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Flores-Sierra JDJ, Muciño-Arellano MDR, Romo-Morales GDC, Sánchez-Palafox JE, Correa-Navarro VA, Colín-Castelán D, Pérez-Vázquez V, Rangel-Salazar R, Rivera-Bustamante R, de la Rocha C, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Trejo-Saavedra DL, Molina-Torres J, Ramírez-Chávez E, García-Rojas NS, Winkler R, Lund G, Zaina S. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine blunts the response to a high-animal fat and protein diet in mice. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100586. [PMID: 38942113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence hints that DNA hypermethylation may mediate the pathogenic response to cardiovascular risk factors. Here, we tested a corollary of that hypothesis, that is, that the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (Dec) ameliorates the metabolic profile of mice fed a moderately high-animal fat and protein diet (HAFPD), a proxy of cardiovascular risk-associated Western-type diet. HAFPD-fed mice were exposed to Dec or vehicle for eight weeks (8W set, 4-32/group). To assess any memory of past exposure to Dec, we surveyed a second mice set treated as 8W but HAFPD-fed for further eight weeks without any Dec (16W set, 4-20/group). In 8W, Dec markedly reduced HAFPD-induced body weight gain in females, but marginally in males. Characterization of females revealed that Dec augmented skeletal muscle lipid content, while decreasing liver fat content and increasing plasma nonesterified fatty acids, adipose insulin resistance, and-although marginally-whole blood acylcarnitines, compared to HAFPD alone. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA copy number was higher in 8W mice exposed to HAFPD and Dec, or in 16W mice fed HAFPD only, relative to 8W mice fed HAFPD only, but Dec induced a transcriptional profile indicative of ameliorated mitochondrial function. Memory of past Dec exposure was tissue-specific and sensitive to both duration of exposure to HAFPD and age. In conclusion, Dec redirected HAFPD-induced lipid accumulation toward the skeletal muscle, likely due to augmented mitochondrial functionality and increased lipid demand. As caveat, Dec induced adipose insulin resistance. Our findings may help identifying strategies for prevention and treatment of lipid dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús Flores-Sierra
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITS de Purísima del Rincón, Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Dannia Colín-Castelán
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| | - Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| | - Rubén Rangel-Salazar
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen de la Rocha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico.
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.
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Nisticò C, Chiarella E. An Overview on Lipid Droplets Accumulation as Novel Target for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3186. [PMID: 38137407 PMCID: PMC10741140 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key alteration in tumorigenesis. In cancer cells, changes in metabolic fluxes are required to cope with large demands on ATP, NADPH, and NADH, as well as carbon skeletons. In particular, dysregulation in lipid metabolism ensures a great energy source for the cells and sustains cell membrane biogenesis and signaling molecules, which are necessary for tumor progression. Increased lipid uptake and synthesis results in intracellular lipid accumulation as lipid droplets (LDs), which in recent years have been considered hallmarks of malignancies. Here, we review current evidence implicating the biogenesis, composition, and functions of lipid droplets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This is an aggressive hematological neoplasm originating from the abnormal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow and blood and can be fatal within a few months without treatment. LD accumulation positively correlates with a poor prognosis in AML since it involves the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways and cross-talk between the tumor microenvironment and leukemic cells. Targeting altered LD production could represent a potential therapeutic strategy in AML. From this perspective, we discuss the main inhibitors tested in in vitro AML cell models to block LD formation, which is often associated with leukemia aggressiveness and which may find clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Nisticò
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Liu H, Huang Y, Lu S, Yuan D, Liu J. Global Trends of Lipid Metabolism Research in Epigenetics Field: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2012-2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032382. [PMID: 36767748 PMCID: PMC9915870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most common diseases are characterized by metabolic changes, among which lipid metabolism is a hotspot. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between epigenetics and lipid metabolism. This study of publications on the epigenetics of lipid metabolism searched in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2012 to 2022, and a total of 3685 publications were retrieved. Much of our work focused on collecting the data of annual outputs, high-yielding countries and authors, vital journals, keywords and citations for qualitative and quantitative analysis. In the past decade, the overall number of publications has shown an upward trend. China (1382, 26.69%), the United States (1049, 20.26%) and Italy (206, 3.98%) were the main contributors of outputs. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yale University were significant potential cooperation institutions. Articles were mainly published in the "International Journal of Molecular Sciences". In addition to typical liver-related diseases, "ferroptosis", "diabetes" and "atherosclerosis" were identified as potential research topics. "NF-κB" and "oxidative stress" were referred to frequently in publications. METTL3 and ALKBH5 were the most discussed m6A-related enzymes in 2022. Our study revealed research hotspots and new trends in the epigenetics of lipid metabolism, hoping to provide significant information and inspiration for researchers to further explore new directions.
