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Minichmayr IK, Knaack U, Gojo J, Senfter D, Haberler C, Azizi AA, Mayr L, Zeitlinger M, Peyrl A. Distribution of Bevacizumab into the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children and Adolescents with Recurrent Brain Tumors. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:429-440. [PMID: 38587585 PMCID: PMC11192692 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-024-00624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, evidence has been lacking regarding bevacizumab pharmacokinetics in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). OBJECTIVE This study assessed the penetration of bevacizumab, as part of a metronomic antiangiogenic treatment regimen, into the CSF of children, adolescents, and young adults with recurrent brain tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum and CSF concentrations, malignant cells, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were analyzed in 12 patients (5-27 years) following 10 mg/kg bevacizumab intravenous biweekly administration (EudraCT number 2009-013024-23). A population pharmacokinetic model including body weight, albumin, and tumor type as influential factors was extended to quantify the CSF penetration of bevacizumab. RESULTS Apart from in serum (minimum concentration/maximum concentration [Cmin/Cmax] 77.0-305/267-612 mg/L, median 144/417 mg/L), bevacizumab could be quantified in the CSF (0.01-2.26 mg/L, median 0.35 mg/L). The CSF/serum ratio was 0.16 and highly variable between patients. Malignant cells could be detected in CSF before initiation of treatment in five of 12 patients; after treatment, the CSF was cleared in all patients. VEGF-A was detected in three patients before treatment (mean ± SD: 20 ± 11 pg/mL), and was still measurable in one of these patients despite treatment (16 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS This pharmacokinetic pilot study indicated penetration of bevacizumab into the CSF in a population of children, adolescents, and young adults with recurrent brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Minichmayr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Knaack
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haberler
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amedeo A Azizi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Ye X, Gaucher JF, Vidal M, Broussy S. A Structural Overview of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Pharmacological Ligands: From Macromolecules to Designed Peptidomimetics. Molecules 2021; 26:6759. [PMID: 34833851 PMCID: PMC8625919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of cytokines plays a key role in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-A is the main member of this family, alongside placental growth factor (PlGF), VEGF-B/C/D in mammals, and VEGF-E/F in other organisms. To study the activities of these growth factors under physiological and pathological conditions, resulting in therapeutic applications in cancer and age-related macular degeneration, blocking ligands have been developed. These have mostly been large biomolecules like antibodies. Ligands with high affinities, at least in the nanomolar range, and accurate structural data from X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy have been described. They constitute the main focus of this overview, which evidences similarities and differences in their binding modes. For VEGF-A ligands, and to a limited extent also for PlGF, a transition is now observed towards developing smaller ligands like nanobodies and peptides. These include unnatural amino acids and chemical modifications for designed and improved properties, such as serum stability and greater affinity. However, this review also highlights the scarcity of such small molecular entities and the striking lack of small organic molecule ligands. It also shows the gap between the rather large array of ligands targeting VEGF-A and the general absence of ligands binding other VEGF members, besides some antibodies. Future developments in these directions are expected in the upcoming years, and the study of these growth factors and their promising therapeutic applications will be welcomed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ye
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, 75006 Paris, France; (X.Y.); (M.V.)
| | - Jean-François Gaucher
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Michel Vidal
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, 75006 Paris, France; (X.Y.); (M.V.)
- Service Biologie du Médicament, Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Broussy
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, 75006 Paris, France; (X.Y.); (M.V.)
