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Koga S, Takazono T, Namie H, Okuno D, Ito Y, Nakada N, Hirayama T, Takeda K, Ide S, Iwanaga N, Tashiro M, Sakamoto N, Watanabe A, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Tanaka Y, Mukae H. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exhibit antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and other filamentous fungi. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0361423. [PMID: 38426765 PMCID: PMC10986472 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03614-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) and mucormycosis are life-threatening diseases, especially among immunocompromised patients. Drug-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains have been isolated worldwide, which can pose a serious clinical problem. As IA mainly occurs in patients with compromised immune systems, the ideal therapeutic approach should aim to bolster the immune system. In this study, we focused on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that exhibit immune effector functions and examined the possibility of harnessing this unconventional T cell subset as a novel therapeutic modality for IA. A potent antifungal effect was observed when A. fumigatus (Af293) hyphae were challenged by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells derived from peripheral blood. In addition, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exhibited antifungal activity against hyphae of all Aspergillus spp., Cunninghamella bertholletiae, and Rhizopus microsporus but not against their conidia. Furthermore, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells also exhibited antifungal activity against azole-resistant A. fumigatus, indicating that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could be used for treating drug-resistant A. fumigatus. The antifungal activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells depended on cell-to-cell contact with A. fumigatus hyphae, and degranulation characterized by CD107a mobilization seems essential for this activity against A. fumigatus. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could be developed as a novel modality for treating IA or mucormycosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive aspergillosis (IA) and mucormycosis are often resistant to treatment with conventional antifungal agents and have a high mortality rate. Additionally, effective antifungal treatment is hindered by drug toxicity, given that both fungal and human cells are eukaryotic, and antifungal agents are also likely to act on human cells, resulting in adverse effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents specifically targeting fungi is challenging. This study demonstrated the antifungal activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against various Aspergillus spp. and several Mucorales in vitro and discussed the mechanism underlying their antifungal activity. We indicate that adoptive immunotherapy using Vγ9Vδ2 T cells may offer a new therapeutic approach to IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Koga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hodaka Namie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuya Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nana Nakada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Health Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hirayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ide
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Experts Training Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Jose J, Law RHP, Leung EWW, Wai DCC, Akhlaghi H, Chandrashekaran IR, Caradoc-Davies TT, Voskoboinik I, Feutrill J, Middlemiss D, Jeevarajah D, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich T, Giddens AC, Lee TW, Jamieson SMF, Trapani JA, Whisstock JC, Spicer JA, Norton RS. Fragment-based and structure-guided discovery of perforin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115786. [PMID: 37716187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein whose normal function enables cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells to kill virus-infected and transformed cells. Conversely, unwanted perforin activity can also result in auto-immune attack, graft rejection and aberrant responses to pathogens. Perforin is critical for the function of the granule exocytosis cell death pathway and is therefore a target for drug development. In this study, by screening a fragment library using NMR and surface plasmon resonance, we identified 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (dapsone) as a perforin ligand. We also found that dapsone has modest (mM) inhibitory activity of perforin lytic activity in a red blood cell lysis assay in vitro. Sequential modification of this lead fragment, guided by structural knowledge of the ligand binding site and binding pose, and supported by SPR and ligand-detected 19F NMR, enabled the design of nanomolar inhibitors of the cytolytic activity of intact NK cells against various tumour cell targets. Interestingly, the ligands we developed were largely inert with respect to direct perforin-mediated red blood cell lysis but were very potent in the context of perforin's action on delivering granzymes in the immune synapse, the context in which it functions physiologically. Our work indicates that a fragment-based, structure-guided drug discovery strategy can be used to identify novel ligands that bind perforin. Moreover, these molecules have superior physicochemical properties and solubility compared to previous generations of perforin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothy C C Wai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Indu R Chandrashekaran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tom T Caradoc-Davies
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John Feutrill
