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Zhao S, Zhang T, Kan Y, Li H, Li JP. Overview of the current procedures in synthesis of heparin saccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122220. [PMID: 38823902 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural heparin, a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating hexuronic acid and glucosamine linked by 1 → 4 glycosidic bonds, is the most widely used anticoagulant. To subvert the dependence on animal sourced heparin, alternative methods to produce heparin saccharides, i.e., either heterogenous sugar chains similar to natural heparin, or structurally defined oligosaccharides, are becoming hot subjects. Although the success by chemical synthesis of the pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, encourages to proceed through a chemical approach generating homogenous product, synthesizing larger oligos is still cumbersome and beyond reach so far. Alternatively, the chemoenzymatic pathway exhibited exquisite stereoselectivity of glycosylation and regioselectivity of modification, with the advantage to skip the tedious protection steps unavoidable in chemical synthesis. However, to a scale of drug production needed today is still not in sight. In comparison, a procedure of de novo biosynthesis in an organism could be an ultimate goal. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the current available/developing strategies and techniques, which is expected to provide a comprehensive picture for production of heparin saccharides to replenish or eventually to replace the animal derived products. In chemical and chemoenzymatic approaches, the methodologies are discussed according to the synthesis procedures: building block preparation, chain elongation, and backbone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Suzuki M, Takada S, Mii Y. Dissection of N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities of NDST1 and their effects on Wnt8 distribution and signaling in Xenopus embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:248-255. [PMID: 38326088 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Wnt is a family of secreted signaling proteins involved in the regulation of cellular processes, including maintenance of stem cells, carcinogenesis, and cell differentiation. In the context of early vertebrate embryogenesis, graded distribution of Wnt proteins has been thought to regulate positional information along the antero-posterior axis. However, understanding of the molecular basis for Wnt spatial distribution remains poor. Modified states of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are essential for Wnt8 localization, because depletion of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (NDST1), a modification enzyme of HS chains, decreases Wnt8 levels and NDST1 overexpression increases Wnt8 levels on the cell surface. Since overexpression of NDST1 increases both deacetylation and N-sulfation of HS chains, it is not clear which function of NDST1 is actually involved in Wnt8 localization. In the present study, we generated an NDST1 mutant that specifically increases deacetylation, but not N-sulfation, of HS chains in Xenopus embryos. Unlike wild-type NDST1, this mutant did not increase Wnt8 accumulation on the cell surface, but it reduced canonical Wnt signaling, as determined with the TOP-Flash reporter assay. These results suggest that N-sulfation of HS chains is responsible for localization of Wnt8 and Wnt8 signaling, whereas deacetylation has an inhibitory effect on canonical Wnt signaling. Consistently, overexpression of wild-type NDST1, but not the mutant, resulted in small eyes in Xenopus embryos. Thus, our NDST1 mutant enables us to dissect the regulation of Wnt8 localization and signaling by HS proteoglycans by specifically manipulating the enzymatic activities of NDST1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Suzuki
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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3
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Xi X, Zhang W, Hu L, Xu R, Wang Y, Du G, Chen J, Kang Z. Enzymatic construction of a library of even- and odd-numbered heparosan oligosaccharides and their N-sulfonated derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130501. [PMID: 38442831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), especially the specific-sized heparin oligosaccharides, are attractive for the therapeutic applications, while their synthesis remains challenging. In the present study, unsaturated even-numbered heparosan oligosaccharides were firstly prepared by cleaving high-molecular-weight heparosan using recombinant heparinase III (HepIII). The conversion rates of the unsaturated disaccharides, tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides, and decasaccharides were 33.9 %, 47.9 %, 78.7 %, 71.8 %, and 53.4 %, respectively. After processing the aforementioned heparosan oligosaccharides with the Δ4,5 unsaturated glycuronidase, saturated odd-numbered heparosan trisaccharides, pentasaccharides, heptasaccharides, and nonasaccharides were produced. It was observed that among them, the pentasaccharides were the smallest units of saturated odd-numbered oligosaccharides recognized by HepIII. These oligosaccharides were further catalyzed with bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) under optimized reaction conditions. It was found that the tetrasaccharide was defined as the smallest recognition unit for NDST, obtaining the N-sulfonated heparosan tetrasaccharides, pentasaccharides, and hexasaccharides with a single sulfonate group, as well as N-sulfonated heparosan heptasaccharides, octasaccharides, and nonasaccharides with multiple sulfonate groups. These results provide an easy pathway for constructing a library of specific-sized N-sulfonated heparosan oligosaccharides that can be used as the substrates for the enzymatic synthesis of LMWHs and heparin oligosaccharides, shedding new light on the substrate preference of NDST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Xi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijiao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Litao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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4
