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Takatani N, Miyafusa H, Yamano Y, Beppu F, Hosokawa M. Apo-12'-capsorubinal exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in RAW264.7 macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 760:110125. [PMID: 39154816 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Apocarotenoids have short carbon chain structures cleaved at a polyene-conjugated double bond. They can be biosynthesized in plants and microorganisms. Animals ingest carotenoids through food and then metabolize them into apocarotenoids. Although several apocarotenoids have been identified in the body, their precise health functions are still poorly understood. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of apo-12'-capsorubinal in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. It was confirmed that apo-12'-capsorubinal was not cytotoxic to the macrophages at the concentrations tested. Apo-12'-capsorubinal treatment led to a marked downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6 protein and Il6 mRNA levels. This apocarotenoid exhibited more potent inhibitory effects than its parent carotenoids, capsanthin and capsorubin. Furthermore, apo-12'-capsorubinal, but not its parent carotenoids, promoted the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and upregulated the expression of Nrf2-target genes, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a comparison using apo-12'-zeaxanthinal and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-apo-12'-zeaxanthinal revealed that the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group on the polyene linear chain mediated the enhanced nuclear Nrf2 translocation, HO-1 expression, and inhibition of IL-6 production. In contrast, apo-12'-mytiloxanthinal, which harbored a hydroxyl group at C-8 of apo-12'-capsorubinal, did not exhibit any of these activities. These results indicated that the β carbon of the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group in the linear part of the polyene chain is crucial to the Nrf2-activating and anti-inflammatory effects of apo-12'-capsorubinal. This study will advance our knowledge of the physiological significance of xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoids and their potential use as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takatani
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Miyafusa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Comprehensive Education and Research Center, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Hosokawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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Belyaeva OV, Klyuyeva AV, Vyas A, Berger WK, Halasz L, Yu J, Atigadda VR, Slay A, Goggans KR, Renfrow MB, Kane MA, Nagy L, Kedishvili NY. The retinoid X receptor has a critical role in synthetic rexinoid-induced increase in cellular all-trans-retinoic acid. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301447. [PMID: 38557762 PMCID: PMC10984533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rexinoids are agonists of nuclear rexinoid X receptors (RXR) that heterodimerize with other nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription. A number of selective RXR agonists have been developed for clinical use but their application has been hampered by the unwanted side effects associated with the use of rexinoids and a limited understanding of their mechanisms of action across different cell types. Our previous studies showed that treatment of organotypic human epidermis with the low toxicity UAB30 and UAB110 rexinoids resulted in increased steady-state levels of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the obligatory ligand of the RXR-RAR heterodimers. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the increase in ATRA levels using a dominant negative RXRα that lacks the activation function 2 (AF-2) domain. The results demonstrated that overexpression of dnRXRα in human organotypic epidermis markedly reduced signaling by resident ATRA, suggesting the existence of endogenous RXR ligand, diminished the biological effects of UAB30 and UAB110 on epidermis morphology and gene expression, and nearly abolished the rexinoid-induced increase in ATRA levels. Global transcriptome analysis of dnRXRα-rafts in comparison to empty vector-transduced rafts showed that over 95% of the differentially expressed genes in rexinoid-treated rafts constitute direct or indirect ATRA-regulated genes. Thus, the biological effects of UAB30 and UAB110 are mediated through the AF-2 domain of RXRα with minimal side effects in human epidermis. As ATRA levels are known to be reduced in certain epithelial pathologies, treatment with UAB30 and UAB110 may represent a promising therapy for normalizing the endogenous ATRA concentration and signaling in epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Belyaeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Alla V. Klyuyeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Ansh Vyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Wilhelm K. Berger
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Halasz
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Venkatram R. Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Aja Slay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Kelli R. Goggans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Natalia Y. Kedishvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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3
