies,
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School
of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456,
Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
117456, Singapore
| | - Rolf Schubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Wiedemann
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies,
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Martin Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institut für Biochemie und
Molekularbiologie, Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ),
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies,
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg,
Germany
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43
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Onguka O, Calzada E, Ogunbona OB, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 autocatalysis and function does not require a mitochondrial-specific factor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12744-52. [PMID: 25829489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a major cellular phospholipid that can be made by four separate pathways, one of which resides in the mitochondrion. The mitochondrial enzyme that generates PE is phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1p). The pool of PE produced by Psd1p, which cannot be compensated for by the other cellular PE metabolic pathways, is important for numerous mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and is essential for murine development. To become catalytically active, Psd1p undergoes an autocatalytic processing step involving a conserved LGST motif that separates the enzyme into α and β subunits that remain non-covalently attached and are anchored to the inner membrane by virtue of the membrane-embedded β subunit. It was speculated that Psd1p autocatalysis requires a mitochondrial-specific factor and that for Psd1p to function in vivo, it had to be embedded with the correct topology in the mitochondrial inner membrane. However, the identity of the mitochondrial factor required for Psd1p autocatalysis has not been identified. With the goal of defining molecular requirements for Psd1p autocatalysis, we demonstrate that: 1) despite the conservation of the LGST motif from bacteria to humans, only the serine residue is absolutely required for Psd1p autocatalysis and function; 2) yeast Psd1p does not require its substrate phosphatidylserine for autocatalysis; and 3) contrary to a prior report, yeast Psd1p autocatalysis does not require mitochondrial-specific phospholipids, proteins, or co-factors, because Psd1p re-directed to the secretory pathway undergoes autocatalysis normally and is fully functional in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouma Onguka
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Oluwaseun B Ogunbona
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Steven M Claypool
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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44
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45
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Mayr JA. Lipid metabolism in mitochondrial membranes. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:137-44. [PMID: 25082432 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membranes have a unique lipid composition necessary for proper shape and function of the organelle. Mitochondrial lipid metabolism involves biosynthesis of the phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol, the latter is a precursor of the late endosomal lipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. It also includes mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis necessary for the formation of the lipid cofactor lipoic acid. Furthermore the synthesis of coenzyme Q takes place in mitochondria as well as essential parts of the steroid and vitamin D metabolism. Lipid transport and remodelling, which are necessary for tailoring and maintaining specific membrane properties, are just partially unravelled. Mitochondrial lipids are involved in organelle maintenance, fission and fusion, mitophagy and cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis. Mutations in TAZ, SERAC1 and AGK affect mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and cause Barth syndrome, MEGDEL and Sengers syndrome, respectively. In these disorders an abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism was found, which seems to be due to disturbed protein-lipid interactions, affecting especially enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation. Since a growing number of enzymes and transport processes are recognised as parts of the mitochondrial lipid metabolism, a further increase of lipid-related disorders can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria,
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46
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Höhr AIC, Straub SP, Warscheid B, Becker T, Wiedemann N. Assembly of β-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial outer membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:74-88. [PMID: 25305573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria evolved through endosymbiosis of a Gram-negative progenitor with a host cell to generate eukaryotes. Therefore, the outer membrane of mitochondria and Gram-negative bacteria contain pore proteins with β-barrel topology. After synthesis in the cytosol, β-barrel precursor proteins are first transported into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Folding and membrane integration of β-barrel proteins depend on the mitochondrial sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) located in the outer membrane, which is related to the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) in bacteria. The SAM complex recognizes β-barrel proteins by a β-signal in the C-terminal β-strand that is required to initiate β-barrel protein insertion into the outer membrane. In addition, the SAM complex is crucial to form membrane contacts with the inner mitochondrial membrane by interacting with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) and shares a subunit with the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) that links the outer mitochondrial membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I C Höhr
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Straub
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Abteilung Biochemie und Funktionelle Proteomik, Institut für Biologie II, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Wiedemann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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47
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Cosentino K, García-Sáez AJ. Mitochondrial alterations in apoptosis. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:62-75. [PMID: 24732580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Besides their conventional role as energy suppliers for the cell, mitochondria in vertebrates are active regulators of apoptosis. They release apoptotic factors from the intermembrane space into the cytosol through a mechanism that involves the Bcl-2 protein family, mediating permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Associated with this event, a number of additional changes affect mitochondria during apoptosis. They include loss of important mitochondrial functions, such as the ability to maintain calcium homeostasis and to generate ATP, as well as mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae remodeling. Moreover, the lipidic component of mitochondrial membranes undergoes important alterations in composition and distribution, which have turned out to be relevant regulatory events for the proteins involved in apoptotic mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cosentino
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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Horvath SE, Daum G. Lipids of mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:590-614. [PMID: 24007978 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol. Other mitochondrial membrane lipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sterols and sphingolipids have to be imported. The mitochondrial lipid composition, the biosynthesis and the import of mitochondrial lipids as well as the regulation of these processes will be main issues of this review article. Furthermore, interactions of lipids and mitochondrial proteins which are highly important for various mitochondrial processes will be discussed. Malfunction or loss of enzymes involved in mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis lead to dysfunction of cell respiration, affect the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial protein import machinery and cause abnormal mitochondrial morphology or even lethality. Molecular aspects of these processes as well as diseases related to defects in the formation of mitochondrial membranes will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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