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Ma Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Altered the lncRNA Expression Profile in Human Lung Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1059. [PMID: 36673815 PMCID: PMC9858630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is considered to be the main occupational or environmental exposure pathway of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and the lung is considered to be the target organ of respiratory exposure; however, the mechanism of respiratory toxicity is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of TiO2 NPs on the expression profile of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) was investigated to understand their potential toxic mechanism. BEAS-2B cells were treated with 100 μg/mL TiO2 NPs for 48 h, then RNA sequencing was performed to screen the differential lncRNAs compared with the control group, and the enrichment pathways of the differentially expressed lncRNAs were further analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The results identified a total of 45,769 lncRNAs, and 277 different lncRNAs were screened. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the targeted mRNAs of these different lncRNAs were enriched in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. This work demonstrates that TiO2 NPs could alter the lncRNA expression profile in BEAS-2B cells, and epigenetics may play a role in the mechanism of respiratory toxicity induced by TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Huang HY, Wang Y, Herold T, Gale RP, Wang JZ, Li L, Lin HX, Liang Y. A survival prediction model and nomogram based on immune-related gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1026812. [PMID: 36600891 PMCID: PMC9806429 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1026812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are many different chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) survival prediction models and scores. But none provide information on expression of immune-related genes in the CLL cells. Methods We interrogated data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO, GSE22762; Number = 151; training) and International Cancer Genome Consortium database (ICGC, CLLE-ES; Number = 491; validation) to develop an immune risk score (IRS) using Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses based on expression of immune-related genes in CLL cells. The accuracy of the predicted nomogram we developed using the IRS, Binet stage, and del(17p) cytogenetic data was subsequently assessed using calibration curves. Results A survival model based on expression of 5 immune-related genes was constructed. Areas under the curve (AUC) for 1-year survivals were 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.78, 0.99) and 0.75 (0.54, 0.87) in the training and validation datasets, respectively. 5-year survivals of low- and high-risk subjects were 89% (83, 95%) vs. 6% (0, 17%; p < 0.001) and 98% (95, 100%) vs. 92% (88, 96%; p < 0.001) in two datasets. The IRS was an independent survival predictor of both datasets. A calibration curve showed good performance of the nomogram. In vitro, the high expression of CDKN2A and SREBF2 in the bone marrow of patients with CLL was verified by immunohistochemistry analysis (IHC), which were associated with poor prognosis and may play an important role in the complex bone marrow immune environment. Conclusion The IRS is an accurate independent survival predictor with a high C-statistic. A combined nomogram had good survival prediction accuracy in calibration curves. These data demonstrate the potential impact of immune related genes on survival in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tobias Herold
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Haematology Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jing-zi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Huan-xin Lin,
| | - Yang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yang Liang,
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Zhang C, Shi M, Kim W, Arif M, Klevstig M, Li X, Yang H, Bayram C, Bolat I, Tozlu ÖÖ, Hacımuftuoglu A, Yıldırım S, Sebhaoui J, Iqbal S, Wei Y, Shi X, Nielsen J, Turkez H, Uhlen M, Boren J, Mardinoglu A. Discovery of therapeutic agents targeting PKLR for NAFLD using drug repositioning. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104214. [PMID: 35988463 PMCID: PMC9420484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of liver pathologies. However, no medical treatment has been approved for the treatment of NAFLD. In our previous study, we found that PKLR could be a potential target for treatment of NALFD. Here, we investigated the effect of PKLR in in vivo model and performed drug repositioning to identify a drug candidate for treatment of NAFLD. METHODS Tissue samples from liver, muscle, white adipose and heart were obtained from control and PKLR knockout mice fed with chow and high sucrose diets. Lipidomics as well as transcriptomics analyses were conducted using these tissue samples. In addition, a computational drug repositioning analysis was performed and drug candidates were identified. The drug candidates were both tested in in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate their toxicity and efficacy. FINDINGS The Pklr KO reversed the increased hepatic triglyceride level in mice fed with high sucrose diet and partly recovered the transcriptomic changes in the liver as well as in other three tissues. Both liver and white adipose tissues exhibited dysregulated circadian transcriptomic profiles, and these dysregulations were reversed by hepatic knockout of Pklr. In addition, 10 small molecule drug candidates were identified as potential inhibitor of PKLR using our drug repositioning pipeline, and two of them significantly inhibited both the PKLR expression and triglyceride level in in vitro model. Finally, the two selected small molecule drugs were evaluated in in vivo rat models and we found that these drugs attenuate the hepatic steatosis without side effect on other tissues. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, our study provided biological insights about the critical role of PKLR in NAFLD progression and proposed a treatment strategy for NAFLD patients, which has been validated in preclinical studies. FUNDING ScandiEdge Therapeutics and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, PR China
| | - Mengnan Shi
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Woonghee Kim
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Klevstig
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cemil Bayram
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ismail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özdemir Tozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25200 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Jihad Sebhaoui
- Trustlife Laboratories, Drug Research & Development Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shazia Iqbal