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Methods for assessing the interaction of apocarotenoids with vertebrate nuclear receptors. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:391-403. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Moran NE, Thomas-Ahner JM, Smith JW, Silva C, Hason NA, Erdman JW, Clinton SK. β-Carotene Oxygenase 2 Genotype Modulates the Impact of Dietary Lycopene on Gene Expression during Early TRAMP Prostate Carcinogenesis. J Nutr 2021; 152:950-960. [PMID: 34964896 PMCID: PMC8971008 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies suggest lycopene and tomato intake are inversely associated with human prostate cancer incidence. In the genetically driven murine prostate carcinogenesis model transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), prostate cancer is inhibited by feeding of lycopene or tomatoes, and these effects are modulated by the β-carotene oxygenase 2 (Bco2) genotype. OBJECTIVE We sought insight into this interaction through evaluation of prostate gene expression patterns during early TRAMP carcinogenesis. METHODS Three-week-old TRAMP/+ or TRAMP/- × Bco2+/+ or Bco2-/- mice were fed a control, lycopene beadlet, or 10% tomato powder-containing semipurified diet (providing 0, 384 and 462 mg lycopene/kg diet, respectively) for 5 wk. Gene expression patterns were evaluated by prostate cancer- and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism-focused arrays at age 8 wk. RESULTS The TRAMP genotype profoundly alters gene expression patterns, specifically inducing pathways associated with cell survival [z-score = 2.09, -log(P value) = 29.2, p53 signaling (z-score 1.13, -log(P value) = 13.5], and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling [z-score = 0.302, -log(P value) = 12.1], while repressing phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling [(z-score = -0.905, -log(P value) = 12.3], cholesterol synthesis [z-score = -1.941, -log(P-value) = 26.2], and LXR/RXR pathway activation [z-score = -1.941, -log(P value) = 23.1]. In comparison, lycopene- and tomato-feeding modestly modulate strong procarcinogenic TRAMP signaling. Lycopene decreased gene expression related to carcinogenesis [ Nkx3-1(NK3 homeobox 1)], tomato feeding increased expression of a gene involved in circadian regulation [Arntl (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like)], and tomato and/or lycopene increased expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism [Fasn (fatty acid synthase), Acaca(acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha), Srebf1 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1), Hmgcr (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA reductase), and Ptgs1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1)] (all P < 0.05). The impact of Bco2 genotype was limited to a subset of lycopene-impacted genes [Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli), Mto1 (mitochondrial TRNA translation optimization 1), Nfkb1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1), andRbm39 (RNA binding motif protein 39)]. CONCLUSIONS The TRAMP genotype strongly impacts procarcinogenic gene expression prior to emergence of histopathologic disease. Dietary tomato and lycopene modestly temper these processes, while Bco2 genotype has a limited impact at this early stage. These observed patterns provide insight into the complex interactions between a dietary variable, here tomatoes and lycopene, genes impacting nutrient metabolism, and their modulating influences on oncogene-driven prostate carcinogenesis. These findings provide further mechanistic support, consistent with cancer outcomes in rodents experiments and human epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer M Thomas-Ahner
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joshua W Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ceasar Silva
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noor A Hason
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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5
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Abstract
Dietary intake and tissue levels of carotenoids have been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, brain-related diseases and some types of cancer. However, intervention trials with isolated carotenoid supplements have mostly failed to confirm the postulated health benefits. It has thereby been speculated that dosing, matrix and synergistic effects, as well as underlying health and the individual nutritional status plus genetic background do play a role. It appears that our knowledge on carotenoid-mediated health benefits may still be incomplete, as the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood in relation to human relevance. Antioxidant mechanisms - direct or via transcription factors such as NRF2 and NF-κB - and activation of nuclear hormone receptor pathways such as of RAR, RXR or also PPARs, via carotenoid metabolites, are the basic principles which we try to connect with carotenoid-transmitted health benefits as exemplified with described common diseases including obesity/diabetes and cancer. Depending on the targeted diseases, single or multiple mechanisms of actions may play a role. In this review and position paper, we try to highlight our present knowledge on carotenoid metabolism and mechanisms translatable into health benefits related to several chronic diseases.