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3
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Movaghar Asareh S, Savei T, Arjmand S, Ranaei Siadat SO, Fatemi F, Pourmadadi M, Shabani Shayeh J. Expression of functional eGFP-fused antigen-binding fragment of ranibizumab in Pichia pastoris. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2021; 12:203-210. [PMID: 35677669 PMCID: PMC9124873 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Ranibizumab is a mouse monoclonal antibody fragment antigen-binding (Fab) against human vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), inhibiting angiogenesis. This antibody is commercially produced in Escherichia coli host and used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: In this study, the heavy and light chains of ranibizumab were expressed in Pichia pastoris. The expressed chains were incubated overnight at 4°C for interaction. The formation of an active structure was evaluated based on the interaction with substrate VEGF-A using an indirect ELISA, and an electrochemical setup. Furthermore, reconstruction of split enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter, chimerized at the C-terminus of the heavy and light chains, was used to characterize chains' interaction. Results: P. pastoris efficiently expressed designed constructs and secreted them into the culture medium. The anti-Fab antibody detected the constructed Fab structure in western blot analysis. Reconstruction of the split reporter confirmed the interaction between heavy and light chains. The designed ELISA and electrochemical setup results verified the binding activity of the recombinant Fab structure against VEGF-A. Conclusion: In this work, we indicated that the heavy and light chains of ranibizumab Fab fragments (with or without linkage to split parts of eGFP protein) were produced in P. pastoris. The fluorescence of reconstructed eGFP was detected after incubating the equal ratio of chimeric-heavy and light chains. Immunoassay and electrochemical tests verified the bioactivity of constructed Fab. The data suggested that P. pastoris could be considered a potential efficient eukaryotic host for ranibizumab production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahereh Savei
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Arjmand
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fataneh Fatemi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Bringing the Heavy Chain to Light: Creating a Symmetric, Bivalent IgG-Like Bispecific. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040062. [PMID: 33172091 PMCID: PMC7709125 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific molecules are biologically significant, yet their complex structures pose important manufacturing and pharmacokinetic challenges. Nevertheless, owing to similarities with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), IgG-like bispecifics conceptually align well with conventional expression and manufacturing platforms and often exhibit potentially favorable drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties. However, IgG-like bispecifics do not possess target bivalency and current designs often require tedious engineering and purification to ensure appropriate chain pairing. Here, we present a near-native IgG antibody format, the 2xVH, which can create bivalency for each target or epitope and requires no engineering for cognate chain pairing. In this modality, two different variable heavy (VH) domains with distinct binding specificities are grafted onto the first constant heavy (CH1) and constant light (CL) domains, conferring the molecule with dual specificity. To determine the versatility of this format, we characterized the expression, binding, and stability of several previously identified soluble human VH domains. By grafting these domains onto an IgG scaffold, we generated several prototype 2xVH IgG and Fab molecules that display similar properties to mAbs. These molecules avoided the post-expression purification necessary for engineered bispecifics while maintaining a capacity for simultaneous dual binding. Hence, the 2xVH format represents a bivalent, bispecific design that addresses limitations of manufacturing IgG-like bispecifics while promoting biologically-relevant dual target engagement.
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Collins M, Awwad S, Ibeanu N, Khaw PT, Guiliano D, Brocchini S, Khalili H. Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:44-55. [PMID: 33137484 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreally injected antibody-based medicines have revolutionised the treatment of retinal disease. Bispecific and dual-functional antibodies and therapeutic proteins have the potential to further increase the efficacy of intraocular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collins
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nkiru Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David Guiliano
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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6
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Kong L, Liu F, Huo L, Sha C, Liu W, Yu F. A novel LC-MS/MS approach to the pharmacokinetic study of free and bound aflibercept simultaneously. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1003-1010. [PMID: 31897562 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To comprehensively evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of aflibercept, we established a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-bound aflibercept and free aflibercept. A specific sample preparation method of nano-surface and molecular-orientation limited (nSMOL) proteolysis was performed to extract both free and bound aflibercept from plasma. The tryptic peptides unique to aflibercept and VEGF-A were selected to quantify the amounts of total aflibercept and aflibercept-VEGF complex, respectively. The method was validated by evaluating its selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability. It was then successfully used to quantify total and bound aflibercept concentrations in cynomolgus monkey plasma, while indirectly obtaining the concentration of free aflibercept by subtraction. The PK results of this LC-MS/MS method are comparable to the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results. It is thus a reliable and complementary method for the PK evaluation of aflibercept. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, No. 32 Qingquan Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Fangjie Liu
- Luye Pharma Group Ltd, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Linan Huo
- Luye Pharma Group Ltd, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- Luye Pharma Group Ltd, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, No. 32 Qingquan Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, No. 32 Qingquan Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, China.
