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Trono P, Ottavi F, Rosano' L. Novel insights into the role of Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) in cancer progression: a new avenue of therapeutic intervention. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:31-39. [PMID: 38081526 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs), including DDR1 and DDR2, are a unique class of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activated by collagens at the cell-matrix boundary interface. The peculiar mode of activation makes DDRs as key cellular sensors of microenvironmental changes, with a critical role in all physiological and pathological processes governed by collagen remodeling. DDRs are widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues, and experimental and clinical evidence has shown that their expression is deregulated in cancer. Strong findings supporting the role of collagens in tumor progression and metastasis have led to renewed interest in DDRs. However, despite an increasing number of studies, DDR biology remains poorly understood, particularly the less studied DDR2, whose involvement in cancer progression mechanisms is undoubted. Thus, the understanding of a wider range of DDR2 functions and related molecular mechanisms is expected. To date, several lines of evidence support DDR2 as a promising target in cancer therapy. Its involvement in key functions in the tumor microenvironment makes DDR2 inhibition particularly attractive to achieve simultaneous targeting of tumor and stromal cells, and tumor regression, which is beneficial for improving the response to different types of anti-cancer therapies, including chemo- and immunotherapy. This review summarizes current research on DDR2, focusing on its role in cancer progression through its involvement in tumor and stromal cell functions, and discusses findings that support the rationale for future development of direct clinical strategies targeting DDR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Trono
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC)-CNR, Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo 00015 Rome
| | - Flavia Ottavi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM)-CNR, Via degli Apuli 4, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Laura Rosano'
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM)-CNR, Via degli Apuli 4, Rome 00185, Italy.
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2
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Borrello MT, Mann D. Chronic liver diseases: From development to novel pharmacological therapies: IUPHAR Review 37. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2880-2897. [PMID: 35393658 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases comprise a broad spectrum of burdensome diseases that still lack effective pharmacological therapies. Our research group focuses on fibrosis, which is a major precursor of liver cirrhosis. Fibrosis consists in a progressive disturbance of liver sinusoidal architecture characterised by connective tissue deposition as a reparative response to tissue injury. Multifactorial events and several types of cells participate in fibrosis initiation and progression, and the process still needs to be completely understood. The development of experimental models of liver fibrosis alongside the identification of critical factors progressing fibrosis to cirrhosis will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for such condition. This review provides an overlook of the main process leading to hepatic fibrosis and therapeutic approaches that have emerged from a deep knowledge of the molecular regulation of fibrogenesis in the liver. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Borrello
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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3
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Mariadoss AVA, Wang CZ. Exploring the Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDR1 and DDR2) in Bone Formation, Regeneration, and Its Associated Disease Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14895. [PMID: 37834343 PMCID: PMC10573612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase family receptor of discoidin domain receptors (DDR1 and DDR2) is known to be activated by extracellular matrix collagen catalytic binding protein receptors. They play a remarkable role in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell survival. DDR1 of the DDR family regulates matrix-metalloproteinase, which causes extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and reconstruction during unbalanced homeostasis. Collagenous-rich DDR1 triggers the ECM of cartilage to regenerate the cartilage tissue in osteoarthritis (OA) and temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Moreover, DDR2 is prominently present in the fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and chondrocytes. It is crucial in generating and breaking collagen vital cellular activities like proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion mechanisms. However, the deficiency of DDR1 rather than DDR2 was detrimental in cases of OA and TMDs. DDR1 stimulated the ECM cartilage and improved bone regeneration. Based on the above information, we made an effort to outline the advancement of the utmost promising DDR1 and DDR2 regulation in bone and cartilage, also summarizing their structural, biological activity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
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4
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Park JJ, Oh K, Lee GW, Bang G, Park JH, Kim HB, Kim JY, Shin EY, Kim EG. Defining regorafenib as a senomorphic drug: therapeutic potential in the age-related lung disease emphysema. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:794-805. [PMID: 37009796 PMCID: PMC10167251 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence, a hallmark of aging, is a factor in age-related diseases (ARDs). Therefore, targeting senescence is widely regarded as a practicable method for modulating the effects of aging and ARDs. Here, we report the identification of regorafenib, an inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, as a senescence-attenuating drug. We identified regorafenib by screening an FDA-approved drug library. Treatment with regorafenib at a sublethal dose resulted in effective attenuation of the phenotypes of βPIX knockdown- and doxorubicin-induced senescence and replicative senescence in IMR-90 cells; cell cycle arrest, and increased SA-β-Gal staining and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, particularly increasing the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8. Consistent with this result, slower progression of βPIX depletion-induced senescence was observed in the lungs of mice after treatment with regorafenib. Mechanistically, the results of proteomics analysis in diverse types of senescence indicated that growth differentiation factor 15 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are shared targets of regorafenib. Analysis of arrays for phospho-receptors and kinases identified several receptor tyrosine kinases, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor α and discoidin domain receptor 2, as additional targets of regorafenib and revealed AKT/mTOR, ERK/RSK, and JAK/STAT3 signaling as the major effector pathways. Finally, treatment with regorafenib resulted in attenuation of senescence and amelioration of porcine pancreatic elastase-induced emphysema in mice. Based on these results, regorafenib can be defined as a novel senomorphic drug, suggesting its therapeutic potential in pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Kwangseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Gun-Wu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea.
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea.
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5
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Gong H, Xu HM, Zhang DK. Focusing on discoidin domain receptors in premalignant and malignant liver diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1123638. [PMID: 37007062 PMCID: PMC10050580 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are receptor tyrosine kinases on the membrane surface that bind to extracellular collagens, but they are rarely expressed in normal liver tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that DDRs participate in and influence the processes underlying premalignant and malignant liver diseases. A brief overview of the potential roles of DDR1 and DDR2 in premalignant and malignant liver diseases is presented. DDR1 has proinflammatory and profibrotic benefits and promotes the invasion, migration and liver metastasis of tumour cells. However, DDR2 may play a pathogenic role in early-stage liver injury (prefibrotic stage) and a different role in chronic liver fibrosis and in metastatic liver cancer. These views are critically significant and first described in detail in this review. The main purpose of this review was to describe how DDRs act in premalignant and malignant liver diseases and their potential mechanisms through an in-depth summary of preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies. Our work aims to provide new ideas for cancer treatment and accelerate translation from bench to bedside.