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Quadro L, Giordano E, Costabile BK, Nargis T, Iqbal J, Kim Y, Wassef L, Hussain MM. Interplay between β-carotene and lipoprotein metabolism at the maternal-fetal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158591. [PMID: 31863969 PMCID: PMC7302977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient, critical for proper embryonic development in mammals. Both embryonic vitamin A-deficiency or -excess lead to congenital malformations or lethality in mammals, including humans. This is due to the defective transcriptional action of retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, that regulates in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner the expression of genes essential for organogenesis. Thus, an adequate supply of vitamin A from the maternal circulation is vital for normal mammalian fetal development. Provitamin A carotenoids circulate in the maternal bloodstream and are available to the embryo. Of all the dietary carotenoids, β-carotene is the main vitamin A precursor, contributing at least 30% of the vitamin A intake in the industrialized countries and often constituting the sole source of retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) in the developing world. In humans, up to 40% of the absorbed dietary β-carotene is incorporated in its intact form in chylomicrons for distribution to other organs within the body, including the developing tissues. Here, it can serve as a source of vitamin A upon conversion into apocarotenoids by its cleavage enzymes. Given that β-carotene is carried in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, and that the placenta acquires, assembles and secretes lipoproteins, it is becoming evident that the maternal-fetal transfer of β-carotene relies on lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we will explore the current knowledge about this important biological process, the cross-talk between carotenoid and lipid metabolism in the context of the maternal-fetal transfer of this provitamin A precursor, and the mechanisms whereby β-carotene is metabolized by the developing tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Quadro
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Corresponding author: Loredana Quadro, PhD; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Tel: +1 848 9325491; Fax: +1 732 9326776;
| | - Elena Giordano
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brianna K. Costabile
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA;,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Eastern Region, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Younkyung Kim
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lesley Wassef
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA;,Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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7
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Huang F, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Rosiglitazone binds to RXRα to induce RXRα tetramerization and NB4 cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:160-166. [PMID: 32828280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a ligand of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, it exerts biological activities and therapeutic effects through both PPARγ-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this study, we defined that rosiglitazone was also a ligand of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and displayed RXRα-dependent activities. We found that rosiglitazone directly bound to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RXRα and induced RXRα/LBD tetramerization. Rosiglitazone inhibited the agonist-induced transcriptional activity of RXRα homodimers and heterodimers likely through inhibiting RXRα homo- and hetero-dimerization. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells, rosiglitazone inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell differentiation, resulting from inhibiting RXRα/PML-RARα complex formation and down-regulating PML-RARα. Together, our study identified RXRα as a novel target of rosiglitazone and RXRα mediating the anti-APL activity of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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9
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Abstract
The placenta, a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, allows nutrients to be exchanged between the mother and the fetus. Vitamin A (VA), an essential nutrient, cannot be synthesized by the embryo, and must be acquired from the maternal circulation through the placenta. Our understanding of how this transfer is accomplished is still in its infancy. In this chapter, we recapitulate the early studies about the relationship between maternal dietary/supplemental VA intake and fetal VA levels. We then describe how the discovery of retinol-binding protein (RBP or RBP4), the development of labeling and detection techniques, and the advent of knockout mice shifted this field from a macroscopic to a molecular level. The most recent data indicate that VA and its derivatives (retinoids) and the pro-VA carotenoid, β-carotene, are transferred across the placenta by distinct proteins, some of which overlap with proteins involved in lipoprotein uptake. The VA status and dietary intake of the mother influence the expression of these proteins, creating feedback signals that control the uptake of retinoids and that may also regulate the uptake of lipids, raising the intriguing possibility of crosstalk between micronutrient and macronutrient metabolism. Many questions remain about the temporal and spatial patterns by which these proteins are expressed and transferred throughout gestation. The answers to these questions are highly relevant to human health, considering that those with either limited or excessive intake of retinoids/carotenoids during pregnancy may be at risk of obtaining improper amounts of VA that ultimately impact the development and health of their offspring.
