1
|
Higashi T, Saito AC, Chiba H. Damage control of epithelial barrier function in dynamic environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151410. [PMID: 38579602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover the surfaces and lumens of the internal organs of multicellular animals and crucially contribute to internal environment homeostasis by delineating distinct compartments within the body. This vital role is known as epithelial barrier function. Epithelial cells are arranged like cobblestones and intricately bind together to form an epithelial sheet that upholds this barrier function. Central to the restriction of solute and fluid diffusion through intercellular spaces are occluding junctions, tight junctions in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates. As part of epithelial tissues, cells undergo constant renewal, with older cells being replaced by new ones. Simultaneously, the epithelial tissue undergoes relative rearrangement, elongating, and shifting directionally as a whole. The movement or shape changes within the epithelial sheet necessitate significant deformation and reconnection of occluding junctions. Recent advancements have shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which epithelial cells sustain their barrier function in dynamic environments. This review aims to introduce these noteworthy findings and discuss some of the questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Akira C Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pawar NR, Buzza MS, Duru N, Strong AA, Antalis TM. Matriptase drives dissemination of ovarian cancer spheroids by a PAR-2/PI3K/Akt/MMP9 signaling axis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209114. [PMID: 37737895 PMCID: PMC10515437 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane serine protease matriptase is a key regulator of both barrier-disruptive and protective epithelial cell-cell interactions. Elevated matriptase is a consistent feature of epithelial ovarian cancers (OvCa), where multicellular spheroids shed from the primary tumor into the peritoneal cavity are critical drivers of metastasis. Dynamic cell-to-cell adhesive contacts are required for spheroid formation and maintenance. Here, we show that overactive matriptase, reflected in an increased ratio of matriptase to its inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), disrupts cell-cell contacts to produce loose prometastatic spheroids that display increased mesothelial cell adhesion and submesothelial invasion. We show that these activities are dependent on the matriptase activation of a protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) signaling pathway involving PI3K/Akt and MMP9-induced disruption of cell-cell adhesion by the release of the soluble E-cadherin ectodomain. These data reveal a novel pathological connection between matriptase activation of PAR-2 and disruption of cell-cell adhesion, and support the clinical investigation of this signaling axis as a therapeutic strategy for aggressive metastatic OvCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R. Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marguerite S. Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadire Duru
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amando A. Strong
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toni M. Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen LM, Chai KX. Exosome-Mediated Activation of the Prostasin-Matriptase Serine Protease Cascade in B Lymphoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3848. [PMID: 37568664 PMCID: PMC10417574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostasin and matriptase are extracellular membrane serine proteases with opposing effects in solid epithelial tumors. Matriptase is an oncoprotein that promotes tumor initiation and progression, and prostasin is a tumor suppressor that reduces tumor invasion and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that a subgroup of Burkitt lymphoma have high levels of ectopic matriptase expression but no prostasin. Reducing the matriptase level via small interfering RNAs in B lymphoma cells impeded tumor xenograft growth in mice. Here, we report a novel approach to matriptase regulation in B cancer cells by prostasin via exosomes to initiate a prostasin-matriptase protease activation cascade. The activation and shedding of matriptase were monitored by measuring its quantity and trypsin-like serine protease activity in conditioned media. Sustained activation of the protease cascade in the cells was achieved by the stable expression of prostasin. The B cancer cells with prostasin expression presented phenotypes consistent with its tumor suppressor role, such as reduced growth and increased apoptosis. Prostasin exosomes could be developed as an agent to initiate the prostasin-matriptase cascade for treating B lymphoma with further studies in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Karl X. Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Q, Li S, Zhang X, Dong N. Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases as Modulators in Adipose Tissue Phenotype and Function. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1794. [PMID: 37509434 PMCID: PMC10376093 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. More recently, several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. In this review, we provide a brief description about TTSPs and discuss recent findings regarding the role of hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin in regulating adipose tissue phenotype, energy metabolism, and thermogenic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xianrui Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ningzheng Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Higashi T, Saito AC, Fukazawa Y, Furuse M, Higashi AY, Ono M, Chiba H. EpCAM proteolysis and release of complexed claudin-7 repair and maintain the tight junction barrier. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213688. [PMID: 36378161 PMCID: PMC9671161 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TJs maintain the epithelial barrier by regulating paracellular permeability. Since TJs are under dynamically fluctuating intercellular tension, cells must continuously survey and repair any damage. However, the underlying mechanisms allowing cells to sense TJ damage and repair the barrier are not yet fully understood. Here, we showed that proteinases play an important role in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier. At TJ break sites, EpCAM-claudin-7 complexes on the basolateral membrane become accessible to apical membrane-anchored serine proteinases (MASPs) and the MASPs cleave EpCAM. Biochemical data and imaging analysis suggest that claudin-7 released from EpCAM contributes to the rapid repair of damaged TJs. Knockout (KO) of MASPs drastically reduced barrier function and live-imaging of TJ permeability showed that MASPs-KO cells exhibited increased size, duration, and frequency of leaks. Together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of TJ maintenance through the localized proteolysis of EpCAM at TJ leaks, and provide a better understanding of the dynamic regulation of epithelial permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan,Correspondence to Tomohito Higashi:
| | - Akira C. Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Science, Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Y. Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Sun S, Du C, Hu K, Zhang C, Liu M, Wu Q, Dong N. Transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection is autoactivated intracellularly and requires N-glycosylation for regulation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102643. [PMID: 36309092 PMCID: PMC9598255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is a membrane-bound protease expressed in many human epithelial tissues, including the airway and lung. TMPRSS2-mediated cleavage of viral spike protein is a key mechanism in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 activation and host cell entry. To date, the cellular mechanisms that regulate TMPRSS2 activity and cell surface expression are not fully characterized. In this study, we examined two major post-translational events, zymogen activation and N-glycosylation, in human TMPRSS2. In experiments with human embryonic kidney 293, bronchial epithelial 16HBE, and lung alveolar epithelial A549 cells, we found that TMPRSS2 was activated via intracellular autocatalysis and that this process was blocked in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors 1 and 2. By glycosidase digestion and site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that human TMPRSS2 was N-glycosylated. N-glycosylation at an evolutionarily conserved site in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain was required for calnexin-assisted protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent intracellular trafficking, zymogen activation, and cell surface expression. Moreover, we showed that TMPRSS2 cleaved severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein intracellularly in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. These results provide new insights into the cellular mechanism in regulating TMPRSS2 biosynthesis and function. Our findings should help to understand the role of TMPRSS2 in major respiratory viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shijin Sun
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,For correspondence: Qingyu Wu; Ningzheng Dong
| | - Ningzheng Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,For correspondence: Qingyu Wu; Ningzheng Dong
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sure F, Bertog M, Afonso S, Diakov A, Rinke R, Madej MG, Wittmann S, Gramberg T, Korbmacher C, Ilyaskin AV. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) proteolytically activates the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by cleaving the channel's γ-subunit. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102004. [PMID: 35504352 PMCID: PMC9163703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a heterotrimer consisting of α-, β-, and γ-subunits. Channel activation requires proteolytic release of inhibitory tracts from the extracellular domains of α-ENaC and γ-ENaC; however, the proteases involved in the removal of the γ-inhibitory tract remain unclear. In several epithelial tissues, ENaC is coexpressed with the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we explored the effect of human TMPRSS2 on human αβγ-ENaC heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that coexpression of TMPRSS2 stimulated ENaC-mediated whole-cell currents by approximately threefold, likely because of an increase in average channel open probability. Furthermore, TMPRSS2-dependent ENaC stimulation was not observed using a catalytically inactive TMPRSS2 mutant and was associated with fully cleaved γ-ENaC in the intracellular and cell surface protein fractions. This stimulatory effect of TMPRSS2 on ENaC was partially preserved when inhibiting its proteolytic activity at the cell surface using aprotinin but was abolished when the γ-inhibitory tract remained attached to its binding site following introduction of two cysteine residues (S155C–Q426C) to form a disulfide bridge. In addition, computer simulations and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that TMPRSS2 can cleave γ-ENaC at sites both proximal and distal to the γ-inhibitory tract. This suggests a dual role of TMPRSS2 in the proteolytic release of the γ-inhibitory tract. Finally, we demonstrated that TMPRSS2 knockdown in cultured human airway epithelial cells (H441) reduced baseline proteolytic activation of endogenously expressed ENaC. Thus, we conclude that TMPRSS2 is likely to contribute to proteolytic ENaC activation in epithelial tissues in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sure
