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Cruden K, Wilkinson K, Mukaz DK, Plante TB, Zakai NA, Long DL, Cushman M, Olson NC. Soluble CD14 and Incident Diabetes Risk: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae097. [PMID: 38817635 PMCID: PMC11137750 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is an inflammation biomarker with higher concentrations in White than Black adults. Higher sCD14 is seen in insulin resistance and diabetes. There are limited data on the relationship between sCD14 and incident diabetes. Objective To determine the association of sCD14 with incident diabetes risk in a large biracial US cohort and evaluate whether relationships differ by race. Design This study included 3401 Black and White participants from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study without baseline diabetes who completed baseline and follow-up in-home visits. Modified Poisson regression models estimated risk ratios (RR) of incident diabetes per 1-SD increment sCD14, with adjustment for risk factors. A sCD14-by-race interaction evaluated whether associations differed by race. Results There were 460 cases of incident diabetes over a mean 9.5 years of follow-up. The association of sCD14 with diabetes differed by race (P for interaction < .09). Stratifying by race, adjusting for age, sex, and region, higher sCD14 was associated with incident diabetes in White (RR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.33) but not Black participants (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.08). In models adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic diabetes risk factors, the association was attenuated among White participants (RR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.28) and remained null among Black participants (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.01). Conclusion sCD14 was associated with incident diabetes risk in White but not Black adults, but this association was explained by diabetes risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaileen Cruden
- Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Katherine Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Debora Kamin Mukaz
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Timothy B Plante
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Neil A Zakai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - D Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nels C Olson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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2
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Wang K, Zhou W, Hu G, Wang L, Cai R, Tian T. TFEB SUMOylation in macrophages accelerates atherosclerosis by promoting the formation of foam cells through inhibiting lysosomal activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:358. [PMID: 37950772 PMCID: PMC11071895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a serious cardiovascular disease. One of its hallmarks is hyperlipidemia. Inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells is critical for alleviating AS. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) can limit the formation of macrophage foam cells by upregulating lysosomal activity. We examined whether TFEB SUMOylation is involved in this progress during AS. In this study, we investigated the role of TFEB SUMOylation in macrophages in AS using TFEB SUMOylation deficiency Ldlr-/- (TFEB-KR: Ldlr-/-) transgenic mice and TFEB-KR bone marrow-derived macrophages. We observed that TFEB-KR: Ldlr-/- atherosclerotic mice had thinner plaques and macrophages with higher lysosomal activity when compared to WT: Ldlr-/- mice. TFEB SUMOylation in macrophages decreased after oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) treatment in vitro. Compared with wild type macrophages, TFEB-KR macrophages exhibited less lipid deposition after OxLDL treatment. Our study demonstrated that in AS, deSUMOylation of TFEB could inhibit the formation of macrophage foam cells through enhancing lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, further reducing the accumulation of lipids in macrophages, and ultimately alleviating the development of AS. Thus, TFEB SUMOylation can be a switch to modulate macrophage foam cells formation and used as a potential target for AS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaolei Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Rd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Rd., Shanghai, China.