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Mycroft-West CJ, Abdelkarim S, Duyvesteyn HME, Gandhi NS, Skidmore MA, Owens RJ, Wu L. Structural and mechanistic characterization of bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1326. [PMID: 38351061 PMCID: PMC10864358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are major constituents of the extracellular matrix, which are involved in myriad structural and signaling processes. Mature HS polysaccharides contain complex, non-templated patterns of sulfation and epimerization, which mediate interactions with diverse protein partners. Complex HS modifications form around initial clusters of glucosamine-N-sulfate (GlcNS) on nascent polysaccharide chains, but the mechanistic basis underpinning incorporation of GlcNS itself into HS remains unclear. Here, we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of human N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase (NDST)1, the bifunctional enzyme primarily responsible for initial GlcNS modification of HS. Our structures reveal the architecture of both NDST1 deacetylase and sulfotransferase catalytic domains, alongside a non-catalytic N-terminal domain. The two catalytic domains of NDST1 adopt a distinct back-to-back topology that limits direct cooperativity. Binding analyses, aided by activity-modulating nanobodies, suggest that anchoring of the substrate at the sulfotransferase domain initiates the NDST1 catalytic cycle, providing a plausible mechanism for cooperativity despite spatial domain separation. Our data shed light on key determinants of NDST1 activity, and describe tools to probe NDST1 function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Abdelkarim
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Liang Wu
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
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Mkhize BC, Mosili P, Ngubane PS, Sibiya NH, Khathi A. The Relationship between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Activity, Osteoporosis and Estrogen Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11963. [PMID: 37569338 PMCID: PMC10419188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a plethora of comorbidities, including osteoporosis, which occurs due to an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Numerous mechanisms have been explored to understand this association, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). An upregulated RAAS has been positively correlated with T2D and estrogen deficiency in comorbidities such as osteoporosis in humans and experimental studies. Therefore, research has focused on these associations in order to find ways to improve glucose handling, osteoporosis and the downstream effects of estrogen deficiency. Upregulation of RAAS may alter the bone microenvironment by altering the bone marrow inflammatory status by shifting the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) ratio. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme/angiotensin II/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) has been evidenced to promote osteoclastogenesis and decrease osteoblast formation and differentiation. ACE/Ang II/AT1R inhibits the wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway, which is integral in bone formation. While a lot of literature exists on the effects of RAAS and osteoporosis on T2D, the work is yet to be consolidated. Therefore, this review looks at RAAS activity in relation to osteoporosis and T2D. This review also highlights the relationship between RAAS activity, osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongeka Cassandra Mkhize
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
| | - Palesa Mosili
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
| | - Phikelelani Sethu Ngubane
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
| | | | - Andile Khathi
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
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6
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He P, Zhang X, Xia K, Green DE, Baytas S, Xu Y, Pham T, Liu J, Zhang F, Almond A, Linhardt RJ, DeAngelis PL. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sulfur-linked sugar polymers as heparanase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7438. [PMID: 36460670 PMCID: PMC9718760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates (glycans) are major players in all organisms due to their structural, energy, and communication roles. This last essential role involves interacting and/or signaling through a plethora of glycan-binding proteins. The design and synthesis of glycans as potential drug candidates that selectively alter or perturb metabolic processes is challenging. Here we describe the first reported sulfur-linked polysaccharides with potentially altered conformational state(s) that are recalcitrant to digestion by heparanase, an enzyme important in human health and disease. An artificial sugar donor with a sulfhydryl functionality is synthesized and enzymatically incorporated into polysaccharide chains utilizing heparosan synthase. Used alone, this donor adds a single thio-sugar onto the termini of nascent chains. Surprisingly, in chain co-polymerization reactions with a second donor, this thiol-terminated heparosan also serves as an acceptor to form an unnatural thio-glycosidic bond ('S-link') between sugar residues in place of a natural 'O-linked' bond. S-linked heparan sulfate analogs are not cleaved by human heparanase. Furthermore, the analogs act as competitive inhibitors with > ~200-fold higher potency than expected; as a rationale, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that the S-link polymer conformations mimic aspects of the transition state. Our analogs form the basis for future cancer therapeutics and modulators of protein/sugar interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sultan Baytas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Truong Pham
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Andrew Almond
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1, 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.