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marko Bertog
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sara Afonso
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexei Diakov
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Rinke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Gregor Madej
- Department of Biophysics II/Structural Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wittmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alexandr V Ilyaskin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Function and regulation of corin in physiology and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1905-1916. [PMID: 33125488 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is of major importance in the maintenance of electrolyte balance and normal blood pressure. Reduced plasma ANP levels are associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Corin is a type II transmembrane serine protease that converts the ANP precursor to mature ANP. Corin deficiency prevents ANP generation and alters electrolyte and body fluid homeostasis. Corin is synthesized as a zymogen that is proteolytically activated on the cell surface. Factors that disrupt corin folding, intracellular trafficking, cell surface expression, and zymogen activation are expected to impair corin function. To date, CORIN variants that reduce corin activity have been identified in hypertensive patients. In addition to the heart, corin expression has been detected in non-cardiac tissues, where corin and ANP participate in diverse physiological processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in corin biosynthesis and post-translational modifications. We also discuss tissue-specific corin expression and function in physiology and disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li C, Chen L, Wang Y, Wang T, Di D, Zhang H, Zhao H, Shen X, Guo J. Protein Nanoparticle-Related Osmotic Pressure Modifies Nonselective Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Increasing Membrane Fluidity. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1663-1680. [PMID: 33688184 PMCID: PMC7935347 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s291286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular tension plays a crucial role in the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in response to lesion stimuli. Tight junction structure could be primarily affected by tension activity. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of extracellular BBB damage on intracellular tension activity, and elucidate the mechanism underlying the effects of intracellular protein nanoparticle-related osmotic pressure on BBB permeability. METHODS The intracellular tension for tight junction proteins occludin and ZO1 was evaluated using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension probes and cpstFRET analysis. The changes in mobility ratios of occludin were evaluated via the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) test. The cytoplasmic osmotic pressure (OP) was measured using Osmometer. The count rate of cytoplasmic nanoparticles was detected by Nanosight NS300. The activation of cofilin and stathmin was examined by Western blot analysis. The BBB permeability in vivo was determined via the changes of Evans Blue (EB) injected into SD rats. The tight junction formation was assessed by the measurement of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Intracellular calcium or chloride ions were measured using Fluo-4 AM or MQAE dyes. RESULTS BBB lesions were accompanied by changes in occludin/ZO1 tension. Increases in intracellular osmotic pressure were involved in alteration of BBB permeability, possibly through the depolymerization of microfilaments or microtubules and mass production of protein nanoparticles according to the Donnan effect. Recovery of protein nanoparticle-related osmotic pressure could effectively reverse the effects of changes in occludin/ZO1 tension under BBB lesions. Outward tension of intracellular osmotic potential also caused upregulation of membrane fluidity, which promoted nonselective drug influx. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a crucial mechanical mechanism underlying BBB lesions, and protein nanoparticle-related osmotic pressure could be a novel therapeutic target for BBB lesion-related brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - LinLin Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - YuanYuan Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - TingTing Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Di
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology Experimental Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - HuanHuan Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Shen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology Experimental Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ernst J, Hiasat J, Alabek ML, Scanga HL, Motley W, Nischal KK. Expansion of the ophthalmic phenotype of SPINT2-related syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1270-1274. [PMID: 33547739 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old girl presented with treatment-refractory dry eye and recurrent episodes of eye pain. She had been previously diagnosed with syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea (SCSD) caused by a pathogenic variant in SPINT2. Her local pediatric ophthalmologist had made the diagnosis of severe dry eye with corneal erosions, based on which, we arranged an eye exam under anesthesia (EUA) and punctal plug placement. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) and corneal photographs were taken during the procedure. There are reports describing similar ophthalmic findings in this syndrome. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report to document OCT imaging and corneal photographs in a patient with SCSD, which we feel expands the ophthalmic phenotype of this rare genetic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ernst
- Eye Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jamila Hiasat
- Eye Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle L Alabek
- Eye Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hannah L Scanga
- Eye Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Motley
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ken K Nischal
- Eye Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Wang L, Sun S, Wu Q. Hepsin: a multifunctional transmembrane serine protease in pathobiology. FEBS J 2020; 288:5252-5264. [PMID: 33300264 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell membrane-bound serine proteases are important in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Hepsin is a type II transmembrane serine protease highly expressed in the liver. Recent studies indicate that hepsin activates prohepatocyte growth factor in the liver to enhance Met signaling, thereby regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. In addition, hepsin functions in nonhepatic tissues, including the adipose tissue, kidney, and inner ear, to regulate adipocyte differentiation, urinary protein processing, and auditory function, respectively. In mouse models, hepsin deficiency lowers blood glucose, lipid, and protein levels, impairs uromodulin assembly in renal epithelial cells, and causes hearing loss. Elevated hepsin expression has also been found in many cancers. As a type II transmembrane protease, cell surface expression and zymogen activation are essential for hepsin activity. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding hepsin biosynthesis, activation, and functions in pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Lina Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shijin Sun
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Insights into the regulation of the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic system. Biochem J 2020; 477:4349-4365. [PMID: 33094801 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-associated prostasin and matriptase belonging to the S1A subfamily of serine proteases, are critical for epithelial development and maintenance. The two proteases are involved in the activation of each other and are both regulated by the protease inhibitors, HAI-1 and HAI-2. The S1A subfamily of serine proteases are generally produced as inactive zymogens requiring a cleavage event to obtain activity. However, contrary to the common case, the zymogen form of matriptase exhibits proteolytic activity, which can be inhibited by HAI-1 and HAI-2, as for the activated counterpart. We provide strong evidence that also prostasin exhibits proteolytic activity in its zymogen form. Furthermore, we show that the activity of zymogen prostasin can be inhibited by HAI-1 and HAI-2. We report that zymogen prostasin is capable of activating zymogen matriptase, but unable to activate its own zymogen form. We propose the existence of an unusual enzyme-enzyme relationship consisting of proteolytically active zymogen forms of both matriptase and prostasin, kept under control by HAI-1 and HAI-2, and located at the pinnacle of an important proteolytic pathway in epithelia. Perturbed balance in this proteolytic system is likely to cause rapid and efficient activation of matriptase by the dual action of zymogen matriptase and zymogen prostasin. Previous studies suggest that the zymogen form of matriptase performs the normal proteolytic functions of the protease, whereas excess matriptase activation likely causes carcinogenesis. HAI-1 and HAI-2 are thus important for the prevention of matriptase activation whether catalysed by zymogen/activated prostasin (this study) or zymogen/activated matriptase (previous studies).