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3
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Jiang S, Yang H, Li M. Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12524. [PMID: 37569902 PMCID: PMC10419859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that regulates physiological and pathological processes in numerous cell biological functions, including cell migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. Macrophages are found in most human tissues and have multiple physiological and pathological functions. There is growing evidence that LPA signaling plays a significant role in the physiological function of macrophages and accelerates the development of diseases caused by macrophage dysfunction and inflammation, such as inflammation-related diseases, cancer, atherosclerosis, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of LPA in macrophages, analyze numerous macrophage- and inflammation-associated diseases triggered by LPA, and discuss LPA-targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Jiang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huili Yang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
| | - Mingqing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
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4
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Xu D. New insights into macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1239-1251. [PMID: 35930063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in atherosclerotic patients are notably plastic and heterogeneous. Single-cell RNA sequencing (Sc RNA-seq) can provide information about all the RNAs in individual cells, and it is used to identify cell subpopulations in atherosclerosis (AS) and reveal the heterogeneity of these cells. Recently, some findings from Sc RNA-seq experiments have suggested the existence of multiple macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic plaque lesions, and these subsets exhibit significant differences in their gene expression levels and functions. These cells affect various aspects of plaque lesion development, stabilization, and regression, as well as plaque rupture. This article aims to review the content and results of current studies that used RNA-seq to explore the different types of macrophages in AS and the related molecular mechanisms as well as to identify the potential roles of these macrophage types in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques. Also, this review listed some new therapeutic targets for delaying atherosclerotic lesion progression and treatment based on the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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5
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Pei S, Xu C, Pei J, Bai R, Peng R, Li T, Zhang J, Cong X, Chun J, Wang F, Chen X. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 3 Suppress Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Production and Thrombosis During Sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844781. [PMID: 35464399 PMCID: PMC9021375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis consists of life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated response to infection. Recent studies have found that excessive neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small glycerophospholipid molecule that exerts multiple functions by binding to its receptors. Although LPA has been functionally identified to induce NETs, whether and how LPA receptors, especially lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPA3), play a role in the development of sepsis has never been explored. A comprehensive understanding of the impact of LPA3 on sepsis is essential for the development of medical therapy. After intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Lpar3 -/-mice showed a substantially higher mortality, more severe injury, and more fibrinogen content in the lungs than wild-type (WT) mice. The values of blood coagulation markers, plasma prothrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen (FIB), indicated that the Lpar3 -/- mice underwent a severe coagulation process, which resulted in increased thrombosis. The levels of NETs in Lpar3 -/- mice were higher than those in WT mice after LPS injection. The mortality rate and degree of lung damage in Lpar3 -/- mice with sepsis were significantly reduced after the destruction of NETs by DNaseI treatment. Furthermore, in vitro experiments with co-cultured monocytes and neutrophils demonstrated that monocytes from Lpar3 -/- mice promoted the formation of NETs, suggesting that LPA3 acting on monocytes inhibits the formation of NETs and plays a protective role in sepsis. Mechanistically, we found that the amount of CD14, an LPS co-receptor, expressed by monocytes in Lpar3 -/-mice was significantly elevated after LPS administration, and the MyD88-p65-NFκB signaling axis, downstream of toll-like receptor 4 signaling, in monocytes was overactivated. Finally, after an injection of the LPA3 agonist (2S)-1-oleoyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphothionate (OMPT), the survival rate of mice with sepsis was improved, organ damage was reduced, and the production of NETs was decreased. This suggested the possible translational value and application prospects of (2S)-OMPT in the treatment of sepsis. Our study confirms an important protective role of LPA3 in curbing the development of sepsis by suppressing NETs production and thrombosis and provides new ideas for sepsis treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jerold Chun
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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6