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7
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Gao F, Yang C. Anti-VEGF/VEGFR2 Monoclonal Antibodies and their Combinations with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Clinic. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:3-18. [PMID: 31729943 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666191114110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways responsible for tumor angiogenesis. Currently, two monoclonal antibodies, anti-VEGF-A antibody Bevacizumab and anti-VEGFR2 antibody Ramucizumab, have been approved for the treatment of solid tumors. At the same time, VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling is involved in the regulation of immune responses. It is reported that the inhibition of this pathway has the capability to promote vascular normalization, increase the intra-tumor infiltration of lymphocytes, and decrease the number and function of inhibitory immune cell phenotypes, including Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages. On this basis, a number of clinical studies have been performed to investigate the therapeutic potential of VEGF/VEGFR2-targeting antibodies plus programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/ programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in various solid tumor types. In this context, VEGF/VEGFR2- targeting antibodies, Bevacizumab and Ramucizumab are briefly introduced, with a description of the differences between them, and the clinical studies involved in the combination of Bevacizumab/ Ramucizumab and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are summarized. We hope this review article will provide some valuable clues for further clinical studies and usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- BuChang (Beijing) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hongda Industrial Park, Hongda North Road, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chun Yang
- BuChang (Beijing) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hongda Industrial Park, Hongda North Road, Beijing 100176, China
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8
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Clarke SC, Ma B, Trinklein ND, Schellenberger U, Osborn MJ, Ouisse LH, Boudreau A, Davison LM, Harris KE, Ugamraj HS, Balasubramani A, Dang KH, Jorgensen B, Ogana HAN, Pham DT, Pratap PP, Sankaran P, Anegon I, van Schooten WC, Brüggemann M, Buelow R, Force Aldred S. Multispecific Antibody Development Platform Based on Human Heavy Chain Antibodies. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3037. [PMID: 30666250 PMCID: PMC6330309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) do not associate with light chains and their VH regions are functional as single domains, forming the smallest active antibody fragment. These VH regions are ideal building blocks for a variety of antibody-based biologics because they tolerate fusion to other molecules and may also be attached in series to construct multispecific antibodies without the need for protein engineering to ensure proper heavy and light chain pairing. Production of human HCAbs has been impeded by the fact that natural human VH regions require light chain association and display poor biophysical characteristics when expressed in the absence of light chains. Here, we present an innovative platform for the rapid development of diverse sets of human HCAbs that have been selected in vivo. Our unique approach combines antibody repertoire analysis with immunization of transgenic rats, called UniRats, that produce chimeric HCAbs with fully human VH domains in response to an antigen challenge. UniRats express HCAbs from large transgenic loci representing the entire productive human heavy chain V(D)J repertoire, mount robust immune responses to a wide array of antigens, exhibit diverse V gene usage and generate large panels of stable, high affinity, antigen-specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biao Ma
- Teneobio, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm UMR 1064, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Duy T Pham
- Teneobio, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm UMR 1064, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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9
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Ahadi M, Ghasemian H, Behdani M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F. Oligoclonal selection of nanobodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 16:34-42. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1526234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ahadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Ghasemian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), the autonomous variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies produced naturally by camelid ungulates and cartilaginous fishes, have evolved to bind antigen using only three complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops rather than the six present in conventional VH:VL antibodies. It has been suggested, based on limited evidence, that sdAbs may adopt paratope structures that predispose them to preferential recognition of recessed protein epitopes, but poor or non-recognition of protuberant epitopes and small molecules. Here, we comprehensively surveyed the evidence in support of this hypothesis. We found some support for a global structural difference in the paratope shapes of sdAbs compared with those of conventional antibodies: sdAb paratopes have smaller molecular surface areas and diameters, more commonly have non-canonical CDR1 and CDR2 structures, and have elongated CDR3 length distributions, but have similar amino acid compositions and are no more extended (interatomic distance measured from CDR base to tip) than conventional antibody paratopes. Comparison of X-ray crystal structures of sdAbs and conventional antibodies in complex with cognate antigens showed that sdAbs and conventional antibodies bury similar solvent-exposed surface areas on proteins and form similar types of non-covalent interactions, although these are more concentrated in the compact sdAb paratope. Thus, sdAbs likely have privileged access to distinct antigenic regions on proteins, but only owing to their small molecular size and not to general differences in molecular recognition mechanism. The evidence surrounding the purported inability of sdAbs to bind small molecules was less clear. The available data provide a structural framework for understanding the evolutionary emergence and function of autonomous heavy chain-only antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Henry
- a Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - C Roger MacKenzie