- Trustlife Laboratories, Drug Research & Development Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, PR China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Hodjat M, Jourshari PB, Amirinia F, Asadi N. 5-Azacitidine and Trichostatin A induce DNA damage and apoptotic responses in tongue squamous cell carcinoma: An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105296. [PMID: 34735927 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present in vitro study aims to investigate the potential use of epigenetic inhibitors as treatment modalities in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. DESIGN The human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (CAL-27) was cultured and exposed to varying concentrations of 5-Azacitidine (5-Aza) or Trichostatin A (TSA) in the culture medium. The cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V/PI by flow cytometry. To evaluate DNA damage response, γH2AX foci analysis was performed using immunofluorescence. Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) was applied to measure DNA strand breaks. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that 5-Aza and TSA had apoptotic effects on the SCC cell line at concentrations of 50-200 µM and 0.5-5 µM, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis showed increased expression of γH2AX, the marker of DNA damage response after treatment of 5-Aza and TSA that was associated with increased DNA strand breaks. The expressions of urokinase plasminogen activator, its receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were significantly reduced in TSA- and 5-Aza-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that 5-Aza and TSA increase apoptotic and DNA damage response in squamous cell carcinoma cell line while reducing the expression of tumor invasion genes that further indicating the potential therapeutic value of two epigenetic modifiers in squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hodjat
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Bina Jourshari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amirinia
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Asadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Kausar S, Abbas MN, Cui H. A review on the DNA methyltransferase family of insects: Aspect and prospects. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:289-302. [PMID: 34237376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The DNA methyltransferase family contains a conserved set of DNA-modifying enzymatic proteins. They are responsible for epigenetic gene modulation, such as transcriptional silencing, transcription activation, and post-transcriptional modulation. Recent research has revealed that the canonical DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) biological roles go beyond their traditional functions of establishing and maintaining DNA methylation patterns. Although a complete DNA methylation toolkit is absent in most insect orders, recent evidence indicates the de novo DNA methylation and maintenance function remain conserved. Studies using various molecular approaches provided evidence that DNMTs are multi-functional proteins. However, still in-depth studies on their biological role lack due to the least studied area in insects. Here, we review the DNA methylation toolkit of insects, focusing on recent research on various insect orders, which exhibit DNA methylation at different levels, and for which DNMTs functional studies have become available in recent years. We survey research on the potential roles of DNMTs in the regulation of gene transcription in insect species. DNMTs participate in different physiological processes by interacting with other epigenetic factors. Future studies on insect's DNMTs will benefit to understand developmental processes, responses to various stimuli, and adaptability of insects to different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Hajri T, Zaiou M, Fungwe TV, Ouguerram K, Besong S. Epigenetic Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Mediates High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1355. [PMID: 34072832 PMCID: PMC8229510 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in Western countries and has become a serious public health concern. Although Western-style dietary patterns, characterized by a high intake of saturated fat, is considered a risk factor for NAFLD, the molecular mechanisms leading to hepatic fat accumulation are still unclear. In this study, we assessed epigenetic regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), modifications of gene expression, and lipid uptake in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and in hepatocyte culture challenged with palmitic acid. Bisulfate pyrosequencing revealed that HFD reduced the level of cytosine methylation in the pparγ DNA promoter. This was associated with increased expression of the hepatic PPARγ, very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and cluster differentiating 36 (CD36), and enhanced uptake of fatty acids and very low-density lipoprotein, leading to excess hepatic lipid accumulation. Furthermore, palmitic acid overload engendered comparable modifications in hepatocytes, suggesting that dietary fatty acids contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD through epigenetic upregulation of PPARγ and its target genes. The significance of epigenetic regulation was further demonstrated in hepatocytes treated with DNA methylation inhibitor, showing marked upregulation of PPARγ and its target genes, leading to enhanced fatty acid uptake and storage. This study demonstrated that HFD-induction of pparγ DNA promoter demethylation increased the expression of PPARγ and its target genes, vldlr and cd36, leading to excess lipid accumulation, an important initiating mechanism by which HFD increased PPARγ and lipid accumulation. These findings provide strong evidence that modification of the pparγ promoter methylation is a crucial mechanism of regulation in NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahar Hajri
- Department of Human Ecology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 1191, USA;
| | - Mohamed Zaiou
- The Jean-Lamour Institute, UMR 7198 CNRS, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Thomas V. Fungwe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA;
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, INRA, University of Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, 44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Samuel Besong
- Department of Human Ecology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 1191, USA;
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Long non-coding RNA levels can be modulated by 5-azacytidine in Schistosoma mansoni. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21565. [PMID: 33299037 PMCID: PMC7725772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is a flatworm that causes schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. There is only one drug indicated for treatment, praziquantel, which may lead to parasite resistance emergence. The ribonucleoside analogue 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) is an epigenetic drug that inhibits S. mansoni oviposition and ovarian development through interference with parasite transcription, translation and stem cell activities. Therefore, studying the downstream pathways affected by 5-AzaC in S. mansoni may contribute to the discovery of new drug targets. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with low or no protein coding potential that have been involved in reproduction, stem cell maintenance and drug resistance. We have recently published a catalog of lncRNAs expressed in S. mansoni life-cycle stages, tissues and single cells. However, it remains largely unknown if lncRNAs are responsive to epigenetic drugs in parasites. Here, we show by RNA-Seq re-analyses that hundreds of lncRNAs are differentially expressed after in vitro 5-AzaC treatment of S. mansoni females, including intergenic, antisense and sense lncRNAs. Many of these lncRNAs belong to co-expression network modules related to male metabolism and are also differentially expressed in unpaired compared with paired females and ovaries. Half of these lncRNAs possess histone marks at their genomic loci, indicating regulation by histone modification. Among a selected set of 8 lncRNAs, half of them were validated by RT-qPCR as differentially expressed in females, and some of them also in males. Interestingly, these lncRNAs are also expressed in other life-cycle stages. This study demonstrates that many lncRNAs potentially involved with S. mansoni reproductive biology are modulated by 5-AzaC and sheds light on the relevance of exploring lncRNAs in response to drug treatments in parasites.