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Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Bohn T, Planchon S, Leclercq CC, Renaut J, Mihaly J, Beke G, Rühl R. Proteomic responses of carotenoid and retinol administration to Mongolian gerbils. Food Funct 2018; 9:3835-3844. [PMID: 29951678 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various health benefits of carotenoids have been described. However, while human observational studies generally suggest positive health effects, supplementation with relatively high doses of individual carotenoids (supplements) have partly produced adverse effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of several carotenoids on the proteomic response of male Mongolian gerbils (aged 6 weeks). Five groups of gerbils (n = 6 per group) received either retinol (vitamin A/53 mg per kg bw), all-trans β-carotene (pro-vitamin A/100 mg kg-1), the non-pro vitamin A carotenoid lutein (100 mg kg-1), the acyclic carotenoid lycopene (100 mg kg-1) or vehicle (Cremophor EL), via oral single gavage. Gerbils were 12 h post-prandially sacrificed and blood plasma, liver, and white adipose tissue were collected. For liver and adipose tissue, a 2D-DIGE (difference gel electrophoresis) approach was conducted; for plasma, proteomic analyses were achieved by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared to controls (vehicle), various proteins were showing significant abundance variations in plasma (66), liver (29) and adipose tissue (19), especially regarding structure (22), protein metabolism (15) and immune system/inflammation (19) functions, while proteins related to antioxidant effects were generally less abundant, suggesting no in vivo relevance. Surprisingly, a large overlap in protein regulation was found between lycopene and retinol exposure, while other carotenoids, including all-trans β-carotene, did not show this overlap. Mainly retinoid acid receptor co-regulated proteins may mechanistically explain this overlapping regulation. This overlapping regulation may be related to common nuclear hormone receptor mediated signalling, though further studies using synthetic ligands of retinoid receptors targeting protein regulation are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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12
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Watanabe M, Kakuta H. Retinoid X Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082354. [PMID: 30103423 PMCID: PMC6121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists are not only useful as chemical tools for biological research, but are also candidate drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and allergies, although no RXR antagonist has yet been approved for clinical use. In this review, we present a brief overview of RXR structure, function, and target genes, and describe currently available RXR antagonists, their structural classification, and their evaluation, focusing on the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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13
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Giordano E, Quadro L. Lutein, zeaxanthin and mammalian development: Metabolism, functions and implications for health. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:33-40. [PMID: 29654731 PMCID: PMC5949277 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that nutrition during critical periods in early development, both pre- and postnatal, may have lifetime consequences in determining health or onset of major diseases in the adult life. Dietary carotenoids have shown beneficial health effects throughout the life cycle due to their potential antioxidant properties, their ability to serves as precursors of vitamin A and to the emerging signaling functions of their metabolites. The non-provitamin A carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are emerging as important modulators of infant and child visual and cognitive development, as well as critical effectors in the prevention and treatment of morbidity associated with premature births. This review provides a general overview of lutein and zeaxanthin metabolism in mammalian tissues and highlights the major advancements and remaining gaps in knowledge in regards to their metabolism and health effects during pre- and early post-natal development. Furthering our knowledge in this area of research will impact dietary recommendation and supplementation strategies aimed at sustaining proper fetal and infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giordano
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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14
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Abstract
Apocarotenoids are cleavage products of C40 isoprenoid pigments, named carotenoids, synthesized exclusively by plants and microorganisms. The colors of flowers and fruits and the photosynthetic process are examples of the biological properties conferred by carotenoids to these organisms. Mammals do not synthesize carotenoids but obtain them from foods of plant origin. Apocarotenoids are generated upon enzymatic and nonenzymatic cleavage of the parent compounds both in plants and in the tissues of mammals that have ingested carotenoid-containing foods. The best-characterized apocarotenoids are retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives), generated upon central oxidative cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids, mainly β-carotene. In addition to the well-known biological actions of vitamin A, it is becoming apparent that nonretinoid apocarotenoids also have the potential to regulate a broad spectrum of critical cellular functions, thus influencing mammalian health. This review discusses the current knowledge about the generation and biological activities of nonretinoid apocarotenoids in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