- SYNthesis med chem (Australia) Pty Ltd, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Middlemiss
- XaviaPharm, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 5EX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Devadharshini Jeevarajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Anna C Giddens
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Kwok E, Otto SC, Khuu P, Carpenter AP, Codding SJ, Reardon PN, Vanegas J, Kumar TM, Kuykendall CJ, Mehl RA, Baio J, Johnson CP. The Dysferlin C2A Domain Binds PI(4,5)P2 and Penetrates Membranes. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168193. [PMID: 37406927 PMCID: PMC10699586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysferlin is a large membrane protein found most prominently in striated muscle. Loss of dysferlin activity is associated with reduced exocytosis, abnormal intracellular Ca2+ and the muscle diseases limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and Miyoshi myopathy. The cytosolic region of dysferlin consists of seven C2 domains with mutations in the C2A domain at the N-terminus resulting in pathology. Despite the importance of Ca2+ and membrane binding activities of the C2A domain for dysferlin function, the mechanism of the domain remains poorly characterized. In this study we find that the C2A domain preferentially binds membranes containing PI(4,5)P2 through an interaction mediated by residues Y23, K32, K33, and R77 on the concave face of the domain. We also found that subsequent to membrane binding, the C2A domain inserts residues on the Ca2+ binding loops into the membrane. Analysis of solution NMR measurements indicate that the domain inhabits two distinct structural states, with Ca2+ shifting the population between states towards a more rigid structure with greater affinity for PI(4,5)P2. Based on our results, we propose a mechanism where Ca2+ converts C2A from a structurally dynamic, low PI(4,5)P2 affinity state to a high affinity state that targets dysferlin to PI(4,5)P2 enriched membranes through interaction with Tyr23, K32, K33, and R77. Binding also involves changes in lipid packing and insertion by the third Ca2+ binding loop of the C2 domain into the membrane, which would contribute to dysferlin function in exocytosis and Ca2+ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethiene Kwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shauna C Otto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Patricia Khuu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andrew P Carpenter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sara J Codding
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Juan Vanegas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tanushri M Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chapman J Kuykendall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Joe Baio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Colin P Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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4
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Naneh O, Kozorog M, Merzel F, Gilbert R, Anderluh G. Surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis approaches for determining the affinity of perforin for calcium ions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181020. [PMID: 37545534 PMCID: PMC10400287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein that plays a crucial role in the immune system by clearing virus-infected or tumor cells. It is released from cytotoxic granules of immune cells and forms pores in targeted lipid membranes to deliver apoptosis-inducing granzymes. It is a very cytotoxic protein and is therefore adapted not to act in producing cells. Its activity is regulated by the requirement for calcium ions for optimal activity. However, the exact affinity of perforin for calcium ions has not yet been determined. We conducted a molecular dynamics simulation in the absence or presence of calcium ions that showed that binding of at least three calcium ions is required for stable perforin binding to the lipid membrane. Biophysical studies using surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis were then performed to estimate the binding affinities of native human and recombinant mouse perforin for calcium ions. Both approaches showed that mouse perforin has a several fold higher affinity for calcium ions than that of human perforin. This was attributed to a particular residue, tryptophan at position 488 in mouse perforin, which is replaced by arginine in human perforin. This represents an additional mechanism to control the activity of human perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Naneh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirijam Kozorog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franci Merzel
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Zhao L, Yang H, Qu WY, Lu YJ, Feng Z. Case report: Ruxolitinib plus dexamethasone as first-line therapy in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1054175. [PMID: 36959780 PMCID: PMC10029757 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1054175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a cytokine-driven inflammatory syndrome caused by uncontrolled hypersecretion of inflammatory cytokines. Conventional first-line treatment for HLH included HLH-94 and HLH-2004 regimens. However, quite a few patients do not respond to treatment or cannot tolerate intensive chemotherapy. We reported two cases of HLH, one caused by natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma and another associated with missense variants in the perforin 1 gene. They both received the ruxolitinib plus dexamethasone protocol and had a rapid response to treatment without obvious adverse effects. Our report indicates that treatment with ruxolitinib plus dexamethasone might be a potential option for HLH, and clinical trials warrant further investigation. In addition, the detection of HLH-related genes is necessary for the identification of late-onset familial HLH in certain settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Department of Haematology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Zhao,