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Borza CM, Bolas G, Pozzi A. Genetic and pharmacological tools to study the role of discoidin domain receptors in kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1001122. [PMID: 36249782 PMCID: PMC9554349 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following injury the kidney undergoes a repair process, which results in replacement of the injured tissue with little evidence of damage. However, repetitive injuries or inability of the kidney to stop the repair process result in abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components leading to fibrosis and organ dysfunction. The synthesis/degradation of ECM components is finely regulated by several factors, including discoidin domain receptors (DDRs). These are receptor tyrosine kinases that are activated by collagens. Upon activation, DDRs control several cell functions that, when exacerbated, contribute to kidney injury and fibrosis. DDRs are undetectable in healthy kidney, but become rapidly upregulated in several kidney fibrotic conditions, thus making them attractive anti-fibrotic targets. DDRs contribute to kidney injury and fibrosis by promoting apoptosis of injured kidney cells, stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the production of ECM components. They achieve these effects by activating canonical intracellular molecules or by directly interacting with nuclear chromatin and promoting the transcription of pro-fibrotic genes. The goal of this review is to highlight canonical and non-canonical mechanisms whereby DDRs contribute to kidney injury/fibrosis. This review will summarize key findings obtained using cells and mice lacking DDRs and it will discuss the discovery and development of targeted DDR small molecule- and antisense-based inhibitors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms whereby DDRs control kidney injury and fibrosis might enable us to not only develop more selective and potent inhibitors, but to also determine when DDR inhibition needs to be achieved to prevent and/or halt the development of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina M. Borza
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gema Bolas
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Veterans Affairs Hospitals, Nashville, TN, United States
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7
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Akinjiyan FA, Dave RM, Alpert E, Longmore GD, Fuh KC. DDR2 Expression in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promotes Ovarian Cancer Tumor Invasion and Metastasis through Periostin-ITGB1. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3482. [PMID: 35884543 PMCID: PMC9319689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of all gynecologic malignancies. As such, there is a need to identify molecular mechanisms that underlie tumor metastasis in ovarian cancer. Increased expression of receptor tyrosine kinase, DDR2, has been associated with worse patient survival. Identifying downstream targets of DDR2 may allow specific modulation of ovarian cancer metastatic pathways. Additionally, stromal cells play a critical role in metastasis. The crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells can lead to tumor progression. We first identified that tumor cells co-cultured with DDR2-expressing fibroblasts had lower periostin expression when compared to tumor cells co-cultured with DDR2-depleted fibroblasts. We confirmed that DDR2 regulates POSTN expression in ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We found that mesothelial cell clearance and invasion by tumor cells were enhanced three-fold when DDR2 and POSTN-expressing CAFs were present compared to DDR2 and POSTN-depleted CAFs. Furthermore, DDR2-depleted and POSTN-overexpressing CAFs co-injected with ovarian tumor cells had increased tumor burden compared to mice injected with tumor cells and DDR2 and POSTN-depleted CAFs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DDR2 regulates periostin expression through integrin B1 (ITGB1). Stromal DDR2 is highly correlated with stromal POSTN expression in ovarian cancer patient tumors. Thus, DDR2 expression in CAFs regulates the steps of ovarian cancer metastasis through periostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour A. Akinjiyan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.A.A.); (R.M.D.); (E.A.)
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ritu M. Dave
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.A.A.); (R.M.D.); (E.A.)
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily Alpert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.A.A.); (R.M.D.); (E.A.)
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D. Longmore
- ICCE Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine C. Fuh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.A.A.); (R.M.D.); (E.A.)
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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8
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Bougen-Zhukov N, Decourtye-Espiard L, Mitchell W, Redpath K, Perkinson J, Godwin T, Black MA, Guilford P. E-Cadherin-Deficient Cells Are Sensitive to the Multikinase Inhibitor Dasatinib. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1609. [PMID: 35406381 PMCID: PMC8996982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDH1 gene, encoding the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in gastric cancer and inactivating germline CDH1 mutations are responsible for the cancer syndrome hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). CDH1-deficient gastric cancers exhibit high AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 (AKT3) expression, but specific drugs against this AKT isoform are not available. We therefore used two publicly available datasets to identify AKT3-associated genes which could be used to indirectly target AKT3. Reactome analysis identified an enrichment of extracellular matrix remodelling genes in AKT3-high gastric cancers. Of the 51 genes that were significantly correlated with AKT3 (but not AKT1), discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2) showed the strongest positive association. Treatment of isogenic human cells and mouse gastric and mammary organoids with dasatinib, a small molecule inhibitor of multiple kinases including SRC, BCR-ABL and DDR2, preferentially slowed the growth and induced apoptosis of E-cadherin-deficient cells. Dasatinib treatment also preferentially slowed the growth of gastric and mammary organoids harbouring both Cdh1 and Tp53 mutations. In organoid models, dasatinib treatment was associated with decreased phosphorylation of total AKT, with a stronger effect seen in Cdh1-deficient organoids. Treatment with combinations of dasatinib and an inhibitor of AKT, MK2206, enhanced the effect of dasatinib in breast MCF10A cells. In conclusion, targeting the DDR2-SRC-AKT3 axis with dasatinib represents a promising approach for the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of gastric and breast cancers lacking E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Parry Guilford
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (Te Aho Matatū), Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.B.-Z.); (L.D.-E.); (W.M.); (K.R.); (J.P.); (T.G.); (M.A.B.)
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9
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Feng Y, Cai H, Huang X, Li Z, Chi Z, Ge RL. Active MT1-MMP is tethered to collagen fibers in DDR2-containing remnants. Gene 2021; 788:145673. [PMID: 33882324 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) component in the interstitial stroma of solid tumors, and it represents the first barrier against tumor cell invasion after basement-membrane degradation. The collagen receptors that convey molecular signals into the cells are collagen-binding discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and integrins. Collagen-activated DDR2 clusters form DDR2-containing remnants in an integrin-dependent manner in three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix. Although DDR2-containing remnants in the collagen matrix may generate sustained perturbation to ECM remodeling, the molecular components and function of the remnants are largely unknown. Here we determined the interaction and co-localization between DDR2 and membrane type I-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in the cells and the DDR2-containing remnants on collagen fibers, and we found that MT1-MMP was co-tethered to collagen fibers in the remnants. These collagen fiber-associated MT1-MMP remained active. Furthermore, DDR2 enhanced MT1-MMP proteolytic activity. These results demonstrate that DDR2 ensures the remnant-associated MT1-MMP to continue the degradation of ECM in addition to pericellular ECM degradation mediated by cell surface tethered MT1-MMP. Thus, our findings reveal a new alternative ECM degradation mechanism mediated by MT1-MMP in the DDR2-containing remnants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Feng
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China; Innate Gene Inc. Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hao Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China; The Fifth Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
| | | | | | | | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China.
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10
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Lin CC, Yang WH, Lin YT, Tang X, Chen PH, Ding CKC, Qu DC, Alvarez JV, Chi JT. DDR2 upregulation confers ferroptosis susceptibility of recurrent breast tumors through the Hippo pathway. Oncogene 2021; 40:2018-2034. [PMID: 33603168 PMCID: PMC7988308 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent breast cancer presents significant challenges with aggressive phenotypes and treatment resistance. Therefore, novel therapeutics are urgently needed. Here, we report that murine recurrent breast tumor cells, when compared with primary tumor cells, are highly sensitive to ferroptosis. Discoidin Domain Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (DDR2), the receptor for collagen I, is highly expressed in ferroptosis-sensitive recurrent tumor cells and human mesenchymal breast cancer cells. EMT regulators, TWIST and SNAIL, significantly induce DDR2 expression and sensitize ferroptosis in a DDR2-dependent manner. Erastin treatment induces DDR2 upregulation and phosphorylation, independent of collagen I. Furthermore, DDR2 knockdown in recurrent tumor cells reduces clonogenic proliferation. Importantly, both the ferroptosis protection and reduced clonogenic growth may be compatible with the compromised YAP/TAZ upon DDR2 inhibition. Collectively, these findings identify the important role of EMT-driven DDR2 upregulation in recurrent tumors in maintaining growth advantage but activating YAP/TAZ-mediated ferroptosis susceptibility, providing potential strategies to eradicate recurrent breast cancer cells with mesenchymal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chieh Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yi-Tzu Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaohu Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chien-Kuang Cornelia Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan Chen Qu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James V. Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;,Correspondence: Jen-Tsan Ashley Chi, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. TEL: (919) 668-4759,
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11
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DDR1 and DDR2: a review on signaling pathway and small molecule inhibitors as an anticancer agent. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Two-step release of kinase autoinhibition in discoidin domain receptor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22051-22060. [PMID: 32839343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007271117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase with important functions in organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant DDR1 activity contributes to the progression of human diseases, including fibrosis and cancer. How DDR1 activity is regulated is poorly understood. We investigated the function of the long intracellular juxtamembrane (JM) region of human DDR1 and found that the kinase-proximal segment, JM4, is an important regulator of kinase activity. Crystal structure analysis revealed that JM4 forms a hairpin that penetrates the kinase active site, reinforcing autoinhibition by the activation loop. Using in vitro enzymology with soluble kinase constructs, we established that release from autoinhibition occurs in two distinct steps: rapid autophosphorylation of the JM4 tyrosines, Tyr569 and Tyr586, followed by slower autophosphorylation of activation loop tyrosines. Mutation of JM4 tyrosines abolished collagen-induced DDR1 activation in cells. The insights may be used to develop allosteric, DDR1-specific, kinase inhibitors.