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Wang B, Tang X, Yao L, Wang Y, Chen Z, Li M, Wu N, Wu D, Dai X, Jiang H, Ai D. Disruption of USP9X in macrophages promotes foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154217. [PMID: 35389885 PMCID: PMC9106359 DOI: 10.1172/jci154217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subendothelial macrophage internalization of modified lipids and foam cell formation are hallmarks of atherosclerosis. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are involved in various cellular activities; however, their role in foam cell formation is not fully understood. Here, using a loss-of-function lipid accumulation screening, we identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9 X-linked (USP9X) as a factor that suppressed lipid uptake in macrophages. We found that USP9X expression in lesional macrophages was reduced during atherosclerosis development in both humans and rodents. Atherosclerotic lesions from macrophage USP9X-deficient mice showed increased macrophage infiltration, lipid deposition, and necrotic core content than control apolipoprotein E–KO (Apoe–/–) mice. Additionally, loss-of-function USP9X exacerbated lipid uptake, foam cell formation, and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Mechanistically, the class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1) was identified as a USP9X substrate that removed the K63 polyubiquitin chain at the K27 site. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of USP9X increased SR-A1 cell surface internalization after binding of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). The K27R mutation of SR-A1 dramatically attenuated basal and USP9X knockdown–induced ox-LDL uptake. Moreover, blocking binding of USP9X to SR-A1 with a cell-penetrating peptide exacerbated foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. In this study, we identified macrophage USP9X as a beneficial regulator of atherosclerosis and revealed the specific mechanisms for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuening Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Naishi Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangchen Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Joshi L, Plastira I, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Koshenov Z, Graier WF, Vujic N, Kratky D, Rivera R, Chun J, Sattler W. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 (LPA 5) Knockout Ameliorates the Neuroinflammatory Response In Vivo and Modifies the Inflammatory and Metabolic Landscape of Primary Microglia In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071071. [PMID: 35406635 PMCID: PMC8998093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation induces alterations in the finely tuned micromilieu of the brain that is continuously monitored by microglia. In the CNS, these changes include increased synthesis of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ligand for the six members of the LPA receptor family (LPA1-6). In mouse and human microglia, LPA5 belongs to a set of receptors that cooperatively detect danger signals in the brain. Engagement of LPA5 by LPA polarizes microglia toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, we studied the consequences of global LPA5 knockout (-/-) on neuroinflammatory parameters in a mouse endotoxemia model and in primary microglia exposed to LPA in vitro. A single endotoxin injection (5 mg/kg body weight) resulted in lower circulating concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β and significantly reduced gene expression of IL-6 and CXCL2 in the brain of LPS-injected LPA5-/- mice. LPA5 deficiency improved sickness behavior and energy deficits produced by low-dose (1.4 mg LPS/kg body weight) chronic LPS treatment. LPA5-/- microglia secreted lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines in response to LPA and showed higher maximal mitochondrial respiration under basal and LPA-activated conditions, further accompanied by lower lactate release, decreased NADPH and GSH synthesis, and inhibited NO production. Collectively, our data suggest that LPA5 promotes neuroinflammation by transmiting pro-inflammatory signals during endotoxemia through microglial activation induced by LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Joshi
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Zhanat Koshenov
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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8
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Gruber EJ, Aygun AY, Leifer CA. Macrophage uptake of oxidized and acetylated low-density lipoproteins and generation of reactive oxygen species are regulated by linear stiffness of the growth surface. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260756. [PMID: 34914760 PMCID: PMC8675690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in the development of atherosclerosis: they scavenge lipid, transform into foam cells, and produce proinflammatory mediators. At the same time, the arterial wall undergoes profound changes in its mechanical properties. We recently showed that macrophage morphology and proinflammatory potential are regulated by the linear stiffness of the growth surface. Here we asked whether linear stiffness also regulates lipid uptake by macrophages. We cultured murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) on polyacrylamide gels modeling stiffness of healthy (1kPa) and diseased (10-150kPa) blood vessels. In unprimed BMMs, increased linear stiffness increased uptake of oxidized (oxLDL) and acetylated (acLDL) low density lipoproteins and generation of reactive oxygen species, but did not alter phagocytosis of bacteria or silica particles. Macrophages adapted to stiff growth surfaces had increased mRNA and protein expression of two key lipoprotein receptors: CD36 and scavenger receptor b1. Regulation of the lipoprotein receptor, lectin-like receptor for ox-LDL, was more complex: mRNA expression decreased but surface protein expression increased with increased stiffness. Focal adhesion kinase was required for maximal uptake of oxLDL, but not of acLDL. Uptake of oxLDL and acLDL was independent