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Sun S, Liu M, Chen Y, Dong N, Wu Q. Intracellular autoactivation of TMPRSS11A, an airway epithelial transmembrane serine protease. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12686-12696. [PMID: 32675285 PMCID: PMC7476710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of enzymes participating in diverse biological processes. Some members of the TTSP family are implicated in viral infection. TMPRSS11A is a TTSP expressed on the surface of airway epithelial cells, which has been shown to cleave and activate spike proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (CoVs). In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying the activation cleavage of TMPRSS11A that converts the one-chain zymogen to a two-chain enzyme. By expression in human embryonic kidney 293, esophageal EC9706, and lung epithelial A549 and 16HBE cells, Western blotting, and site-directed mutagenesis, we found that the activation cleavage of human TMPRSS11A was mediated by autocatalysis. Moreover, we found that TMPRSS11A activation cleavage occurred before the protein reached the cell surface, as indicated by studies with trypsin digestion to remove cell surface proteins, treatment with cell organelle-disturbing agents to block intracellular protein trafficking, and analysis of a soluble form of TMPRSS11A without the transmembrane domain. We also showed that TMPRSS11A was able to cleave the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results reveal an intracellular autocleavage mechanism in TMPRSS11A zymogen activation, which differs from the extracellular zymogen activation reported in other TTSPs. These findings provide new insights into the diverse mechanisms in regulating TTSP activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shijin Sun
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ningzheng Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China .,MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China .,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Serine proteases at the cutting edge of IBD: Focus on gastrointestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2020; 34:7270-7282. [PMID: 32307770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000031rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases have been long recognized to coordinate many physiological processes and play key roles in regulating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, their dysregulation has been regularly associated with several inflammatory disorders and suggested as a central mechanism in the pathophysiology of digestive inflammation. So far, studies addressing the proteolytic homeostasis in the gut have mainly focused on host serine proteases as candidates of interest, while largely ignoring the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. The human gut microbiota comprises a complex ecosystem that contributes to host health and disease. Yet, our understanding of microbially produced serine proteases and investigation of whether they are causally linked to IBD is still in its infancy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the emerging roles of host and bacterial serine proteases in digestive inflammation. We also discuss the application of available tools in the gut to monitor disease-related serine proteases. An exhaustive representation and understanding of such functional potential would help in closing existing gaps in mechanistic knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin CY, Wang JK, Johnson MD. The spatiotemporal control of human matriptase action on its physiological substrates: a case against a direct role for matriptase proteolytic activity in profilaggrin processing and desquamation. Hum Cell 2020; 33:459-469. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Holt-Danborg L, Vodopiutz J, Nonboe AW, De Laffolie J, Skovbjerg S, Wolters VM, Müller T, Hetzer B, Querfurt A, Zimmer KP, Jensen JK, Entenmann A, Heinz-Erian P, Vogel LK, Janecke AR. SPINT2 (HAI-2) missense variants identified in congenital sodium diarrhea/tufting enteropathy affect the ability of HAI-2 to inhibit prostasin but not matriptase. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:828-841. [PMID: 30445423 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The syndromic form of congenital sodium diarrhea (SCSD) is caused by bi-allelic mutations in SPINT2, which encodes a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (HAI-2). We report three novel SCSD patients, two novel SPINT2 mutations and review published cases. The most common findings in SCSD patients were choanal atresia (20/34) and keratitis of infantile onset (26/34). Characteristic epithelial tufts on intestinal histology were reported in 13/34 patients. Of 13 different SPINT2 variants identified in SCSD, 4 are missense variants and localize to the second Kunitz domain (KD2) of HAI-2. HAI-2 has been implicated in the regulation of the activities of several serine proteases including prostasin and matriptase, which are both important for epithelial barrier formation. No patient with bi-allelic stop mutations was identified, suggesting that at least one SPINT2 allele encoding a protein with residual HAI-2 function is necessary for survival. We show that the SCSD-associated HAI-2 variants p.Phe161Val, p.Tyr163Cys and p.Gly168Ser all display decreased ability to inhibit prostasin-catalyzed cleavage. However, the SCSD-associated HAI-2 variants inhibited matriptase as efficiently as the wild-type HAI-2. Homology modeling indicated limited solvent exposure of the mutated amino acids, suggesting that they induce misfolding of KD2. This suggests that prostasin needs to engage with an exosite motif located on KD2 in addition to the binding loop (Cys47/Arg48) located on the first Kunitz domain in order to inhibit prostasin. In conclusion our data suggests that SCSD is caused by lack of inhibition of prostasin or a similar protease in the secretory pathway or on the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Holt-Danborg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna
| | - Annika W Nonboe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan De Laffolie
- Abteilung Allgemeine Pädiatrie und Neonatologie, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Signe Skovbjerg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victorien M Wolters
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, WKZ/ UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Hetzer
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Querfurt
- Gesundheit Nord gGmbH, Klinikverbund Bremen, Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, Professor-Hess-Kinderklinik, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- Abteilung Allgemeine Pädiatrie und Neonatologie, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jan K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Entenmann
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Heinz-Erian
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lotte K Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Szabo R, Callies LK, Bugge TH. Matriptase drives early-onset intestinal failure in a mouse model of congenital tufting enteropathy. Development 2019; 146:dev183392. [PMID: 31628112 PMCID: PMC6899019 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is a life-threatening recessive human genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in SPINT2, encoding the protease inhibitor HAI-2, and is characterized by severe intestinal dysfunction. We recently reported the generation of a Spint2-deficient mouse model of CTE. Here, we show that the CTE-associated early-onset intestinal failure and lethality of Spint2-deficient mice is caused by unchecked activity of the serine protease matriptase. Macroscopic and histological defects observed in the absence of HAI-2, including villous atrophy, luminal bleeding, loss of mucin-producing goblet cells, loss of defined crypt architecture and the resulting acute inflammatory response in the large intestine, were all prevented by intestinal-specific inactivation of the St14 gene encoding matriptase. The CTE-associated loss of the cell junctional proteins EpCAM and claudin 7 was also prevented. As a result, inactivation of intestinal matriptase allowed Spint2-deficient mice to gain weight after birth and dramatically increased their lifespan. These data implicate matriptase as a causative agent in the development of CTE and may provide a new target for the treatment of CTE in individuals carrying SPINT2 mutations.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - LuLu K Callies
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tamhankar M, Patterson JL. Directional entry and release of Zika virus from polarized epithelial cells. Virol J 2019; 16:99. [PMID: 31395061 PMCID: PMC6688342 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both vector borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) involve infection of epithelial cells in the initial stages of infection. Epithelial cells are unique in their ability to form polarized monolayers and their barrier function. Cell polarity induces an asymmetry in the epithelial monolayer, which is maintained by tight junctions and specialized sorting machinery. This differential localization can have a potential impact of virus infection. Asymmetrical distribution of a viral receptor can restrict virus entry to a particular membrane while polarized sorting can lead to a directional release of virions. The present study examined the impact of cell polarity on ZIKV infection and release. Methods A polarized Caco-2 cell model we described previously was used to assess ZIKV infection. Transepithelial resistance (TEER) was used to assess epithelial cell polarity, and virus infection was measured by immunofluorescence microscopy and qRT-PCR. Cell permeability was measured using a fluorescein leakage assay. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA and significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Using the Caco-2 cell model for polarized epithelial cells, we report that Zika virus preferentially infects polarized cells from the apical route and is released vectorially through the basolateral route. Our data also indicates that release occurs without disruption of cell permeability. Conclusions Our results show that ZIKV has directional infection and egress in a polarized cell system. This mechanism of directional infection may be one of the mechanisms that enables the cross the epithelial barrier effectively without a disruption in cell monolayer integrity. Elucidation of entry and release characteristics of Zika virus in polarized epithelial cells can lead to better understanding of virus dissemination in the host, and can help in developing effective therapeutic interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1200-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kawaguchi M, Yamamoto K, Takeda N, Fukushima T, Yamashita F, Sato K, Kitamura K, Hippo Y, Janetka JW, Kataoka H. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 stabilizes Epcam and maintains epithelial organization in the mouse intestine. Commun Biol 2019; 2:11. [PMID: 30623107 PMCID: PMC6320337 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPINT2 encoding the epithelial serine protease inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) are associated with congenital tufting enteropathy. However, the functions of HAI-2 in vivo are poorly understood. Here we used tamoxifen-induced Cre-LoxP recombination in mice to ablate Spint2. Mice lacking Spint2 died within 6 days after initiating tamoxifen treatment and showed severe epithelial damage in the whole intestinal tracts, and, to a lesser extent, the extrahepatic bile duct. The intestinal epithelium showed enhanced exfoliation, villous atrophy, enterocyte tufts and elongated crypts. Organoid crypt culture indicated that Spint2 ablation induced Epcam cleavage with decreased claudin-7 levels and resulted in organoid rupture. These organoid changes could be rescued by addition of serine protease inhibitors aprotinin, camostat mesilate and matriptase-selective α-ketobenzothiazole as well as by co-deletion of Prss8, encoding the serine protease prostasin. These results indicate that HAI-2 is an essential cellular inhibitor for maintaining intestinal epithelium architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yamashita