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Chandra NC. Atherosclerosis and carcinoma: Two facets of dysfunctional cholesterol homeostasis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22595. [PMID: 32761975 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cholesterol is an essential and necessary component for biological systems; inappropriate accumulation of cholesterol in blood vessels and intracellular territory is also detrimental to living things. On one hand, cholesterol is the acting precursor of many metabolic regulators, a component of the structural veracity and scaffold fluidity of biomembranes, an insulator of electrical transmission in nerves and many more; on the other hand, its deposition in blood vessels induces atherosclerotic plaque and cardiovascular complications with the consequences of heart attack and stroke. It is also an emerging fact that cholesterol is a prelate in the cell nucleus for cell proliferation and any oddity in this venture may be the cause of tumorigenesis. Hence, cholesterol homeostasis is a very crucial element in issues of health management. Cholesterol is now a global target for maintaining quality health, particularly to control the two giants of the present world health tragedy: atherosclerosis and carcinoma, which appear to be the two facets of dysfunctional cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimai C Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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12
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Saxena N, Chandra NC. Cholesterol: A Prelate in Cell Nucleus and its Serendipity. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:692-707. [PMID: 32282300 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200413112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a chameleon bio-molecule in cellular multiplex. It acts as a prelate in almost every cellular compartment with its site specific characteristics viz. regulation of structural veracity and scaffold fluidity of bio-membranes, insulation of electrical transmission in nerves, controlling of genes by making steroid endocrines, acting as precursors of metabolic regulators and many more with its emerging prophecy in the cell nucleus to drive new cell formation. Besides the crucial legacy in cellular functionality, cholesterol is ostracized as a member of LDL particle, which has been proved responsible to clog blood vessels. LDL particles get deposited in the blood vessels because of their poor clearance owing to the non-functioning LDL receptor on the vessel wall and surrounding tissues. Blocking of blood vessel promotes heart attack and stroke. On the other hand, cholesterol has been targeted as pro-cancerous molecule. At this phase again cholesterol is biphasic. Although cholesterol is essential to construct nuclear membrane and its lipid-rafts; in cancer tumour cells, cholesterol is not under the control of intracellular feedback regulation and gets accumulated within cell nucleus by crossing nuclear membrane and promoting cell proliferation. In precancerous stage, the immune cells also die because of the lack of requisite concentration of intracellular and intranuclear cholesterol pool. The existence of cholesterol within the cell nucleus has been found in the nuclear membrane, epichromosomal location and nucleoplasm. The existence of cholesterol in the microdomain of nuclear raft has been reported to be linked with gene transcription, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in chromosomal domain is linked with new cell generation. Apparently, Cholesterol is now a prelate in cell nucleus too ------ A serendipity in cellular haven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, KDMCH & Research Center, Akbarpur, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Nimai Chand Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna - 801507, India
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13
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Lester McCully C, Rodgers LT, Cruz R, Thomas ML, Peer CJ, Figg WD, Warren KE. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, alone and with inulin, in nonhuman primate models. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa005. [PMID: 32309806 PMCID: PMC7146732 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifiers are being investigated for a number of CNS malignancies as tumor-associated mutations such as isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations (IDH1/IDH2) and H3K27M mutations, which result in aberrant signaling, are identified. We evaluated the CNS exposure of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (5-AZA), in preclinical nonhuman primate (NHP) models to inform its clinical development for CNS tumors. METHODS 5-AZA and 5-AZA+Inulin pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated in NHPs (n = 10) following systemic (intravenous [IV]) and intrathecal (intraventricular [IT-V], intralumbar [IT-L], and cisternal [IT-C]) administration. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cortical extracellular fluid (ECF), and tissues were collected. 5-AZA levels were quantified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection assay and inulin via ELISA. PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. RESULTS After IV administration, minimal plasma exposure (area under the curve [AUC] range: 2.4-3.2 h*µM) and negligible CSF exposure were noted. CSF exposure was notably higher after IT-V administration (AUCINF 1234.6-5368.4 h*µM) compared to IT-L administration (AUCINF 7.5-19.3 h*µM). CSF clearance after IT administration exceeded the mean inulin CSF flow rate of 0.018 ± 0.003 ml/min as determined by inulin IT-V administration. 5-AZA IT-V administration with inulin increased the 5-AZA CSF duration of exposure by 2.2-fold. IT-C administration yielded no quantifiable 5-AZA ECF concentrations but resulted in quantifiable tissue levels. CONCLUSIONS IT administration of 5-AZA is necessary to achieve adequate CNS exposure. IT administration results in pronounced and prolonged 5-AZA CSF exposure above the reported IC50 range for IDH-mutated glioma cell lines. Inulin administered with 5-AZA increased the duration of exposure for 5-AZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lester McCully
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis T Rodgers
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafael Cruz
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory Animal Science Program and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marvin L Thomas
- Office of Research Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine E Warren
