1
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Lau A, Le N, Nguyen C, Kandpal RP. Signals transduced by Eph receptors and ephrin ligands converge on MAP kinase and AKT pathways in human cancers. Cell Signal 2023; 104:110579. [PMID: 36572189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors, the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and ephrin ligands have been implicated in a variety of human cancers. The novel bidirectional signaling events initiated by binding of Eph receptors to their cognate ephrin ligands modulate many cellular processes such as proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, invasion, and apoptosis. The relationships between the abundance of a unique subset of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands with associated cellular processes indicate a key role of these molecules in tumorigenesis. The combinatorial expression of these molecules converges on MAP kinase and/or AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. The intracellular target proteins of the initial signal may, however, vary in some cancers. Furthermore, we have also described the commonality of up- and down-regulation of individual receptors and ligands in various cancers. The current state of research in Eph receptors illustrates MAP kinase and mTOR pathways as plausible targets for therapeutic interventions in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lau
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Nghia Le
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Claudia Nguyen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Raj P Kandpal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America.
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2
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Chu LY, Huang BL, Huang XC, Peng YH, Xie JJ, Xu YW. EFNA1 in gastrointestinal cancer: Expression, regulation and clinical significance. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:973-988. [PMID: 35646281 PMCID: PMC9124989 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i5.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ephrin-A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA1 gene. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which play an indispensable role in normal growth and development or in the pathophysiology of various tumors. The role of EFNA1 in tumorigenesis and development is complex and depends on the cell type and microenvironment which in turn affect the expression of EFNA1. This article reviews the expression, prognostic value, regulation and clinical significance of EFNA1 in gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin-Liang Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu-Chun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Hui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Wei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Mule SN, Rosa-Fernandes L, Coutinho JVP, Gomes VDM, Macedo-da-Silva J, Santiago VF, Quina D, de Oliveira GS, Thaysen-Andersen M, Larsen MR, Labriola L, Palmisano G. Systems-wide analysis of glycoprotein conformational changes by limited deglycosylation assay. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104355. [PMID: 34450331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method to probe the conformational changes of glycoproteins on a systems-wide scale, termed limited deglycosylation assay (LDA), is described. The method measures the differential rate of deglycosylation of N-glycans on natively folded proteins by the common peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) enzyme which in turn informs on their spatial presentation and solvent exposure on the protein surface hence ultimately the glycoprotein conformation. LDA involves 1) protein-level N-deglycosylation under native conditions, 2) trypsin digestion, 3) glycopeptide enrichment, 4) peptide-level N-deglycosylation and 5) quantitative MS-based analysis of formerly N-glycosylated peptides (FNGPs). LDA was initially developed and the experimental conditions optimized using bovine RNase B and fetuin. The method was then applied to glycoprotein extracts from LLC-MK2 epithelial cells upon treatment with dithiothreitol to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and promote protein misfolding. Data from the LDA and 3D structure analysis showed that glycoproteins predominantly undergo structural changes in loops/turns upon ER stress as exemplified with detailed analysis of ephrin-A5, GALNT10, PVR and BCAM. These results show that LDA accurately reports on systems-wide conformational changes of glycoproteins induced under controlled treatment regimes. Thus, LDA opens avenues to study glycoprotein structural changes in a range of other physiological and pathophysiological conditions relevant to acute and chronic diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: We describe a novel method termed limited deglycosylation assay (LDA), to probe conformational changes of glycoproteins on a systems-wide scale. This method improves the current toolbox of structural proteomics by combining site and conformational-specific PNGase F enzymatic activity with large scale quantitative proteomics. X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cryoEM techniques are the major techniques applied to elucidate macromolecule structures. However, the size and heterogeneity of the oligosaccharide chains poses several challenges to the applications of these techniques to glycoproteins. The LDA method presented here, can be applied to a range of pathophysiological conditions and expanded to investigate PTMs-mediated structural changes in complex proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V P Coutinho