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-ying Qu
- Department of Haematology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-jia Lu
- Department of Haematology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Feng
- Department of Haematology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Zheng L, Byadgi O, Rakhshaninejad M, Nauwynck H. Upregulation of torso-like protein (perforin) and granzymes B and G in non-adherent, lymphocyte-like haemocytes during a WSSV infection in shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:676-683. [PMID: 35985630 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates only have an innate immunity in which haemocytes play an important role. In our lab, 5 subpopulations of haemocytes were identified in the past by an iodixanol density gradient: hyalinocytes, granulocytes, semi-granulocytes and two subpopulations of non-phagocytic cells. For the two latter subpopulations, the haemocytes have small cytoplasm rims, do not adhere to the bottom of plastic cell-culture grade wells and present folds in the nucleus. These characteristics are similar to those of mammalian lymphocytes. Therefore, they were designated lymphocyte-like haemocytes. Although little is known about their function, we hypothesize, based on their morphology, that they may have a cytotoxic activity. First, a fast isolation technique was developed to separate the non-adherent haemocytes from the adherent haemocytes. After 60 min incubation on cell culture plates, the non-adherent haemocytes were collected. The purity reached 93% as demonstrated by flow cytometry and light microscopy upon a Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Cytotoxicity by lymphocytes is mediated by molecules such as perforin and granzymes and therefore, we searched for their genes in the shrimp genome. Genes coding for a torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G were identified. Primers were designed and RT-PCR/RT-qPCR assays were developed. The results demonstrated that torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G were mainly expressed in non-adherent haemocytes. The shrimp torso-like protein gene was most related to that of the crab torso-like protein; granzyme B gene was most related to that of mouse granzyme B and granzyme G gene was most related to that of zebrafish granzyme G. In a 72-hour in vivo WSSV infection challenge, the mRNA expression of shrimp torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G in haemocytes was increasing over time, which indicated that torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G of shrimp haemocytes are involved in the immune response during a viral infection. In the future, antibodies will be raised against these proteins for more in-depth functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zheng
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Omkar Byadgi
- International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 91201, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Mostafa Rakhshaninejad
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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7
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Hodel AW, Rudd-Schmidt JA, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I, Hoogenboom BW. Lipid specificity of the immune effector perforin. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:236-255. [PMID: 34545865 PMCID: PMC8704153 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore forming protein used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to remove cancerous or virus-infected cells during the immune response. During the response, the lymphocyte membrane becomes refractory to perforin function by accumulating densely ordered lipid rafts and externalizing negatively charged lipid species. The dense membrane packing lowers the capacity of perforin to bind, and the negatively charged lipids scavenge any residual protein before pore formation. Using atomic force microscopy on model membrane systems, we here provide insight into the molecular basis of perforin lipid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Hodel
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesse A Rudd-Schmidt
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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8
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Trinks N, Reinhard S, Drobny M, Heilig L, Löffler J, Sauer M, Terpitz U. Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging of immunological synapse formation between NK cells and A. fumigatus by expansion microscopy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1151. [PMID: 34608260 PMCID: PMC8490467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) enables super-resolution fluorescence imaging on standard microscopes by physical expansion of the sample. However, the investigation of interactions between different organisms such as mammalian and fungal cells by ExM remains challenging because different cell types require different expansion protocols to ensure identical, ideally isotropic expansion of both partners. Here, we introduce an ExM method that enables super-resolved visualization of the interaction between NK cells and Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. 4-fold expansion in combination with confocal fluorescence imaging allows us to resolve details of cytoskeleton rearrangement as well as NK cells' lytic granules triggered by contact with an RFP-expressing A. fumigatus strain. In particular, subdiffraction-resolution images show polarized degranulation upon contact formation and the presence of LAMP1 surrounding perforin at the NK cell-surface post degranulation. Our data demonstrate that optimized ExM protocols enable the investigation of immunological synapse formation between two different species with so far unmatched spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Trinks
