1
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Zeinoun B, Teixeira MT, Barascu A. Hog1 acts in a Mec1-independent manner to counteract oxidative stress following telomerase inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Commun Biol 2024; 7:761. [PMID: 38909140 PMCID: PMC11193714 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Replicative senescence is triggered when telomeres reach critically short length and activate permanent DNA damage checkpoint-dependent cell cycle arrest. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increase in oxidative stress are both features of replicative senescence in mammalian cells. However, how reactive oxygen species levels are controlled during senescence is elusive. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species levels increase in the telomerase-negative cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during replicative senescence, and that this coincides with the activation of Hog1, a mammalian p38 MAPK ortholog. Hog1 counteracts increased ROS levels during replicative senescence. While Hog1 deletion accelerates replicative senescence, we found this could stem from a reduced cell viability prior to telomerase inactivation. ROS levels also increase upon telomerase inactivation when Mec1, the yeast ortholog of ATR, is mutated, suggesting that oxidative stress is not simply a consequence of DNA damage checkpoint activation in budding yeast. We speculate that oxidative stress is a conserved hallmark of telomerase-negative eukaryote cells, and that its sources and consequences can be dissected in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechara Zeinoun
- Sorbonne Université, PSL, CNRS, UMR8226, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria Teresa Teixeira
- Sorbonne Université, PSL, CNRS, UMR8226, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Aurélia Barascu
- Sorbonne Université, PSL, CNRS, UMR8226, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, F-75005, Paris, France.
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2
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Benaroya H. Mitochondria and MICOS - function and modeling. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0004. [PMID: 38369708 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive review is presented on mitochondrial structure and function, mitochondrial proteins, the outer and inner membranes, cristae, the role of F1FO-ATP synthase, the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), the sorting and assembly machinery morphology and function, and phospholipids, in particular cardiolipin. Aspects of mitochondrial regulation under physiological and pathological conditions are outlined, in particular the role of dysregulated MICOS protein subunit Mic60 in Parkinson's disease, the relations between mitochondrial quality control and proteins, and mitochondria as signaling organelles. A mathematical modeling approach of cristae and MICOS using mechanical beam theory is introduced and outlined. The proposed modeling is based on the premise that an optimization framework can be used for a better understanding of critical mitochondrial function and also to better map certain experiments and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Benaroya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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3
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Ma L, Han T, Zhan YA. Mechanism and role of mitophagy in the development of severe infection. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:88. [PMID: 38374038 PMCID: PMC10876966 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate and potentially contribute to proinflammatory responses and cell death. Mitophagy, as a conservative phenomenon, scavenges waste mitochondria and their components in the cell. Recent studies suggest that severe infections develop alongside mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy abnormalities. Restoring mitophagy protects against excessive inflammation and multiple organ failure in sepsis. Here, we review the normal mitophagy process, its interaction with invading microorganisms and the immune system, and summarize the mechanism of mitophagy dysfunction during severe infection. We highlight critical role of normal mitophagy in preventing severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianyu Han
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi-An Zhan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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4
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Liu Y, Ma Z. Leukemia and mitophagy: a novel perspective for understanding oncogenesis and resistance. Ann Hematol 2024:10.1007/s00277-024-05635-w. [PMID: 38282059 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mitophagy, the selective autophagic process that specifically degrades mitochondria, serves as a vital regulatory mechanism for eliminating damaged mitochondria and maintaining cellular balance. Emerging research underscores the central role of mitophagy in the initiation, advancement, and treatment of cancer. Mitophagy is widely acknowledged to govern mitochondrial homeostasis in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), influencing their metabolic dynamics. In this article, we integrate recent data to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing mitophagy and its intricate significance in the context of leukemia. An in-depth molecular elucidation of the processes governing mitophagy may serve as a basis for the development of pioneering approaches in targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhigui Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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He T, Wen C, Yang G, Yang X. Targeted Protein Degradation: Principles, Strategies, and Applications. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300083. [PMID: 37518856 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein degradation is a general process to maintain cell homeostasis. The intracellular protein quality control system mainly includes the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the lysosome pathway. Inspired by the physiological process, strategies to degrade specific proteins have developed, which emerge as potent and effective tools in biological research and drug discovery. This review focuses on recent advances in targeted protein degradation techniques, summarizing the principles, advantages, and challenges. Moreover, the potential applications and future direction in biological science and clinics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Wen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
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6
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Abeliovich H. Mitophagy in yeast: known unknowns and unknown unknowns. Biochem J 2023; 480:1639-1657. [PMID: 37850532 PMCID: PMC10586778 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy, the autophagic breakdown of mitochondria, is observed in eukaryotic cells under various different physiological circumstances. These can be broadly categorized into two types: mitophagy related to quality control events and mitophagy induced during developmental transitions. Quality control mitophagy involves the lysosomal or vacuolar degradation of malfunctioning or superfluous mitochondria within lysosomes or vacuoles, and this is thought to serve as a vital maintenance function in respiring eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance, and its disruption has been associated with the progression of late-onset diseases. Developmentally induced mitophagy has been reported in the differentiation of metazoan tissues which undergo metabolic shifts upon developmental transitions, such as in the differentiation of red blood cells and muscle cells. Although the mechanistic studies of mitophagy in mammalian cells were initiated after the initial mechanistic findings in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, our current understanding of the physiological role of mitophagy in yeast remains more limited, despite the presence of better-defined assays and tools. In this review, I present my perspective on our present knowledge of mitophagy in yeast, focusing on physiological and mechanistic aspects. I aim to focus on areas where our understanding is still incomplete, such as the role of mitochondrial dynamics and the phenomenon of protein-level selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Abeliovich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1 Hankin St, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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7
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Titus AS, Sung EA, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. Mitophagy for cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:42. [PMID: 37798455 PMCID: PMC10556134 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is maintained by several strictly coordinated mechanisms, collectively termed mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, including fusion and fission, degradation, and biogenesis. As the primary source of energy in cardiomyocytes, mitochondria are the central organelle for maintaining cardiac function. Since adult cardiomyocytes in humans rarely divide, the number of dysfunctional mitochondria cannot easily be diluted through cell division. Thus, efficient degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria is crucial to maintaining cellular function. Mitophagy, a mitochondria specific form of autophagy, is a major mechanism by which damaged or unnecessary mitochondria are targeted and eliminated. Mitophagy is active in cardiomyocytes at baseline and in response to stress, and plays an essential role in maintaining the quality of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. Mitophagy is mediated through multiple mechanisms in the heart, and each of these mechanisms can partially compensate for the loss of another mechanism. However, insufficient levels of mitophagy eventually lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of heart failure. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in the heart and the role of mitophagy in cardiac pathophysiology, with the focus on recent findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Sam Titus
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Eun-Ah Sung
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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8