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius De Morais Gomes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Feijoli Santiago
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Quina
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos de Oliveira
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK, Denmark
| | - Letícia Labriola
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Xu Y, Robev D, Saha N, Wang B, Dalva MB, Xu K, Himanen JP, Nikolov DB. The Ephb2 Receptor Uses Homotypic, Head-to-Tail Interactions within Its Ectodomain as an Autoinhibitory Control Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10473. [PMID: 34638814 PMCID: PMC8508685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands direct axon pathfinding and neuronal cell migration, as well as mediate many other cell-cell communication events. Their dysfunctional signaling has been shown to lead to various diseases, including cancer. The Ephs and ephrins both localize to the plasma membrane and, upon cell-cell contact, form extensive signaling assemblies at the contact sites. The Ephs and the ephrins are divided into A and B subclasses based on their sequence conservation and affinities for each other. The molecular details of Eph-ephrin recognition have been previously revealed and it has been documented that ephrin binding induces higher-order Eph assemblies, which are essential for full biological activity, via multiple, distinct Eph-Eph interfaces. One Eph-Eph interface type is characterized by a homotypic, head-to-tail interaction between the ligand-binding and the fibronectin domains of two adjacent Eph molecules. While the previous Eph ectodomain structural studies were focused on A class receptors, we now report the crystal structure of the full ectodomain of EphB2, revealing distinct and unique head-to-tail receptor-receptor interactions. The EphB2 structure and structure-based mutagenesis document that EphB2 uses the head-to-tail interactions as a novel autoinhibitory control mechanism for regulating downstream signaling and that these interactions can be modulated by posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.X.); (K.X.)
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Dorothea Robev
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Nayanendu Saha
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - Matthew B. Dalva
- Department of Neuroscience and Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 324, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.X.); (K.X.)
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Juha P. Himanen
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
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5
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Sanders S, Herpai DM, Rodriguez A, Huang Y, Chou J, Hsu FC, Seals D, Mott R, Miller LD, Debinski W. The Presence and Potential Role of ALDH1A2 in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Cells 2021; 10:2485. [PMID: 34572134 PMCID: PMC8468822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant glioma. Therapeutic targeting of GBM is made more difficult due to its heterogeneity, resistance to treatment, and diffuse infiltration into the brain parenchyma. Better understanding of the tumor microenvironment should aid in finding more effective management of GBM. GBM-associated macrophages (GAM) comprise up to 30% of the GBM microenvironment. Therefore, exploration of GAM activity/function and their specific markers are important for developing new therapeutic agents. In this study, we identified and evaluated the expression of ALDH1A2 in the GBM microenvironment, and especially in M2 GAM, though it is also expressed in reactive astrocytes and multinucleated tumor cells. We demonstrated that M2 GAM highly express ALDH1A2 when compared to other ALDH1 family proteins. Additionally, GBM samples showed higher expression of ALDH1A2 when compared to low-grade gliomas (LGG), and this expression was increased upon tumor recurrence both at the gene and protein levels. We demonstrated that the enzymatic product of ALDH1A2, retinoic acid (RA), modulated the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in macrophages, but not in GBM tumor cells. Thus, the expression of ALDH1A2 may promote the progressive phenotype of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sanders
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.S.); (D.M.H.); (Y.H.); (J.C.); (L.D.M.)
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Denise M. Herpai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.S.); (D.M.H.); (Y.H.); (J.C.); (L.D.M.)
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Analiz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neuroscience Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.S.); (D.M.H.); (Y.H.); (J.C.); (L.D.M.)
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jeff Chou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.S.); (D.M.H.); (Y.H.); (J.C.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Darren Seals
- Biology Department, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA;
| | - Ryan Mott
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Lance D. Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.S.); (D.M.H.); (Y.H.); (J.C.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.S.); (D.M.H.); (Y.H.); (J.C.); (L.D.M.)