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hippo
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 2608717, Japan
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Drees L, Königsmann T, Jaspers MHJ, Pflanz R, Riedel D, Schuh R. Conserved function of the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade during epithelial morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007882. [PMID: 30601807 PMCID: PMC6331135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly and remodelling is critical during development and organ morphogenesis. Dysregulation of ECM is implicated in many pathogenic conditions, including cancer. The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase and the serine protease prostasin are key factors in a proteolytic cascade that regulates epithelial ECM differentiation during development in vertebrates. Here, we show by rescue experiments that the Drosophila proteases Notopleural (Np) and Tracheal-prostasin (Tpr) are functional homologues of matriptase and prostasin, respectively. Np mediates morphogenesis and remodelling of apical ECM during tracheal system development and is essential for maintenance of the transepithelial barrier function. Both Np and Tpr degrade the zona pellucida-domain (ZP-domain) protein Dumpy, a component of the transient tracheal apical ECM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Tpr zymogen and the ZP domain of the ECM protein Piopio are cleaved by Np and matriptase in vitro. Our data indicate that the evolutionarily conserved ZP domain, present in many ECM proteins of vertebrates and invertebrates, is a novel target of the conserved matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the animal body and lines internal organs. Its disorganization is the source of approximately 90% of all human cancers. Elaboration of the basic epithelial characteristics has led to an understanding of how complex structures such as the branched tubular networks of vertebrate lung or invertebrate tracheal system are organized. Aside from obvious morphological differences, specific compositions of the epithelial extracellular matrix (ECM) have been noted. For example, while the flexible ECM of the vertebrate skin mainly consists of collagen and elastic fibers, the rigid ECM of invertebrates is chitin-based to serve as an inflexible exoskeleton. We show that a central regulator of ECM differentiation and epithelial development in vertebrates, the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade (MPPC), is conserved and essential for both Drosophila ECM morphogenesis and physiology. The functionally conserved components of the MPPC mediate cleavage of zona pellucida-domain (ZP-domain) proteins, which play crucial roles in organizing apical structures of the ECM in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Our data indicate that ZP-proteins are molecular targets of the conserved MPPC and that cleavage within the ZP-domains is a conserved mechanism of ECM development and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Drees
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Königsmann
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin H. J. Jaspers
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Pflanz
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Electron Microscopy Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schuh
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao J, Zhao R, Cheng L, Yang J, Zhu L. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation promotes intestinal barrier function by improving mucus and tight junctions in a mouse colitis model. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:1195-1204. [PMID: 29891333 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Defects in mucus and intestinal epithelia can lead to intestinal inflammation in colitis. Reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the mucosa may contribute to inflammation. However, the roles of PPARγ in the intestinal barrier remain poorly understood. METHODS Chronic colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 27 days. Three days before DSS treatment, mice were treated with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (Ro) orally at 20 mg kg-1 day-1. RESULTS The colitis based on disease activity index and colonic histopathology was significantly ameliorated in the DSS + Ro group. Additionally, mice in the DSS + Ro group had a thicker mucous layer than those in DSS + NS group, and muc2 mRNA expression was elevated significantly along with the mouse atonal homolog, SAM-pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor, and anterior gradient 2 genes. Moreover, tight junctions were up-regulated, whereas long myosin light chain kinase and phosphorylation of the myosin II light chain were lower in DSS + Ro mice. Similarly, after HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were treated by LPS or LPS + Ro, PPARγ activation by Ro could effectively improve the intestinal barrier, including intestinal mucus and tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that activated PPARγ could effectively promote intestinal mucus integrity by increasing the number of goblet cells, the glycosylation of mucins, and tight junctions via an MLCK-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Division of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangru Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Danielsen ET, Olsen AK, Coskun M, Nonboe AW, Larsen S, Dahlgaard K, Bennett EP, Mitchelmore C, Vogel LK, Troelsen JT. Intestinal regulation of suppression of tumorigenicity 14 (ST14) and serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type -1 (SPINT1) by transcription factor CDX2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11813. [PMID: 30087389 PMCID: PMC6081401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II membrane-anchored serine protease, matriptase, encoded by suppression of tumorgenicity-14 (ST14) regulates the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier in concert with its inhibitor, HAI-1 encoded by serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type -1 (SPINT1). The balance of the protease/inhibitor gene expression ratio is vital in preventing the oncogenic potential of matriptase. The intestinal cell lineage is regulated by a transcriptional regulatory network where the tumor suppressor, Caudal homeobox 2 (CDX2) is considered to be an intestinal master transcription factor. In this study, we show that CDX2 has a dual function in regulating both ST14 and SPINT1, gene expression in intestinal cells. We find that CDX2 is not required for the basal ST14 and SPINT1 gene expression; however changes in CDX2 expression affects the ST14/SPINT1 mRNA ratio. Exploring CDX2 ChIP-seq data from intestinal cell lines, we identified genomic CDX2-enriched enhancer elements for both ST14 and SPINT1, which regulate their corresponding gene promoter activity. We show that CDX2 displays both repressive and enhancing regulatory abilities in a cell specific manner. Together, these data reveal new insight into transcriptional mechanisms controlling the intestinal matriptase/inhibitor balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Thomas Danielsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krüger Olsen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annika W Nonboe
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvester Larsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Region Zealand, Denmark
| | - Katja Dahlgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Eric Paul Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathy Mitchelmore
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lotte Katrine Vogel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases: Host Cell Factors in Proteolytic Activation of Viral Glycoproteins. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over one third of all known proteolytic enzymes are serine proteases. Among these, the trypsin-like serine proteases comprise one of the best characterized subfamilies due to their essential roles in blood coagulation, food digestion, fibrinolysis, or immunity. Trypsin-like serine proteases possess primary substrate specificity for basic amino acids. Most of the well-characterized trypsin-like proteases such as trypsin, plasmin, or urokinase are soluble proteases that are secreted into the extracellular environment. At the turn of the millennium, a number of novel trypsin-like serine proteases have been identified that are anchored in the cell membrane, either by a transmembrane domain at the N- or C-terminus or via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Meanwhile more than 20 membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) have been identified in human and mouse, and some of them have emerged as key regulators of mammalian development and homeostasis. Thus, the MASP corin and TMPRSS6/matriptase-2 have been demonstrated to be the activators of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and key regulator of hepcidin expression, respectively. Furthermore, MASPs have been recognized as host cell factors activating respiratory viruses including influenza virus as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses. In particular, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) has been shown to be essential for proteolytic activation and consequently spread and pathogenesis of a number of influenza A viruses in mice and as a factor associated with severe influenza virus infection in humans. This review gives an overview on the physiological functions of the fascinating and rapidly evolving group of MASPs and a summary of the current knowledge on their role in proteolytic activation of viral fusion proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Dieter Klenk