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Davis J, Meyer T, Smolnig M, Smethurst DG, Neuhaus L, Heyden J, Broeskamp F, Edrich ES, Knittelfelder O, Kolb D, Haar TVD, Gourlay CW, Rockenfeller P. A dynamic actin cytoskeleton is required to prevent constitutive VDAC-dependent MAPK signalling and aberrant lipid homeostasis. iScience 2023; 26:107539. [PMID: 37636069 PMCID: PMC10450525 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton is required to coordinate many cellular processes, and a loss of its plasticity has been linked to accelerated cell aging and attenuation of adaptive response mechanisms. Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that controls actin dynamics and has been linked to mitochondrial signaling pathways that control drug resistance and cell death. Here we show that cofilin-driven chronic depolarization of the actin cytoskeleton activates cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling and disrupts lipid homeostasis in a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-dependent manner. Expression of the cof1-5 mutation, which reduces the dynamic nature of actin, triggers loss of cell wall integrity, vacuole fragmentation, disruption of lipid homeostasis, lipid droplet (LD) accumulation, and the promotion of cell death. The integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is therefore essential to maintain the fidelity of MAPK signaling, lipid homeostasis, and cell health in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Davis
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Thorsten Meyer
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Martin Smolnig
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Neuhaus
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jonas Heyden
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Medical University of Graz, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias von der Haar
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
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9
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Tian Q, Lee PR, Walker KA, Ferrucci L. Energizing Mitochondria to Prevent Mobility Loss in Aging: Rationale and Hypotheses. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:96-102. [PMID: 37057904 PMCID: PMC10258139 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent studies from our group and others, we hypothesize that mitochondrial dysfunction during aging may be the root cause of mobility decline through deficits in the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. Mitochondrial dysfunction could be a therapeutic target to prevent mobility decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Philip R. Lee
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Keenan A. Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
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10
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Li J, Yang D, Li Z, Zhao M, Wang D, Sun Z, Wen P, Dai Y, Gou F, Ji Y, Zhao D, Yang L. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101817. [PMID: 36503124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling; therefore, stable mitochondrial function is essential for cell survival, particularly in energy-intensive neuronal cells. In neurodegenerative diseases, damaged mitochondria accumulate in neurons causing associated bioenergetics deficiency, impaired cell signaling, defective cytoplasmic calcium buffering, and other pathological changes. Mitochondrial quality control is an important mechanism to ensure the maintenance of mitochondrial health, homeostasis, and mitophagy, the latter of which is a pathway that delivers defective mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation. Defective mitophagy is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which leads to cellular dysfunction and/or death in neurodegenerative diseases. PINK1/Parkin mainly regulates ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy, which is crucial for many aspects of mitochondrial physiology, particularly the initiation of autophagic mechanisms. Therefore, in the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the conventional mitophagy pathway, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy dysregulation in prion disease and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, especially in relation to the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Moreover, we list the inducers of mitophagy that possess neuroprotective effects, in addition to their mechanisms related to the PINK1/Parkin pathway. These mechanisms may provide potential interventions centered on the regulation of mitophagy and offer therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Sun
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wen
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Dai
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Gou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilan Ji
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Charmpilas N, Fang EF, Palikaras K. Mitophagy and Neuroinflammation: A Compelling Interplay. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1477-1481. [PMID: 35762540 PMCID: PMC10472808 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220628153632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main sites of energy production and a major source of metabolic stress. Not surprisingly, impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis is strongly associated with the development and progression of a broad spectrum of human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. Mitophagy mediates the selective degradation of damaged organelles, thus promoting cellular viability and tissue integrity. Defective mitophagy triggers cellular senescence and prolonged neuroinflammation, leading eventually to cell death and brain homeostasis collapse. Here, we survey the intricate interplay between mitophagy and neuroinflammation, highlighting that mitophagy can be a focal point for therapeutic interventions to tackle neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Charmpilas
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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12
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Greenwell AA, Tabatabaei Dakhili SA, Ussher JR. Myocardial disturbances of intermediary metabolism in Barth syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:981972. [PMID: 36035919 PMCID: PMC9399503 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.981972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth Syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked mitochondrial disorder due to mutations in the gene TAFAZZIN, which leads to immature cardiolipin (CL) remodeling and is characterized by the development of cardiomyopathy. The immature CL remodeling in BTHS results in electron transport chain respiratory defects and destabilization of supercomplexes, thereby impairing ATP production. Thus, BTHS-related cardiomyopathy appears to share metabolic characteristics of the failing heart being an "engine out of fuel." As CL associates with numerous mitochondrial enzymes involved in ATP production, BTHS is also characterized by several defects in intermediary energy metabolism. Herein we will describe the primary disturbances in intermediary energy metabolism relating to the heart's major fuel sources, fatty acids, carbohydrates, ketones, and amino acids. In addition, we will interrogate whether these disturbances represent potential metabolic targets for alleviating BTHS-related cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A. Greenwell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seyed Amirhossein Tabatabaei Dakhili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John R. Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Schuster R, Okamoto K. An overview of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130203. [PMID: 35842014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent selective degradation of excess or damaged mitochondria, termed mitophagy, is a tightly regulated process necessary for mitochondrial quality and quantity control. Mitochondria are highly dynamic and major sites for vital cellular processes such as ATP and iron‑sulfur cluster biogenesis. Due to their pivotal roles for immunity, apoptosis, and aging, the maintenance of mitochondrial function is of utmost importance for cellular homeostasis. In yeast, mitophagy is mediated by the receptor protein Atg32 that is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Upon mitophagy induction, Atg32 expression is transcriptionally upregulated, which leads to its accumulation on the mitochondrial surface and to recruitment of the autophagic machinery via its direct interaction with Atg11 and Atg8. Importantly, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation further fine-tune the mitophagic response. This review summarizes the current knowledge about mitophagy in yeast and its connection with mitochondrial dynamics and the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Schuster
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Yan RL, Luan CL, Liao CC, Liu LH, Chen FY, Chen HY, Chen RH. Long noncoding RNA BCRP3 stimulates VPS34 and autophagy activities to promote protein homeostasis and cell survival. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:30. [PMID: 35538574 PMCID: PMC9087997 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy plays important roles in cell homeostasis and protein quality control. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed as an emerging class of autophagy regulators, but the majority of them function in regulating the expression of autophagy-related genes. LncRNAs that directly act on the core autophagic proteins remain to be explored. Methods Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were used to evaluate the function of BCRP3 in autophagy and aggrephagy. RNA immunoprecipitation and in vitro RNA–protein binding assay were used to evaluate the interaction of BCRP3 with its target proteins. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate ELISA assay was used to quantify the enzymatic activity of VPS34 complex. qRT-PCR analysis was used to determine BCRP3 expression under stresses, whereas mass spectrometry and Gene Ontology analyses were employed to evaluate the effect of BCRP3 deficiency on proteome changes. Results We identified lncRNA BCRP3 as a positive regulator of autophagy. BCRP3 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and bound VPS34 complex to increase its enzymatic activity. In response to proteotoxicity induced by proteasome inhibition or oxidative stress, BCRP3 was upregulated to promote aggrephagy, thereby facilitating the clearance of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. Proteomics analysis revealed that BCRP3 deficiency under proteotoxicity resulted in a preferential accumulation of proteins acting in growth inhibition, cell death, apoptosis, and Smad signaling. Accordingly, BCRP3 deficiency in proteotoxic cells compromised cell proliferation and survival, which was mediated in part through the upregulation of TGF-β/Smad2 pathway. Conclusions Our study identifies BCRP3 as an RNA activator of the VPS34 complex and a key role of BCRP3-mediated aggrephagy in protein quality control and selective degradation of growth and survival inhibitors to maintain cell fitness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00815-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Liang Yan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lin Luan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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15