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15
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Cheng B, Al-Shammari FH, Ghader IA, Sequeira F, Thakkar J, Mathew TC. Fundamental studies of adrenal retinoid-X-receptor: Protein isoform, tissue expression, subcellular distribution, and ligand availability. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:110-120. [PMID: 28267642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal gland reportedly expresses many nuclear receptors that are known to heterodimerize with retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) for functions, but the information regarding the glandular RXR is not adequate. Studies of rat adrenal homogenate by Western blotting revealed three RXR proteins: RXRα (55kDa), RXRβ (47kDa) and RXR (56kDa). RXRγ was not detectable. After fractionation, RXRα was almost exclusively localized in the nuclear fraction. In comparison, substantial portions of RXRβ and RXR were found in both nuclear and post-nuclear particle fractions, suggesting genomic and non-genomic functions. Cells immunostained for RXRα were primarily localized in zona fasciculata (ZF) and medulla, although some stained cells were found in zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona reticularis (ZR). In contrast, cells immunostained for RXRβ were concentrated principally in ZG, although some stained cells were seen in ZR, ZF, and medulla (in descending order, qualitatively). Analysis of adrenal lipid extracts by LC/MS did not detect 9-cis-retinoic acid (a potent RXR-ligand) but identified all-trans retinoic acid. Since C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can also activate RXR, subcellular availabilities of unesterified fatty acids were investigated by GC/MS. As results, arachidonic acid (C20:4), adrenic acid (C22:4), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5), and cervonic acid (C22:6) were detected in the lipids extracted from each subcellular fraction. Thus, the RXR-agonizing PUFAs are available in all the main subcellular compartments considerably. The present findings not only shed light on the adrenal network of RXRs but also provide baseline information for further investigations of RXR heterodimers in the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behling Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Health Science Center, P. O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Fatema H Al-Shammari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Health Science Center, P. O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Isra'a A Ghader
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Health Science Center, P. O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Fatima Sequeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Health Science Center, P. O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Jitendra Thakkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Health Science Center, P. O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Thazhumpal C Mathew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health, Kuwait University Health Science Center, P.O. Box 31470, Sulaibekhat 90805, Kuwait
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17
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Narayanasamy S, Sun J, Pavlovicz RE, Eroglu A, Rush CE, Sunkel BD, Li C, Harrison EH, Curley RW. Synthesis of apo-13- and apo-15-lycopenoids, cleavage products of lycopene that are retinoic acid antagonists. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1021-1029. [PMID: 28250025 PMCID: PMC5408601 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d073148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of the tomato carotenoid, lycopene, has been associated with favorable health benefits. Some of lycopene's biological activity may be due to metabolites resulting from cleavage of the lycopene molecule. Because of their structural similarity to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist, β-apo-13-carotenone, the "first half" putative oxidative cleavage products of the symmetrical lycopene have been synthesized. All transformations proceed in moderate to good yield and some with high stereochemical integrity allowing ready access to these otherwise difficult to obtain terpenoids. In particular, the methods described allow ready access to the trans isomers of citral (geranial) and pseudoionone, important flavor and fragrance compounds that are not readily available isomerically pure and are building blocks for many of the longer apolycopenoids. In addition, all of the apo-11, apo-13, and apo-15 lycopenals/lycopenones/lycopenoic acids have been prepared. These compounds have been evaluated for their effect on RAR-induced genes in cultured hepatoma cells and, much like β-apo-13-carotenone, the comparable apo-13-lycopenone and the apo-15-lycopenal behave as RAR antagonists. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies demonstrate that the apo-13-lycopenone efficiently docked into the ligand binding site of RARα. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry studies reveal that apo-13-lycopenone acts as an antagonist of RAR by inhibiting coactivator recruitment to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureshbabu Narayanasamy
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ryan E Pavlovicz
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Cassandra E Rush
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin D Sunkel
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert W Curley
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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18