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schepis A, Barker A, Srinivasan Y, Balouch E, Zheng Y, Lam I, Clay H, Hsiao CD, Coughlin SR. Protease signaling regulates apical cell extrusion, cell contacts, and proliferation in epithelia. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1097-1112. [PMID: 29301867 PMCID: PMC5839797 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201709118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that sense and regulate epithelial morphogenesis, integrity, and homeostasis are incompletely understood. Protease-activated receptor 2 (Par2), the Par2-activating membrane-tethered protease matriptase, and its inhibitor, hepatocyte activator inhibitor 1 (Hai1), are coexpressed in most epithelia and may make up a local signaling system that regulates epithelial behavior. We explored the role of Par2b in matriptase-dependent skin abnormalities in Hai1a-deficient zebrafish embryos. We show an unexpected role for Par2b in regulation of epithelial apical cell extrusion, roles in regulating proliferation that were opposite in distinct but adjacent epithelial monolayers, and roles in regulating cell-cell junctions, mobility, survival, and expression of genes involved in tissue remodeling and inflammation. The epidermal growth factor receptor Erbb2 and matrix metalloproteinases, the latter induced by Par2b, may contribute to some matriptase- and Par2b-dependent phenotypes and be permissive for others. Our results suggest that local protease-activated receptor signaling can coordinate cell behaviors known to contribute to epithelial morphogenesis and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Schepis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adrian Barker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yoga Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eaman Balouch
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ian Lam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hilary Clay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Shaun R Coughlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lahey KA, Ronaghan NJ, Shang J, Dion SP, Désilets A, Leduc R, MacNaughton WK. Signaling pathways induced by serine proteases to increase intestinal epithelial barrier function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180259. [PMID: 28671992 PMCID: PMC5495298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract are thought to contribute to the inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Previous work in our lab demonstrated that apical exposure of intestinal epithelial cell lines to serine proteases results in an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). However, the underlying mechanisms governing this response are unclear. We aimed to determine the requirement for proteolytic activity, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and downstream intracellular signaling in initiating and maintaining enhanced barrier function following protease treatment using a canine intestinal epithelial cell line (SCBN). We also examined the role of phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain on the serine protease-induced increase in TER through. It was found that proteolytic activity of the serine proteases trypsin and matriptase is required to initiate and maintain the protease-mediated increase in TER. We also show that MMP-independent EGFR activation is essential to the sustained phase of the protease response, and that Src kinases may mediate EGFR transactivation. PI3-K and ERK1/2 signaling were important in reaching a maximal increase in TER following protease stimulation; however, their upstream activators are yet to be determined. CK2 inhibition prevented the increase in TER induced by serine proteases. The bradykinin B(2) receptor was not involved in the change in TER in response to serine proteases, and no change in phosphorylation of MLC was observed after trypsin or matriptase treatment. Taken together, our data show a requirement for ongoing proteolytic activity, EGFR transactivation, as well as downstream PI3-K, ERK1/2, and CK2 signaling in protease-mediated barrier enhancement of intestinal epithelial cells. The pathways mediating enhanced barrier function by proteases may be novel therapeutic targets for intestinal disorders characterized by disrupted epithelial barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelcie A. Lahey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie J. Ronaghan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judie Shang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sébastien P. Dion
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Wallace K. MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Friis S, Tadeo D, Le-Gall SM, Jürgensen HJ, Sales KU, Camerer E, Bugge TH. Matriptase zymogen supports epithelial development, homeostasis and regeneration. BMC Biol 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 28571576 PMCID: PMC5452369 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matriptase is a membrane serine protease essential for epithelial development, homeostasis, and regeneration, as well as a central orchestrator of pathogenic pericellular signaling in the context of inflammatory and proliferative diseases. Matriptase is an unusual protease in that its zymogen displays measurable enzymatic activity. Results Here, we used gain and loss of function genetics to investigate the possible biological functions of zymogen matriptase. Unexpectedly, transgenic mice mis-expressing a zymogen-locked version of matriptase in the epidermis displayed pathologies previously reported for transgenic mice mis-expressing wildtype epidermal matriptase. Equally surprising, mice engineered to express only zymogen-locked endogenous matriptase, unlike matriptase null mice, were viable, developed epithelial barrier function, and regenerated the injured epithelium. Compatible with these observations, wildtype and zymogen-locked matriptase were equipotent activators of PAR-2 inflammatory signaling. Conclusion The study demonstrates that the matriptase zymogen is biologically active and is capable of executing developmental and homeostatic functions of the protease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0384-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Tadeo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sylvain M Le-Gall
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Jessen Jürgensen
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribierão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Buzza MS, Johnson TA, Conway GD, Martin EW, Mukhopadhyay S, Shea-Donohue T, Antalis TM. Inflammatory cytokines down-regulate the barrier-protective prostasin-matriptase proteolytic cascade early in experimental colitis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10801-10812. [PMID: 28490634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised gastrointestinal barrier function is strongly associated with the progressive and destructive pathologies of the two main forms of irritable bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD). Matriptase is a membrane-anchored serine protease encoded by suppression of tumorigenicity-14 (ST14) gene, which is critical for epithelial barrier development and homeostasis. Matriptase barrier-protective activity is linked with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease prostasin, which is a co-factor for matriptase zymogen activation. Here we show that mRNA and protein expression of both matriptase and prostasin are rapidly down-regulated in the initiating inflammatory phases of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice, and, significantly, the loss of these proteases precedes the appearance of clinical symptoms, suggesting their loss may contribute to disease susceptibility. We used heterozygous St14 hypomorphic mice expressing a promoter-linked β-gal reporter to show that inflammatory colitis suppresses the activity of the St14 gene promoter. Studies in colonic T84 cell monolayers revealed that barrier disruption by the colitis-associated Th2-type cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, down-regulates matriptase as well as prostasin through phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator STAT6 and that inhibition of STAT6 with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) restores protease expression and reverses cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. Both matriptase and prostasin are significantly down-regulated in colonic tissues from human subjects with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, implicating the loss of this barrier-protective protease pathway in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Tierra A Johnson
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Gregory D Conway
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Erik W Martin
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | | | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Toni M Antalis
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu CJ, Feng X, Lu M, Morimura S, Udey MC. Matriptase-mediated cleavage of EpCAM destabilizes claudins and dysregulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:623-634. [PMID: 28094766 DOI: 10.1172/jci88428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is a severe autosomal recessive human diarrheal disorder with characteristic intestinal epithelial dysplasia. CTE can be caused by mutations in genes encoding EpCAM, a putative adhesion molecule, and HAI-2, a cell surface protease inhibitor. A similar phenotype occurs in mice whose intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) fail to express the tight junction-associated protein claudin-7. EpCAM stabilizes claudin-7 in IECs, and HAI-2 regulates the cell surface serine protease matriptase, a known modifier of intestinal epithelial physiology. Therefore, we hypothesized that HAI-2, matriptase, EpCAM, and claudin-7 were functionally linked. Herein we have demonstrated that active matriptase cleaves EpCAM after Arg80 and that loss of HAI-2 in IECs led to unrestrained matriptase activity and efficient cleavage of EpCAM. Cleavage of EpCAM decreased its ability to associate with claudin-7 and targeted it for internalization and lysosomal degradation in conjunction with claudin-7. CTE-associated HAI-2 mutant proteins exhibited reduced ability to inhibit matriptase and also failed to efficiently stabilize claudin-7 in IECs. These results identify EpCAM as a substrate of matriptase and link HAI-2, matriptase, EpCAM, and claudin-7 in a functionally important pathway that causes disease when it is dysregulated.