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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6
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Sahoo AR, Buck M. Structural and Functional Insights into the Transmembrane Domain Association of Eph Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168593. [PMID: 34445298 PMCID: PMC8395321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and by interactions with ephrin ligands mediate a myriad of processes from embryonic development to adult tissue homeostasis. The interaction of Eph receptors, especially at their transmembrane (TM) domains is key to understanding their mechanism of signal transduction across cellular membranes. We review the structural and functional aspects of EphA1/A2 association and the techniques used to investigate their TM domains: NMR, molecular modelling/dynamics simulations and fluorescence. We also introduce transmembrane peptides, which can be used to alter Eph receptor signaling and we provide a perspective for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita R. Sahoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Chen Z, Yu Q, Yu Q, Johnson J, Shipman R, Zhong X, Huang J, Asthana S, Carlsson C, Okonkwo O, Li L. In-depth Site-specific Analysis of N-glycoproteome in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Glycosylation Landscape Changes in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100081. [PMID: 33862227 PMCID: PMC8724636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As the body fluid that directly interchanges with the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system (CNS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves as a rich source for CNS-related disease biomarker discovery. Extensive proteome profiling has been conducted for CSF, but studies aimed at unraveling site-specific CSF N-glycoproteome are lacking. Initial efforts into site-specific N-glycoproteomics study in CSF yield limited coverage, hindering further experimental design of glycosylation-based disease biomarker discovery in CSF. In the present study, we have developed an N-glycoproteomic approach that combines enhanced N-glycopeptide sequential enrichment by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and boronic acid enrichment with electron transfer and higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) for large-scale intact N-glycopeptide analysis. The application of the developed approach to the analyses of human CSF samples enabled identifications of a total of 2893 intact N-glycopeptides from 511 N-glycosites and 285 N-glycoproteins. To our knowledge, this is the largest site-specific N-glycoproteome dataset reported for CSF to date. Such dataset provides molecular basis for a better understanding of the structure-function relationships of glycoproteins and their roles in CNS-related physiological and pathological processes. As accumulating evidence suggests that defects in glycosylation are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, in the present study, a comparative in-depth N-glycoproteomic analysis was conducted for CSF samples from healthy control and AD patients, which yielded a comparable N-glycoproteome coverage but a distinct expression pattern for different categories of glycoforms, such as decreased fucosylation in AD CSF samples. Altered glycosylation patterns were detected for a number of N-glycoproteins including alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, ephrin-A3 and carnosinase CN1 etc., which serve as potentially interesting targets for further glycosylation-based AD study and may eventually lead to molecular elucidation of the role of glycosylation in AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qinying Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard Shipman
- Department of Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Junfeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cynthia Carlsson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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8
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Febres-Aldana CA, Pelaez L, Wright MS, Maher OM, Febres-Aldana AJ, Sasaki J, Jayakar P, Jayakar A, Diaz-Barbosa M, Janvier M, Totapally B, Salyakina D, Galvez-Silva JR. A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. Mol Syndromol 2020; 11:320-329. [PMID: 33510604 DOI: 10.1159/000511343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Febres-Aldana
- AM Rywlin, MD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Liset Pelaez
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Meredith S Wright
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ossama M Maher
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jun Sasaki
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Parul Jayakar
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anuj Jayakar
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Magaly Diaz-Barbosa
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michelin Janvier
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Bala Totapally
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jorge R Galvez-Silva
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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9