- a Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.,b School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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Takahashi H, Yanagi Y. Author Response: Comments on Assays Used to Measure VEGF in the Presence of Anti-VEGF Therapeutics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:4107. [PMID: 30098198 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuo Yanagi
- Medical Retina, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Eye-ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Liu F, Kc P, Ni L, Zhang G, Zhe J. A microfluidic competitive immuno-aggregation assay for high sensitivity cell secretome detection. Organogenesis 2018; 14:67-81. [PMID: 29883244 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2018.1461306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a high-sensitivity cell secretome detection method using competitive immuno-aggregation and a micro-Coulter counter. A target cell secretome protein competes with anti-biotin-coated microparticles (MPs) to bind with a biotinylated antibody (Ab), causing decreased aggregation of the functionalized MPs and formation of a mixture of MPs and aggregates. In comparison, without the target cell secretome protein, more microparticles are functionalized, and more aggregates are formed. Thus, a decrease in the average volume of functionalized microparticles/aggregates indicates an increase in cell secretome concentration. This volume change is measured by the micro-Coulter counter, which is used to quantitatively estimate the cell secretome concentration. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the key cell secretome proteins that regulate angiogenesis and vascular permeabilization, was used as the target protein to demonstrate the sensing principle. A standard calibration curve was generated by testing samples with various VEGF concentrations. A detection range from 0.01 ng/mL to 100.00 ng/mL was achieved. We further demonstrated the quantification of VEGF concentration in exogenous samples collected from the secretome of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) at different incubation times. The results from the assay agree well with the results of a parallel enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) test, indicating the specificity and reliability of the competitive immuno-aggregation assay. With its simple structure and easy sample preparation, this assay not only enables high sensitivity detection of VEGF but also can be readily extended to other types of cell secretome analysis as long as the specific Ab is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio , United States
| | - Pawan Kc
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio , United States
| | - Liwei Ni
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio , United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio , United States
| | - Jiang Zhe
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio , United States
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13
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Henry KA, Kim DY, Kandalaft H, Lowden MJ, Yang Q, Schrag JD, Hussack G, MacKenzie CR, Tanha J. Stability-Diversity Tradeoffs Impose Fundamental Constraints on Selection of Synthetic Human V H/V L Single-Domain Antibodies from In Vitro Display Libraries. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1759. [PMID: 29375542 PMCID: PMC5763143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human autonomous VH/VL single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are attractive therapeutic molecules, but often suffer from suboptimal stability, solubility and affinity for cognate antigens. Most commonly, human sdAbs have been isolated from in vitro display libraries constructed via synthetic randomization of rearranged VH/VL domains. Here, we describe the design and characterization of three novel human VH/VL sdAb libraries through a process of: (i) exhaustive biophysical characterization of 20 potential VH/VL sdAb library scaffolds, including assessment of expression yield, aggregation resistance, thermostability and tolerance to complementarity-determining region (CDR) substitutions; (ii) in vitro randomization of the CDRs of three VH/VL sdAb scaffolds, with tailored amino acid representation designed to promote solubility and expressibility; and (iii) systematic benchmarking of the three VH/VL libraries by panning against five model antigens. We isolated ≥1 antigen-specific human sdAb against four of five targets (13 VHs and 7 VLs in total); these were predominantly monomeric, had antigen-binding affinities ranging from 5 nM to 12 µM (average: 2–3 µM), but had highly variable expression yields (range: 0.1–19 mg/L). Despite our efforts to identify the most stable VH/VL scaffolds, selection of antigen-specific binders from these libraries was unpredictable (overall success rate for all library-target screens: ~53%) with a high attrition rate of sdAbs exhibiting false positive binding by ELISA. By analyzing VH/VL sdAb library sequence composition following selection for monomeric antibody expression (binding to protein A/L followed by amplification in bacterial cells), we found that some VH/VL sdAbs had marked growth advantages over others, and that the amino acid composition of the CDRs of this set of sdAbs was dramatically restricted (bias toward Asp and His and away from aromatic and hydrophobic residues). Thus, CDR sequence clearly dramatically impacts the stability of human autonomous VH/VL immunoglobulin domain folds, and sequence-stability tradeoffs must be taken into account during the design of such libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hiba Kandalaft
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Lowden
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qingling Yang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph D Schrag
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C Roger MacKenzie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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14
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Arezumand R, Alibakhshi A, Ranjbari J, Ramazani A, Muyldermans S. Nanobodies As Novel Agents for Targeting Angiogenesis in Solid Cancers. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1746. [PMID: 29276515 PMCID: PMC5727022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid cancers are dependent on angiogenesis for sustenance. The FDA approval of Bevacizumab in 2004 inspired many scientists to develop more inhibitors of angiogenesis. Although several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being administered to successfully combat various pathologies, the complexity and large size of mAbs seem to narrow the therapeutic applications. To improve the performance of cancer therapeutics, including those blocking tumor angiogenesis, attractive strategies such as miniaturization of the antibodies have been introduced. Nanobodies (Nbs), small single-domain antigen-binding antibody fragments, are becoming promising therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in oncology due to their favorable unique structural and functional properties. This review focuses on the potential and state of the art of Nbs to inhibit the angiogenic process for therapy and the use of labeled Nbs for non-invasive in vivo imaging of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaye Arezumand