Collapse
|
29
|
Natural Endogenous Human Matriptase and Prostasin Undergo Zymogen Activation via Independent Mechanisms in an Uncoupled Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167894. [PMID: 27936035 PMCID: PMC5148038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated serine proteases matriptase and prostasin are believed to function in close partnership. Their zymogen activation has been reported to be tightly coupled, either as a matriptase-initiated proteolytic cascade or through a mutually dependent mechanism involving the formation of a reciprocal zymogen activation complex. Here we show that this putative relationship may not apply in the context of human matriptase and prostasin. First, the tightly coupled proteolytic cascade between matriptase and prostasin might not occur when modest matriptase activation is induced by sphingosine 1-phospahte in human mammary epithelial cells. Second, prostasin is not required and/or involved in matriptase autoactivation because matriptase can undergo zymogen activation in cells that do not endogenously express prostasin. Third, matriptase is not required for and/or involved in prostasin activation, since activated prostasin can be detected in cells expressing no endogenous matriptase. Finally, matriptase and prostasin both undergo zymogen activation through an apparently un-coupled mechanism in cells endogenously expressing both proteases, such as in Caco-2 cells. In these human enterocytes, matriptase is detected primarily in the zymogen form and prostasin predominantly as the activated form, either in complexes with protease inhibitors or as the free active form. The negligible levels of prostasin zymogen with high levels of matriptase zymogen suggests that the reciprocal zymogen activation complex is likely not the mechanism for matriptase zymogen activation. Furthermore, high level prostasin activation still occurs in Caco-2 variants with reduced or absent matriptase expression, indicating that matriptase is not required and/or involved in prostasin zymogen activation. Collectively, these data suggest that any functional relationship between natural endogenous human matriptase and prostasin does not occur at the level of zymogen activation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Martin EW, Buzza MS, Driesbaugh KH, Liu S, Fortenberry YM, Leppla SH, Antalis TM. Targeting the membrane-anchored serine protease testisin with a novel engineered anthrax toxin prodrug to kill tumor cells and reduce tumor burden. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33534-53. [PMID: 26392335 PMCID: PMC4741784 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine proteases are a unique group of trypsin-like serine proteases that are tethered to the cell surface via transmembrane domains or glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchors. Overexpressed in tumors, with pro-tumorigenic properties, they are attractive targets for protease-activated prodrug-like anti-tumor therapies. Here, we sought to engineer anthrax toxin protective antigen (PrAg), which is proteolytically activated on the cell surface by the proprotein convertase furin to instead be activated by tumor cell-expressed membrane-anchored serine proteases to function as a tumoricidal agent. PrAg's native activation sequence was mutated to a sequence derived from protein C inhibitor (PCI) that can be cleaved by membrane-anchored serine proteases, to generate the mutant protein PrAg-PCIS. PrAg-PCIS was resistant to furin cleavage in vitro, yet cytotoxic to multiple human tumor cell lines when combined with FP59, a chimeric anthrax toxin lethal factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein. Molecular analyses showed that PrAg-PCIS can be cleaved in vitro by several serine proteases including the membrane-anchored serine protease testisin, and mediates increased killing of testisin-expressing tumor cells. Treatment with PrAg-PCIS also potently attenuated the growth of testisin-expressing xenograft tumors in mice. The data indicates PrAg can be engineered to target tumor cell-expressed membrane-anchored serine proteases to function as a potent tumoricidal agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Martin
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathryn H Driesbaugh
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shihui Liu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda M Fortenberry
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ronaghan NJ, Shang J, Iablokov V, Zaheer R, Colarusso P, Dion S, Désilets A, Leduc R, Turner JR, MacNaughton WK. The serine protease-mediated increase in intestinal epithelial barrier function is dependent on occludin and requires an intact tight junction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G466-79. [PMID: 27492333 PMCID: PMC5076006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00441.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Barrier dysfunction is a characteristic of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Understanding how the tight junction is modified to maintain barrier function may provide avenues for treatment of IBD. We have previously shown that the apical addition of serine proteases to intestinal epithelial cell lines causes a rapid and sustained increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), but the mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that serine proteases increase barrier function through trafficking and insertion of tight junction proteins into the membrane, and this could enhance recovery of a disrupted monolayer after calcium switch or cytokine treatment. In the canine epithelial cell line, SCBN, we showed that matriptase, an endogenous serine protease, could potently increase TER. Using detergent solubility-based cell fractionation, we found that neither trypsin nor matriptase treatment changed levels of tight junction proteins at the membrane. In a fast calcium switch assay, serine proteases did not enhance the rate of recovery of the junction. In addition, serine proteases could not reverse barrier disruption induced by IFNγ and TNFα. We knocked down occludin in our cells using siRNA and found this prevented the serine protease-induced increase in TER. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we found serine proteases induce a greater mobile fraction of occludin in the membrane. These data suggest that a functional tight junction is needed for serine proteases to have an effect on TER, and that occludin is a crucial tight junction protein in this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Ronaghan
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Judie Shang
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Vadim Iablokov
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Raza Zaheer
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Pina Colarusso
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Sébastien Dion
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Antoine Désilets
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Richard Leduc
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- 3Departments of Pathology and Medicine (GI), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wallace K. MacNaughton
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Szabo R, Lantsman T, Peters DE, Bugge TH. Delineation of proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of the membrane-anchored serine protease prostasin. Development 2016; 143:2818-28. [PMID: 27385010 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine proteases prostasin (PRSS8) and matriptase (ST14) initiate a cell surface proteolytic pathway essential for epithelial function. Mice expressing only catalytically inactive prostasin are viable, unlike prostasin null mice, indicating that at least some prostasin functions are non-proteolytic. Here we used knock-in mice expressing catalytically inactive prostasin (Prss8(Ki/Ki)) to show that the physiological and pathological functions of prostasin vary in their dependence on its catalytic activity. Whereas prostasin null mice exhibited partial embryonic and complete perinatal lethality, Prss8(Ki/Ki) mice displayed normal prenatal and postnatal survival. Unexpectedly, catalytically inactive prostasin caused embryonic lethality in mice lacking its cognate inhibitors HAI-1 (SPINT1) or HAI-2 (SPINT2). Proteolytically inactive prostasin, unlike the wild-type protease, was unable to activate matriptase during placentation. Surprisingly, all essential functions of prostasin in embryonic and postnatal development were compensated for by loss of HAI-1, indicating that prostasin is only required for mouse development and overall viability in the presence of this inhibitor. This study expands our knowledge of non-proteolytic functions of membrane-anchored serine proteases and provides unexpected new data on the mechanistic interactions between matriptase and prostasin in the context of epithelial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taliya Lantsman
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diane E Peters
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Program of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Antalis TM. Coagulation signaling to epithelia. Blood 2016; 127:3114-6. [PMID: 27340252 PMCID: PMC4920017 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-715052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
34
|
Hou J, Baker LA, Zhou L, Klein RS. Viral interactions with the blood-brain barrier: old dog, new tricks. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1142492. [PMID: 27141421 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endothelial cells form a unique cellular structure known as the tight junction to regulate the exchanges between the blood and the parenchyma by limiting the paracellular diffusion of blood-borne substance. Together with the restricted pathway of transcytosis, the tight junction in the brain endothelial cells provides the central nervous system (CNS) with effective protection against both the foreign pathogens and the host immune cells, which is also termed the "blood-brain barrier." The blood-brain barrier is particularly important for defending against neurotropic viral infections that have become a major source of diseases worldwide. Many neurotropic viruses are able to cross the BBB and infect the CNS through very poorly understood processes. This review focuses upon the structural and functional changes of the brain endothelial tight junction in response to viral infections in the CNS and how the tight junction changes may be studied with advanced imaging and recording approaches to reveal novel processes used by the viruses to cross the barrier system. Additional emphasis is placed upon new countermeasures that can act directly upon the tight junction to improve the pathogen clearance and minimize the inflammatory damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Hou