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Ponterio E, De Maria R, Haas TL. Identification of Targets to Redirect CAR T Cells in Glioblastoma and Colorectal Cancer: An Arduous Venture. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565631. [PMID: 33101285 PMCID: PMC7555836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is an artificial molecule engineered to induce cytolytic T cell reactions in tumors. Generally, this molecule combines an extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv) able to recognize tumor-associated epitopes together with the intracellular signaling domains that are required for T cell activation. When expressed by T cells, the CAR enables the recognition and subsequent destruction of cancer cells expressing the complementary antigen on their surface. Although the clinical application for CAR T cells is currently limited to some hematological malignancies, researchers are trying to develop CAR T cell-based therapies for the treatment of solid tumors. However, while in the case of CD19, or other targets restricted to the hematopoietic compartment, the toxicity is limited and manageable, the scarcity of specific antigens expressed by solid tumors and not by healthy cells from vital organs makes the clinical development of CAR T cells in this context particularly challenging. Here we summarize relevant research and clinical trials conducted to redirect CAR T cells to surface antigens in solid tumors and cancer stem cells with a focus on colorectal cancer and glioblastoma. Finally, we will discuss current knowledge of altered glycosylation of CSCs and cancer cells and how these novel epitopes may help to target CAR T cell-based immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ponterio
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" -Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" -Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Longin Haas
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Rome, Italy.,IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy
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10
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Guo F, Yuan Y. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Proteins in Malignant Tumors: Progress and Prospects. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3303-3318. [PMID: 32368089 PMCID: PMC7182456 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s241344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the first cytokine used in tumor biotherapy, but TNF-related drugs are limited by the lack of specific targets. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced proteins (TNFAIPs), derived from TNF, is a protein family and participates in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In order to better understand biological functions and potential roles of TNFAIPs in malignant tumors, this paper in the form of “Gene–Protein–Tumor correlation” summarizes the biological characteristics, physiological functions and mechanisms of TNFAIPs by searching National Center of Biotechnology Information, GeneCards, UniProt and STRING databases. The relationship between TNFAIPs and malignant tumors is analyzed, and protein–protein interaction diagram in members of TNFAIPs is drawn based on TNF for the first time. We find that TNF as a key factor is related to TNFAIP1, TNFAIP3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP8 and TNFAIP9, which can be directly involved in activating TNFAIP1, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP8 and TNFAIP9. We confirm that the mechanism of TNFAIP1, TNFAIP2 and TNFAIP3 inducing tumors may be related to NF-κB signaling pathway, but the mechanism of tumor induction by other members of TNFAIPs is not clear. In the future, translational studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of TNF-TNFAIPs-tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, PLA Cancer Center, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ferluga S, Baiz D, Hilton DA, Adams CL, Ercolano E, Dunn J, Bassiri K, Kurian KM, Hanemann CO. Constitutive activation of the EGFR-STAT1 axis increases proliferation of meningioma tumor cells. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa008. [PMID: 32642677 PMCID: PMC7212880 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meningiomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors of the central nervous system. The standard of treatment is surgery and radiotherapy, but effective pharmacological options are not available yet. The well-characterized genetic background stratifies these tumors in several subgroups, thus increasing diversification. We identified epidermal growth factor receptor–signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (EGFR–STAT1) overexpression and activation as a common identifier of these tumors. Methods We analyzed STAT1 overexpression and phosphorylation in 131 meningiomas of different grades and locations by utilizing several techniques, including Western blots, qPCR, and immunocytochemistry. We also silenced and overexpressed wild-type and mutant forms of the gene to assess its biological function and its network. Results were further validated by drug testing. Results STAT1 was found widely overexpressed in meningioma but not in the corresponding healthy controls. The protein showed constitutive phosphorylation not dependent on the JAK–STAT pathway. STAT1 knockdown resulted in a significant reduction of cellular proliferation and deactivation of AKT and ERK1/2. STAT1 is known to be activated by EGFR, so we investigated the tyrosine kinase and found that EGFR was also constitutively phosphorylated in meningioma and was responsible for the aberrant phosphorylation of STAT1. The pharmaceutical inhibition of EGFR caused a significant reduction in cellular proliferation and of overall levels of cyclin D1, pAKT, and pERK1/2. Conclusions STAT1–EGFR-dependent constitutive phosphorylation is responsible for a positive feedback loop that causes its own overexpression and consequently an increased proliferation of the tumor cells. These findings provide the rationale for further studies aiming to identify effective therapeutic options in meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Daniele Baiz
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - David A Hilton
- Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Claire L Adams
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Emanuela Ercolano
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jemma Dunn
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kayleigh Bassiri