of rho-associated coiled coil kinase. Through pharmacologic inhibition and genetic deletion, we found that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a mechanosensitive ion channel, plays an inhibitory role in the uptake of acLDL, but not oxLDL. Together, these results implicate mechanical signaling in the uptake of acLDL and oxLDL, opening up the possibility of new pharmacologic targets to modulate lipid uptake by macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Gruber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ali Y. Aygun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Xu K, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Gillespie A, Drummer C, Liu L, Lu Y, Sun Y, Xi H, Tükel Ç, Pratico D, Qin X, Sun J, Choi ET, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Novel Knowledge-Based Transcriptomic Profiling of Lipid Lysophosphatidylinositol-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:773473. [PMID: 34912867 PMCID: PMC8668339 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.773473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether pro-inflammatory lipid lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs) upregulate the expressions of membrane proteins for adhesion/signaling and secretory proteins in human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) activation, we developed an EC biology knowledge-based transcriptomic formula to profile RNA-Seq data panoramically. We made the following primary findings: first, G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), the LPI receptor, is expressed in the endothelium of both human and mouse aortas, and is significantly upregulated in hyperlipidemia; second, LPIs upregulate 43 clusters of differentiation (CD) in HAECs, promoting EC activation, innate immune trans-differentiation, and immune/inflammatory responses; 72.1% of LPI-upregulated CDs are not induced in influenza virus-, MERS-CoV virus- and herpes virus-infected human endothelial cells, which hinted the specificity of LPIs in HAEC activation; third, LPIs upregulate six types of 640 secretomic genes (SGs), namely, 216 canonical SGs, 60 caspase-1-gasdermin D (GSDMD) SGs, 117 caspase-4/11-GSDMD SGs, 40 exosome SGs, 179 Human Protein Atlas (HPA)-cytokines, and 28 HPA-chemokines, which make HAECs a large secretory organ for inflammation/immune responses and other functions; fourth, LPIs activate transcriptomic remodeling by upregulating 172 transcription factors (TFs), namely, pro-inflammatory factors NR4A3, FOS, KLF3, and HIF1A; fifth, LPIs upregulate 152 nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial (mitoCarta) genes, which alter mitochondrial mechanisms and functions, such as mitochondrial organization, respiration, translation, and transport; sixth, LPIs activate reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanism by upregulating 18 ROS regulators; finally, utilizing the Cytoscape software, we found that three mechanisms, namely, LPI-upregulated TFs, mitoCarta genes, and ROS regulators, are integrated to promote HAEC activation. Our results provide novel insights into aortic EC activation, formulate an EC biology knowledge-based transcriptomic profile strategy, and identify new targets for the development of therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory conditions, immune diseases, organ transplantation, aging, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keman Xu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aria Gillespie
- Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hang Xi
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Center for Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric T Choi
- Surgery (Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery), Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Ntatsoulis K, Karampitsakos T, Tsitoura E, Stylianaki EA, Matralis AN, Tzouvelekis A, Antoniou K, Aidinis V. Commonalities Between ARDS, Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: The Potential of Autotaxin as a Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687397. [PMID: 34671341 PMCID: PMC8522582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like hyperinflammation and endothelial dysfunction, that can lead to respiratory and multi organ failure and death. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and pulmonary fibrosis confer an increased risk for severe disease, while a subset of COVID-19-related ARDS surviving patients will develop a fibroproliferative response that can persist post hospitalization. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D, largely responsible for the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic signaling lysophospholipid with multiple effects in pulmonary and immune cells. In this review, we discuss the similarities of COVID-19, ARDS and ILDs, and suggest ATX as a possible pathologic link and a potential common therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntatsoulis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eliza Tsitoura
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios N. Matralis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
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11