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University ; Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University ; Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Membrane-anchored serine proteases are a group of extracellular serine proteases tethered directly to plasma membranes, via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage (GPI-anchored), a C-terminal transmembrane domain (Type I), or an N-terminal transmembrane domain (Type II). A variety of biochemical, cellular, and in vivo studies have established that these proteases are important pericellular contributors to processes vital for the maintenance of homeostasis, including food digestion, blood pressure regulation, hearing, epithelial permeability, sperm maturation, and iron homeostasis. These enzymes are hijacked by viruses to facilitate infection and propagation, and their misregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer malignancy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Chai AC, Robinson AL, Chai KX, Chen LM. Ibuprofen regulates the expression and function of membrane-associated serine proteases prostasin and matriptase. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1025. [PMID: 26715240 PMCID: PMC4696080 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored extracellular membrane serine protease prostasin is expressed in normal bladder urothelial cells. Bladder inflammation reduces prostasin expression and a loss of prostasin expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of various cancers including bladder cancer, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of NSAIDs are not fully understood. METHODS The normal human bladder urothelial cell line UROtsa, the normal human trophoblast cell line B6Tert-1, human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell lines UM-UC-5 and UM-UC-9, and the human breast cancer cell line JIMT-1 were used for the study. Expression changes of the serine proteases prostasin and matriptase, and cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) in these cells following ibuprofen treatments were analyzed by means of reverse-transcription/quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. The functional role of the ibuprofen-regulated prostasin in epithelial tight junction formation and maintenance was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and epithelial permeability in the B6Tert-1 cells. Prostasin's effects on tight junctions were also evaluated in B6Tert-1 cells over-expressing a recombinant human prostasin, silenced for prostasin expression, or treated with a functionally-blocking prostasin antibody. Matriptase zymogen activation was examined in cells over-expressing prostasin. RESULTS Ibuprofen increased prostasin expression in the UROtsa and the B6Tert-1 cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was up-regulated at both the mRNA and the protein levels in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen in a dose-dependent manner, but was not a requisite for up-regulating prostasin expression. The ibuprofen-induced prostasin contributed to the formation and maintenance of the epithelial tight junctions in the B6Tert-1 cells. The matriptase zymogen was down-regulated in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen possibly as a result of the increased prostasin expression because over-expressing prostasin leads to matriptase activation and zymogen down-regulation in the UROtsa, JIMT-1, and B6Tert-1 cells. The expression of prostasin and matriptase was differentially regulated by ibuprofen in the bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen has been suggested for use in treating bladder cancer. Our results bring the epithelial extracellular membrane serine proteases prostasin and matriptase into the potential molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effect of NSAIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Andrew L Robinson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Karl X Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Inhibition of Matriptase Activity Results in Decreased Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer Integrity In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141077. [PMID: 26488575 PMCID: PMC4619522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases implies enhanced paracellular flux and lowered transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) causing effective invasion of enteropathogens or altered intestinal absorption of toxins and drug compounds. To elucidate the role of matriptase-driven cell surface proteolysis in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function, the 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived matriptase inhibitor, MI-432 was used on porcine IPEC-J2 cell monolayer. Studies with two fluorescent probes revealed that short (2 h) treatment with MI-432 caused an altered distribution of oxidative species between intracellular and extracellular spaces in IPEC-J2 cells. This perturbation was partially compensated when administration of inhibitor continued for up to 48 h. Significant decrease in TER between apical and basolateral compartments of MI-432-treated IPEC-J2 cell monolayers proved that matriptase is one of the key effectors in the maintenance of barrier integrity. Changes in staining pattern of matriptase and in localization of the junctional protein occludin were observed suggesting that inhibition of matriptase by MI-432 can also exert an effect on paracellular gate opening via modulation of tight junctional protein assembly. This study confirms that non-tumorigenic IPEC-J2 cells can be used as an appropriate small intestinal model for the in vitro characterization of matriptase-related effects on intestinal epithelium. These findings demonstrate indirectly that matriptase plays a pivotal role in the development of barrier integrity; thus matriptase dysfunction can facilitate the occurence of leaky gut syndrome observed in intestinal inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tervonen TA, Belitškin D, Pant SM, Englund JI, Marques E, Ala-Hongisto H, Nevalaita L, Sihto H, Heikkilä P, Leidenius M, Hewitson K, Ramachandra M, Moilanen A, Joensuu H, Kovanen PE, Poso A, Klefström J. Deregulated hepsin protease activity confers oncogenicity by concomitantly augmenting HGF/MET signalling and disrupting epithelial cohesion. Oncogene 2015; 35:1832-46. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
39
|
Pászti-Gere E, Barna RF, Ujhelyi G, Steinmetzer T. Interaction exists between matriptase inhibitors and intestinal epithelial cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:736-41. [PMID: 26118419 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The type II trypsin-like transmembrane serine protease matriptase, is mainly expressed in epithelial cells and one of the key regulators in the formation and maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. Therefore, we have studied the inhibition of matriptase in a non-transformed porcine intestinal IPEC-J2 cell monolayer cultured on polyester membrane inserts by the non-selective 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzosulphonylfluoride (AEBSF) and four more selective 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived matriptase inhibitors. It was found that suppression of matriptase activity by MI-432 and MI-460 led to decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of the cell monolayer and to an enhanced transport of fluorescently labelled dextran, a marker for paracellular transport between apical and basolateral compartments. To this date this is the first report in which the inhibition of matriptase activity by synthetic inhibitors has been correlated to a reduced barrier integrity of a non-cancerous IPEC-J2 epithelial cell monolayer in order to describe interaction between matriptase activity and intestinal epithelium in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erzsebet Pászti-Gere
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Szent István University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Réka Fanni Barna
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Szent István University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Gabriella Ujhelyi
- b Faculty of Pharmacy , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary , and
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- c Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 maintains the assembly of keratin into desmosomes in keratinocytes by regulating protease-activated receptor 2-dependent p38 signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1610-23. [PMID: 25842366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1; official symbol SPINT1) is a membrane-associated serine proteinase inhibitor abundantly expressed in epithelial tissues. Genetically engineered mouse models demonstrated that HAI-1 is critical for epidermal function, possibly through direct and indirect regulation of cell surface proteases, such as matriptase and prostasin. To obtain a better understanding of the role of HAI-1 in maintaining epidermal integrity, we performed ultrastructural analysis of Spint1-deleted mouse epidermis and organotypic culture of an HAI-1 knockdown (KD) human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. We found that the aggregation of tonofilaments to desmosomes was significantly reduced in HAI-1-deficient mouse epidermis with decreased desmosome number. Similar findings were observed in HAI-1 KD HaCaT organotypic cultures. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was activated in response to HAI-1 insufficiency. Treatment of HAI-1 KD HaCaT cells with a p38 inhibitor abrogated the above-observed ultrastructural abnormalities. The activation of p38 induced by the loss of HAI-1 likely resulted from enhanced signaling of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), because its silencing abrogated the enhanced activation of p38. Consequently, treatment of HAI-1 KD HaCaT cells with a serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin, or PAR-2 antagonist alleviated the abnormal ultrastructural phenotype in organotypic culture. These results suggest that HAI-1 may have a critical role in maintaining normal keratinocyte morphology through regulation of PAR-2-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.
Collapse
|
41
|
The Cap1-claudin-4 regulatory pathway is important for renal chloride reabsorption and blood pressure regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3766-74. [PMID: 25157135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406741111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracellular pathway through the tight junction provides an important route for transepithelial chloride reabsorption in the kidney, which regulates extracellular salt content and blood pressure. Defects in paracellular chloride reabsorption may in theory cause deregulation of blood pressure. However, there is no evidence to prove this theory or to demonstrate the in vivo role of the paracellular pathway in renal chloride handling. Here, using a tissue-specific KO approach, we have revealed a chloride transport pathway in the kidney that requires the tight junction molecule claudin-4. The collecting duct-specific claudin-4 KO animals developed hypotension, hypochloremia, and metabolic alkalosis due to profound renal wasting of chloride. The claudin-4-mediated chloride conductance can be regulated endogenously by a protease-channel-activating protease 1 (cap1). Mechanistically, cap1 regulates claudin-4 intercellular interaction and membrane stability. A putative cap1 cleavage site has been identified in the second extracellular loop of claudin-4, mutation of which abolished its regulation by cap1. The cap1 effects on paracellular chloride permeation can be extended to other proteases such as trypsin, suggesting a general mechanism may also exist for proteases to regulate the tight junction permeabilities. Together, we have discovered a theory that paracellular chloride permeability is physiologically regulated and essential to renal salt homeostasis and blood pressure control.