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13
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Zangouei AS, Barjasteh AH, Rahimi HR, Mojarrad M, Moghbeli M. Role of tyrosine kinases in bladder cancer progression: an overview. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:127. [PMID: 32795296 PMCID: PMC7427778 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BCa) is a frequent urothelial malignancy with a high ratio of morbidity and mortality. Various genetic and environmental factors are involved in BCa progression. Since, majority of BCa cases are diagnosed after macroscopic clinical symptoms, it is required to find efficient markers for the early detection. Receptor tyrosine-kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor tyrosine-kinases (nRTKs) have pivotal roles in various cellular processes such as growth, migration, differentiation, and metabolism through different signaling pathways. Tyrosine-kinase deregulations are observed during tumor progressions via mutations, amplification, and chromosomal abnormalities which introduces these factors as important candidates of anti-cancer therapies. Main body For the first time in present review we have summarized all of the reported tyrosine-kinases which have been significantly associated with the clinicopathological features of BCa patients. Conclusions This review highlights the importance of tyrosine-kinases as critical markers in early detection and therapeutic purposes among BCa patients and clarifies the molecular biology of tyrosine-kinases during BCa progression and metastasis. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Barjasteh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Rahimi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Matsuda M, Seki E. The liver fibrosis niche: Novel insights into the interplay between fibrosis-composing mesenchymal cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111556. [PMID: 32640349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a hepatic wound-healing response caused by chronic liver diseases that include viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver fibrosis eventually progresses to cirrhosis that is histologically characterized by an abnormal liver architecture that includes distortion of liver parenchyma, formation of regenerative nodules, and a massive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite intensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis, developments of anti-fibrotic therapies for liver fibrosis are still unsatisfactory. Recent novel experimental approaches, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics, have revealed the heterogeneity of ECM-producing cells (mesenchymal cells) and ECM-regulating cells (immune cells and endothelial cells). These approaches have accelerated the identification of fibrosis-specific subpopulations among these cell types. The ECM also consists of heterogenous components. Their production, degradation, deposition, and remodeling are dynamically regulated in liver fibrosis, further affecting the functions of cells responsible for fibrosis. These cellular and ECM elements cooperatively form a unique microenvironment: a fibrotic niche. Understanding the complex interplay between these elements could lead to a better understanding of underlying fibrosis mechanisms and to the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Matsuda
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Mu N, Gu JT, Huang TL, Liu NN, Chen H, Bu X, Zheng ZH, Jia B, Liu J, Wang BL, Wang YM, Zhu ZF, Zhang Y, Zhang YQ, Xue XC, Li M, Zhang W. Blockade of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 as a Strategy for Reducing Inflammation and Joint Destruction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Via Altered Interleukin-15 and Dkk-1 Signaling in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:943-956. [PMID: 32362074 DOI: 10.1002/art.41205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to uncover the pathophysiologic role of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR-2), a putative fibrillar collagen receptor, in inflammation promotion and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS In synovial tissue from patients with RA and from mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) (using Ddr2-/- and DBA/1 mice), gene and protein expression levels of DDR-2, interleukin-15 (IL-15), and Dkk-1 were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Gene knockdown of DDR2 in human RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) was conducted via small interfering RNA. Interaction between the long noncoding RNA H19 and microRNA 103a (miR-103a) was assessed in RA FLS using RNA pulldown assays. Cellular localization of H19 was examined using fluorescence in situ hybridization assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays were applied to verify H19 transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation by miR-103a. RESULTS DDR2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was significantly associated with the levels of IL-15 and Dkk-1 mRNA in the synovial tissue of RA patients (r2 = 0.2022-0.3293, all P < 0.05; n = 33) and with the serum levels of IL-15 and Dkk-1 in mice with CAIA (P < 0.05). In human RA FLS, activated DDR-2 induced the expression of H19 through c-Myc. Moreover, H19 directly interacted with and promoted the degradation of miR-103a. CONCLUSION These results indicate a novel role for activated DDR-2 in RA FLS, showing that DDR-2 is responsible for regulating the expression of IL-15 and Dkk-1 in RA FLS and is involved in the promotion of inflammation and joint destruction during pathophysiologic development of RA. Moreover, DDR-2 inhibition, acting through the H19-miR-103a axis, leads to reductions in the inflammatory reaction and severity of joint destruction in mice with CAIA, suggesting that inhibition of DDR-2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Tao Gu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Nan-Nan Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Bu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zheng
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Ying-Mei Wang
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Zhu
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | - Meng Li
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Jiang K, Yang Z, Cui W, Su K, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Li MD. An Exome-Wide Association Study Identifies New Susceptibility Loci for Age of Smoking Initiation in African- and European-American Populations. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:707-713. [PMID: 29216386 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is one of the largest causes of preventable death worldwide. This study aimed to identify susceptibility loci for age at smoking initiation (ASI) by performing an exome-wide association analysis. METHODS A total of 2510 smokers of either African-American (AA) or European-American (EA) origin were genotyped and analyzed at both the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and gene levels. After removal of those SNPs with a minor allele frequency (<0.01), 48091 and 34933 SNPs for AAs and EAs, respectively, were used to conduct a SNP-based association analysis. Gene-based analyses were then performed for all SNPs examined within each gene. Further, we estimated the proportion of variance explained by all common SNPs included in the analysis. RESULTS The strongest signals were detected for SNPs rs17849904 in the pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 gene (PITRM1) in the AA sample (p = 9.02 × 10-7) and rs34722354 in the discoidin domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase 2 gene (DDR2) in the EA sample (p = 9.74 × 10-7). Both SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction for the number of SNPs tested. Subsequently, the gene-based association analysis revealed a significantly associated gene, DHRS7, in the AA sample (p = 5.00 × 10-6), a gene previously implicated in nicotine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed two susceptibility loci for age of smoking initiation in the two ethnic samples, with the first being PITRM1 for AA smokers and the second DDR2 for EA smokers. In addition, we found DHRS7 to be a plausible candidate for ASI in the AA sample from our gene-based association analysis. IMPLICATIONS PITRM1 and DHRS7 for African-American smokers and DDR2 for European-American smokers are new candidate genes for smoking initiation. These genes represent new additions to smoking initiation, an important but less studied phenotype in nicotine dependence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunkai Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jennie Z Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas J Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS.,Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
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17
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Lafitte M, Sirvent A, Roche S. Collagen Kinase Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Metastatic Colon Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:125. [PMID: 32117772 PMCID: PMC7028753 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of tumor-related death worldwide. While surgery can cure patients with early stage CRC, the 5-year survival rate is only 10% for patients with metastatic disease. Therefore, new anti-metastatic therapies are needed for this cancer. Metastatic spread defines the dissemination of cancer cells with tumor-initiating capacities from the primary tumor and their colonization of distinct organs, mainly the liver, for secondary tumor formation. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, components of the tumor microenvironment have gained strong interest. Among the known metastatic-promoting factors, collagens are extracellular matrix components that are deposited within the tumor, the tumor microenvironment, and at metastatic site(s), and are recognized to play essential roles during metastasis development. Here, we review recent findings on the metastatic role of the collagen receptors Discoidin Domain Receptors 1 and 2 (DDR1 and DDR2) in CRC and discuss the therapeutic value of targeting these receptor tyrosine kinases in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serge Roche