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Joshi L, Plastira I, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Triebl A, Köfeler HC, Sattler W. Inhibition of Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 Attenuates Neuroinflammation in LPS-Activated BV-2 Microglia and a Mouse Endotoxemia Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168519. [PMID: 34445223 PMCID: PMC8395174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that systemic inflammation triggers a neuroinflammatory response that involves sustained microglia activation. This response has deleterious consequences on memory and learning capability in experimental animal models and in patients. However, the mechanisms connecting systemic inflammation and microglia activation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the autotaxin (ATX)/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)/LPA-receptor axis as a potential pharmacological target to modulate the LPS-mediated neuroinflammatory response in vitro (the murine BV-2 microglia cell line) and in vivo (C57BL/6J mice receiving a single i.p. LPS injection). In LPS-stimulated (20 ng/mL) BV-2 cells, we observed increased phosphorylation of transcription factors (STAT1, p65, and c-Jun) that are known to induce a proinflammatory microglia phenotype. LPS upregulated ATX, TLR4, and COX2 expression, amplified NO production, increased neurotoxicity of microglia conditioned medium, and augmented cyto-/chemokine concentrations in the cellular supernatants. PF8380 (a type I ATX inhibitor, used at 10 and 1 µM) and AS2717638 (an LPA5 antagonist, used at 1 and 0.1 µM) attenuated these proinflammatory responses, at non-toxic concentrations, in BV-2 cells. In vivo, we demonstrate accumulation of PF8380 in the mouse brain and an accompanying decrease in LPA concentrations. In vivo, co-injection of LPS (5 mg/kg body weight) and PF8380 (30 mg/kg body weight), or LPS/AS2717638 (10 mg/kg body weight), significantly attenuated LPS-induced iNOS, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL2 mRNA expression in the mouse brain. On the protein level, PF8380 and AS2717638 significantly reduced TLR4, Iba1, GFAP and COX2 expression, as compared to LPS-only injected animals. In terms of the communication between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, both inhibitors significantly attenuated LPS-mediated systemic TNFα and IL-6 synthesis, while IL-1β was only reduced by PF8380. Inhibition of ATX and LPA5 may thus provide an opportunity to protect the brain from the toxic effects that are provoked by systemic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Joshi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.T.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Harald C. Köfeler
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.T.); (H.C.K.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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12
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Roles for lysophosphatidic acid signaling in vascular development and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158734. [PMID: 32376340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is emerging as an important mediator of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Produced in large part by the secreted lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX), LPA acts on a series of G protein-coupled receptors and may have action on atypical receptors such as RAGE to exert potent effects on vascular cells, including the promotion of foam cell formation and phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells. The signaling effects of LPA can be terminated by integral membrane lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP) that hydrolyze the lipid to receptor inactive products. Human genetic variants in PLPP3, that predict lower levels of LPP3, associate with risk for premature coronary artery disease, and reductions of LPP3 expression in mice promote the development of experimental atherosclerosis and enhance inflammation in the atherosclerotic lesions. Recent evidence also supports a role for ATX, and potentially LPP3, in calcific aortic stenosis. In summary, LPA may be a relevant inflammatory mediator in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heightened LPA signaling may explain the cardiovascular disease risk effect of PLPP3 variants.
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13
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Hassan MO, Dix-Peek T, Duarte R, Dickens C, Naidoo S, Vachiat A, Grinter S, Manga P, Naicker S. Association of chronic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis among an indigenous black population with chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232741. [PMID: 32649699 PMCID: PMC7351182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a major receptor for lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) and other ligands involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. We determined whether endotoxin levels and the presence of TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients. Materials and methods Endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), serum CD14 (sCD14), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) were measured in 160 participants (120 CKD patients and 40 controls). Associations between endotoxins and CIMT in the presence of sCD14, IL-8 and MCP-1, were assessed using odds ratios. Participants were screened for the presence of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile TLR4 polymorphisms, and CIMT and inflammatory markers were compared between subjects with and without TLR4 polymorphisms. Results Endotoxin levels correlated with sCD14 (r = 0.441, p<0.001) and MCP-1 (r = 0.388, p<0.001) levels while increased CIMT was associated with MCP-1 (r = 0.448, p<0.001), sCD14 levels (r = 0.476, p<0.001), LBP (r = 0.340, p<0.001), and IL-8 (r = 0.395, p<0.001). Atherosclerosis was associated with endotoxin levels (odds ratio: 4.95; 95% confidence interval: 2.52–9.73; p<0.001), and was predicted by higher serum levels of inflammatory markers. Analysis of patients with TLR4 polymorphisms showed reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers and CIMT values compared with the patients carrying the wild type TLR4 alleles. Conclusion The study demonstrated associations between circulating endotoxaemia, systemic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients, and showed that the atherogenic predictive power of endotoxaemia was significantly increased by the presence of elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Additional findings, which must be confirmed, suggest that TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with low levels of inflammatory markers and CIMT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Olamide Hassan