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Libien J, Kupersmith MJ, Blaner W, McDermott MP, Gao S, Liu Y, Corbett J, Wall M. Role of vitamin A metabolism in IIH: Results from the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial. J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:78-84. [PMID: 28017254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin A and its metabolites (called retinoids) have been thought to play a role in the development of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The IIH Treatment Trial (IIHTT) showed the efficacy of acetazolamide (ACZ) in improving visual field function, papilledema grade, quality of life and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. We postulated that IIH patients would demonstrate elevated measures of vitamin A metabolites in the serum and CSF. METHODS Comprehensive measures of serum vitamin A and its metabolites were obtained from 96 IIHTT subjects, randomly assigned to treatment with ACZ or placebo, and 25 controls with similar gender, age and body mass index (BMI). These included retinol, retinol binding protein, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), alpha- and beta-carotenes, and beta-cryptoxanthin. The IIHTT subjects also had CSF and serum vitamin A and metabolite measurements obtained at study entry and at six months. RESULTS At study entry, of the vitamin A metabolites only serum ATRA was significantly different in IIHTT subjects (median 4.33nM) and controls (median 5.04nM, p=0.02). The BMI of IIHTT subjects showed mild significant negative correlations with serum ATRA, alpha- and beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. In contrast, the control subject BMI correlated only with serum ATRA. At six months, the serum retinol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and CSF retinol were increased from baseline in the ACZ treated group, but only increases in alpha-carotene (p=0.02) and CSF ATRA (p=0.04) were significantly greater in the ACZ group compared with the placebo group. No other vitamin A measures were significantly altered over the six months in either treatment group. Weight loss correlated with only with the change in serum beta-carotene (r=-0.44, p=0.006) and the change in CSF retinol (r=-0.61, p=0.02). CONCLUSION Vitamin A toxicity is unlikely a contributory factor in the causation of IIH. Our findings differ from those of prior reports in part because of our use of more accurate quantitative methods and measuring vitamin A metabolites in both serum and CSF. ACZ may alter retinoid metabolism in IIH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Libien
- Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - M J Kupersmith
- Neurology and Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - W Blaner
- Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - M P McDermott
- Biostatistics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - S Gao
- Biostatistics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Y Liu
- Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - J Corbett
- Neurology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - M Wall
- Neurology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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19
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Landrier JF, Kasiri E, Karkeni E, Mihály J, Béke G, Weiss K, Lucas R, Aydemir G, Salles J, Walrand S, de Lera AR, Rühl R. Reduced adiponectin expression after high-fat diet is associated with selective up-regulation of ALDH1A1 and further retinoic acid receptor signaling in adipose tissue. FASEB J 2016; 31:203-211. [PMID: 27729412 PMCID: PMC5161515 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600263rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived adipokine with potent antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic activity. Long-term, high-fat diet results in gain of body weight, adiposity, further inflammatory-based cardiovascular diseases, and reduced adiponectin secretion. Vitamin A derivatives/retinoids are involved in several of these processes, which mainly take place in white adipose tissue (WAT). In this study, we examined adiponectin expression as a function of dietary high-fat and high–vitamin A conditions in mice. A decrease of adiponectin expression in addition to an up-regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase A1 (ALDH1A1), retinoid signaling, and retinoic acid response element signaling was selectively observed in WAT of mice fed a normal–vitamin A, high-fat diet. Reduced adiponectin expression in WAT was also observed in mice fed a high–vitamin A diet. Adipocyte cell culture revealed that endogenous and synthetic retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α- and RARγ-selective agonists, as well as a synthetic retinoid X receptor agonist, efficiently reduced adiponectin expression, whereas ALDH1A1 expression only increased with RAR agonists. We conclude that reduced adiponectin expression under high-fat dietary conditions is dependent on 1) increased ALDH1A1 expression in adipocytes, which does not increase all-trans-retinoic acid levels; 2) further RAR ligand–induced, WAT-selective, increased retinoic acid response element–mediated signaling; and 3) RAR ligand–dependent reduction of adiponectin expression.—Landrier, J.-F., Kasiri, E., Karkeni, E., Mihály, J., Béke, G., Weiss, K., Lucas, R., Aydemir, G., Salles, J., Walrand, S., de Lera, A. R., Rühl, R. Reduced adiponectin expression after high-fat diet is associated with selective up-regulation of ALDH1A1 and further retinoic acid receptor signaling in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Landrier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 1260, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 1062, Nutrition, Obésité et Risque Thrombotique, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Elnaz Kasiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Esma Karkeni