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Moscoso CG, Steer CJ. "Let my liver rather heat with wine" - a review of hepatic fibrosis pathophysiology and emerging therapeutics. Hepat Med 2019; 11:109-129. [PMID: 31565001 PMCID: PMC6731525 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s213397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is characterized by extensive hepatic fibrosis, and it is the 14th leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous contributing conditions have been implicated in its development, including infectious etiologies, medication overdose or adverse effects, ingestible toxins, autoimmunity, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease and primary biliary cholangitis to list a few. It is associated with portal hypertension and its stigmata (varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, combined coagulopathy and thrombophilia), and it is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation has been the only curative modality to treat cirrhosis, and the scarcity of donors results in many people waiting years for a transplant. Identification of novel targets for pharmacologic therapy through elucidation of key mechanistic components to induce fibrosis reversal is the subject of intense research. Development of robust models of hepatic fibrosis to faithfully characterize the interplay between activated hepatic stellate cells (the principal fibrogenic contributor to fibrosis initiation and perpetuation), hepatocytes and extracellular matrix components has the potential to identify critical components and mechanisms that can be exploited for targeted treatment. In this review, we will highlight key cellular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of fibrosis from extracellular ligands, effectors and receptors, to nuclear receptors, epigenetic mechanisms, energy homeostasis and cytokines. Further, molecular pathways of hepatic stellate cell deactivation are discussed, including apoptosis, senescence and reversal or transdifferentiation to an inactivated state resembling quiescence. Lastly, clinical evidence of fibrosis reversal induced by biologics and small molecules is summarized, current compounds under clinical trials are described and efforts for treatment of hepatic fibrosis with mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted. An enhanced understanding of the rich tapestry of cellular processes identified in the initiation, perpetuation and resolution of hepatic fibrosis, driven principally through phenotypic switching of hepatic stellate cells, should lead to a breakthrough in potential therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Moscoso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Kumar A, Dutta Choudhury M, Ghosh P, Palit P. Discoidin domain receptor 2: An emerging pharmacological drug target for prospective therapy against osteoarthritis. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:399-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Revach OY, Sandler O, Samuels Y, Geiger B. Cross-Talk between Receptor Tyrosine Kinases AXL and ERBB3 Regulates Invadopodia Formation in Melanoma Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2634-2648. [PMID: 30914429 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The invasive phenotype of metastatic cancer cells is accompanied by the formation of actin-rich invadopodia, which adhere to the extracellular matrix and degrade it. In this study, we explored the role of the tyrosine kinome in the formation of invadopodia in metastatic melanoma cells. Using a microscopy-based siRNA screen, we identified a series of regulators, the knockdown of which either suppresses (e.g., TYK2, IGFR1, ERBB3, TYRO3, FES, ALK, PTK7) or enhances (e.g., ABL2, AXL, CSK) invadopodia formation and function. Notably, the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL displayed a dual regulatory function, where both depletion or overexpression enhanced invadopodia formation and activity. This apparent contradiction was attributed to the capacity of AXL to directly stimulate invadopodia, yet its suppression upregulates the ERBB3 signaling pathway, which can also activate core invadopodia regulators and enhance invadopodia function. Bioinformatic analysis of multiple melanoma cell lines points to an inverse expression pattern of AXL and ERBB3. High expression of AXL in melanoma cells is associated with high expression of invadopodia components and an invasive phenotype. These results provide new insights into the complexity of metastasis-promoting mechanisms and suggest that targeting of multiple invadopodia signaling networks may serve as a potential anti-invasion therapy in melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings uncover a unique interplay between AXL and ERBB3 in invadopodia regulation that points to the need for combined therapy in order to prevent invadopodia-mediated metastasis in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or-Yam Revach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oded Sandler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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21
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Orgel JPRO, Madhurapantula RS. A structural prospective for collagen receptors such as DDR and their binding of the collagen fibril. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118478. [PMID: 31004686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the collagen fibril surface directly effects and possibly assists the management of collagen receptor interactions. An important class of collagen receptors, the receptor tyrosine kinases of the Discoidin Domain Receptor family (DDR1 and DDR2), are differentially activated by specific collagen types and play important roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and matrix remodeling. This review discusses their structure and function as it pertains directly to the fibrillar collagen structure with which they interact far more readily than they do with isolated molecular collagen. This prospective provides further insight into the mechanisms of activation and rational cellular control of this important class of receptors while also providing a comparison of DDR-collagen interactions with other receptors such as integrin and GPVI. When improperly regulated, DDR activation can lead to abnormal cellular proliferation activities such as in cancer. Hence how and when the DDRs associate with the major basis of mammalian tissue infrastructure, fibrillar collagen, should be of keen interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P R O Orgel
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rama S Madhurapantula
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Wang D, Enck J, Howell BW, Olson EC. Ethanol Exposure Transiently Elevates but Persistently Inhibits Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Impairs the Growth of the Nascent Apical Dendrite. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5749-5762. [PMID: 30674037 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritogenesis can be impaired by exposure to alcohol, and aspects of this impairment share phenotypic similarities to dendritic defects observed after blockade of the Reelin-Dab1 tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. In this study, we find that 10 min of alcohol exposure (400 mg/dL ethanol) by itself causes an unexpected increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of many proteins including Src and Dab1 that are essential downstream effectors of Reelin signaling. This increase in phosphotyrosine is dose-dependent and blockable by selective inhibitors of Src Family Kinases (SFKs). However, the response is transient, and phosphotyrosine levels return to baseline after 30 min of continuous ethanol exposure, both in vitro and in vivo. During this latter period, Src is inactivated and Reelin application cannot stimulate Dab1 phosphorylation. This suggests that ethanol initially activates but then silences the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway by brief activation and then sustained inactivation of SFKs. Time-lapse analyses of dendritic growth dynamics show an overall decrease in growth and branching compared to controls after ethanol-exposure that is similar to that observed with Reelin-deficiency. However, unlike Reelin-signaling disruptions, the dendritic filopodial speeds are decreased after ethanol exposure, and this decrease is associated with sustained dephosphorylation and activation of cofilin, an F-actin severing protein. These findings suggest that persistent Src inactivation coupled to cofilin activation may contribute to the dendritic disruptions observed with fetal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Developmental Exposure to Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Joshua Enck
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Developmental Exposure to Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Eric C Olson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA. .,Developmental Exposure to Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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23
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Henriet E, Sala M, Abou Hammoud A, Tuariihionoa A, Di Martino J, Ros M, Saltel F. Multitasking discoidin domain receptors are involved in several and specific hallmarks of cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 12:363-377. [PMID: 29701112 PMCID: PMC6411096 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1465156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are two members of collagen receptor family that belong to tyrosine kinase receptor subgroup. Unlike other matrix receptor-like integrins, these collagen receptors have not been extensively studied. However, more and more studies are focusing on their involvement in cancer. These two receptors are present in several subcellular localizations such as intercellular junction or along type I collagen fibers. Consequently, they are involved in multiple cellular functions, for instance, cell cohesion, proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion. Furthermore, various signaling pathways are associated with these multiple functions. In this review, we highlight and characterize hallmarks of cancer in which DDRs play crucial roles. We discuss recent data from studies that demonstrate the involvement of DDRs in tumor proliferation, cancer mutations, drug resistance, inflammation, neo-angiogenesis and metastasis. DDRs could be potential targets in cancer and we conclude this review by discussing the different ways to inhibits them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Henriet
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Margaux Sala
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aya Abou Hammoud
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adjanie Tuariihionoa
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Di Martino
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Manon Ros
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Frédéric Saltel
- INSERM, UMR1053, BaRITOn Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology,Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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24
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Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) mediate collagen type XI alpha 1-driven cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4809-4820. [PMID: 29769618 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although, cisplatin resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the precise mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance are not fully understood. Collagen type XI alpha 1 (COL11A1), a gene encoding a minor fibrillar collagen of the extracellular matrix, is identified as one of the most upregulated genes in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer and recurrent ovarian cancer. However, the exact functions of COL11A1 in cisplatin resistance are unknown. Here we demonstrate that COL11A1 binds to integrin α1β1 and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) and activates downstream signaling pathways to inhibit cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Mechanistically, we show that COL11A1 activates Src-PI3K/Akt-NF-kB signaling to induce the expression of three inhibitor apoptosis proteins (IAPs), including XIAP, BIRC2, and BIRC3. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of XIAP, BIRC2, and BIRC3 is sufficient to restore cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells in the presence of COL11A1 in ovarian cancer cells and xenograft mouse models, respectively. We also show that the components of COL11A1- integrin α1β1/DDR2- Src-PI3K/Akt-NF-kB-IAP signaling pathway serve as poor prognosis markers in ovarian cancer patients. Taken together, our results suggest novel mechanisms by which COL11A1 confers cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Our study also uncovers IAPs as promising therapeutic targets to reduce cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer, particularly in recurrent ovarian cancer expressing high levels of COL11A1.