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The Mighty Mitochondria Are Unifying Organelles and Metabolic Hubs in Multiple Organs of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Ultrastructure Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094820. [PMID: 35563211 PMCID: PMC9101653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria (Mt) are essential cellular organelles for the production of energy and thermogenesis. Mt also serve a host of functions in addition to energy production, which include cell signaling, metabolism, cell death, and aging. Due to the central role of Mt in metabolism as metabolic hubs, there has been renewed interest in how Mt impact metabolic pathways and multiple pathologies. This review shares multiple observational ultrastructural findings in multiple cells and organs to depict aberrant mitochondrial (aMt) remodeling in pre-clinical rodent models. Further, it is intended to show how remodeling of Mt are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Specifically, Mt remodeling in hypertensive and insulin-resistant lean models (Ren2 rat models), lean mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, obesity models including diet-induced obesity, genetic leptin-deficient ob/ob, and leptin receptor-deficient db/db diabetic mice are examined. Indeed, aMt dysfunction and damage have been implicated in multiple pathogenic diseases. Manipulation of Mt such as the induction of Mt biogenesis coupled with improvement of mitophagy machinery may be helpful to remove leaky damaged aMt in order to prevent the complications associated with the generation of superoxide-derived reactive oxygen species and the subsequent reactive species interactome. A better understanding of Mt remodeling may help to unlock many of the mysteries in obesity, insulin resistance, MetS, T2DM, and the associated complications of diabetic end-organ disease.
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16
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The different autophagy degradation pathways and neurodegeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:935-966. [PMID: 35134347 PMCID: PMC8930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term autophagy encompasses different pathways that route cytoplasmic material to lysosomes for degradation and includes macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and microautophagy. Since these pathways are crucial for degradation of aggregate-prone proteins and dysfunctional organelles such as mitochondria, they help to maintain cellular homeostasis. As post-mitotic neurons cannot dilute unwanted protein and organelle accumulation by cell division, the nervous system is particularly dependent on autophagic pathways. This dependence may be a vulnerability as people age and these processes become less effective in the brain. Here, we will review how the different autophagic pathways may protect against neurodegeneration, giving examples of both polygenic and monogenic diseases. We have considered how autophagy may have roles in normal CNS functions and the relationships between these degradative pathways and different types of programmed cell death. Finally, we will provide an overview of recently described strategies for upregulating autophagic pathways for therapeutic purposes.
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17
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Sligar J, Debruin DA, Saner NJ, Philp AM, Philp A. The importance of mitochondrial quality control for maintaining skeletal muscle function across healthspan. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C461-C467. [PMID: 35108118 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00388.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As the principal energy-producing organelles of the cell, mitochondria support numerous biological processes related to metabolism, growth and regeneration in skeletal muscle. Deterioration in skeletal muscle functional capacity with age is thought to be driven in part by a reduction in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and reduced fatigue resistance. Underlying this maladaptive response is the development of mitochondrial dysfunction caused by alterations in mitochondrial quality control (MQC), a term encompassing processes of mitochondrial synthesis (biogenesis), remodelling (dynamics) and degradation (mitophagy). Knowledge regarding the role and regulation of MQC in skeletal muscle and the influence of ageing in this process have rapidly advanced in the last decade. Given the emerging link between ageing and MQC, therapeutic approaches to manipulate MQC to prevent mitochondrial dysfuntion during ageing hold tremendous therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sligar
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle A Debruin
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Human Integrative Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Dudek J, Maack C. Mechano-energetic aspects of Barth syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:82-98. [PMID: 34423473 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Energy-demanding organs like the heart are strongly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is governed by the respiratory chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The inner mitochondrial membrane is the only cellular membrane with significant amounts of the phospholipid cardiolipin, and cardiolipin was found to directly interact with a number of essential protein complexes, including respiratory chain complexes I to V. An inherited defect in the biogenesis of cardiolipin causes Barth syndrome, which is associated with cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia and growth retardation. Energy conversion is dependent on reducing equivalents, which are replenished by oxidative metabolism in the Krebs cycle. Cardiolipin deficiency in Barth syndrome also affects Krebs cycle activity, metabolite transport and mitochondrial morphology. During excitation-contraction coupling, calcium (Ca2+ ) released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum drives sarcomeric contraction. At the same time, Ca2+ influx into mitochondria drives the activation of Krebs cycle dehydrogenases and the regeneration of reducing equivalents. Reducing equivalents are essential not only for energy conversion, but also for maintaining a redox buffer, which is required to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). Defects in CL may also affect Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria and thereby hamper energy supply and demand matching, but also detoxification of ROS. Here, we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial function in Barth syndrome and discuss potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Ji J, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin function in the yeast S. cerevisiae and the lessons learned for Barth syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:60-71. [PMID: 34626131 PMCID: PMC8755574 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is the signature phospholipid (PL) of mitochondria and plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial and cellular function. Disruption of the CL remodeling gene tafazzin (TAZ) causes the severe genetic disorder Barth syndrome (BTHS). Our current understanding of the function of CL and the mechanism underlying the disease has greatly benefited from studies utilizing the powerful yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we discuss important findings on the function of CL and its remodeling from yeast studies and the implications of these findings for BTHS, highlighting the potential physiological modifiers that may contribute to the disparities in clinical presentation among BTHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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20
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Innokentev A, Kanki T. Mitophagy in Yeast: Molecular Mechanism and Regulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123569. [PMID: 34944077 PMCID: PMC8700587 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that selectively degrades mitochondria. Mitochondria, known as the “powerhouse of the cell”, supply the majority of the energy required by cells. During energy production, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. The ROS damage mitochondria, and the damaged mitochondria further produce mitochondrial ROS. The increased mitochondrial ROS damage cellular components, including mitochondria themselves, and leads to diverse pathologies. Accordingly, it is crucial to eliminate excessive or damaged mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, in which mitophagy is believed to play a major role. Recently, the molecular mechanism and physiological role of mitophagy have been vigorously studied in yeast and mammalian cells. In yeast, Atg32 and Atg43, mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, were identified as mitophagy receptors in budding yeast and fission yeast, respectively. Here we summarize the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in yeast, as revealed by the analysis of Atg32 and Atg43, and review recent progress in our understanding of mitophagy induction and regulation in yeast.