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Therese Dix-Peek
- Internal Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Raquel Duarte
- Internal Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Dickens
- Internal Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sagren Naidoo
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ahmed Vachiat
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sacha Grinter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pravin Manga
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saraladevi Naicker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Synergistic Effect of WTC-Particulate Matter and Lysophosphatidic Acid Exposure and the Role of RAGE: In-Vitro and Translational Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124318. [PMID: 32560330 PMCID: PMC7344461 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
World Trade Center particulate matter (WTC-PM)-exposed firefighters with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) have a higher risk of WTC lung injury (WTC-LI). Since macrophages are crucial innate pulmonary mediators, we investigated WTC-PM/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) co-exposure in macrophages. LPA, a low-density lipoprotein metabolite, is a ligand of the advanced glycation end-products receptor (AGER or RAGE). LPA and RAGE are biomarkers of WTC-LI. Human and murine macrophages were exposed to WTC-PM, and/or LPA, and compared to controls. Supernatants were assessed for cytokines/chemokines; cell lysate immunoblots were assessed for signaling intermediates after 24 h. To explore the translatability of our in-vitro findings, we assessed serum cytokines/chemokines and metabolites of symptomatic, never-smoking WTC-exposed firefighters. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering identified phenotypes of WTC-PM-induced inflammation. WTC-PM induced GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 in THP-1-derived macrophages and induced IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, and NF-κB in RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells. Co-exposure induced synergistic elaboration of IL-10 and MCP-1 in THP-1-derived macrophages. Similarly, co-exposure synergistically induced IL-10 in murine macrophages. Synergistic effects were seen in the context of a downregulation of NF-κB, p-Akt, -STAT3, and -STAT5b. RAGE expression after co-exposure increased in murine macrophages compared to controls. In our integrated analysis, the human cytokine/chemokine biomarker profile of WTC-LI was associated with discriminatory metabolites (fatty acids, sphingolipids, and amino acids). LPA synergistically elaborated WTC-PM’s inflammatory effects in vitro and was partly RAGE-mediated. Further research will focus on the intersection of MetSyn/PM exposure.
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15
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Shao Y, Saredy J, Yang WY, Sun Y, Lu Y, Saaoud F, Drummer C, Johnson C, Xu K, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e138-e152. [PMID: 32459541 PMCID: PMC7263359 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) in physiological processes, ECs actively participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that, in comparison to macrophages, a prototypic innate immune cell type, ECs have many innate immune functions that macrophages carry out, including cytokine secretion, phagocytic function, antigen presentation, pathogen-associated molecular patterns-, and danger-associated molecular patterns-sensing, proinflammatory, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, migration, heterogeneity, and plasticity. In this highlight, we introduce recent advances published in both ATVB and many other journals: (1) several significant characters classify ECs as novel immune cells not only in infections and allograft transplantation but also in metabolic diseases; (2) several new receptor systems including conditional danger-associated molecular pattern receptors, nonpattern receptors, and homeostasis associated molecular patterns receptors contribute to innate immune functions of ECs; (3) immunometabolism and innate immune memory determine the innate immune functions of ECs; (4) a great induction of the immune checkpoint receptors in ECs during inflammations suggests the immune tolerogenic functions of ECs; and (5) association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular adverse events and cardio-oncology indicates the potential contributions of ECs as innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - William Y. Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Candice Johnson
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
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16
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Wilson JL, Mayr HK, Weichhart T. Metabolic Programming of Macrophages: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Granulomatous Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31681260 PMCID: PMC6797840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is rapidly gaining appreciation in the etiology of immune cell dysfunction in a variety of diseases. Tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and sarcoidosis represent an important class of diseases characterized by the formation of granulomas, where macrophages are causatively implicated in disease pathogenesis. Recent studies support the incidence of macrophage metabolic reprogramming in granulomas of both infectious and non-infectious origin. These publications identify the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as the major regulators of lipid metabolism and cellular energy balance, peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), respectively, as key players in the pathological progression of granulomas. In this review, we present a comprehensive breakdown of emerging research on the link between macrophage cell metabolism and granulomas of different etiology, and how parallels can be drawn between different forms of granulomatous disease. In particular, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ signaling and lipid metabolism, which are currently the best-represented metabolic pathways in this context, and we highlight dysregulated lipid metabolism as a common denominator in granulomatous disease progression. This review therefore aims to highlight metabolic mechanisms of granuloma immune cell fate and open up research questions for the identification of potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Louise Wilson