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reinhard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Drobny
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Linda Heilig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Bondada V, Gal J, Mashburn C, Rodgers DW, Larochelle KE, Croall DE, Geddes JW. The C2 domain of calpain 5 contributes to enzyme activation and membrane localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119019. [PMID: 33811937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic characteristics of the ubiquitous calpain 5 (CAPN5) remain undescribed despite its high expression in the central nervous system and links to eye development and disease. CAPN5 contains the typical protease core domains but lacks the C terminal penta-EF hand domain of classical calpains, and instead contains a putative C2 domain. This study used the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line stably transfected with CAPN5-3xFLAG variants to assess the potential roles of the CAPN5 C2 domain in Ca2+ regulated enzyme activity and intracellular localization. Calcium dependent autoproteolysis of CAPN5 was documented and characterized. Mutation of the catalytic Cys81 to Ala or addition of EGTA prevented autolysis. Eighty μM Ca2+ was sufficient to stimulate half-maximal CAPN5 autolysis in cellular lysates. CAPN5 autolysis was inhibited by tri-leucine peptidyl aldehydes, but less effectively by di-Leu aldehydes, consistent with a more open conformation of the protease core relative to classical calpains. In silico modeling revealed a type II topology C2 domain including loops with the potential to bind calcium. Mutation of the acidic amino acid residues predicted to participate in Ca2+ binding, particularly Asp531 and Asp589, resulted in a decrease of CAPN5 membrane association. These residues were also found to be invariant in several genomes. The autolytic fragment of CAPN5 was prevalent in membrane-enriched fractions, but not in cytosolic fractions, suggesting that membrane association facilitates the autoproteolytic activity of CAPN5. Together, these results demonstrate that CAPN5 undergoes Ca2+-activated autoproteolytic processing and suggest that CAPN5 association with membranes enhances CAPN5 autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jozsef Gal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charles Mashburn
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David W Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Dorothy E Croall
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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10
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Martínez Cuesta L, Pérez SE. Perforin and granzymes in neurological infections: From humans to cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101610. [PMID: 33453589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perforin and granzymes are essential components of the cytotoxic granules present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These proteins play a crucial role in a variety of conditions, including viral infections, tumor immune surveillance, and tissue rejection. Besides their beneficial effect in most of these situations, perforin and granzymes have also been associated with tissue damage and immune diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that perforin and granzymes released during viral infections could contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we summarize the information available on human perforin and granzymes and their relationship with neurological infections and immune disorders. Furthermore, we compare this information with that available for bovine and present data on perforin and granzymes expression in cattle infected with bovine alphaherpesvirus types1 and -5. To our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing the impact of perforin and granzymes on neurological infections caused by bovine herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Calcium binds and rigidifies the dysferlin C2A domain in a tightly coupled manner. Biochem J 2021; 478:197-215. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein dysferlin (DYSF) is important for calcium-activated plasma membrane repair, especially in muscle fibre cells. Nearly 600 mutations in the DYSF gene have been identified that are causative for rare genetic forms of muscular dystrophy. The dysferlin protein consists of seven C2 domains (C2A–C2G, 13%–33% identity) used to recruit calcium ions and traffic accessory proteins and vesicles to injured membrane sites needed to reseal a wound. Amongst these, the C2A is the most prominent facilitating the calcium-sensitive interaction with membrane surfaces. In this work, we determined the calcium-free and calcium-bound structures of the dysferlin C2A domain using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. We show that binding two calcium ions to this domain reduces the flexibility of the Ca2+-binding loops in the structure. Furthermore, calcium titration and mutagenesis experiments reveal the tight coupling of these calcium-binding sites whereby the elimination of one site abolishes calcium binding to its partner site. We propose that the electrostatic potential distributed by the flexible, negatively charged calcium-binding loops in the dysferlin C2A domain control first contact with calcium that promotes subsequent binding. Based on these results, we hypothesize that dysferlin uses a ‘calcium-catching’ mechanism to respond to calcium influx during membrane repair.