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Baradaran E, Moharramipour S, Asgari S, Mehrabadi M. Induction of DNA methyltransferase genes in Helicoverpa armigera following injection of pathogenic bacteria modulates expression of antimicrobial peptides and affects bacterial proliferation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 118:103939. [PMID: 31493391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Following pathogen attack in a host, widespread changes are induced in the host's gene expression, in particular those involved in the immune system, growth and survival. Epigenetic mechanisms have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of these changes through a number of mechanisms. DNA methylation is one of the important epigenetic processes that is carried out by DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase (DNMT) and alters expression of target genes. Here, we identified two putative sequences of DNMT (i.e. DNMT1 and DNMT2) from the transcriptome dataset of Helicoverpa armigera that showed high similarity to the homologous sequences in Bombyx mori. Domain architectures of DNMT1 and DNMT2 exhibit the unique pattern of DNMTs that highlights conserved function of these genes in different insects. To see if these genes play any role in bacterial infection, we challenged the fifth instar larvae of H. armigera by injecting Bacillus thuringiensis and Serratia marcescens cells into the hemolymph. Transcript levels of the DNMTs were analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the expression levels of DNMT1 and DNMT2 increased in the bacteria-injected larvae. Injection of the heat-killed bacteria also induced the expression of the DNMTs, but lower than that of the live bacteria. To determine whether these genes function during bacterial infection, we injected the inhibitor of DNMTs, 5-azacytidine (5-AZA), into the larvae and 24 h later, the bacterial cells were also injected into the larvae. Bacterial replication and larval mortality were analyzed in the treated and control insects. We found that 5-AZA reduced bacterial replication and also mortality of the bacterial-injected larvae regardless of the pathogenic bacterial species. Interestingly, the expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were also modulated following 5-AZA treatment. In conclusion, we showed that upregulation of the DNMTs in H. armigera following bacterial infections modulates AMPs and thereby affects the insect-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Baradaran
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Moharramipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Macchi C, Banach M, Corsini A, Sirtori CR, Ferri N, Ruscica M. Changes in circulating pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels - experimental and clinical approaches with lipid-lowering agents. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:930-949. [PMID: 30776916 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319831500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) by drugs has led to the development of a still small number of agents with powerful activity on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, associated with a significant reduction of cardiovascular events in patients in secondary prevention. The Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab (ODYSSEY OUTCOMES) studies, with the two available PCSK9 antagonists, i.e. evolocumab and alirocumab, both reported a 15% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events. Regulation of PCSK9 expression is dependent upon a number of factors, partly genetic and partly associated to a complex transcriptional system, mainly controlled by sterol regulatory element binding proteins. PCSK9 is further regulated by concomitant drug treatments, particularly by statins, enhancing PCSK9 secretion but decreasing its stimulatory phosphorylated form (S688). These complex transcriptional mechanisms lead to variable circulating levels making clinical measurements of plasma PCSK9 for cardiovascular risk assessment a debated matter. Determination of total PCSK9 levels may provide a diagnostic tool for explaining an apparent resistance to PCSK9 inhibitors, thus indicating the need for other approaches. Newer agents targeting PCSK9 are in clinical development with a major interest in those with a longer duration of action, e.g. RNA silencing, allowing optimal patient compliance. Interest has been expanded to areas not only limited to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction but also investigating other non-lipid pathways raising cardiovascular risk, in particular inflammation associated to raised high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, not significantly affected by the present PCSK9 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Macchi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - M Banach
- 2 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.,3 Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Poland.,4 Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - A Corsini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,5 Multimedica IRCCS, Italy
| | - C R Sirtori
- 6 Dyslipidemia Center, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Italy
| | - N Ferri
- 7 Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
| | - M Ruscica
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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16
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Wu P, Dai G, Chen F, Chen L, Zhang T, Xie K, Wang J, Zhang G. Transcriptome profile analysis of leg muscle tissues between slow- and fast-growing chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206131. [PMID: 30403718 PMCID: PMC6221307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken is widely favored by consumers because of some unique features. The leg muscles occupy an important position in the market. However, the specific mechanism for regulating muscle growth speed is not clear. In this experiment, we used Jinghai yellow chickens with different body weights at 300 days as research subjects. The chickens were divided into fast- and slow-growing groups, and we collected leg muscles after slaughtering for use in RNA-seq. After comparing the two groups, 87 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (fold change ≥ 2 and FDR < 0.05). The fast-growing group had 42 up-regulated genes and 45 down-regulated genes among these DEGs compared to the slow-growing group. Six items were significantly enriched in the biological process: embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching, chordate embryonic development, embryonic skeletal system development, and embryo development as well as responses to ketones and the sulfur compound biosynthetic process. Two significantly enriched pathways were found in the KEGG pathway analysis (P-value < 0.05): the insulin signaling pathway and the adipocytokine signaling pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of chicken growth and for improving the production of Jinghai yellow chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guojun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Triciribine increases LDLR expression and LDL uptake through stabilization of LDLR mRNA. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16174. [PMID: 30385871 PMCID: PMC6212527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is a key regulator of the metabolism of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the elevated levels of which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, enhancing LDLR expression represents a potent treatment strategy for hypercholesterolemia. Here, we report that in cultured human hepatoma cells, triciribine, a highly selective AKT inhibitor, increases the stability of LDLR mRNA, an event that translates into upregulation of cell-surface LDLR levels and induction of cellular LDL uptake. This effect of triciribine requires ERK activity and is partially dependent on the intervening sequence between the AU-rich elements ARE3 and ARE4 in LDLR 3′UTR. We also show that triciribine downregulates the expression of PCSK9 mRNA and blunts the secretion of its protein. Notably, triciribine was found to potentiate the effect of mevastatin on LDLR protein levels and activity. We also show that primary human hepatocytes respond to triciribine by increasing the expression of LDLR. Furthermore, a pilot experiment with mice revealed that a two-weeks treatment with triciribine significantly induced the hepatic expression of LDLR protein. These results identify triciribine as a novel LDLR-elevating agent and warrant further examination of its potential as a hypocholesterolemic drug either as monotherapy or in combination with statins.