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Katharina Mayr
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Ciesielska A, Hromada-Judycka A, Ziemlińska E, Kwiatkowska K. Lysophosphatidic acid up-regulates IL-10 production to inhibit TNF-α synthesis in Mϕs stimulated with LPS. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1285-1301. [PMID: 31335985 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0918-368rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial LPS strongly induces pro-inflammatory responses of Mϕs after binding to CD14 protein and the TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex. The LPS-triggered signaling can be modulated by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is of substantial importance for Mϕ functioning under specific pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between the LPS- and LPA-induced signaling, and the LPA receptors involved, are poorly known. In this report, we show that LPA strongly inhibits the LPS-induced TNF-α production at the mRNA and protein levels in primary Mϕs and Mϕ-like J774 cells. The decreased TNF-α production in LPA/LPS-stimulated cells is to high extent independent of NF-κB but is preceded by enhanced expression and secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The IL-10 elevation and TNF-α reduction are both abrogated upon depletion of the LPA5 and LPA6 receptors in J774 cells and can be linked with LPA-mediated activation of p38. We propose that the binding of LPA to LPA5 and LPA6 fine-tunes the LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating p38, and up-regulating IL-10 and down-regulating TNF-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Ziemlińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Wu Z, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Lei P. CD14: Biology and role in the pathogenesis of disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 48:24-31. [PMID: 31296363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that enhances innate immune responses. CD14 was first identified as a marker of monocytes to signal intracellular responses upon bacterial encounters. Given the absence of an intracellular tail, CD14 was doubted to have the signaling capacities. Later CD14 was confirmed as the TLR co-receptor for the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, CD14 has been revealed as a multi-talented receptor. In last decade, CD14 was identified to activate NFAT to regulate the life cycle of myeloid cells in a TLR4-independent manner and to transport inflammatory lipids to induce phagocyte hyperactivation. And its influences on multiple related diseases have been further considered. In this review, we summarize advancements in the basic biology of the CD14 including its structure, binding ligands, signaling pathways, and its roles in the pathogenesis of inflammation, atherosclerosis, tumor and metabolic diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the CD14 in related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenxiong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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19
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Yang L, Kraemer M, Fang XF, Angel PM, Drake RR, Morris AJ, Smyth SS. LPA receptor 4 deficiency attenuates experimental atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:972-980. [PMID: 30796085 PMCID: PMC6495174 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) selective receptor 4 (LPAR4) contributes to vascular development in mice and zebrafish. LPAR4 regulates endothelial permeability, lymphocyte migration, and hematopoiesis, which could contribute to atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of LPAR4 in experimental atherosclerosis elicited by adeno-associated virus expressing PCSK9 to lower LDL receptor levels. After 20 weeks on a Western diet, cholesterol levels and lipoprotein distribution were similar in WT male and Lpar4Y/- mice (P = 0.94). The atherosclerotic lesion area in the proximal aorta and arch was ∼25% smaller in Lpar4Y/- mice (P = 0.009), and less atherosclerosis was detected in Lpar4Y/- mice at any given plasma cholesterol. Neutral lipid accumulation in aortic root sections occupied ∼40% less area in Lpar4Y/- mice (P = 0.001), and CD68 expression was ∼25% lower (P = 0.045). No difference in α-smooth muscle actin staining was observed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Lpar4Y/- mice displayed significantly increased upregulation of the M2 marker Arg1 in response to LPA compared with WT cells. In aortic root sections from Lpar4Y/- mice, heightened M2 "repair" macrophage marker expression was detected by CD206 staining (P = 0.03). These results suggest that LPAR4 may regulate the recruitment of specific sets of macrophages or their phenotypic switching in a manner that could influence the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Maria Kraemer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Xianjun Frank Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0614
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511.