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7
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Huang Y, Liu Z, Li N, Tian C, Yang H, Huo Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Yu Z. Parkinson's Disease Derived Exosomes Aggravate Neuropathology in SNCA*A53T Mice. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:230-245. [PMID: 35596947 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in neurons is a prominent feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, researchers have considered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an important role in protein exportation and propagation, and α-syn-containing EVs derived from the central nervous system (CNS) have been detected in peripheral blood. However, mechanistic insights into CNS-derived EVs have not been well-described. METHODS Likely neurogenic EVs were purified from the plasma of PD patients and healthy controls using a well-established immunoprecipitation assay with anti-L1CAM-coated beads. A Prnp-SNCAA53T transgenic PD mouse model was used to evaluate the neuronal pathology induced by PD-derived L1CAM-purified EVs. EV-associated microRNA (miRNA) profiling was used to screen for altered miRNAs in PD-derived L1CAM-purified EVs. RESULTS PD patient-derived L1CAM-purified (likely neurogenic) EVs facilitated α-syn pathology and neuron loss in Prnp-SNCAA53T transgenic PD mice. The miRNA, novel_miR_44438, was significantly increased in the PD group, which promoted α-syn accumulation and neuronal degeneration in a dose-dependent manner. Novel _miR_44438 directly targets NDST1 mRNA and inhibits the function of heparan sulfate, thus preventing exosome biogenesis and α-syn release from exosomes. INTERPRETATION Novel_miR_44438 in PD-derived L1CAM-purified EVs inhibits the α-syn efflux from neurons thereby promoting the pathological accumulation and aggregation of α-syn. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:230-245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Huo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Autism, heparan sulfate and potential interventions. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Zhang G, Yang K, Wang L, Cheng Y, Liu C. Facile chemoenzymatic synthesis of unmodified anticoagulant ultra-low molecular weight heparin. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8323-8330. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach, mimicking the biosynthetic pathway of heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), has been well developed to prepare a series of structurally well-defined heparin oligosaccharides with excellent anticoagulant activity in good overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Kaihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanzhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
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10
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Caravà E, Moretto P, Caon I, Parnigoni A, Passi A, Karousou E, Vigetti D, Canino J, Canobbio I, Viola M. HA and HS Changes in Endothelial Inflammatory Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060809. [PMID: 34072476 PMCID: PMC8229641 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders caused by the presence of a combination of risk factors, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, etc., which cause the modification of the composition of the vessel’s matrix and lead to the alteration of blood flow, matched with an inflammation condition. Nevertheless, it is not clear if the inflammation is a permissive condition or a consequent one. In order to investigate the effect of inflammation on the onset of vascular disease, we treated endothelial cells with the cytokine TNF-α that is increased in obese patients and is reported to induce cardiometabolic diseases. The inflammation induced a large change in the extracellular matrix, increasing the pericellular hyaluronan and altering the heparan sulfate Syndecans sets, which seems to be related to layer permeability but does not influence cell proliferation or migration nor induce blood cell recruitment or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Caravà
- Quantix Italia S.r.l., 20121 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Jessica Canino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (J.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Ilaria Canobbio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (J.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (P.M.); (I.C.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0332-397143
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11
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Flores EB, Bartee E. Decreasing the Susceptibility of Malignant Cells to Infection Does Not Impact the Overall Efficacy of Myxoma Virus-Based Oncolytic Virotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:323-331. [PMID: 33335977 PMCID: PMC7720075 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy relies on the induction of anti-tumor immune responses to achieve therapeutic efficacy. The factors that influence the induction of these responses, however, are not well understood. To begin to address this lack of knowledge, we asked how decreasing the susceptibility of malignant cells to direct viral infection would impact the induction of immune responses and therapeutic efficacy caused by oncolytic myxoma virus treatment. To accomplish this, we used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to remove the essential sulfation enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 from B16/F10 murine melanoma cells. This eliminates the negative cell surface charges associated with glycosaminoglycan sulfation, which reduces a cell’s susceptibility to infection with the myxoma virus by ∼3- to 10-fold. With the use of these cells as a model of reduced susceptibility to oncolytic infection, our data demonstrate that 3- to 10-fold reductions in in vivo infection do not hinder the ability of the oncolytic myxoma virus to induce anti-tumor immunity and do not lower the overall efficacy of localized treatment. Additionally, our data show that in mice bearing multiple distinct tumor masses, the choice to treat a less-susceptible tumor mass does not reduce the overall therapeutic impact against either the injected or noninjected lesion. Taken together, these data suggest that minor changes in the susceptibility of malignant cells to direct oncolytic infection do not necessarily influence the overall outcomes of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B. Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Corresponding author: Eric Bartee, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Room 309A, Cancer Research Facility, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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12
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Baytas SN, Linhardt RJ. Advances in the preparation and synthesis of heparin and related products. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2095-2109. [PMID: 32947045 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan from livestock, principally porcine intestine, and is clinically used as an anticoagulant drug. A limitation to heparin production is that it depends on a single animal species and potential problems have been associated with animal-derived heparin. The contamination crisis in 2008 led to a search for new animal sources and the investigation of non-animal sources of heparin. Over the past 5 years, new animal sources, chemical, and chemoenzymatic methods have been introduced to prepare heparin-based drugs. In this review, we describe advances in the preparation and synthesis of heparin and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N Baytas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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14
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Biosynthesis and Post Synthesis Mechanisms Combine Few Enzymes and Few Core Proteins to Generate Extensive Structural and Functional Diversity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184215. [PMID: 32937952 PMCID: PMC7570499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nevertheless play a fundamental role in most biological functions by interacting with a myriad of proteins. This large functional repertoire stems from the ubiquitous presence of these molecules within the tissue and a tremendous structural variety of the heparan sulfate chains, generated through both biosynthesis and post synthesis mechanisms. The present review focusses on how proteoglycans are “gagosylated” and acquire structural complexity through the concerted action of Golgi-localized biosynthesis enzymes and extracellular modifying enzymes. It examines, in particular, the possibility that these enzymes form complexes of different modes of organization, leading to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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15
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Meisen WH, Nejad ZB, Hardy M, Zhao H, Oliverio O, Wang S, Hale C, Ollmann MM, Collins PJ. Pooled Screens Identify GPR108 and TM9SF2 as Host Cell Factors Critical for AAV Transduction. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:601-611. [PMID: 32280726 PMCID: PMC7139131 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been used extensively as a vector for gene therapy. Despite its widespread use, the mechanisms by which AAV enters the cell and is trafficked to the nucleus are poorly understood. In this study, we performed two pooled, genome-wide screens to identify positive and negative factors modulating AAV2 transduction. Genome-wide libraries directed against all human genes with four designs per gene or eight designs per gene were transduced into U-2 OS cells. These pools were transduced with AAV2 encoding EGFP and sorted based on the intensity of EGFP expression. Analysis of enriched and depleted barcodes in the sorted samples identified several genes that putatively decreased AAV2 transduction. A subset of screen hits was validated in flow cytometry and imaging studies. In addition to KIAA0319L (AAVR), we confirmed the role of two genes, GPR108 and TM9SF2, in mediating viral transduction in eight different AAV serotypes. Interestingly, GPR108 displayed serotype selectivity and was not required for AAV5 transduction. Follow-up studies suggested that GPR108 localized primarily to the Golgi, where it may interact with AAV and play a critical role in mediating virus escape or trafficking. Cumulatively, these results expand our understanding of the process of AAV transduction in different cell types and serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Hans Meisen
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Miki Hardy
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huiren Zhao
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Oliverio
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Songli Wang
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Hale