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18
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Geyer KK, Munshi SE, Vickers M, Squance M, Wilkinson TJ, Berrar D, Chaparro C, Swain MT, Hoffmann KF. The anti-fecundity effect of 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) on Schistosoma mansoni is linked to dis-regulated transcription, translation and stem cell activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:213-222. [PMID: 29649665 PMCID: PMC6039303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled host immunological reactions directed against tissue-trapped eggs precipitate a potentially lethal, pathological cascade responsible for schistosomiasis. Blocking schistosome egg production, therefore, presents a strategy for simultaneously reducing immunopathology as well as limiting disease transmission in endemic or emerging areas. We recently demonstrated that the ribonucleoside analogue 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) inhibited Schistosoma mansoni oviposition, egg maturation and ovarian development. While these anti-fecundity effects were associated with a loss of DNA methylation, other molecular processes affected by 5-AzaC were not examined at the time. By comparing the transcriptomes of 5-AzaC-treated females to controls, we provide evidence that this ribonucleoside analogue also modulates other crucial aspects of schistosome egg-laying biology. For example, S. mansoni gene products associated with amino acid-, carbohydrate-, fatty acid-, nucleotide- and tricarboxylic acid (TCA)- homeostasis are all dysregulated in 5-AzaC treated females. To validate the metabolic pathway most significantly affected by 5-AzaC, amino acid metabolism, nascent protein synthesis was subsequently quantified in adult schistosomes. Here, 5-AzaC inhibited this process by 68% ±16.7% (SEM) in male- and 81% ±4.8% (SEM) in female-schistosomes. Furthermore, the transcriptome data indicated that adult female stem cells were also affected by 5-AzaC. For instance, 40% of transcripts associated with proliferating schistosome cells were significantly down-regulated by 5-AzaC. This finding correlated with a considerable reduction (95%) in the number of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) positive cells found in 5-AzaC-treated females. In addition to protein coding genes, the effect that 5-AzaC had on repetitive element expression was also assessed. Here, 46 repeats were found differentially transcribed between 5-AzaC-treated and control females with long terminal repeat (LTR) and DNA transposon classes being amongst the most significant. This study demonstrates that the anti-fecundity activity of 5-AzaC affects more than just DNA methylation in schistosome parasites. Further characterisation of these processes may reveal novel targets for schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin K Geyer
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Sabrina E Munshi
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin Vickers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Squance
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Toby J Wilkinson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Berrar
- Data Science Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Bat R, F-66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
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Epigenetic modifications in hyperhomocysteinemia: potential role in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12562-12590. [PMID: 29560091 PMCID: PMC5849155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To study Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-induced epigenetic modifications as potential mechanisms of blood retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction, retinas isolated from three- week-old mice with elevated level of Homocysteine (Hcy) due to lack of the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (cbs-/- , cbs+/- and cbs+/+ ), human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), and human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) treated with or without Hcy were evaluated for (1) histone deacetylases (HDAC), (2) DNA methylation (DNMT), and (3) miRNA analysis. Differentially expressed miRNAs in mice with HHcy were further compared with miRNA analysis of diabetic mice retinas (STZ) and miRNAs within the exosomes released from Hcy-treated RPEs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were further evaluated for predicted target genes and associated pathways using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. HHcy significantly increased HDAC and DNMT activity in HRECs, ARPE-19, and cbs mice retinas, whereas inhibition of HDAC and DNMT decreased Hcy-induced BRB dysfunction. MiRNA profiling detected 127 miRNAs in cbs+/- and 39 miRNAs in cbs-/- mice retinas, which were significantly differentially expressed compared to cbs+/+ . MiRNA pathway analysis showed their involvement in HDAC and DNMT activation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and oxidative stresses, inflammation, hypoxia, and angiogenesis pathways. Hcy-induced epigenetic modifications may be involved in retinopathies associated with HHcy, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
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20
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Mnasri N, Mamarbachi M, Allen BG, Mayer G. 5-Azacytidine engages an IRE1α-EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway that stabilizes the LDL receptor mRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1861:29-40. [PMID: 29208426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the primary conduit for the clearance of plasma LDL-cholesterol and increasing its expression represents a central goal for treating cardiovascular disease. However, LDLR mRNA is unstable and undergoes rapid turnover mainly due to the three AU-rich elements (ARE) in its proximal 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Herein, our data revealed that 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), an antimetabolite used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome, stabilizes the LDLR mRNA through a previously unrecognized signaling pathway resulting in a strong increase of its protein level in human hepatocytes in culture. 5-AzaC caused a sustained activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) kinase domain and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) independently of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This resulted in activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) that, in turn, stabilized LDLR mRNA. Systematic mutation of the AREs (ARE1-3) in the LDLR 3'UTR and expression of each mutant coupled to a luciferase reporter in Huh7 cells demonstrated that ARE1 is required for rapid LDLR mRNA decay and 5-AzaC-induced mRNA stabilization via the IRE1α-EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling cascade. The characterization of this pathway will help to reveal potential targets to enhance plasma LDL clearance and novel cholesterol-lowering therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhen Mnasri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maya Mamarbachi
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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21