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Department of Neuropathology, Pathology Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Clemens O Hanemann
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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12
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Sharma P, Sonawane P, Herpai D, D’Agostino R, Rossmeisl J, Tatter S, Debinski W. Multireceptor targeting of glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa107. [PMID: 33150335 PMCID: PMC7596893 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) remains an unmet need in medicine. Novel therapies that address GBM complexity and heterogeneity in particular are warranted. To this end, we target 4 tumor-associated receptors at a time that span virtually all of the GBM microenvironment including bulk tumor cells, infiltrating tumor cells, neovasculature, and tumor-infiltrating cells with one pharmaceutical agent delivering a cytotoxic load. METHODS We engineered multivalent ligand-based vector proteins termed QUAD with an ability to bind to 4 of the following GBM-associated receptors: IL-13RA2, EphA2, EphA3, and EphB2. We conjugated QUAD with a modified bacterial toxin PE38QQR and tested it in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The QUAD variants preserved functional characteristics of the respective ligands for the 4 receptors. The QUAD 3.0 variant conjugate was highly cytotoxic to GBM cells, but it was nontoxic in mice, and the conjugate exhibited strong antitumor effect in a dog with spontaneous GBM. CONCLUSION The QUAD addresses, to a large extent, the issues of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity and, at the same time, it targets several pathophysiologically important tumor compartments in GBM through multiple receptors overexpressed in tumors allowing for what we call "molecular resection." QUAD-based targeted agents warrant further pre- and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sharma
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Poonam Sonawane
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Denise Herpai
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph D’Agostino
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Rossmeisl
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen Tatter
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Darling TK, Mimche PN, Bray C, Umaru B, Brady LM, Stone C, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Lane TE, Ayong LS, Lamb TJ. EphA2 contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier in cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008261. [PMID: 31999807 PMCID: PMC6991964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is a key feature of cerebral malaria. Increased barrier permeability occurs due to disassembly of tight and adherens junctions between endothelial cells, yet the mechanisms governing junction disassembly and vascular permeability during cerebral malaria remain poorly characterized. We found that EphA2 is a principal receptor tyrosine kinase mediating BBB breakdown during Plasmodium infection. Upregulated on brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines, EphA2 is required for the loss of junction proteins on mouse and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, EphA2 is necessary for CD8+ T cell brain infiltration and subsequent BBB breakdown in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. Blocking EphA2 protects against BBB breakdown highlighting EphA2 as a potential therapeutic target for cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayer K. Darling
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Patrice N. Mimche
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christian Bray
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Banlanjo Umaru
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lauren M. Brady
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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14
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Mire E, Hocine M, Bazellières E, Jungas T, Davy A, Chauvet S, Mann F. Developmental Upregulation of Ephrin-B1 Silences Sema3C/Neuropilin-1 Signaling during Post-crossing Navigation of Corpus Callosum Axons. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1768-1782.e4. [PMID: 29779877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure in the brain, whose main function is to ensure communication between homotopic regions of the cerebral cortex. During fetal development, corpus callosum axons (CCAs) grow toward and across the brain midline and then away on the contralateral hemisphere to their targets. A particular feature of this circuit, which raises a key developmental question, is that the outgoing trajectory of post-crossing CCAs is mirror-symmetric with the incoming trajectory of pre-crossing axons. Here, we show that post-crossing CCAs switch off their response to axon guidance cues, among which the secreted Semaphorin-3C (Sema3C), that act as attractants for pre-crossing axons on their way to the midline. This change is concomitant with an upregulation of the surface protein Ephrin-B1, which acts in CCAs to inhibit Sema3C signaling via interaction with the Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) receptor. This silencing activity is independent of Eph receptors and involves a N-glycosylation site (N-139) in the extracellular domain of Ephrin-B1. Together, our results reveal a molecular mechanism, involving interaction between the two unrelated guidance receptors Ephrin-B1 and Nrp1, that is used to control the navigation of post-crossing axons in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Mire
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - Thomas Jungas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fanny Mann
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France.