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21
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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Dysfunction in Genetic Neuromuscular Disorders with Cardiac Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147349. [PMID: 34298968 PMCID: PMC8307986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered the major contributor to skeletal muscle wasting in different conditions. Genetically determined neuromuscular disorders occur as a result of mutations in the structural proteins of striated muscle cells and therefore are often combined with cardiac phenotype, which most often manifests as a cardiomyopathy. The specific roles played by mitochondria and mitochondrial energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle under muscle-wasting conditions in cardiomyopathies have not yet been investigated in detail, and this aspect of genetic muscle diseases remains poorly characterized. This review will highlight dysregulation of mitochondrial representation and bioenergetics in specific skeletal muscle disorders caused by mutations that disrupt the structural and functional integrity of muscle cells.
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22
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Oemer G, Koch J, Wohlfarter Y, Alam MT, Lackner K, Sailer S, Neumann L, Lindner HH, Watschinger K, Haltmeier M, Werner ER, Zschocke J, Keller MA. Phospholipid Acyl Chain Diversity Controls the Tissue-Specific Assembly of Mitochondrial Cardiolipins. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4281-4291.e4. [PMID: 32209484 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid specific for mitochondrial membranes and crucial for many core tasks of this organelle. Its acyl chain configurations are tissue specific, functionally important, and generated via post-biosynthetic remodeling. However, this process lacks the necessary specificity to explain CL diversity, which is especially evident for highly specific CL compositions in mammalian tissues. To investigate the so far elusive regulatory origin of CL homeostasis in mice, we combine lipidomics, integrative transcriptomics, and data-driven machine learning. We demonstrate that not transcriptional regulation, but cellular phospholipid compositions are closely linked to the tissue specificity of CL patterns allowing artificial neural networks to precisely predict cross-tissue CL compositions in a consistent mechanistic specificity rationale. This is especially relevant for the interpretation of disease-related perturbations of CL homeostasis, by allowing differentiation between specific aberrations in CL metabolism and changes caused by global alterations in cellular (phospho-)lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Oemer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob Koch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yvonne Wohlfarter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mohammad T Alam
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | - Katharina Lackner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabrina Sailer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Neumann
- Department of Basic Sciences in Engineering Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert H Lindner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Haltmeier
- Department of Mathematics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus A Keller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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23
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Ng MYW, Wai T, Simonsen A. Quality control of the mitochondrion. Dev Cell 2021; 56:881-905. [PMID: 33662258 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that execute and coordinate various metabolic processes in the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction severely affects cell fitness and contributes to disease. Proper organellar function depends on the biogenesis and maintenance of mitochondria and its >1,000 proteins. As a result, the cell has evolved mechanisms to coordinate protein and organellar quality control, such as the turnover of proteins via mitochondria-associated degradation, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and mitoproteases, as well as the elimination of mitochondria through mitophagy. Specific quality control mechanisms are engaged depending upon the nature and severity of mitochondrial dysfunction, which can also feed back to elicit transcriptional or proteomic remodeling by the cell. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of how these different quality control mechanisms are integrated and overlap to maintain protein and organellar quality and how they may be relevant for cellular and organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Yoke Wui Ng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Wai
- Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3691, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Liu Y, Okamoto K. Regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129858. [PMID: 33545228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles functioning in diverse reactions and processes such as energy metabolism, apoptosis, innate immunity, and aging, whose quality and quantity control is critical for cell homeostasis. Mitochondria-specific autophagy, termed mitophagy, is an evolutionarily conserved process that selectively degrades mitochondria via autophagy, thereby contributing to mitochondrial quality and quantity control. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the single-pass membrane protein Atg32 accumulates on the surface of mitochondria and recruit the autophagy machinery to initiate mitophagy. This catabolic process is elaborately regulated through transcriptional induction and post-translational modifications of Atg32. Notably, other factors acting in manifold pathways including protein N-terminal acetylation, phospholipid methylation, stress signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein dephosphorylation and membrane protein insertion are also linked to mitophagy. Here we review recent discoveries of molecules regulating mitophagy in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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25
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Frankovsky J, Vozáriková V, Nosek J, Tomáška Ľ. Mitochondrial protein phosphorylation in yeast revisited. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:148-162. [PMID: 33412333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the best-known post-translational modifications occurring in all domains of life. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation affects all cellular compartments including mitochondria. High-throughput techniques of mass spectrometry combined with cell fractionation and biochemical methods yielded thousands of phospho-sites on hundreds of mitochondrial proteins. We have compiled the information on mitochondrial protein kinases and phosphatases and their substrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and provide the current state-of-the-art overview of mitochondrial protein phosphorylation in this model eukaryote. Using several examples, we describe emerging features of the yeast mitochondrial phosphoproteome and present challenges lying ahead in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frankovsky
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Vozáriková
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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26
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Li W, He P, Huang Y, Li YF, Lu J, Li M, Kurihara H, Luo Z, Meng T, Onishi M, Ma C, Jiang L, Hu Y, Gong Q, Zhu D, Xu Y, Liu R, Liu L, Yi C, Zhu Y, Ma N, Okamoto K, Xie Z, Liu J, He RR, Feng D. Selective autophagy of intracellular organelles: recent research advances. Theranostics 2021; 11:222-256. [PMID: 33391472 PMCID: PMC7681076 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy) is a highly conserved physiological process that degrades over-abundant or damaged organelles, large protein aggregates and invading pathogens via the lysosomal system (the vacuole in plants and yeast). Autophagy is generally induced by stress, such as oxygen-, energy- or amino acid-deprivation, irradiation, drugs, etc. In addition to non-selective bulk degradation, autophagy also occurs in a selective manner, recycling specific organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, nuclei, proteasomes and lipid droplets (LDs). This capability makes selective autophagy a major process in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The dysfunction of selective autophagy is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), tumorigenesis, metabolic disorders, heart failure, etc. Considering the importance of selective autophagy in cell biology, we systemically review the recent advances in our understanding of this process and its regulatory mechanisms. We emphasize the 'cargo-ligand-receptor' model in selective autophagy for specific organelles or cellular components in yeast and mammals, with a focus on mitophagy and ER-phagy, which are finely described as types of selective autophagy. Additionally, we highlight unanswered questions in the field, helping readers focus on the research blind spots that need to be broken.