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12
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Bayly-Jones C, Pang SS, Spicer BA, Whisstock JC, Dunstone MA. Ancient but Not Forgotten: New Insights Into MPEG1, a Macrophage Perforin-Like Immune Effector. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581906. [PMID: 33178209 PMCID: PMC7593815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-expressed gene 1 [MPEG1/Perforin-2 (PRF2)] is an ancient metazoan protein belonging to the Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) branch of the MACPF/Cholesterol Dependent Cytolysin (CDC) superfamily of pore-forming proteins (PFPs). MACPF/CDC proteins are a large and extremely diverse superfamily that forms large transmembrane aqueous channels in target membranes. In humans, MACPFs have known roles in immunity and development. Like perforin (PRF) and the membrane attack complex (MAC), MPEG1 is also postulated to perform a role in immunity. Indeed, bioinformatic studies suggest that gene duplications of MPEG1 likely gave rise to PRF and MAC components. Studies reveal partial or complete loss of MPEG1 causes an increased susceptibility to microbial infection in both cells and animals. To this end, MPEG1 expression is upregulated in response to proinflammatory signals such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Furthermore, germline mutations in MPEG1 have been identified in connection with recurrent pulmonary mycobacterial infections in humans. Structural studies on MPEG1 revealed that it can form oligomeric pre-pores and pores. Strikingly, the unusual domain arrangement within the MPEG1 architecture suggests a novel mechanism of pore formation that may have evolved to guard against unwanted lysis of the host cell. Collectively, the available data suggest that MPEG1 likely functions as an intracellular pore-forming immune effector. Herein, we review the current understanding of MPEG1 evolution, regulation, and function. Furthermore, recent structural studies of MPEG1 are discussed, including the proposed mechanisms of action for MPEG1 bactericidal activity. Lastly limitations, outstanding questions, and implications of MPEG1 models are explored in the context of the broader literature and in light of newly available structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bayly-Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siew Siew Pang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley A Spicer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Godby RC, Kraemer RR, May J, Soni S, Reddy V, Thomas JV, Mehta A. Co-Occurrence of Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Type 2 and Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus in Adulthood. Am J Med Sci 2020; 361:388-393. [PMID: 33309387 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report, to the best of our best knowledge, the oldest individual to ever be diagnosed with Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) Type 2 from homozygous c.1349C>T (p.T450M) missense variants in the PRF1 gene. This rare case advanced in complexity with a simultaneous diagnosis of Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus (CAEBV) - a distinct clinical entity from acute EBV infections and a well-described trigger of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). This is, to the best of our knowledge, the only individual to ever be diagnosed with CAEBV in the setting of this specific variant and the oldest to be diagnosed with a coexisting perforin variant. This case provides understanding of EBV, human genetics, and lymphoproliferative disorders while adding a unique differential diagnosis to adults who present with fever of unknown origin and diffuse lymphadenopathy without evidence of malignancy. This report explores the diagnosis and treatment of both HLH and CAEBV, encouraging discussion regarding current clinical management and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Curtis Godby
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Ryan R Kraemer
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jori May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Swati Soni
- Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Moradabad, UP, India
| | - Vishnu Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John V Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Amitkumar Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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14
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Abstract
Immune cells use a variety of membrane-disrupting proteins [complement, perforin, perforin-2, granulysin, gasdermins, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)] to induce different kinds of death of microbes and host cells, some of which cause inflammation. After activation by proteolytic cleavage or phosphorylation, these proteins oligomerize, bind to membrane lipids, and disrupt membrane integrity. These membrane disruptors play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review our current knowledge of the functions, specificity, activation, and regulation of membrane-disrupting immune proteins and what is known about the mechanisms behind membrane damage, the structure of the pores they form, how the cells expressing these lethal proteins are protected, and how cells targeted for destruction can sometimes escape death by repairing membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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15