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15
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Veillon L, Fakih C, Abou-El-Hassan H, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. Glycosylation Changes in Brain Cancer. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:51-72. [PMID: 28982002 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a posttranslational modification that affects more than half of all known proteins. Glycans covalently bound to biomolecules modulate their functions by both direct interactions, such as the recognition of glycan structures by binding partners, and indirect mechanisms that contribute to the control of protein conformation, stability, and turnover. The focus of this Review is the discussion of aberrant glycosylation related to brain cancer. Altered sialylation and fucosylation of N- and O-glycans play a role in the development and progression of brain cancer. Additionally, aberrant O-glycan expression has been implicated in brain cancer. This Review also addresses the clinical potential and applications of aberrant glycosylation for the detection and treatment of brain cancer. The viable roles glycans may play in the development of brain cancer therapeutics are addressed as well as cancer-glycoproteomics and personalized medicine. Glycoprotein alterations are considered as a hallmark of cancer while high expression in body fluids represents an opportunity for cancer assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Veillon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Texas 79409, United States
| | - Christina Fakih
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Texas 79409, United States
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16
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Ventrella R, Kaplan N, Getsios S. Asymmetry at cell-cell interfaces direct cell sorting, boundary formation, and tissue morphogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:58-64. [PMID: 28322822 PMCID: PMC5544567 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During development, cells of seemingly homogenous character sort themselves out into distinct compartments in order to generate cell types with specialized features that support tissue morphogenesis and function. This process is often driven by receptors at the cell membrane that probe the extracellular microenvironment for specific ligands and alter downstream signaling pathways impacting transcription, cytoskeletal organization, and cell adhesion to regulate cell sorting and subsequent boundary formation. This review will focus on two of these receptor families, Eph and Notch, both of which are intrinsically non-adhesive and are activated by a unique set of ligands that are asymmetrically distributed from their receptor on neighboring cells. Understanding the requirement of asymmetric ligand-receptor signaling at the membrane under homeostatic conditions gives insight into how misregulation of these pathways contributes to boundary disruption in diseases like cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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17
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Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for glioblastoma. Transl Res 2017; 187:93-102. [PMID: 28755873 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown great promise in the treatment of hematological disease, and its utility for treatment of solid tumors is beginning to unfold. Glioblastoma continues to portend a grim prognosis and immunotherapeutic approaches are being explored as a potential treatment strategy. Identification of appropriate glioma-associated antigens, barriers to cell delivery, and presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment are factors that make CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma particularly challenging. However, insights gained from preclinical studies and ongoing clinical trials indicate that CAR T-cell therapy will continue to evolve and likely become integrated with current therapeutic strategies for malignant glioma.
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18
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Ivey JW, Latouche EL, Richards ML, Lesser GJ, Debinski W, Davalos RV, Verbridge SS. Enhancing Irreversible Electroporation by Manipulating Cellular Biophysics with a Molecular Adjuvant. Biophys J 2017; 113:472-480. [PMID: 28746857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields applied to cells have been used as an invaluable research tool to enhance delivery of genes or other intracellular cargo, as well as for tumor treatment via electrochemotherapy or tissue ablation. These processes involve the buildup of charge across the cell membrane, with subsequent alteration of transmembrane potential that is a function of cell biophysics and geometry. For traditional electroporation parameters, larger cells experience a greater degree of membrane potential alteration. However, we have recently demonstrated that the nuclear/cytoplasm ratio (NCR), rather than cell size, is a key predictor of response for cells treated with high-frequency irreversible electroporation (IRE). In this study, we leverage a targeted molecular therapy, ephrinA1, known to markedly collapse the cytoplasm of cells expressing the EphA2 receptor, to investigate how biophysical cellular changes resulting from NCR manipulation affect the response to IRE at varying frequencies. We present evidence that the increase in the NCR mitigates the cell death response to conventional electroporation pulsed-electric fields (∼100 μs), consistent with the previously noted size dependence. However, this same molecular treatment enhanced the cell death response to high-frequency electric fields (∼1 μs). This finding demonstrates the importance of considering cellular biophysics and frequency-dependent effects in developing electroporation protocols, and our approach provides, to our knowledge, a novel and direct experimental methodology to quantify the relationship between cell morphology, pulse frequency, and electroporation response. Finally, this novel, to our knowledge, combinatorial approach may provide a paradigm to enhance in vivo tumor ablation through a molecular manipulation of cellular morphology before IRE application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill W Ivey