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25
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Spatial localisation of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) signalling is dependent on its collagen binding and kinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:124-130. [PMID: 29709482 PMCID: PMC5964065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) is a collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinase that initiates delayed and sustained tyrosine phosphorylation signalling. To understand the molecular basis of this unique phosphorylation profile, here we utilise fluorescence microscopy to map the spatiotemporal localisation of DDR2 and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins upon stimulation with collagen. We show that cellular phosphorylated proteins are localised to the interface where DDR2 is in contact with collagen and not in the early endosomes or lysosomes. We find that DDR2 localisation is independent of integrin activation and the key DDR2 signalling effector SHC1. Structure-function analysis reveals that DDR2 mutants defective for collagen binding or kinase activity are unable to localise to the cell surface, demonstrating for the first time that both collagen binding and kinase functions are required for spatial localisation of DDR2. This study provides new insights into the underlying structural features that control DDR2 activation in space and time.
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26
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Mogami H, Kishore AH, Word RA. Collagen Type 1 Accelerates Healing of Ruptured Fetal Membranes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:696. [PMID: 29330408 PMCID: PMC5766504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM) is a major cause of preterm birth. Recently, extracellular matrix-directed treatment is applied for wound healing. Here, we used a pregnant mouse model to test the efficacy of collagen type 1 gel for healing of the prematurely ruptured fetal membranes. Although injection of PBS into the ruptured fetal membranes resulted in 40% closure, injection of collagen type 1 improved closure rates to 90% within 72 h. Macrophages of the M2 wound healing phenotype were entrapped in the collagen layer. In primary human amnion mesenchymal cells, collagen type 1 gels activated collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) to induce myosin light chain phosphorylation and migration of injured amnion mesenchymal cells. These findings define the mechanisms for matrix-directed therapeutics for pPROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruta Mogami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Green Center for Reproductive Biological Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Annavarapu Hari Kishore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Green Center for Reproductive Biological Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - R Ann Word
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Green Center for Reproductive Biological Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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27
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Liu L, You Z, Yu H, Zhou L, Zhao H, Yan X, Li D, Wang B, Zhu L, Xu Y, Xia T, Shi Y, Huang C, Hou W, Du Y. Mechanotransduction-modulated fibrotic microniches reveal the contribution of angiogenesis in liver fibrosis. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:1252-1261. [PMID: 29170554 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of pathological angiogenesis on liver fibrogenesis is still unknown. Here, we developed fibrotic microniches (FμNs) that recapitulate the interaction of liver sinusoid endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We investigated how the mechanical properties of their substrates affect the formation of capillary-like structures and how they relate to the progression of angiogenesis during liver fibrosis. Differences in cell response in the FμNs were synonymous of the early and late stages of liver fibrosis. The stiffness of the early-stage FμNs was significantly elevated due to condensation of collagen fibrils induced by angiogenesis, and led to activation of HSCs by LSECs. We utilized these FμNs to understand the response to anti-angiogenic drugs, and it was evident that these drugs were effective only for early-stage liver fibrosis in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of liver fibrosis. Late-stage liver fibrosis was not reversed following treatment with anti-angiogenic drugs but rather with inhibitors of collagen condensation. Our work reveals stage-specific angiogenesis-induced liver fibrogenesis via a previously unrevealed mechanotransduction mechanism which may offer precise intervention strategies targeting stage-specific disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifeng You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongsheng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lyu Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dulei Li
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuzhou Xu
- Sequencing core facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tie Xia
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Gonzalez ME, Martin EE, Anwar T, Arellano-Garcia C, Medhora N, Lama A, Chen YC, Tanager KS, Yoon E, Kidwell KM, Ge C, Franceschi RT, Kleer CG. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Induced DDR2 Mediates Stromal-Breast Cancer Interactions and Metastasis Growth. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1215-1228. [PMID: 28147276 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased collagen deposition by breast cancer (BC)-associated mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells (MSC) promotes metastasis, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report that the collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) is essential for stromal-BC communication. In human BC metastasis, DDR2 is concordantly upregulated in metastatic cancer and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. In MSCs isolated from human BC metastasis, DDR2 maintains a fibroblastic phenotype with collagen deposition and induces pathological activation of DDR2 signaling in BC cells. Loss of DDR2 in MSCs impairs their ability to promote DDR2 phosphorylation in BC cells, as well as BC cell alignment, migration, and metastasis. Female ddr2-deficient mice homozygous for the slie mutation show inefficient spontaneous BC metastasis. These results point to a role for mesenchymal stem cell DDR2 in metastasis and suggest a therapeutic approach for metastatic BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily E Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Talha Anwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Caroline Arellano-Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Natasha Medhora
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arjun Lama
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kevin S Tanager
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelley M Kidwell
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chunxi Ge
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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29
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Ge C, Mohamed F, Binrayes A, Kapila S, Franceschi RT. Selective Role of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 in Murine Temporomandibular Joint Development and Aging. J Dent Res 2017; 97:321-328. [PMID: 29073363 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517738190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are often associated with development of osteoarthritis-like changes in the mandibular condyle. Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen receptor preferentially activated by type I and III collagen found in the TMJ and other fibrocartilages, has been associated with TMJ degeneration, but its role in normal joint development has not been previously examined. Using Ddr2 LacZ-tagged mice and immunohistochemistry, we found that DDR2 is preferentially expressed and activated in the articular zone of TMJs but not knee joints. To assess the requirement for Ddr2 in TMJ development, studies were undertaken to compare wild-type and smallie ( slie) mice, which contain a spontaneous deletion in Ddr2 to produce an effective null allele. Analysis of TMJs from newborn Ddr2slie/slie mice revealed a developmental delay in condyle mineralization, as measured by micro-computed tomography and histologic analysis. In marked contrast, knee joints of Ddr2slie/slie mice were normal. Analysis of older Ddr2slie/slie mice (3 and 10 mo) revealed that the early developmental delay led to a dramatic and progressive loss of TMJ articular integrity and osteoarthritis-like changes. Mutant condyles had a rough and flattened bone surface, accompanied by a dramatic loss of bone mineral density. Mankin scores showed significantly greater degenerative changes in the TMJs of 3- and 10-mo-old Ddr2slie/slie mice as compared with wild-type controls. No DDR2-dependent degenerative changes were seen in knees. Analysis of primary cultures of TMJ articular chondrocytes from wild-type and Ddr2slie/slie mice showed defects in chondrocyte maturation and mineralization in the absence of Ddr2. These studies demonstrate that DDR2 is necessary for normal TMJ condyle development and homeostasis and that these DDR2 functions are restricted to TMJ fibrocartilage and not seen in the hyaline cartilage of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ge
- 1 Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Mohamed
- 1 Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Binrayes
- 1 Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,2 Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Kapila
- 3 Orthodontics and Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R T Franceschi
- 1 Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,4 Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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30
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Sabari JK, Paik PK. Relevance of genetic alterations in squamous and small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:373. [PMID: 29057233 PMCID: PMC5635252 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The precision medicine revolution has led to the development and US FDA approval of multiple targeted therapies in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancers, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting EGFR, ALK, and ROS1. However, the development of targeted therapies for squamous cell lung cancers (SQCLCs) and small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) has lagged behind and the mainstay of systemic therapy for most patients with metastatic disease remains chemotherapy; which has seen little meaningful progress over the past three decades. The ideal of precision medicine in these diseases may appear elusive; however, recent comprehensive genomic analysis of SQCLC and SCLC has led to multiple breakthroughs in our understanding of the biology of these diseases and has led to new therapeutic approaches currently under active clinical investigation. This review will focus on the therapeutic relevance of these alterations in their respective diseases and new insights into promising therapeutics currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Sabari