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Science, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Adamson P, Wilde T, Dobrzynski E, Sychterz C, Polsky R, Kurali E, Haworth R, Tang CM, Korczynska J, Cook F, Papanicolaou I, Tsikna L, Roberts C, Hughes-Thomas Z, Walford J, Gibson D, Warrack J, Smal J, Verrijk R, Miller PE, Nork TM, Prusakiewicz J, Streit T, Sorden S, Struble C, Christian B, Catchpole IR. Single ocular injection of a sustained-release anti-VEGF delivers 6months pharmacokinetics and efficacy in a primate laser CNV model. J Control Release 2016; 244:1-13. [PMID: 27810558 PMCID: PMC5494198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A potent anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) biologic and a compatible delivery system were co-evaluated for protection against wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over a 6month period following a single intravitreal (IVT) injection. The anti-VEGF molecule is dimeric, containing two different anti-VEGF domain antibodies (dAb) attached to a human IgG1 Fc region: a dual dAb. The delivery system is based on microparticles of PolyActive™ hydrogel co-polymer. The molecule was evaluated both in vitro for potency against VEGF and in ocular VEGF-driven efficacy models in vivo. The dual dAb is highly potent, showing a lower IC50 than aflibercept in VEGF receptor binding assays (RBAs) and retaining activity upon release from microparticles over 12months in vitro. Microparticles released functional dual dAb in rabbit and primate eyes over 6months at sufficient levels to protect Cynomolgus against laser-induced grade IV choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). This demonstrates proof of concept for delivery of an anti-VEGF molecule within a sustained-release system, showing protection in a pre-clinical primate model of wet AMD over 6months. Polymer breakdown and movement of microparticles in the eye may limit development of particle-based approaches for sustained release after IVT injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adamson
- GSK Ophthalmology, Stevenage, UK; GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA; ProQR Therapeutics NV, Zernikedreef 9, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wilde
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, UK; GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA; Janssen Research & Development, PA 19002, USA
| | - Eric Dobrzynski
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, UK; GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Sychterz
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, UK; GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Rodd Polsky
- Safety Assessment, King of Prussia, PA, USA; GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Edit Kurali
- Target Science Statistics, Leiden, The Netherlands; Janssen Research & Development, PA 19002, USA
| | | | - Chi-Man Tang
- BioPharm Innovation, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK; MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justyna Korczynska
- BioPharm Discovery, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Fiona Cook
- BioPharm Discovery, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Irene Papanicolaou
- BioPharm Innovation, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Lemy Tsikna
- BioPharm Discovery, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK; Avacta Life Sciences, Whittlesford, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Roberts
- BioPharm Discovery, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Zoe Hughes-Thomas
- BioPharm Discovery, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - James Walford
- BioPharm Process Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Daniel Gibson
- BioPharm Process Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - John Warrack
- AnalyticalSciences, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jos Smal
- OctoPlus NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - T Michael Nork
- OSOD, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian R Catchpole
- GSK Ophthalmology, Stevenage, UK; BioPharm Innovation, Madison, WI, USA; GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK.
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16
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Scott MJ, Lee JA, Wake MS, Batt KV, Wattam TA, Hiles ID, Batuwangala TD, Ashman CI, Steward M. 'In-Format' screening of a novel bispecific antibody format reveals significant potency improvements relative to unformatted molecules. MAbs 2016; 9:85-93. [PMID: 27786601 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1249078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are emerging as an important class of biopharmaceutical. The majority of BsAbs are created from conventional antibodies or fragments engineered into more complex configurations. A recurring challenge in their development, however, is the identification of components that are optimised for inclusion in the final format in order to deliver both efficacy and robust biophysical properties. Using a modular BsAb format, the mAb-dAb, we assessed whether an 'in-format' screening approach, designed to select format-compatible domain antibodies, could expedite lead discovery. Human nerve growth factor (NGF) was selected as an antigen to validate the approach; domain antibody (dAb) libraries were screened, panels of binders identified, and binding affinities and potencies compared for selected dAbs and corresponding mAb-dAbs. A number of dAbs that exhibited high potency (IC50) when assessed in-format were identified. In contrast, the corresponding dAb monomers had ∼1000-fold lower potency than the formatted dAbs; such dAb monomers would therefore have been omitted from further characterization. Subsequent stoichiometric analyses of mAb-dAbs bound to NGF, or an additional target antigen (vascular endothelial growth factor), suggested different target binding modes; this indicates that the observed potency improvements cannot be attributed simply to an avidity effect offered by the mAb-dAb format. We conclude that, for certain antigens, screening naïve selection outputs directly in-format enables the identification of a subset of format-compatible dAbs, and that this offers substantial benefits in terms of molecular properties and development time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kelly V Batt
- a Biopharm Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage , UK
| | | | - Ian D Hiles
- a Biopharm Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage , UK
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