- Laboratory for Integrative Tumor Ecology, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Eduardo L Latouche
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Megan L Richards
- Laboratory for Integrative Tumor Ecology, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Glenn J Lesser
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Laboratory for Integrative Tumor Ecology, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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19
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Pegg CL, Cooper LT, Zhao J, Gerometta M, Smith FM, Yeh M, Bartlett PF, Gorman JJ, Boyd AW. Glycoengineering of EphA4 Fc leads to a unique, long-acting and broad spectrum, Eph receptor therapeutic antagonist. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6519. [PMID: 28747680 PMCID: PMC5529513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors have emerged as targets for therapy in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease, however, particularly in non-neoplastic diseases, redundancy of function limits the effectiveness of targeting individual Eph proteins. We have shown previously that a soluble fusion protein, where the EphA4 ectodomain was fused to IgG Fc (EphA4 Fc), was an effective therapy in acute injuries and demonstrated that EphA4 Fc was a broad spectrum Eph/ephrin antagonist. However, a very short in vivo half-life effectively limited its therapeutic development. We report a unique glycoengineering approach to enhance the half-life of EphA4 Fc. Progressive deletion of three demonstrated N-linked sites in EphA4 progressively increased in vivo half-life such that the triple mutant protein showed dramatically improved pharmacokinetic characteristics. Importantly, protein stability, affinity for ephrin ligands and antagonism of cell expressed EphA4 was fully preserved, enabling it to be developed as a broad spectrum Eph/ephrin antagonist for use in both acute and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Pegg
- Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Leanne T Cooper
- Leukaemia Foundation Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Jing Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Gerometta
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Fiona M Smith
- Leukaemia Foundation Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Michael Yeh
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Gorman
- Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- Leukaemia Foundation Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4006, Australia
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20
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Neill T, Buraschi S, Goyal A, Sharpe C, Natkanski E, Schaefer L, Morrione A, Iozzo RV. EphA2 is a functional receptor for the growth factor progranulin. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:687-703. [PMID: 27903606 PMCID: PMC5146997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for the growth factor progranulin has remained unclear. Neill et al. show that the Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin and mediates its effects in capillary morphogenesis and autoregulation. Although the growth factor progranulin was discovered more than two decades ago, the functional receptor remains elusive. Here, we discovered that EphA2, a member of the large family of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases, is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin. Recombinant progranulin bound with high affinity to EphA2 in both solid phase and solution. Interaction of progranulin with EphA2 caused prolonged activation of the receptor, downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt, and promotion of capillary morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found an autoregulatory mechanism of progranulin whereby a feed-forward loop occurred in an EphA2-dependent manner that was independent of the endocytic receptor sortilin. The discovery of a functional signaling receptor for progranulin offers a new avenue for understanding the underlying mode of action of progranulin in cancer progression, tumor angiogenesis, and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Atul Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Catherine Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Elizabeth Natkanski
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 .,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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21
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Ferluga S, Tomé CML, Herpai DM, D'Agostino R, Debinski W. Simultaneous targeting of Eph receptors in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59860-59876. [PMID: 27494882 PMCID: PMC5312354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph tyrosine kinase receptors are frequently overexpressed and functional in many cancers, and they are attractive candidates for targeted therapy. Here, we analyzed the expression of Eph receptor A3, one of the most up-regulated factors in glioblastoma cells cultured under tumorsphere-forming conditions, together with EphA2 and EphB2 receptors. EphA3 was overexpressed in up to 60% of glioblastoma tumors tested, but not in normal brain. EphA3 was localized in scattered areas of the tumor, the invasive ring, and niches near tumor vessels. EphA3 co-localized with macrophage/leukocyte markers, suggesting EphA3 expression on tumor-infiltrating cells of bone marrow origin. We took advantage of the fact that ephrinA5 (eA5) is a ligand that binds EphA3, EphA2 and EphB2 receptors, and used it to construct a novel targeted anti-glioblastoma cytotoxin. The eA5-based cytotoxin potently and specifically killed glioblastoma cells with an IC50 of at least 10-11 M. This and similar cytotoxins will simultaneously target different compartments of glioblastoma tumors while mitigating tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Carla Maria Lema Tomé