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Brennan AJ, Law RHP, Conroy PJ, Noori T, Lukoyanova N, Saibil H, Yagita H, Ciccone A, Verschoor S, Whisstock JC, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I. Perforin proteostasis is regulated through its C2 domain: supra-physiological cell death mediated by T431D-perforin. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1517-1529. [PMID: 29416110 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pore forming, Ca2+-dependent protein, perforin, is essential for the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, which are at the frontline of immune defence against pathogens and cancer. Perforin is a glycoprotein stored in the secretory granules prior to release into the immune synapse. Congenital perforin deficiency causes fatal immune dysregulation, and is associated with various haematological malignancies. At least 50% of pathological missense mutations in perforin result in protein misfolding and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, the regulation of perforin proteostasis remains unexplored. Using a variety of biochemical assays that assess protein stability and acquisition of complex glycosylation, we demonstrated that the binding of Ca2+ to the C2 domain stabilises perforin and regulates its export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the secretory granules. As perforin is a thermo-labile protein, we hypothesised that by altering its C2 domain it may be possible to improve protein stability. On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of the perforin C2 domain, we designed a mutation (T431D) in the Ca2+ binding loop. Mutant perforin displayed markedly enhanced thermal stability and lytic function, despite its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum remaining unchanged. Furthermore, by introducing the T431D mutation into A90V perforin, a pathogenic mutation, which results in protein misfolding, we corrected the A90V folding defect and completely restored perforin's cytotoxic function. These results revealed an unexpected role for the Ca2+-dependent C2 domain in maintaining perforin proteostasis and demonstrated the possibility of designing perforin with supra-physiological cytotoxic function through stabilisation of the C2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Brennan
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Conroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalya Lukoyanova
- Department of Crystallography/Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Helen Saibil
- Department of Crystallography/Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Annette Ciccone
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Verschoor
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Xia Y, Tao H, Hu Y, Chen Q, Chen X, Xia L, Zhou L, Wang Y, Bao Y, Huang S, Ren X, Lundy SK, Dai F, Li Q, Chang AE. IL-2 augments the therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred B cells which directly kill tumor cells via the CXCR4/CXCL12 and perforin pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60461-60474. [PMID: 27528023 PMCID: PMC5312396 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that antitumor B cells directly kill tumor cells via the Fas/FasL pathway and are regulated by IL-10. In this study, we defined additional mechanisms involved in B cell antitumor immunity. Administration of IL-2 significantly augmented the therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) B cells which express IL- 2R. Culture supernatant of purified B splenocytes harvested from the mice that received adoptive transfer of 4T1 TDLN B cells plus IL-2 administration produced larger amounts of IgG which bound to 4T1, resulting in 4T1 lysis. Furthermore, we detected CXCR4 expression on 4T1 TDLN B cells, and 4T1 tumor cells produced its ligand CXCL12. Transwell experiments demonstrated the chemoattraction of CXCR4-expressing 4T1 TDLN B cells towards CXCL12- producing 4T1 cells. Blockade of CXCR4 using a CXCR4-specific inhibitor, AMD3100, significantly reduced the killing of 4T1 tumor cells by 4T1 TDLN B cells. Blockade of FasL and CXCR4 concurrently inhibited B cell-mediated direct killing of tumor cells in an additive manner, indicating that both Fas/FasL and CXCL12/CXCR4 pathways are involved in the direct killing of 4T1 cells by 4T1 TDLN B cells. TDLN B cells produced perforin. Additional transwell experiments showed that effector B cells could directly kill tumor cells in cell-cell contact via the Fas/FasL and CXCR4/CXCL12 pathways as well as perforin, while without cell contact, perforin secreted by B cells led to tumor cell cytotoxicity. These findings underscore the diversity of function by which B cells can play an important role in the host immune response to tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,The No.1 People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Hubei Province Stem Cell Research & Appling Center, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Current address: Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine and Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Hubei Province Stem Cell Research & Appling Center, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanning Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Leiming Xia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,The No.1 People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- The No.1 People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Yangyi Bao
- The No.1 People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Shiang Huang
- Hubei Province Stem Cell Research & Appling Center, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fu Dai
- The No.1 People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alfred E Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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Johnson TK, Henstridge MA, Warr CG. MACPF/CDC proteins in development: Insights from Drosophila torso-like. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Spicer BA, Conroy PJ, Law RH, Voskoboinik I, Whisstock JC. Perforin—A key (shaped) weapon in the immunological arsenal. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Suckling RJ, Korona B, Whiteman P, Chillakuri C, Holt L, Handford PA, Lea SM. Structural and functional dissection of the interplay between lipid and Notch binding by human Notch ligands. EMBO J 2017; 36:2204-2215. [PMID: 28572448 PMCID: PMC5538765 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data have expanded our understanding of Notch signalling by identifying a C2 domain at the N-terminus of Notch ligands, which has both lipid- and receptor-binding properties. We present novel structures of human ligands Jagged2 and Delta-like4 and human Notch2, together with functional assays, which suggest that ligand-mediated coupling of membrane recognition and Notch binding is likely to be critical in establishing the optimal context for Notch signalling. Comparisons between the Jagged and Delta family show a huge diversity in the structures of the loops at the apex of the C2 domain implicated in membrane recognition and Jagged1 missense mutations, which affect these loops and are associated with extrahepatic biliary atresia, lead to a loss of membrane recognition, but do not alter Notch binding. Taken together, these data suggest that C2 domain binding to membranes is an important element in tuning ligand-dependent Notch signalling in different physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pat Whiteman