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Golla U, Swagatika S, Chauhan S, Tomar RS. A systematic assessment of chemical, genetic, and epigenetic factors influencing the activity of anticancer drug KP1019 (FFC14A). Oncotarget 2017; 8:98426-98454. [PMID: 29228701 PMCID: PMC5716741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KP1019 ([trans-RuCl4(1H-indazole)2]; FFC14A) is one of the promising ruthenium-based anticancer drugs undergoing clinical trials. Despite the pre-clinical and clinical success of KP1019, the mode of action and various factors capable of modulating its effects are largely unknown. Here, we used transcriptomics and genetic screening approaches in budding yeast model and deciphered various genetic targets and plethora of cellular pathways including cellular signaling, metal homeostasis, vacuolar transport, and lipid homeostasis that are primarily targeted by KP1019. We also demonstrated that KP1019 modulates the effects of TOR (target of rapamycin) signaling pathway and induces accumulation of neutral lipids (lipid droplets) in both yeast and HeLa cells. Interestingly, KP1019-mediated effects were found augmented with metal ions (Al3+/Ca2+/Cd2+/Cu2+/Mn2+/Na+/Zn2+), and neutralized by Fe2+, antioxidants, osmotic stabilizer, and ethanolamine. Additionally, our comprehensive screening of yeast histone H3/H4 mutant library revealed several histone residues that could significantly modulate the KP1019-induced toxicity. Altogether, our findings in both the yeast and HeLa cells provide molecular insights into mechanisms of action of KP1019 and various factors (chemical/genetic/epigenetic) that can alter the therapeutic efficiency of this clinically important anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendarrao Golla
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Swati Swagatika
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Sakshi Chauhan
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
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Omar I, Rom O, Aviram M, Cohen-Daniel L, Gebre AK, Parks JS, Berger M. Slfn2 mutation-induced loss of T-cell quiescence leads to elevated de novo sterol synthesis. Immunology 2017; 152:484-493. [PMID: 28672048 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of a 'quiescence programme' by naive T cells is important to provide a stress-free environment and resistance to apoptosis while preserving their responsiveness to activating stimuli. Therefore, the survival and proper function of naive T cells depends on their ability to maintain quiescence. Recently we demonstrated that by preventing chronic unresolved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, Schlafen2 (Slfn2) maintains a stress-free environment to conserve a pool of naive T cells ready to respond to a microbial invasion. These findings strongly suggest an intimate association between quiescence and stress signalling. However, the connection between ER stress conditions and loss of T-cell quiescence is unknown. Here we demonstrate that homeostasis of cholesterol and lipids, is disrupted in T cells and monocytes from Slfn2-mutant, elektra, mice with higher levels of lipid rafts and lipid droplets found in these cells. Moreover, elektra T cells had elevated levels of free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester due to increased de novo synthesis and higher levels of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. As cholesterol plays an important role in the transition of T cells from resting to active state, and ER regulates cholesterol and lipid synthesis, we suggest that regulation of cholesterol levels through the prevention of ER stress is an essential component of the mechanism by which Slfn2 regulates quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Omar
- The Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Biomedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Rom
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Leonor Cohen-Daniel
- The Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Biomedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham K Gebre
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael Berger
- The Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Biomedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Zhang L, Zhang Q, Liu S, Chen Y, Li R, Lin T, Yu C, Zhang H, Huang Z, Zhao X, Tan X, Li Z, Ye Z, Ma J, Zhang B, Wang W, Shi W, Liang X. DNA methyltransferase 1 may be a therapy target for attenuating diabetic nephropathy and podocyte injury. Kidney Int 2017; 92:140-153. [PMID: 28318634 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shuangxin Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshun Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang G, McConn BR, Liu D, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. The effects of dietary macronutrient composition on lipid metabolism-associated factor gene expression in the adipose tissue of chickens are influenced by fasting and refeeding. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:14. [PMID: 28496985 PMCID: PMC5424285 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Broiler chickens are compulsive feeders that become obese as juveniles and are thus a unique model for metabolic disorders in humans. However, little is known about the relationship between dietary composition, fasting and refeeding and adipose tissue physiology in chicks. Our objective was to determine how dietary macronutrient composition and fasting and refeeding affect chick adipose physiology during the early post-hatch period. Methods Chicks were fed one of three isocaloric diets after hatch: high-carbohydrate (HC; control), high-fat (HF; 30% of ME from soybean oil) or high-protein (HP; 25% vs. 22% crude protein). At 4 days post-hatch, chicks were fed (continuous ad libitum access to food), fasted (3 h food withdrawal), or refed (fasted for 3 h and refed for 1 h). Subcutaneous, clavicular, and abdominal adipose tissue was collected for histological analysis and to measure gene expression, and plasma to measure non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (n = 6–10 per group). Results Adipose tissue weights were reduced in chicks that were fed the HP diet and adipocyte diameter was greater in the adipose tissue of chicks that ate the HF diet. Consumption of diets differing in protein and fat content also affected gene expression; mRNAs encoding fatty acid binding protein 4 and a lipolytic enzyme, monoglyceride lipase, were greater in chicks fed the HC and HF than HP diet in all three adipose tissue depots. Fasting influenced gene expression in a depot-dependent manner, where most fasting and refeeding-induced changes were observed in the clavicular fat of chicks that consumed the HC diet. Fasting increased plasma NEFA concentrations in chicks fed the HC and HP diets. Conclusions The decreased adipose tissue deposition in chicks fed the HP diet is likely explained by decreased rates of adipogenesis. Consumption of the HF diet was associated with greater adipose tissue deposition and larger adipocytes, likely as a result of greater rates of adipocyte hypertrophy. The depot-dependent effects of diet and fasting on gene expression may help explain mechanisms underlying metabolic distinctions among subcutaneous and visceral fat depots in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Betty R McConn
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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Diesch J, Zwick A, Garz AK, Palau A, Buschbeck M, Götze KS. A clinical-molecular update on azanucleoside-based therapy for the treatment of hematologic cancers. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:71. [PMID: 27330573 PMCID: PMC4915187 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The azanucleosides azacitidine and decitabine are currently used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in patients not only eligible for intensive chemotherapy but are also being explored in other hematologic and solid cancers. Based on their capacity to interfere with the DNA methylation machinery, these drugs are also referred to as hypomethylating agents (HMAs). As DNA methylation contributes to epigenetic regulation, azanucleosides are further considered to be among the first true “epigenetic drugs” that have reached clinical application. However, intriguing new evidence suggests that DNA hypomethylation is not the only mechanism of action for these drugs. This review summarizes the experience from more than 10 years of clinical practice with azanucleosides and discusses their molecular actions, including several not related to DNA methylation. A particular focus is placed on possible causes of primary and acquired resistances to azanucleoside treatment. We highlight current limitations for the success and durability of azanucleoside-based therapy and illustrate that a better understanding of the molecular determinants of drug response holds great potential to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Diesch