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27
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Metabolic Alterations Caused by Defective Cardiolipin Remodeling in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110277. [PMID: 33187128 PMCID: PMC7697959 DOI: 10.3390/life10110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the most energy-consuming organ in the human body. In heart failure, the homeostasis of energy supply and demand is endangered by an increase in cardiomyocyte workload, or by an insufficiency in energy-providing processes. Energy metabolism is directly associated with mitochondrial redox homeostasis. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may overwhelm mitochondrial and cellular ROS defense mechanisms in case of heart failure. Mitochondria are essential cell organelles and provide 95% of the required energy in the heart. Metabolic remodeling, changes in mitochondrial structure or function, and alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling diminish mitochondrial energy provision in many forms of cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which couples respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and the preservation of energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. Akin to other mitochondrial enzymes, the respiratory chain is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The tight association with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) ensures its structural integrity and coordinates enzymatic activity. This review focuses on how changes in mitochondrial CL may be associated with heart failure. Dysfunctional CL has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia reperfusion injury and the aging heart. Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Moreover, a dysfunctional CL pool causes other types of rare inherited cardiomyopathies, such as Sengers syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia (DCMA). Here we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial functions in cellular and animal models. We describe the molecular mechanisms concerning mitochondrial dysfunction as an incitement of cardiomyopathy and discuss potential therapeutic strategies.
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28
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Wu J, Bai Y, Wang Y, Ma J. Melatonin and regulation of autophagy: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105279. [PMID: 33161138 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential subcellular units that generate basic energy for the cell, as well as influence Ca2+ flux, apoptosis, and cell signaling. Mitophagy can selectively remove impaired mitochondria to preserve mitochondrial function, which is crucial for normal cellular maintenance. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy are widely reported to be linked to various pathogeneses. In addition, there is increasing evidence regarding the beneficial role of melatonin in the regulation and intervention of mitophagy progression. In this review, we focus on specific pathological conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and elucidate the essential role of melatonin in the modulation of mitophagy in each of these distinct disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaguang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
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Yuk JM, Silwal P, Jo EK. Inflammasome and Mitophagy Connection in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134714. [PMID: 32630319 PMCID: PMC7370205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a large intracellular protein complex that activates inflammatory caspase-1 and induces the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Mitophagy plays an essential role in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis during stress. Previous studies have indicated compelling evidence of the crosstalk between inflammasome and mitophagy. Mitophagy regulation of the inflammasome, or vice versa, is crucial for various biological functions, such as controlling inflammation and metabolism, immune and anti-tumor responses, and pyroptotic cell death. Uncontrolled regulation of the inflammasome often results in pathological inflammation and pyroptosis, and causes a variety of human diseases, including metabolic and inflammatory diseases, infection, and cancer. Here, we discuss how improved understanding of the interactions between inflammasome and mitophagy can lead to novel therapies against various disease pathologies, and how the inflammasome-mitophagy connection is currently being targeted pharmacologically by diverse agents and small molecules. A deeper understanding of the inflammasome-mitophagy connection will provide new insights into human health and disease through the balance between mitochondrial clearance and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-580-8243
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Bertero E, Kutschka I, Maack C, Dudek J. Cardiolipin remodeling in Barth syndrome and other hereditary cardiomyopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165803. [PMID: 32348916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a prominent role in cardiac energy metabolism, and their function is critically dependent on the integrity of mitochondrial membranes. Disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction are commonly associated with cardiac disease. The mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin directly interacts with a number of essential protein complexes in the mitochondrial membranes including the respiratory chain, mitochondrial metabolite carriers, and proteins critical for mitochondrial morphology. Barth syndrome is an X-linked disorder caused by an inherited defect in the biogenesis of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin. How cardiolipin deficiency impacts on mitochondrial function and how mitochondrial dysfunction causes cardiomyopathy has been intensively studied in cellular and animal models of Barth syndrome. These findings may also have implications for the molecular mechanisms underlying other inherited disorders associated with defects in cardiolipin, such as Sengers syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bertero
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Kutschka
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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Fritsch LE, Moore ME, Sarraf SA, Pickrell AM. Ubiquitin and Receptor-Dependent Mitophagy Pathways and Their Implication in Neurodegeneration. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2510-2524. [PMID: 31689437 PMCID: PMC7195237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective autophagy of mitochondria, or mitophagy, refers to the specific removal and degradation of damaged or surplus mitochondria via targeting to the lysosome for destruction. Disruptions in this homeostatic process may contribute to disease. The identification of diverse mitophagic pathways and how selectivity for each of these pathways is conferred is just beginning to be understood. The removal of both damaged and healthy mitochondria under disease and physiological conditions is controlled by either ubiquitin-dependent or receptor-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the known types of mitophagy observed in mammals, recent findings related to PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy (which is the most well-studied form of mitophagy), the implications of defective mitophagy to neurodegenerative processes, and unanswered questions inspiring future research that would enhance our understanding of mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fritsch
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - M Elyse Moore
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shireen A Sarraf
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alicia M Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Xie C, Aman Y, Adriaanse BA, Cader MZ, Plun-Favreau H, Xiao J, Fang EF. Culprit or Bystander: Defective Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:391. [PMID: 32010698 PMCID: PMC6978796 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective engulfment and degradation of damaged mitochondria through the cellular autophagy machinery, a major mechanism responsible for mitochondrial quality control. Increased accumulation of damaged mitochondria in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) human brain are evident, although underlying mechanisms largely elusive. Recent studies indicate impaired mitophagy may contribute to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in cross-species AD animal models and in AD patient iPSC-derived neurons. Studies from AD highlight feed-forward vicious cycles between defective mitophagy, and the principal AD pathological hallmarks, including amyloid-β plaques, tau tangles, and inflammation. The concomitant and intertwined connections among those hallmarks of AD and the absence of a real humanized AD rodent model present a challenge on how to determine if defective mitophagy is an early event preceding and causal of Tau/Aβ proteinopathies. Whilst further studies are required to understand these relationships, targeting defective mitophagy holds promise as a new therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Yahyah Aman
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Bryan A. Adriaanse
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hélène Plun-Favreau
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
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Kudriaeva AA, Sokolov AV, Belogurov AAJ. Stochastics of Degradation: The Autophagic-Lysosomal System of the Cell. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:18-32. [PMID: 32477595 PMCID: PMC7245954 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conservative and evolutionarily ancient process that enables the
transfer of various cellular compounds, organelles, and potentially dangerous
cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation. This process is
crucial for the recycling of energy and substrates, which are required for
cellular biosynthesis. Autophagy not only plays a major role in the survival of
cells under stress conditions, but is also actively involved in maintaining
cellular homeostasis. It has multiple effects on the immune system and cellular
remodeling during organism development. The effectiveness of autophagy is
ensured by a controlled interaction between two organelles – the
autophagosome and the lysosome. Despite significant progress in the description
of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagic-lysosomal system (ALS)
functioning, many fundamental questions remain. Namely, the specialized
functions of lysosomes and the role of ALS in the pathogenesis of human
diseases are still enigmatic. Understanding of the mechanisms that are
triggered at all stages of autophagic- lysosomal degradation, from the
initiation of autophagy to the terminal stage of substrate destruction in the
lysosome, may result in new approaches that could help better uderstand ALS
and, therefore, selectively control cellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Kudriaeva