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul K. Paik
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic process characterized by the net accumulation of extracellular matrix resulting from chronic liver injury of any aetiology, including viral infection, alcoholic liver disease and NASH. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) - transdifferentiation of quiescent, vitamin-A-storing cells into proliferative, fibrogenic myofibroblasts - is now well established as a central driver of fibrosis in experimental and human liver injury. Yet, the continued discovery of novel pathways and mediators, including autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, retinol and cholesterol metabolism, epigenetics and receptor-mediated signals, reveals the complexity of HSC activation. Extracellular signals from resident and inflammatory cells including macrophages, hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, platelets and B cells further modulate HSC activation. Finally, pathways of HSC clearance have been greatly clarified, and include apoptosis, senescence and reversion to an inactivated state. Collectively, these findings reinforce the remarkable complexity and plasticity of HSC activation, and underscore the value of clarifying its regulation in hopes of advancing the development of novel diagnostics and therapies for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuchida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1123, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1123, New York, New York 10029, USA
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32
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Tsai MC, Li WM, Huang CN, Ke HL, Li CC, Yeh HC, Chan TC, Liang PI, Yeh BW, Wu WJ, Lim SW, Li CF. DDR2 overexpression in urothelial carcinoma indicates an unfavorable prognosis: a large cohort study. Oncotarget 2016; 7:78918-78931. [PMID: 27793038 PMCID: PMC5346687 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration ability of urothelial carcinoma corresponding to dismal prognosis had not been fully investigated. The interaction of extracellular collagen with a unique transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), was selected by data mining. We arranged real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to evaluate the transcript levels in 26 urinary tract urothelial carcinoma and 26 urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma specimens, showing significantly increase corresponding to advanced primary stage (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). An immunohistochemistry analysis and H-score calculation were performed to determine DDR2 expression in 340 urinary tract urothelial carcinoma and 295 urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. Assessments of the correlation to clinicopathologic features, disease-specific survival, and metastasis-free survival were conducted. The transcript levels in advanced stage were higher than those in early stage and were correlated with poor prognosis. The higher expression was positively correlated to higher pT status (p < 0.001), higher histological grade (urinary tract, p = 0.041; urinary bladder, p < 0.001), greater vascular invasion (p < 0.001), and higher mitotic rate (urinary tract, p = 0.039; urinary bladder, p < 0.001). Higher expression also indicates significantly worse disease-specific survival and metastasis-free survival. In vitro study revealed knockdown of DDR2 resulted in a depletion of cellular viability, migratory, and invasive ability, supporting the oncogenic function of DDR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nung Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Ke
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Li
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Chun Chan
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Peir-In Liang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sher-Wei Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Cancer Research Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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von Mässenhausen A, Sanders C, Brägelmann J, Konantz M, Queisser A, Vogel W, Kristiansen G, Duensing S, Schröck A, Bootz F, Brossart P, Kirfel J, Lengerke C, Perner S. Targeting DDR2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with dasatinib. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2359-69. [PMID: 27434411 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the tenth most common tumor entity in men worldwide. Nevertheless therapeutic options are mostly limited to surgery and radio-chemotherapy resulting in 5-year survival rates of around 50%. Therefore new therapeutic options are urgently needed. During the last years, targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases has emerged as a promising strategy that can complement standard therapeutical approaches. Here, we aimed at investigating if the receptor tyrosine kinase DDR2 is a targetable structure in HNSCC. DDR2 expression was assessed on a large HNSCC cohort (554 patients) including primary tumors, lymph node metastases and recurrences and normal mucosa as control. Subsequently, DDR2 was stably overexpressed in two different cell lines (FaDu and HSC-3) using lentiviral technology. Different tumorigenic properties such as proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion and anchorage independent growth were assessed with and without dasatinib treatment using in-vitro cell models and in-vivo zebrafish xenografts. DDR2 was overexpressed in all tumor tissues when compared to normal mucosa. DDR2 overexpression led to increased migration, invasion, adhesion and anchorage independent growth whereas proliferation remained unaltered. Upon dasatinib treatment migration, invasion and adhesion could be inhibited in-vitro and in-vivo whereas proliferation was unchanged. Our data suggest treatment with dasatinib as a promising new therapeutic option for patients suffering from DDR2 overexpressing HNSCC. Since dasatinib is already FDA-approved we propose to test this drug in clinical trials so that patients could directly benefit from this new treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne von Mässenhausen
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Sanders
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Konantz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela Queisser
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenzel Vogel
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schröck
- Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany.
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34
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Rammal H, Saby C, Magnien K, Van-Gulick L, Garnotel R, Buache E, El Btaouri H, Jeannesson P, Morjani H. Discoidin Domain Receptors: Potential Actors and Targets in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:55. [PMID: 27014069 PMCID: PMC4789497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix critically controls cancer cell behavior by inducing several signaling pathways through cell membrane receptors. Besides conferring structural properties to tissues around the tumor, the extracellular matrix is able to regulate cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Among these receptors, the integrins family constitutes a major class of receptors that mediate cell interactions with extracellular matrix components. Twenty years ago, a new class of extracellular matrix receptors has been discovered. These tyrosine kinase receptors are the two discoidin domain receptors DDR1 and DDR2. DDR1 was first identified in the Dictyostelium discoideum and was shown to mediate cell aggregation. DDR2 shares highly conserved sequences with DDR1. Both receptors are activated upon binding to collagen, one of the most abundant proteins in extracellular matrix. While DDR2 can only be activated by fibrillar collagen, particularly types I and III, DDR1 is mostly activated by type I and IV collagens. In contrast with classical growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors which display a rapid and transient activation, DDR1 and DDR2 are unique in that they exhibit delayed and sustained receptor phosphorylation upon binding to collagen. Recent studies have reported differential expression and mutations of DDR1 and DDR2 in several cancer types and indicate clearly that these receptors have to be taken into account as new players in the different aspects of tumor progression, from non-malignant to highly malignant and invasive stages. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the role of DDR1 and DDR2 in malignant transformation, cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migratory, and invasive processes, and finally the modulation of the response to chemotherapy. These new insights suggest that DDR1 and DDR2 are new potential targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rammal
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Charles Saby
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Kevin Magnien
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Laurence Van-Gulick
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Roselyne Garnotel
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Emilie Buache
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Hassan El Btaouri
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Pierre Jeannesson
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
| | - Hamid Morjani
- Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, MEDyC Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7369 Reims, France
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35
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Extracellular matrix component signaling in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:28-40. [PMID: 26519775 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell responses to the extracellular matrix depend on specific signaling events. These are important from early development, through differentiation and tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, and disease pathogenesis. Signaling not only regulates cell adhesion cytoskeletal organization and motility but also provides survival and proliferation cues. The major classes of cell surface receptors for matrix macromolecules are the integrins, discoidin domain receptors, and transmembrane proteoglycans such as syndecans and CD44. Cells respond not only to specific ligands, such as collagen, fibronectin, or basement membrane glycoproteins, but also in terms of matrix rigidity. This can regulate the release and subsequent biological activity of matrix-bound growth factors, for example, transforming growth factor-β. In the environment of tumors, there may be changes in cell populations and their receptor profiles as well as matrix constitution and protein cross-linking. Here we summarize roles of the three major matrix receptor types, with emphasis on how they function in tumor progression.