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Denise Mazess Herpai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ralph D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Section on Biostatistics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Wildburger NC, Zhou S, Zacharias LG, Kroes RA, Moskal JR, Schmidt M, Mirzaei P, Gumin J, Lang FF, Mechref Y, Nilsson CL. Integrated Transcriptomic and Glycomic Profiling of Glioma Stem Cell Xenografts. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3932-9. [PMID: 26185906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (BM-hMSCs) have the innate ability to migrate or home toward and engraft in tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM). Because of this unique property of BM-hMSCs, we have explored their use for cell-mediated therapeutic delivery for the advancement of GBM treatment. Extravasation, the process by which blood-borne cells—such as BM-hMSCs—enter the tissue, is a highly complex process but is heavily dependent upon glycosylation for glycan-glycan and glycan-protein adhesion between the cell and endothelium. However, in a translationally significant preclinical glioma stem cell xenograft (GSCX) model of GBM, BM-hMSCs demonstrate unequal tropism toward these tumors. We hypothesized that there may be differences in the glycan compositions between the GSCXs that elicit homing ("attractors") and those that do not ("non-attractors") that facilitate or impede the engraftment of BM-hMSCs in the tumor. In this study, glycotranscriptomic analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within the attractor phenotype and the enrichment of high mannose type N-glycan biosynthesis in the non-attractor phenotype. Orthogonal validation with topical PNGase F deglycosylation on the tumor regions of xenograft tissue, followed by nLC-ESI-MS, confirmed the presence of increased high mannose type N-glycans in the non-attractors. Additional evidence provided by our glycomic study revealed the prevalence of terminal sialic acid-containing N-glycans in non-attractors and terminal galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine N-glycans in attractors. Our results provide the first evidence for differential glycomic profiles in attractor and non-attractor GSCXs and extend the scope of molecular determinates in BM-hMSC homing to glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Lauren G Zacharias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Roger A Kroes
- The Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University , 1801 Maple Street, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Joseph R Moskal
- The Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University , 1801 Maple Street, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Mary Schmidt
- The Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University , 1801 Maple Street, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Parvin Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and the corresponding ephrin ligands play a pivotal role in the glioma development and progression. Aberrant protein expression levels of the Eph receptors and ephrins are often associated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Their function in tumorigenesis is complex due to the intricate network of possible co-occurring interactions between neighboring tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. Both Ephs and ephrins localize on the surface of tumor cells, tumor vasculature, glioma stem cells, tumor cells infiltrating brain, and immune cells infiltrating tumors. They can both promote and inhibit tumorigenicity depending on the downstream forward and reverse signalling generated. All the above-mentioned features make the Ephs/ephrins system an intriguing candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies in glioma treatment. This review will give a general overview on the structure and the function of Ephs and ephrins, with a particular emphasis on the state of the knowledge of their role in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waldemar Debinski, M.D., Ph.D., Director of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Thomas K. Hearn Jr. Brain Tumor Research Center, Professor of Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, Phone: (336) 716-9712, Fax: (336) 713-7639,
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Gucciardo E, Sugiyama N, Lehti K. Eph- and ephrin-dependent mechanisms in tumor and stem cell dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3685-710. [PMID: 24794629 PMCID: PMC11113620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors comprise the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Initially regarded as axon-guidance and tissue-patterning molecules, Eph receptors have now been attributed with various functions during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. Their ligands, ephrins, are synthesized as membrane-associated molecules. At least two properties make this signaling system unique: (1) the signal can be simultaneously transduced in the receptor- and the ligand-expressing cell, (2) the signaling outcome through the same molecules can be opposite depending on cellular context. Moreover, shedding of Eph and ephrin ectodomains as well as ligand-dependent and -independent receptor crosstalk with other RTKs, proteases, and adhesion molecules broadens the repertoire of Eph/ephrin functions. These integrated pathways provide plasticity to cell-microenvironment communication in varying tissue contexts. The complex molecular networks and dynamic cellular outcomes connected to the Eph/ephrin signaling in tumor-host communication and stem cell niche are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nami Sugiyama
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Pretze M, Mosch B, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Mamat C. Radiofluorination and first radiopharmacological characterization of a SWLAY peptide-based ligand targeting EphA2. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:660-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pretze
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Birgit Mosch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
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26
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Lichti CF, Wildburger NC, Emmett MR, Mostovenko E, Shavkunov AS, Strain SK, Nilsson CL. Post-translational Modifications in the Human Proteome. TRANSLATIONAL BIOINFORMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9202-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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