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 1260, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 1062, Nutrition, Obésité et Risque Thrombotique, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Johanna Mihály
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Béke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kathrin Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renata Lucas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gamze Aydemir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jérome Salles
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherches INRA de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherches INRA de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Facultad de Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Vigo, Spain; and
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; .,MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
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20
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Costabile BK, Kim YK, Iqbal J, Zuccaro MV, Wassef L, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Harrison EH, Hussain MM, Quadro L. β-Apo-10'-carotenoids Modulate Placental Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Expression and Function to Optimize Transport of Intact β-Carotene to the Embryo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18525-35. [PMID: 27402843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene is an important source of vitamin A for the mammalian embryo, which depends on its adequate supply to achieve proper organogenesis. In mammalian tissues, β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) converts β-carotene to retinaldehyde, which is then oxidized to retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A that acts as a transcription factor ligand to regulate gene expression. β-Carotene can also be cleaved by β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) to form β-apo-10'-carotenal, a precursor of retinoic acid and a transcriptional regulator per se The mammalian embryo obtains β-carotene from the maternal circulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that enable its transfer across the maternal-fetal barrier are not understood. Given that β-carotene is transported in the adult bloodstream by lipoproteins and that the placenta acquires, assembles, and secretes lipoproteins, we hypothesized that the aforementioned process requires placental lipoprotein biosynthesis. Here we show that β-carotene availability regulates transcription and activity of placental microsomal triglyceride transfer protein as well as expression of placental apolipoprotein B, two key players in lipoprotein biosynthesis. We also show that β-apo-10'-carotenal mediates the transcriptional regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein via hepatic nuclear factor 4α and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I/II. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence of the transcriptional regulatory activity of β-apocarotenoids and identify microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and its transcription factors as the targets of their action. This study demonstrates that β-carotene induces a feed-forward mechanism in the placenta to enhance the assimilation of β-carotene for proper embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna K Costabile
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, and
| | - Michael V Zuccaro
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Lesley Wassef
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Sureshbabu Narayanasamy
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, and
| | - Loredana Quadro
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901,
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21
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Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153556. [PMID: 27078158 PMCID: PMC4831765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UAB30 is an RXR selective agonist that has been shown to have potential cancer chemopreventive properties. Due to high efficacy and low toxicity, it is currently being evaluated in human Phase I clinical trials by the National Cancer Institute. While UAB30 shows promise as a low toxicity chemopreventive drug, the mechanism of its action is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of UAB30 on gene expression in human organotypic skin raft cultures and mouse epidermis. The results of this study indicate that treatment with UAB30 results in upregulation of genes responsible for the uptake and metabolism of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors. Consistent with the increased expression of these genes, the steady-state levels of ATRA are elevated in human skin rafts. In ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated mouse skin, the expression of ATRA target genes is found to be reduced. A reduced expression of ATRA sensitive genes is also observed in epidermis of mouse models of UVB-induced squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinomas. However, treatment of mouse skin with UAB30 prior to UVB irradiation prevents the UVB-induced decrease in expression of some of the ATRA-responsive genes. Considering its positive effects on ATRA signaling in the epidermis and its low toxicity, UAB30 could be used as a chemoprophylactic agent in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer, particularly in organ transplant recipients and other high risk populations.