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - A. V. Sokolov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - A. A. Jr. Belogurov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Mechanisms of Autophagy in Metabolic Stress Response. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:28-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sachdeva K, Do DC, Zhang Y, Hu X, Chen J, Gao P. Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development: Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Cellular Senescence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2787. [PMID: 31849968 PMCID: PMC6896909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants and allergens induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to key features of allergic asthma. Dysregulations in autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence have been associated with environmental pollutant and allergen-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, and subsequently development of asthma. Particularly, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has been reported to induce autophagy in the bronchial epithelial cells through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), drive mitophagy through activating PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/Parkin pathway, and induce cell cycle arrest and senescence. Intriguingly, allergens, including ovalbumin (OVA), Alternaria alternata, and cockroach allergen, have also been shown to induce autophagy through activation of different signaling pathways. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction can induce cell senescence due to excessive ROS production, which affects airway diseases. Although autophagy and senescence share similar properties, recent studies suggest that autophagy can either accelerate the development of senescence or prevent senescence. Thus, in this review, we evaluated the literature regarding the basic cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence, explored their molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the initiation and downstream signaling. Especially, we highlighted their involvement in environmental pollutant/allergen-induced major phenotypic changes of asthma such as airway inflammation and remodeling and reviewed novel and critical research areas for future studies. Ultimately, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence may allow for the development of new therapeutic targets for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Sachdeva
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Danh C. Do
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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36
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Veras PST, de Menezes JPB, Dias BRS. Deciphering the Role Played by Autophagy in Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2523. [PMID: 31736955 PMCID: PMC6838865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, studies have shown that, depending on parasite species and host background, autophagy can either favor infection or promote parasite clearance. To date, relatively few studies have attempted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. While it has been consistently shown that Leishmania spp. induce autophagy in a variety of cell types, published results regarding the effects of autophagic modulation on Leishmania survival are contradictory. The present review, after a short overview of the general aspects of autophagy, aims to summarize the current body of knowledge surrounding how Leishmania spp. adaptively interact with macrophages, the host cells mainly involved in controlling leishmaniasis. We then explore the scarce studies that have investigated interactions between these parasite species and the autophagic pathway, and finally present a critical perspective on how autophagy influences infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - CNPq, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Rocha Simões Dias
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
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37
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Vamecq J, Papegay B, Nuyens V, Boogaerts J, Leo O, Kruys V. Mitochondrial dysfunction, AMPK activation and peroxisomal metabolism: A coherent scenario for non-canonical 3-methylglutaconic acidurias. Biochimie 2019; 168:53-82. [PMID: 31626852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) is a well understood phenomenon in leucine oxidation and ketogenesis disorders (primary 3-MGAs). In contrast, its genesis in non-canonical (secondary) 3-MGAs, a growing-up group of disorders encompassing more than a dozen of inherited metabolic diseases, is a mystery still remaining unresolved for three decades. To puzzle out this anthologic problem of metabolism, three clues were considered: (i) the variety of disorders suggests a common cellular target at the cross-road of metabolic and signaling pathways, (ii) the response to leucine loading test only discriminative for primary but not secondary 3-MGAs suggests these latter are disorders of extramitochondrial HMG-CoA metabolism as also attested by their failure to increase 3-hydroxyisovalerate, a mitochondrial metabolite accumulating only in primary 3-MGAs, (iii) the peroxisome is an extramitochondrial site possessing its own pool and displaying metabolism of HMG-CoA, suggesting its possible involvement in producing extramitochondrial 3-methylglutaconate (3-MG). Following these clues provides a unifying common basis to non-canonical 3-MGAs: constitutive mitochondrial dysfunction induces AMPK activation which, by inhibiting early steps in cholesterol and fatty acid syntheses, pipelines cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA to peroxisomes where a rise in HMG-CoA followed by local dehydration and hydrolysis may lead to 3-MGA yield. Additional contributors are considered, notably for 3-MGAs associated with hyperammonemia, and to a lesser extent in CLPB deficiency. Metabolic and signaling itineraries followed by the proposed scenario are essentially sketched, being provided with compelling evidence from the literature coming in their support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU Lille, EA 7364 RADEME, University of North France, Lille, France.
| | - Bérengère Papegay
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Jean Boogaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Véronique Kruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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38
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Lou G, Palikaras K, Lautrup S, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Tavernarakis N, Fang EF. Mitophagy and Neuroprotection. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:8-20. [PMID: 31375365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are strongly age-related and currently cannot be cured, with a surge of patient numbers in the coming decades in view of the emerging worldwide ageing population, bringing healthcare and socioeconomic challenges. Effective therapies are urgently needed, and are dependent on new aetiological mechanisms. In neurons, efficient clearance of damaged mitochondria, through the highly evolutionary conserved cellular process termed mitophagy, plays a fundamental role in mitochondrial and metabolic homeostasis, energy supply, neuronal survival, and health. Conversely, defective mitophagy leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondria and cellular dysfunction, contributing to ageing and age-predisposed neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the contribution of defective mitophagy in these diseases, and underlying molecular mechanisms, and highlight novel therapeutics based on new discovered mitophagy-inducing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Lou
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Yuan F, Woollard JR, Jordan KL, Lerman A, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Mitochondrial targeted peptides preserve mitochondrial organization and decrease reversible myocardial changes in early swine metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:431-442. [PMID: 29267873 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The mechanisms responsible for cardiac damage in the early stages of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unknown. Mitochondria are intimately associated with cellular myofibrils, with the cytoskeleton functioning as a linkage coordinator, and closely associated to the calcium release sites of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We hypothesized that early MetS is characterized by mitochondria-related myocardial damage, associated with altered cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR interaction. Methods and results Domestic pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated for the last 4 weeks with the mitochondrial-targeted peptide elamipretide (ELAM; 0.1 mg/kg SC q.d), or Lean controls (n = 6/group). Cardiac remodeling and function were assessed by fast comuted tomography. Myocardial mitochondrial structure, SR-mitochondria interaction, calcium handling, cytoskeletal proteins, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were studied ex-vivo. MetS pigs developed hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, yet cardiac function was preserved. MetS-induced mitochondrial disorganization, decreased (C18:2)4 cardiolipin, disrupted ATP/ADP balance, and decreased cytochrome-c oxidase (COX)-IV activity. MetS also increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)/NADP and GSH/GSSG, and decreased myocardial desmin and β2 tubulin immunoreactivity, and impaired SR-mitochondrial interaction and mitochondrial calcium handling, eliciting myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis. ELAM improved mitochondrial organization and cardiolipin species profile, restored ATP/ADP ratio and COX-IV activity, decreased H202 production, and improved generation of NADPH and GSH. ELAM also improved cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR interaction and mitochondrial calcium handling, attenuating oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Conclusions Disorganization of cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR network is associated with cardiac reversible changes in early MetS, preceding overt cardiac dysfunction. These findings may introduce novel therapeutic targets for blunting cardiac damage in early MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, PR China
| | - John R Woollard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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40
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Sun D, Wu R, Li P, Yu L. Phase Separation in Regulation of Aggrephagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:160-169. [PMID: 31260696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The selective degradation of protein aggregates is called aggrephagy. Misfolded proteins are thought to form aggregates, which are then surrounded by selective autophagy receptors and targeted to autophagosomes for degradation. Recent studies of p62 bodies, PGL granules, and stress granules indicate that proteins targeted for aggrephagy are not simple protein aggregates but rather form liquid-like protein condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation. The liquid-like properties of the condensates and hardening to a gel-like state may be crucial in the initiation of aggrephagy. Dysregulation of phase separation may cause human diseases. Here we review the potential roles of liquid-liquid phase separation in the process of aggrephagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongbo Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pilong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Center for Nano/Micro-Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Innovation Research, Beijing 100084, China.