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Reduced cellular binding affinity has profoundly different impacts on the spread of distinct poxviruses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231977. [PMID: 32352982 PMCID: PMC7192435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large enveloped viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm. Like all viruses, their replication cycle begins with virion adsorption to the cell surface. Unlike most other viral families, however, no unique poxviral receptor has ever been identified. In the absence of a unique receptor, poxviruses are instead thought to adhere to the cell surface primarily through electrostatic interactions between the positively charged viral envelope proteins and the negatively charged sulfate groups on cellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). While these negatively charged GAGs are an integral part of all eukaryotic membranes, their specific expression and sulfation patterns differ between cell types. Critically, while poxviral binding has been extensively studied using virally centered genetic strategies, the impact of cell-intrinsic changes to GAG charge has never been examined. Here we show that loss of heparin sulfation, accomplished by deleting the enzyme N-Deacetylase and N-Sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1) which is essential for GAG sulfation, significantly reduces the binding affinity of both vaccinia and myxoma viruses to the cell surface. Strikingly, however, while this lowered binding affinity inhibits the subsequent spread of myxoma virus, it actually enhances the overall spread of vaccinia by generating more diffuse regions of infection. These data indicate that cell-intrinsic GAG sulfation plays a major role in poxviral infection, however, this role varies significantly between different members of the poxviridae.
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17
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Alonge KM, Logsdon AF, Murphree TA, Banks WA, Keene CD, Edgar JS, Whittington D, Schwartz MW, Guttman M. Quantitative analysis of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides from human and rodent fixed brain tissue by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2020; 29:847-860. [PMID: 31361007 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are long, negatively charged, unbranched glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to CS-proteoglycan (CSPG) core proteins that comprise the glycan component in both loose interstitial extracellular matrices (ECMs) and in rigid, structured perineuronal net (PNN) scaffolds within the brain. As aberrant CS-PNN formations have been linked to a range of pathological states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia, the analysis of CS-GAGs in brain tissue at the disaccharide level has great potential to enhance disease diagnosis and prognosis. Two mass-spectrometry (MS)-based approaches were adapted to detect CS disaccharides from minute fixed tissue samples with low picomolar sensitivity and high reproducibility. The first approach employed a straightforward, quantitative direct infusion (DI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique to determine the percentages of Δ4S- and Δ6S-CS disaccharides within the 4S/6S-CS ratio, while the second used a comprehensive liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS technique to determine the relative percentages of Δ0S-, Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-CS and Δ2S6S-CS disaccharides, with internal validation by full chondroitin lyase activity. The quantitative accuracy of the five primary biologically relevant CS disaccharides was validated using a developmental time course series in fixed rodent brain tissue. We then analyzed the CS disaccharide composition in formalin-fixed human brain tissue, thus providing the first quantitative report of CS sulfation patterns in the human brain. The ability to comprehensively analyze the CS disaccharide composition from fixed brain tissue provides a means with which to identify alterations in the CS-GAG composition in relation to the onset and/or progression of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of ultralow and low-molecular weight heparins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Design and synthesis of structurally defined heparan sulfate (HS)-FK506 conjugates as an exogenous approach to investigate biological functions of nucleus HS. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:203-210. [PMID: 30144633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although heparan sulfate (HS) is widely implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes, the biological function of nucleus HS remains underexplored, largely due to its complex structure and high hydrophilic property. To supplement these efforts, ideal vehicles are drawing attention as they combine attractive features including lipid solubility for penetrating cell membrane, high affinity binding to its target receptor, metabolic stability, and no cellular actions resulting in toxicity. Herein, we develop a convenient and promising strategy to prepare HS-FK506 conjugates for membrane transport and entry into nucleus, where click chemistry takes easily place between the exocyclic allyl group of a clinic drug FK506 and thiol as a handle incorporated into HS analogues. HS derivatives for constructing the conjugates were synthesized using a cutting-edge chemoenzymatic method. Meantime, [35S] labeled 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAP35S) and [14C] glucuronic acid (Glc A) were adopted to label HS-FK506 conjugates, respectively, to evaluate their efficiency of nucleus entry, as a result, 14C Glc A was sensitive, effective and reliable whereas PAP35S gave rise to a mixture of labeled compounds, hampering the understanding of structure-function relationship of nucleus HS. Compared with the corresponding HS, the amount of HS-FK506 conjugates to translocate into nucleus from radioactive assay experiments sharply increased, e.g. tridecasaccharide-FK506 1d increased by approximate 10 folds, offering a simple and robust platform for enabling hydrophilic compounds including carbohydrates to translocate into nucleus and shedding light on their biological functions.