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Maguire EM, Pearce SWA, Xiao Q. Foam cell formation: A new target for fighting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:54-71. [PMID: 30115528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During atherosclerosis, the gradual accumulation of lipids into the subendothelial space of damaged arteries results in several lipid modification processes followed by macrophage uptake in the arterial wall. The way in which these modified lipoproteins are dealt with determines the likelihood of cholesterol accumulation within the monocyte-derived macrophage and thus its transformation into the foam cell that makes up the characteristic fatty streak observed in the early stages of atherosclerosis. The unique expression of chemokine receptors and cellular adhesion molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocytes points to a particular extravasation route that they can take to gain entry into atherosclerotic site, in order to undergo differentiation into the phagocytic macrophage. Indeed several GWAS and animal studies have identified key genes and proteins required for monocyte recruitment as well cholesterol handling involving lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification and cholesterol efflux. A re-examination of the previously accepted paradigm of macrophage foam cell origin has been called into question by recent studies demonstrating shared expression of scavenger receptors, cholesterol transporters and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by alternative cell types present in the neointima, namely; endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and stem/progenitor cells. Thus, therapeutic targets aimed at a more heterogeneous foam cell population with shared functions, such as enhanced protease activity, and signalling pathways, mediated by non-coding RNA molecules, may provide greater therapeutic outcome in patients. Finally, studies targeting each aspect of foam cell formation and death using both genetic knock down and pharmacological inhibition have provided researchers with a clearer understanding of the cellular processes at play, as well as helped researchers to identify key molecular targets, which may hold significant therapeutic potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne M Maguire
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stuart W A Pearce
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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An D, Hao F, Hu C, Kong W, Xu X, Cui MZ. JNK1 Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced CD14 and SR-AI Expression and Macrophage Foam Cell Formation. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1075. [PMID: 29354064 PMCID: PMC5760559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation is the key process in the development of atherosclerosis. The uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) converts macrophages into foam cells. We recently reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced foam cell formation is regulated by CD14 and scavenger receptor AI (SR-AI). In this study, we employed pharmaceutical and gene knockdown approaches to determine the upstream molecular mediators, which control LPS-induced foam cell formation. Our results demonstrated that the specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway inhibitor, SP600125, but neither the specific inhibitor of extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase MEK1/2, U0126, nor the specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB203580, significantly blocks LPS-induced oxLDL uptake, suggesting that the JNK pathway is the upstream mediator of LPS-induced oxLDL uptake/foam cell formation. To address whether JNK pathway mediates LPS-induced oxLDL uptake is due to JNK pathway-regulated CD14 and SR-AI expression, we assessed whether the pharmaceutical inhibitor of JNK influences LPS-induced expression of CD14 and SR-AI. Our results indicate that JNK pathway mediates LPS-induced CD14 and SR-AI expression. To conclusively address the isoform role of JNK family, we depleted JNK isoforms using the JNK isoform-specific siRNA. Our data showed that the depletion of JNK1, but not JNK2 blocked LPS-induced CD14/SR-AI expression and foam cell formation. Taken together, our results reveal for the first time that JNK1 is the key mediator of LPS-induced CD14 and SR-AI expression in macrophages, leading to LPS-induced oxLDL uptake/foam cell formation. We conclude that the novel JNK1/CD14/SR-AI pathway controls macrophage oxLDL uptake/foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong An
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Feng Hao
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemin Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mei-Zhen Cui
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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