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41
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Praharaj PP, Naik PP, Panigrahi DP, Bhol CS, Mahapatra KK, Patra S, Sethi G, Bhutia SK. Intricate role of mitochondrial lipid in mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis: its implication in cancer therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1641-1652. [PMID: 30539200 PMCID: PMC11105358 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy is mostly restricted by the drug resistance developed during the course of cancer treatment. Mitophagy, as a pro-survival mechanism, crucially maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and it is one of the mechanisms that cancer cells adopt for their progression. On the other hand, mitochondrial apoptosis, a precisely regulated form of cell death, acts as a tumor-suppressive mechanism by targeting cancer cells. Mitochondrial lipids, such as cardiolipin, ceramide, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, act as a mitophageal signal for the clearance of damaged mitochondria by interacting with mitophagic machinery as well as activate mitochondrial apoptosis via the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. In the recent time, the lipid-mediated lethal mitophagy has also been used as an alternative approach to abolish the survival role of lipid in cancer. Therefore, by targeting mitochondrial lipids in cancer cells, the detailed mechanism linked to drug resistance can be unraveled. In this review, we precisely discuss the current knowledge about the multifaceted role of mitochondrial lipid in regulating mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis and its application in effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash P Praharaj
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Prajna P Naik
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
- PG Department of Zoology, Vikram Deb (Auto) College, Jeypore, Odisha, 764001, India
| | - Debasna P Panigrahi
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Chandra S Bhol
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Kewal K Mahapatra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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42
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Semba RD, Moaddel R, Zhang P, Ramsden CE, Ferrucci L. Tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin depletion plays a major role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Med Hypotheses 2019; 127:142-149. [PMID: 31088638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical performance that occurs during aging, is highly prevalent among the elderly. Sarcopenia increases the risk of falls, disability, and death. The biological basis for sarcopenia is not well understood. There are no specific preventive or therapeutic strategies for sarcopenia except exercise. The elucidation of biological pathways and identification of therapeutic targets for treating or preventing sarcopenia remain a high priority in aging research. Mitochondria play a critical role in skeletal muscle by providing energy in the form of ATP, regulation of signaling, calcium homeostasis, autophagy, and other functions. Cardiolipin, a unique dimeric phospholipid specific to mitochondria and an essential component of mitochondrial membranes, is involved in mitochondrial protein transport, maintaining structural organization of mitochondrial membranes, cellular signaling, regulating enzymes involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids, and facilitating normal electron transport chain (ETC) function and generation of ATP. The fatty acid species composition of cardiolipin is critical to mitochondrial bioenergetics, as cardiolipin affects membrane biophysical properties, binds and stabilizes ETC protein complexes, and shapes the curvature of the mitochondrial cristae. Tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin (18:2)4 comprises ∼80% of cardiolipin in mitochondria in normal human skeletal and cardiac muscle and is optimal for effective ETC function and ATP generation. Aging is associated with a decrease in cardiolipin content, decrease in tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin (18:2)4 and replacement of linoleic acid (18:2) with other fatty acids in cardiolipin composition, decline of ETC function, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in muscle. Together, these findings from the literature prompt the hypothesis that depletion of the cardiolipin (18:2)4 species may be at the root of mitochondrial dysfunction with aging, in turn leading to sarcopenia. Corroboration of the tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin depletion hypothesis suggests new leads for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia by enhancing the biosynthesis, accretion, and integrity of tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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43
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Ghosh S, Iadarola DM, Ball WB, Gohil VM. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in barth syndrome. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:791-801. [PMID: 30746873 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare multisystemic genetic disorder caused by mutations in the TAZ gene. TAZ encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that remodels the acyl chain composition of newly synthesized cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to mitochondrial membranes. The clinical abnormalities observed in BTHS patients are caused by perturbations in various mitochondrial functions that rely on remodeled cardiolipin. However, the contribution of different cardiolipin-dependent mitochondrial functions to the pathology of BTHS is not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss recent findings from different genetic models of BTHS, including the yeast model of cardiolipin deficiency that has uncovered the specific in vivo roles of cardiolipin in mitochondrial respiratory chain biogenesis, bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and quality control. We will also describe findings from higher eukaryotic models of BTHS that highlight a link between cardiolipin-dependent mitochondrial function and its impact on tissue and organ function. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 9999(9999):1-11, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnika Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Iadarola
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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44
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Mitochondria: the indispensable players in innate immunity and guardians of the inflammatory response. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:303-318. [PMID: 30719617 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the dynamic organelles and power house of eukaryotic cells function as metabolic hubs of cells undergoing continuous cycles of fusion and fission. Recent findings have made it increasingly apparent that mitochondria essentially involved in energy production have evolved as principal intracellular signaling platforms regulating not only innate immunity but also inflammatory responses. Perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion/fission, electron transport chain (ETC) architecture and cristae organization have now been actively correlated to modulate metabolic activity and immune function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Several newly identified mitochondrial proteins in mitochondrial outer membrane such as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and with mitochondrial DNA acting as danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mitochondrial ROS generated from mitochondrial sources have potentially established mitochondria as key signaling platforms in antiviral immunity in vertebrates and thereby orchestrating adaptive immune cell activations respectively. A thorough understanding of emerging and intervening role of mitochondria in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation has gained lucidity in recent years that advocates the imposing functions of mitochondria in innate immunity. Fascinatingly, also how the signals stemming from the endoplasmic reticulum co-operate with the mitochondria to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome is now looked ahead as a stage to unravel as to how different mitochondrial and associated organelle stress responses co-operate to bring about inflammatory consequences. This has also opened avenues of research for revealing mitochondrial targets that could be exploited for development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. Thus, this review explores our current understanding of intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular processes like autophagy in controlling mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses.