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36
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May the fibrosis be with you: Is discoidin domain receptor 2 the receptor we have been looking for? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:201-3. [PMID: 26772530 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, George et al. [1] identified discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) as a positive modulator of collagen production in cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with angiotensin II (Ang II). DDR2 is a tyrosine kinase collagen receptor and is associated with pathological scarring of multiple organs; nevertheless, the functional role of DDR2 in the myocardium remains unclear. George et al. present evidence for the first time that Ang II induces cardiac fibrosis by enhancing DDR2 expression in cardiac fibroblasts via p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).
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Terai H, Tan L, Beauchamp EM, Hatcher JM, Liu Q, Meyerson M, Gray NS, Hammerman PS. Characterization of DDR2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of DDR2 Mutated Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2687-96. [PMID: 26390252 PMCID: PMC4685943 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in precision medicine approaches over the past decade, the majority of nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are refractory to treatment with targeted small molecule inhibitors. Previous work has identified mutations in the Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) kinase as potential therapeutic targets in NSCLCs. While DDR2 is potently targeted by several multitargeted kinase inhibitors, most notably dasatinib, toxicity has limited the clinical application of anti-DDR2 therapy. Here, we have characterized compound 1 and other tool compounds demonstrating selectivity for DDR2 and show that while these compounds inhibit DDR2 in lung cancer model systems, they display limited antiproliferative activity in DDR2 mutated cell lines as compared to dual DDR2/SRC inhibitors. We show that DDR2 and SRC are binding partners, that SRC activity is tied to DDR2 activation, and that dual inhibition of both DDR2 and SRC leads to enhanced suppression of DDR2 mutated lung cancer cell lines. These results support the further evaluation of dual SRC/DDR2 targeting in NSCLC, and we report a tool compound, compound 5, which potently inhibits both SRC and DDR2 with a distinct selectivity profile as compared to dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Terai
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ellen M. Beauchamp
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - John M. Hatcher
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts, United States
- Cancer
Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter S. Hammerman
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Cancer
Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Dasatinib and Doxorubicin Treatment of Sarcoma Initiating Cells: A Possible New Treatment Strategy. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9601493. [PMID: 26788073 PMCID: PMC4693025 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9601493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. One of the major challenges affecting sarcoma treatment outcome, particularly that of metastatic disease, is resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer-initiating cells are considered a major contributor to this resistance. Methods. An immortalised nontransformed human stromal (mesenchymal) stem cell line hMSC-TERT4 and a transformed cell line hMSC-TERT20-CE8, known to form sarcoma-like tumours when implanted in immune-deficient mice, were used as models. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation was analysed by RTK arrays and cellular viability after tyrosine kinases inhibitor (TKI) treatment with or without doxorubicin was assessed by MTS assay. Results. Initial results showed that the hMSC-TERT4 was more doxorubicin-sensitive while hMSC-TERT20-CE8 was less doxorubicin-sensitive evidenced by monitoring cell viability in the presence of doxorubicin at different doses. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was activated in both cell lines. However hMSC-TERT20-CE8 exhibited significantly higher expression of the EGFR ligands. EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib and afatinib alone or in combination with doxorubicin failed to further decrease cell viability of hMSC-TERT20-CE8. However, inhibition with the TKI dasatinib in combination with doxorubicin decreased cell viability of the hMSC-TERT20-CE8 cell line. Conclusion. Our results demonstrate that dasatinib, but not EGFR-directed treatment, can decrease cell viability of stromal cancer stem cells less sensitive to doxorubicin.
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Targeted therapies for patients with advanced NSCLC harboring wild-type EGFR: what's new and what's enough. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:310-9. [PMID: 26187152 PMCID: PMC4593374 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Historically, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into squamous and nonsquamous subtypes based on histologic features. With a growing number of oncogenic drivers being identified in squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC, this malignancy has been recently divided into several distinct subtypes according to the specific molecular alterations. This new paradigm has substantially highlighted the treatment of advanced NSCLC, shifting it from standard chemotherapy according to specific histologic subtypes to targeted therapy according to specific oncogenic drivers. The application of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in NSCLC patients harboring activating EGFR mutations has been a representative model of precise medicine in the treatment of NSCLC. As the role of EGFR-TKIs in routine management of patients with advanced NSCLC has been well established, this review provides an overview of alternative targeted therapy in the treatment of NSCLC, including EGFR-TKIs for patients with wild-type EGFR NSCLC, as well as other targeted agents either clinical available or in early- to late-stage development.