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Anabel Zwick
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Garz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Palau
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Katharina S Götze
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Poirier S, Hamouda HA, Villeneuve L, Demers A, Mayer G. Trafficking Dynamics of PCSK9-Induced LDLR Degradation: Focus on Human PCSK9 Mutations and C-Terminal Domain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157230. [PMID: 27280970 PMCID: PMC4900664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PCSK9 is a secreted ligand and negative post-translational regulator of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in hepatocytes. Gain-of-function (GOF) or loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in PCSK9 are directly correlated with high or low plasma LDL-cholesterol levels, respectively. Therefore, PCSK9 is a prevailing lipid-lowering target to prevent coronary heart diseases and stroke. Herein, we fused monomeric fluorescent proteins to PCSK9 and LDLR to visualize their intra- and extracellular trafficking dynamics by live confocal microscopy. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) showed that PCSK9 LOF R46L mutant and GOF mutations S127R and D129G, but not the LDLR high-affinity mutant D374Y, significantly accelerate PCSK9 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Quantitative analysis of inverse FRAP revealed that only R46L presented a much slower trafficking from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane and a lower mobile fraction likely suggesting accumulation or delayed exit at the TGN as an underlying mechanism. While not primarily involved in LDLR binding, PCSK9 C-terminal domain (CTD) was found to be essential to induce LDLR degradation both upon its overexpression in cells or via the extracellular pathway. Our data revealed that PCSK9 CTD is required for the localization of PCSK9 at the TGN and increases its LDLR-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, intracellular lysosomal targeting of PCSK9-ΔCTD was able to rescue its capacity to induce LDLR degradation emphasizing a role of the CTD in the sorting of PCSK9-LDLR complex towards late endocytic compartments. Finally, we validated our dual fluorescence system as a cell based-assay by preventing PCSK9 internalization using a PCSK9-LDLR blocking antibody, which may be expended to identify protein, peptide or small molecule inhibitors of PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Poirier
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hocine Ait Hamouda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Demers
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, QC, Canada
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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27
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Yen CY, Huang HW, Shu CW, Hou MF, Yuan SSF, Wang HR, Chang YT, Farooqi AA, Tang JY, Chang HW. DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation of epigenetic modifications as a therapeutic approach for cancers. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Ernst UR, Van Hiel MB, Depuydt G, Boerjan B, De Loof A, Schoofs L. Epigenetics and locust life phase transitions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:88-99. [PMID: 25568455 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects are one of the most successful classes on Earth, reflected in an enormous species richness and diversity. Arguably, this success is partly due to the high degree to which polyphenism, where one genotype gives rise to more than one phenotype, is exploited by many of its species. In social insects, for instance, larval diet influences the development into distinct castes; and locust polyphenism has tricked researchers for years into believing that the drastically different solitarious and gregarious phases might be different species. Solitarious locusts behave much as common grasshoppers. However, they are notorious for forming vast, devastating swarms upon crowding. These gregarious animals are shorter lived, less fecund and transmit their phase characteristics to their offspring. The behavioural gregarisation occurs within hours, yet the full display of gregarious characters takes several generations, as does the reversal to the solitarious phase. Hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters influence some of the phase traits; however, none of the suggested mechanisms can account for all the observed differences, notably imprinting effects on longevity and fecundity. This is why, more recently, epigenetics has caught the interest of the polyphenism field. Accumulating evidence points towards a role for epigenetic regulation in locust phase polyphenism. This is corroborated in the economically important locust species Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. Here, we review the key elements involved in phase transition in locusts and possible epigenetic regulation. We discuss the relative role of DNA methylation, histone modification and small RNA molecules, and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R Ernst
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias B Van Hiel
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Depuydt
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Boerjan
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnold De Loof
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pyrimidine Metabolism: Dynamic and Versatile Pathways in Pathogens and Cellular Development. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:195-205. [PMID: 26059768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of pyrimidines lies in the fact that they are structural components of a broad spectrum of key molecules that participate in diverse cellular functions, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Pyrimidine metabolism encompasses all enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, salvage, interconversion and transport of these molecules. In this review, we summarize recent publications that document how pyrimidine metabolism changes under a variety of conditions, including, when possible, those studies based on techniques of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. First, we briefly look at the dynamics of pyrimidine metabolism during nonpathogenic cellular events. We then focus on changes that pathogen infections cause in the pyrimidine metabolism of their host. Next, we discuss the effects of antimetabolites and inhibitors, and finally we consider the consequences of genetic manipulations, such as knock-downs, knock-outs, and knock-ins, of pyrimidine enzymes on pyrimidine metabolism in the cell.
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Meaney S. Epigenetic regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Front Genet 2014; 5:311. [PMID: 25309573 PMCID: PMC4174035 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although best known as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cholesterol is a vital component of all mammalian cells. In addition to key structural roles, cholesterol is a vital biochemical precursor for numerous biologically important compounds including oxysterols and bile acids, as well as acting as an activator of critical morphogenic systems (e.g., the Hedgehog system). A variety of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms interact to coordinate the overall level of cholesterol in cells, tissues and the entire organism. Accumulating evidence indicates that in additional to the more “traditional” regulatory schemes, cholesterol homeostasis is also under the control of epigenetic mechanisms such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation. The available evidence supporting a role for these mechanisms in the control of cholesterol synthesis, elimination, transport and storage are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Meaney
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin, Ireland ; Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin, Ireland
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