Collapse
|
42
|
Friis S, Sales KU, Schafer JM, Vogel LK, Kataoka H, Bugge TH. The protease inhibitor HAI-2, but not HAI-1, regulates matriptase activation and shedding through prostasin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22319-32. [PMID: 24962579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin, and the membrane-anchored serine protease inhibitors, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1 and HAI-2, are critical effectors of epithelial development and postnatal epithelial homeostasis. Matriptase and prostasin form a reciprocal zymogen activation complex that results in the formation of active matriptase and prostasin that are targets for inhibition by HAI-1 and HAI-2. Conflicting data, however, have accumulated as to the existence of auxiliary functions for both HAI-1 and HAI-2 in regulating the intracellular trafficking and activation of matriptase. In this study, we, therefore, used genetically engineered mice to determine the effect of ablation of endogenous HAI-1 and endogenous HAI-2 on endogenous matriptase expression, subcellular localization, and activation in polarized intestinal epithelial cells. Whereas ablation of HAI-1 did not affect matriptase in epithelial cells of the small or large intestine, ablation of HAI-2 resulted in the loss of matriptase from both tissues. Gene silencing studies in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers revealed that this loss of cell-associated matriptase was mechanistically linked to accelerated activation and shedding of the protease caused by loss of prostasin regulation by HAI-2. Taken together, these data indicate that HAI-1 regulates the activity of activated matriptase, whereas HAI-2 has an essential role in regulating prostasin-dependent matriptase zymogen activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and Clinical Research Core, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey Martin Schafer
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and the College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Lotte K Vogel
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- the Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Peters DE, Szabo R, Friis S, Shylo NA, Uzzun Sales K, Holmbeck K, Bugge TH. The membrane-anchored serine protease prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) supports epidermal development and postnatal homeostasis independent of its enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14740-9. [PMID: 24706745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine protease prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) is part of a cell surface proteolytic cascade that is essential for epithelial barrier formation and homeostasis. Here, we report the surprising finding that prostasin executes these functions independent of its own enzymatic activity. Prostasin null (Prss8(-/-)) mice lack barrier formation and display fatal postnatal dehydration. In sharp contrast, mice homozygous for a point mutation in the Prss8 gene, which causes the substitution of the active site serine within the catalytic histidine-aspartate-serine triad with alanine and renders prostasin catalytically inactive (Prss8(Cat-/Cat-) mice), develop barrier function and are healthy when followed for up to 20 weeks. This striking difference could not be explained by genetic modifiers or by maternal effects, as these divergent phenotypes were displayed by Prss8(-/-) and Prss8(Cat-/Cat-) mice born within the same litter. Furthermore, Prss8(Cat-/Cat-) mice were able to regenerate epidermal covering following cutaneous wounding. This study provides the first demonstration that essential in vivo functions of prostasin are executed by a non-enzymatic activity of this unique membrane-anchored serine protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Peters
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Program of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Roman Szabo
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Stine Friis
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalia A Shylo
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- the Connective Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gray K, Elghadban S, Thongyoo P, Owen KA, Szabo R, Bugge TH, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ, Ellis V. Potent and specific inhibition of the biological activity of the type-II transmembrane serine protease matriptase by the cyclic microprotein MCoTI-II. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:402-11. [PMID: 24696092 DOI: 10.1160/th13-11-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type-II transmembrane serine protease involved in epithelial homeostasis in both health and disease, and is implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cancers. Matriptase mediates its biological effects both via as yet undefined substrates and pathways, and also by proteolytic cleavage of a variety of well-defined protein substrates, several of which it shares with the closely-related protease hepsin. Development of targeted therapeutic strategies will require discrimination between these proteases. Here we have investigated cyclic microproteins of the squash Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin-inhibitor family (generated by total chemical synthesis) and found MCoTI-II to be a high-affinity (Ki 9 nM) and highly selective (> 1,000-fold) inhibitor of matriptase. MCoTI-II efficiently inhibited the proteolytic activation of pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by matriptase but not by hepsin, in both purified and cell-based systems, and inhibited HGF-dependent cell scattering. MCoTI-II also selectively inhibited the invasion of matriptase-expressing prostate cancer cells. Using a model of epithelial cell tight junction assembly, we also found that MCoTI-II could effectively inhibit the re-establishment of tight junctions and epithelial barrier function in MDCK-I cells after disruption, consistent with the role of matriptase in regulating epithelial integrity. Surprisingly, MCoTI-II was unable to inhibit matriptase-dependent proteolytic activation of prostasin, a GPI-anchored serine protease also implicated in epithelial homeostasis. These observations suggest that the unusually high selectivity afforded by MCoTI-II and its biological effectiveness might represent a useful starting point for the development of therapeutic inhibitors, and further highlight the role of matriptase in epithelial maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - V Ellis
- Vincent Ellis, PhD, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK, Tel.: +44 1603 592570, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent knowledge regarding intestinal proteases and the gut barrier. RECENT FINDINGS It is now well established that intestinal proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, MMP-10 and MMP-12, are key players in the development of ulcers in inflammatory bowel disease, have direct effects on epithelial barrier function and are involved in epithelial restitution. However, more recent work has suggested that the membrane-anchored epithelial cell serine protease matriptase is critical in maintaining the gut barrier, and roles have also been described for elastase, MMP-13, gelatinases, mast cell proteases and proteases derived from parasites and gut bacteria. Interestingly, epithelial proteases often co-localize with epithelial adherens junctions, and nonepithelial-derived proteases have junctional proteins as targets. SUMMARY The role of proteases in controlling normal barrier function in the gut is now becoming very clear, to go alongside their role in intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
|
46
|
Godiksen S, Soendergaard C, Friis S, Jensen JK, Bornholdt J, Sales KU, Huang M, Bugge TH, Vogel LK. Detection of active matriptase using a biotinylated chloromethyl ketone peptide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77146. [PMID: 24204759 PMCID: PMC3799725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a member of the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases that is essential for development and maintenance of several epithelial tissues. Matriptase is synthesized as a single-chain zymogen precursor that is processed into a two-chain disulfide-linked form dependent on its own catalytic activity leading to the hypothesis that matriptase functions at the pinnacle of several protease induced signal cascades. Matriptase is usually found in either its zymogen form or in a complex with its cognate inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), whereas the active non-inhibited form has been difficult to detect. In this study, we have developed an assay to detect enzymatically active non-inhibitor-complexed matriptase by using a biotinylated peptide substrate-based chloromethyl ketone (CMK) inhibitor. Covalently CMK peptide-bound matriptase is detected by streptavidin pull-down and subsequent analysis by Western blotting. This study presents a novel assay for detection of enzymatically active matriptase in living human and murine cells. The assay can be applied to a variety of cell systems and species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sine Godiksen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stine Friis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer
| | - Jette Bornholdt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer
- State Key Lab of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lotte K. Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Friis S, Uzzun Sales K, Godiksen S, Peters DE, Lin CY, Vogel LK, Bugge TH. A matriptase-prostasin reciprocal zymogen activation complex with unique features: prostasin as a non-enzymatic co-factor for matriptase activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19028-39. [PMID: 23673661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase and prostasin are part of a cell surface proteolytic pathway critical for epithelial development and homeostasis. Here we have used a reconstituted cell-based system and transgenic mice to investigate the mechanistic interrelationship between the two proteases. We show that matriptase and prostasin form a reciprocal zymogen activation complex with unique features. Prostasin serves as a critical co-factor for matriptase activation. Unexpectedly, however, prostasin-induced matriptase activation requires neither prostasin zymogen conversion nor prostasin catalytic activity. Prostasin zymogen conversion to active prostasin is dependent on matriptase but does not require matriptase zymogen conversion. Consistent with these findings, wild type prostasin, activation cleavage site-mutated prostasin, and catalytically inactive prostasin all were biologically active in vivo when overexpressed in the epidermis of transgenic mice, giving rise to a severe skin phenotype. Our finding of non-enzymatic stimulation of matriptase activation by prostasin and activation of prostasin by the matriptase zymogen provides a tentative mechanistic explanation for several hitherto unaccounted for genetic and biochemical observations regarding these two membrane-anchored serine proteases and their downstream targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|