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Kojima R, Kakimoto Y, Furuta S, Itoh K, Sesaki H, Endo T, Tamura Y. Maintenance of Cardiolipin and Crista Structure Requires Cooperative Functions of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Phospholipid Transport. Cell Rep 2019; 26:518-528.e6. [PMID: 30650346 PMCID: PMC7026740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that constantly fuse and divide to maintain their proper morphology, which is essential for their normal functions. Energy production, a central role of mitochondria, demands highly folded structures of the mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM) called cristae and a dimeric phospholipid (PL) cardiolipin (CL). Previous studies identified a number of factors involved in mitochondrial dynamics, crista formation, and CL biosynthesis, yet it is still enigmatic how these events are interconnected and cooperated. Here, we first report that mitochondrial fusion-division dynamics are important to maintain CL abundance. Second, our genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that intra-mitochondrial PL transport plays an important role in crista formation. Finally, we show that simultaneous defects in MIM fusion and intra-mitochondrial PL transport cause a drastic decrease in crista structure, resulting in CL depletion. These results expand our understanding of the integrated functional network among the PL transport, crista formation, and CL biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Kojima
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kakimoto
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Shiina Furuta
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Toshiya Endo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamura
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
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Lou W, Ting HC, Reynolds CA, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Li Y, Ji J, Yu W, Liang Z, Stoyanovsky DA, Anthonymuthu TS, Frasso MA, Wipf P, Greenberger JS, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Greenberg ML. Genetic re-engineering of polyunsaturated phospholipid profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies a novel role for Cld1 in mitigating the effects of cardiolipin peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1354-1368. [PMID: 29935382 PMCID: PMC6641546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid localized almost exclusively within the mitochondrial membranes where it is synthesized. Newly synthesized CL undergoes acyl remodeling to produce CL species enriched with unsaturated acyl groups. Cld1 is the only identified CL-specific phospholipase in yeast and is required to initiate the CL remodeling pathway. In higher eukaryotes, peroxidation of CL, yielding CLOX, has been implicated in the cellular signaling events that initiate apoptosis. CLOX can undergo enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the release of lipid mediators with signaling properties. Our previous findings suggested that CLD1 expression is upregulated in response to oxidative stress, and that one of the physiological roles of CL remodeling is to remove peroxidized CL. To exploit the powerful yeast model to study functions of CLD1 in CL peroxidation, we expressed the H. brasiliensis Δ12-desaturase gene in yeast, which then synthesized poly unsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) that are incorporated into CL species. Using LC-MS based redox phospholipidomics, we identified and quantified the molecular species of CL and other phospholipids in cld1Δ vs. WT cells. Loss of CLD1 led to a dramatic decrease in chronological lifespan, mitochondrial membrane potential, and respiratory capacity; it also resulted in increased levels of mono-hydroperoxy-CLs, particularly among the highly unsaturated CL species, including tetralinoleoyl-CL. In addition, purified Cld1 exhibited a higher affinity for CLOX, and treatment of cells with H2O2 increased CLD1 expression in the logarithmic growth phase. These data suggest that CLD1 expression is required to mitigate oxidative stress. The findings from this study contribute to our overall understanding of CL remodeling and its role in mitigating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Lou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hsiu-Chi Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christian A Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wenxi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zhuqing Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Detcho A Stoyanovsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael A Frasso
- Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics,and Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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47
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Miao H, Qiu F, Huang B, Liu X, Zhang H, Liu Z, Yuan Y, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Dong H, Zhang Z. PKCα replaces AMPK to regulate mitophagy: Another PEDF role on ischaemic cardioprotection. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5732-5742. [PMID: 30230261 PMCID: PMC6201373 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both decreased autophagy positive regulator AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) level and promoted mitophagy are observed in oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) cardiomyocytes treated with pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF). This contradictory phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Our previous study reveals that PEDF increases the protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and phospho‐PKCα (p‐PKCα) contents to promote mitophagy. Thus, we investigated the association between PKCα and mitophagy. Here we identify an interaction between PKCα and Unc‐51‐like kinase 1 (ULK1), essential component of mitophagy. Further analyses show this is a direct interaction within a domain of ULK1 that termed the serine/threonine‐rich domain (S/T domain). Notably, a deletion mutant ULK1 that lacks the binding domain is defective in mediating PEDF‐induced mitophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ULK1 is phosphorylated at Ser317/555/777 and Raptor is also phosphorylated by phospho‐PKCα. Phospho‐ULK1 (p‐ULK1) at these sites are all essential for PEDF‐induced mitophagy and reduce the release of mitochondrial ROS and DNA. This study therefore identifies a previously uncharacterized interaction between the ULK1 and PKCα that can replace the AMPK‐dependent mitophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Miao
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fan Qiu
- Morphological Research Experiment Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiucheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Morphological Research Experiment Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanliang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Morphological Research Experiment Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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48
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Lai JH, Luo SF, Ho LJ. Operation of mitochondrial machinery in viral infection-induced immune responses. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:348-356. [PMID: 30172712 PMCID: PMC7092938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been recognized as ancient bacteria that contain evolutionary endosymbionts. Metabolic pathways and inflammatory signals interact within mitochondria in response to different stresses, such as viral infections. In this commentary, we address several interesting questions, including (1) how do mitochondrial machineries participate in immune responses; (2) how do mitochondria mediate antiviral immunity; (3) what mechanisms involved in mitochondrial machinery, including the downregulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), disturbances of mitochondrial dynamics, and the induction of mitophagy and regulation of apoptosis, have been adopted by viruses to evade antiviral immunity; (4) what mechanisms involve the regulation of mitochondrial machineries in antiviral therapeutics; and (5) what are the potential challenges and perspectives in developing mitochondria-targeting antiviral treatments? This commentary provides a comprehensive review of the roles and mechanisms of mitochondrial machineries in immunity, viral infections and related antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shue-Fen Luo
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Jun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
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49
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Mechanisms of mitophagy in cellular homeostasis, physiology and pathology. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1013-1022. [PMID: 30154567 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 821] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process to remove dysfunctional or superfluous mitochondria, thus fine-tuning mitochondrial number and preserving energy metabolism. In this Review, we survey recent advances towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms that mediate mitochondrial elimination and the signalling pathways that govern mitophagy. We consider the contributions of mitophagy in physiological and pathological contexts and discuss emerging findings, highlighting the potential value of mitophagy modulation in therapeutic intervention.
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes literature pertaining to the dawning field of therapeutic targeting of mitochondria in hypertension and discusses the potential of these interventions to ameliorate hypertension-induced organ damage. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of hypertension-related renal, cardiac, and vascular disease. This in turn prompted development of novel mitochondria-targeted compounds, some of which have shown promising efficacy in experimental studies and safety in clinical trials. In addition, drugs that do not directly target mitochondria have shown remarkable benefits in preserving these organelles in experimental hypertension. Enhancing mitochondrial health is emerging as a novel feasible approach to treat hypertension. Future perspectives include mechanistic experimental studies to establish a cause-effect relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and hypertension and further clinical trials to confirm the reno-, cardio-, and vasculo-protective properties of these compounds in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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