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22
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Kim YK, Zuccaro MV, Costabile BK, Rodas R, Quadro L. Tissue- and sex-specific effects of β-carotene 15,15' oxygenase (BCO1) on retinoid and lipid metabolism in adult and developing mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:11-18. [PMID: 25602705 PMCID: PMC4402122 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, β-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) is the main enzyme that cleaves β-carotene, the most abundant vitamin A precursor, to generate retinoids (vitamin A derivatives), both in adult and developing tissues. We previously reported that, in addition to this function, BCO1 can also influence the synthesis of retinyl esters, the storage form of retinoids, in the mouse embryo at mid-gestation. Indeed, lack of embryonic BCO1 impaired both lecithin-dependent and acyl CoA-dependent retinol esterification, mediated by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) and acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT), respectively. Furthermore, embryonic BCO1 also influenced the ester pools of cholesterol and diacylglycerol. In this report, we gained novel insights into this alternative function of BCO1 by investigating whether BCO1 influenced embryonic retinoid and lipid metabolism in a tissue-dependent manner. To this end, livers and brains from wild-type and BCO1-/- embryos at mid-gestation were analyzed for retinoid and lipid content, as well as gene expression levels. We also asked whether or not the role of BCO1 as a regulator of lecithin- and acyl CoA-dependent retinol esterification was exclusively restricted to the developing tissues. Thus, a survey of retinol and retinyl ester levels in adult tissues of wild-type, BCO1-/-, LRAT-/- and LRAT-/-BCO1-/- mice was performed. We showed that the absence of BCO1 affects embryonic retinoid and lipid homeostasis in a tissue-specific manner and that retinyl ester formation is also influenced by BCO1 in a few adult tissues (pancreas, lung, heart and adipose) in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
| | - Michael V Zuccaro
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
| | - Brianna K Costabile
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
| | - Rebeka Rodas
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA.
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23
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Wang CX, Jiang H, Yuen JJ, Lee SA, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Harrison EH, Blaner WS. Actions of β-apo-carotenoids in differentiating cells: differential effects in P19 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:2-10. [PMID: 25602703 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
β-Apo-carotenoids, including β-apo-13-carotenone and β-apo-14'-carotenal, are potent retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists in transactivation assays. We asked how these influence RAR-dependent processes in living cells. Initially, we explored the effects of β-apo-13-carotenone and β-apo-14'-carotenal on P19 cells, a mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line that differentiates into neurons when treated with all-trans-retinoic acid. Treatment of P19 cells with either compound failed to block all-trans-retinoic acid induced differentiation. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry studies, however, established that neither of these β-apo-carotenoids accumulates in P19 cells. All-trans-retinoic acid accumulated to high levels in P19 cells. This suggests that the uptake and metabolism of β-apo-carotenoids by some cells does not involve the same processes used for retinoids and that these may be cell type specific. We also investigated the effects of two β-apo-carotenoids on 3T3-L1 adipocyte marker gene expression during adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with either β-apo-13-carotenone or β-apo-10'-carotenoic acid, which lacks RAR antagonist activity, stimulated adipocyte marker gene expression. Neither blocked the inhibitory effects of a relatively large dose of exogenous all-trans-retinoic acid on adipocyte differentiation. Our data suggest that in addition to acting as transcriptional antagonists, some β-apo-carotenoids act through other mechanisms to influence 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia X Wang
- Columbia College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Jason J Yuen
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Seung-Ah Lee
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Sureshbabu Narayanasamy
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Robert W Curley
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - William S Blaner
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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