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Laurie Holt
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Susan M Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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20
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Yao Y, Chen S, Cao M, Fan X, Yang T, Huang Y, Song X, Li Y, Ye L, Shen N, Shi Y, Li X, Wang F, Qian Y. Antigen-specific CD8 + T cell feedback activates NLRP3 inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells through perforin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15402. [PMID: 28537251 PMCID: PMC5458103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between innate and adaptive immunity is best exemplified by antigen presentation. Although antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are required for antigen receptor-mediated T-cell activation, how T-cells feedback to APCs to sustain an antigen-specific immune response is not completely clear. Here we show that CD8+ T-cell (also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTL) feedback activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in APCs in an antigen-dependent manner to promote IL-1β maturation. Perforin from antigen-specific CTLs is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in APCs. Furthermore, such activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the induction of antigen-specific antitumour immunity and pathogenesis of graft-versus-host diseases. Our study reveals a positive feedback loop between antigen-specific CTLs and APC to amplify adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
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21
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Spicer JA, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Jose J, Huttunen KM, Jaiswal JK, Denny WA, Akhlaghi H, Browne KA, Trapani JA. Benzenesulphonamide inhibitors of the cytolytic protein perforin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1050-1054. [PMID: 28110869 PMCID: PMC5303009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pore-forming protein perforin is a key component of mammalian cell-mediated immunity and essential to the pathway that allows elimination of virus-infected and transformed cells. Perforin activity has also been implicated in certain auto-immune conditions and therapy-induced conditions such as allograft rejection and graft versus host disease. An inhibitor of perforin activity could be used as a highly specific immunosuppressive treatment for these conditions, with reduced side-effects compared to currently accepted therapies. Previously identified first-in-class inhibitors based on a 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one core show suboptimal physicochemical properties and toxicity toward the natural killer (NK) cells that secrete perforin in vivo. The current benzenesulphonamide-based series delivers a non-toxic bioisosteric replacement possessing improved solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Christian K Miller
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagdish K Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kylie A Browne
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Marrone A, Re N, Storchi L. The Effects of Ca2+ Concentration and E200K Mutation on the Aggregation Propensity of PrPC: A Computational Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168039. [PMID: 27959938 PMCID: PMC5154561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity of cellular prion protein to aggregation is reputed essential for the initiation of the amyloid cascade that ultimately lead to the accumulation of neurotoxic aggregates. In this paper, we extended and applied an already reported computational workflow [Proteins 2015; 83: 1751–1765] to elucidate in details the aggregation propensity of PrP protein systems including wild type, wild type treated at different [Ca2+] and E200K mutant. The application of the computational procedure to two segments of PrPC, i.e. 125–228 and 120–231, allowed to emphasize how the inclusion of complete C-terminus and last portion (120–126) of the neurotoxic segment 106–126 may be crucial to unveil significant and unexpected interaction properties. Indeed, the anchoring of N-terminus on H2 domain detected in the wild type resulted to be disrupted upon either E200K mutation or Ca2+ binding, and to unbury hydrophobic spots on the PrPC surface. A peculiar dinuclear Ca2+ binding motif formed by the C-terminus and the S2-H2 loop was detected for [Ca2+] > 5 mM and showed similarities with binding motifs retraced in other protein systems, thus suggesting a possible functional meaning for its formation. Therefore, we potentiated the computational procedure by including a tool that clusterize the minima of molecular interaction fields of a proteinand delimit the regions of space with higher hydrophobic or higher hydrophilic character, hence, more likely involved in the self-assembly process. Plausible models for the self-assembly of either the E200K mutated or Ca2+-bound PrPC were sketched and discussed. The present investigation provides for structure-based information and new prompts that may represent a starting point for future experimental or computational works on the PrPC aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marrone
- Università “G d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Nazzareno Re
- Università “G d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, Chieti, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Università “G d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, Chieti, Italy
- Molecular Discovery Limited, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
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