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20
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Characterization of heparan sulfate N -deacetylase/ N -sulfotransferase isoform 4 using synthetic oligosaccharide substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:547-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Biosynthesis & Enzymatic Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Implications for Tumorigenesis and Cancer Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071361. [PMID: 28672878 PMCID: PMC5535854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of heparan sulfate moieties of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are epigenetically regulated at many levels. As the exact composition of the heparan sulfate portion of the resulting HSPG molecules is critical to the broad spectrum of biological processes involved in oncogenesis, the epigenetic regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has far-reaching effects on many cellular activities related to cancer progression. Given the current focus on developing new anti-cancer therapeutics focused on epigenetic targets, it is important to understand the effects that these emerging therapeutics may have on the synthesis of HSPGs as alterations in HSPG composition may have profound and unanticipated effects. As an introduction, this review will briefly summarize the variety of important roles which HSPGs play in a wide-spectrum of cancer-related cellular and physiological functions and then describe the biosynthesis of the heparan sulfate chains of HSPGs, including how alterations observed in cancer cells serve as potential biomarkers. This review will then focus on detailing the multiple levels of epigenetic regulation of the enzymes in the heparan sulfate synthesis pathway with a particular focus on regulation by miRNA and effects of epigenetic therapies on HSPGs. We will also explore the use of lectins to detect differences in heparan sulfate composition and preview their potential diagnostic and prognostic use in the clinic.
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23
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Tykesson E, Mao Y, Maccarana M, Pu Y, Gao J, Lin C, Zaia J, Westergren-Thorsson G, Ellervik U, Malmström L, Malmström A. Deciphering the Mode of Action of the Processive Polysaccharide Modifying Enzyme Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase 1 by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1447-1456. [PMID: 26900446 PMCID: PMC4755500 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct from template-directed biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the enzymatic synthesis of heterogeneous polysaccharides is a complex process that is difficult to study using common analytical tools. Therefore, the mode of action and processivity of those enzymes are largely unknown. Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) is the predominant enzyme during the formation of iduronic acid residues in the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate. Using recombinant DS-epi1 as a model enzyme, we describe a tandem mass spectrometry-based method to study the mode of action of polysaccharide processing enzymes. The enzyme action on the substrate was monitored by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and the sequence information was then fed into mathematical models with two different assumptions of the mode of action for the enzyme: processive reducing end to non-reducing end, and processive non-reducing end to reducing end. Model data was scored by correlation to experimental data and it was found that DS-epi1 attacks its substrate on a random position, followed by a processive mode of modification towards the non-reducing end and that the substrate affinity of the enzyme is negatively affected by each additional epimerization event. It could also be shown that the smallest active substrate was the reducing end uronic acid in a tetrasaccharide and that octasaccharides and longer oligosaccharides were optimal substrates. The method of using tandem mass spectrometry to generate sequence information of the complex enzymatic products in combination with in silico modeling can be potentially applied to study the mode of action of other enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Tykesson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Yang Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Yi Pu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research, Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ulf Ellervik
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
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