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Li Y, Lu X, Ren X, Ding K. Small Molecule Discoidin Domain Receptor Kinase Inhibitors and Potential Medical Applications. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3287-301. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5012319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190
Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190
Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190
Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190
Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
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41
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Gerber DE, Paik PK, Dowlati A. Beyond adenocarcinoma: current treatments and future directions for squamous, small cell, and rare lung cancer histologies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:147-162. [PMID: 25993153 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer encompasses a diverse spectrum of histologic subtypes. Until recently, the majority of therapeutic advances were limited to the minority of patients with adenocarcinoma. With the advent of comprehensive genomic profiling of squamous and small cell lung cancers, new therapeutic targets have emerged. For squamous tumors, the most promising of these include fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), and G1/S checkpoint regulators. In 2014, the antiangiogenic agent ramucirumab was approved for all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histologies, including squamous tumors. Immunotherapeutic approaches also appear to be promising for these cases. Genomic analysis of small cell lung cancer has revealed a high mutation burden, but relatively few druggable driver oncogenic alterations. Current treatment strategies under investigation are focusing on targeting mitotic, cell cycle, and DNA repair regulation, as well as immunotherapy. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors represent a diverse spectrum of diseases that may be treated with somatostatin analogs, cytotoxic agents, and molecularly targeted therapies. Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs and combinations with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors also show potential. Large cell neuroendocrine tumors share numerous clinical, pathologic, and molecular features with small cell lung cancer; however, whether they should be treated similarly or according to a NSCLC paradigm remains a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gerber
- From The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Paul K Paik
- From The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- From The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Reyes-Uribe E, Serna-Marquez N, Perez Salazar E. DDRs: receptors that mediate adhesion, migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2015.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Leitinger B. Discoidin domain receptor functions in physiological and pathological conditions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:39-87. [PMID: 24725424 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are nonintegrin collagen receptors that are members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. Both DDRs bind a number of different collagen types and play important roles in embryo development. Dysregulated DDR function is associated with progression of various human diseases, including fibrosis, arthritis, and cancer. By interacting with key components of the extracellular matrix and displaying distinct activation kinetics, the DDRs form a unique subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. DDR-facilitated cellular functions include cell migration, cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as remodeling of extracellular matrices. This review summarizes the current knowledge of DDR-ligand interactions, DDR-initiated signal pathways and the molecular mechanisms that regulate receptor function. Also discussed are the roles of DDRs in development and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Leitinger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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44
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Zhao W, Zhang C, Shi M, Zhang J, Li M, Xue X, Zhang Z, Shu Z, Zhu J, Mu N, Li W, Hao Q, Wang Z, Gong L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. The discoidin domain receptor 2/annexin A2/matrix metalloproteinase 13 loop promotes joint destruction in arthritis through promoting migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2355-67. [PMID: 24819400 DOI: 10.1002/art.38696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR-2)/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) signaling is an important pathway involved in cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular mechanisms of this pathway have not been clearly identified. This study was undertaken to screen key molecules involved in this pathway and evaluate their biologic functions in synovium invasion of RA. METHODS DDR-2-interacting proteins were examined in vitro by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, and annexin A2 was acquired. The effects of annexin A2 on fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) migration were evaluated using a Transwell invasion assay and an Erasion trace test. In Ddr2(-/-) mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blot analysis were used to assess expression of DDR-2, annexin A2, and MMP-13, as well as synovial hyperplasia. Rats with CIA were treated with lentivirus annexin A2 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and annexin A2 siRNA effects on joint damage were analyzed based upon arthritis index scores and results of micro-computed tomography and H&E staining. The differences between annexin A2 expression in clinical samples from RA and osteoarthritis patients were compared using Western blotting. RESULTS Annexin 2 was identified for the first time as a DDR-2 binding protein. It may be phosphorylated by phospho-DDR-2, leading to MMP-13 secretion. The annexin A2 phosphorylation level and MMP-13 expression level were decreased and collagen-induced joint damage greatly reduced in Ddr2(-/-) mice. Joint damage in rats with CIA was significantly ameliorated when annexin A2 was down-regulated. Annexin A2 expression and phosphorylation were elevated in human RA synovial tissue. CONCLUSION Annexin A2 is a key molecule in the DDR-2/annexin A2/MMP-13 loop, the activation of which contributes to joint destruction in RA, mainly through promoting invasion of FLS. Annexin A2 might therefore become a novel clinical target for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, and Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Iwai LK, Luczynski MT, Huang PH. Discoidin domain receptors: a proteomic portrait. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3269-79. [PMID: 24705941 PMCID: PMC11113481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinases that have been implicated in a number of fundamental biological processes ranging from growth and development to immunoregulation. In this review, we examine how recent proteomic technologies have enriched our understanding of DDR signaling mechanisms. We provide an overview on the use of large-scale proteomic profiling and chemical proteomics to reveal novel insights into DDR therapeutics, signaling networks, and receptor crosstalk. A perspective of how proteomics may be harnessed to answer outstanding fundamental questions including the dynamic regulation of receptor activation kinetics is presented. Collectively, these studies present an emerging molecular portrait of these unique receptors and their functional role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo K. Iwai
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
- Present Address: Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada/CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-000 Brazil
| | - Maciej T. Luczynski
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Paul H. Huang
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
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Cooper WA, Lam DCL, O'Toole SA, Minna JD. Molecular biology of lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2014; 5 Suppl 5:S479-90. [PMID: 24163741 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancers are characterised by abundant genetic diversity with relatively few recurrent mutations occurring at high frequency. However, the genetic alterations often affect a common group of oncogenic signalling pathways. There have been vast improvements in our understanding of the molecular biology that underpins lung cancer in recent years and this has led to a revolution in the diagnosis and treatment of lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) based on the genotype of an individual's tumour. New technologies are identifying key and potentially targetable genetic aberrations not only in adenocarcinoma but also in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. Lung cancer mutations have been identified in v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), BRAF and the parallel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway oncogenes and more recently in MEK and HER2 while structural rearrangements in ALK, ROS1 and possibly rearranged during transfection (RET) provide new therapeutic targets. Amplification is another mechanism of activation of oncogenes such as MET in adenocarcinoma, fibroblastgrowth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) in SCC. Intriguingly, many of these genetic alternations are associated with smoking status and with particular racial and gender differences, which may provide insight into the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and role of host factors in lung cancer development and progression. The role of tumour suppressor genes is increasingly recognised with aberrations reported in TP53, PTEN, RB1, LKB11 and p16/CDKN2A. Identification of biologically significant genetic alterations in lung cancer that lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes has the potential to provide further therapeutic opportunities. It is hoped that these discoveries may make a major contribution to improving outcome for patients with this poor prognosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Cooper
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Hong W, Zhang Y. [Advances on driver oncogenes of squamous cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 17:433-6. [PMID: 24854563 PMCID: PMC6000441 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
肺癌在癌症相关死亡中是居于首位的恶性肿瘤。鳞癌是仅次于腺癌的非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)最常见的组织学类型。一些负责恶性肿瘤的发生和维持相关分子改变被称为驱动基因。近来研究证实肺鳞癌也具有与致癌作用及靶向药物疗效有关的独特分子特征。目前发现约40%肺鳞癌已经找到驱动基因,其中纤维母细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, FGFR1)起重要作用。本文将对肺鳞癌驱动基因进行综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology,
Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology,
Hangzhou 310022, China
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Wang D, Du L, Liu Q, Liu X, Wang Z. Receptor tyrosine kinase alterations and therapeutic opportunities in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 72:725-31. [PMID: 23959461 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted therapy has greatly improved the treatment for adenocarcinoma of the lung, but not squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. The current paper describes the abnormalities of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) in lung SCC in a hope to stimulate the development of therapeutics that can have clinical impact. METHODS We reviewed both clinical and preclinical studies published in English regarding RTK abnormalities and/ or RTK-targeting treatment for SCC of the lung. RESULTS RTK alterations have been demonstrated as biological signature for SCC of the lung. A number of clinical trials of RTK-targeting therapy have been carried out or are ongoing, with encouraging results. CONCLUSIONS SCC of the lung should be treated as an independent disease with unique treatment options based on molecular changes, particularly RTK.
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Kim D, Ko P, You E, Rhee S. The intracellular juxtamembrane domain of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) is essential for receptor activation and DDR2-mediated cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2547-57. [PMID: 24740739 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are unusual receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are activated by fibrillar collagens instead of soluble growth factors. DDRs play an important role in various cellular functions and disease processes, including malignant progression. Compared to other RTKs, DDRs have relatively long juxtamembrane domains, which are believed to contribute to receptor function. Despite this possibility, the function and mechanism of the juxtamembrane domain of DDRs have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane 2 (JM2) region of DDR2 contributed to receptor dimerization, which is critical for receptor activation in response to collagen stimulation. A collagen-binding assay showed that JM2 was required for efficient binding of collagen to the discoidin (DS) domain. Immunohistochemical analysis of DDR2 expression using a tissue microarray demonstrated that DDR2 was overexpressed in several carcinoma tissues, including bladder, testis, lung, kidney, prostate and stomach. In H1299 cells, inhibition of DDR2 activity by overexpressing the juxtamembrane domain containing JM2 suppressed collagen-induced colony formation, cell proliferation and invasion via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Taken together, our results suggest that JM2-mediated dimerization is likely to be essential for DDR2 activation and cancer progression. Thus, inhibition of DDR2 function using a JM2-containing peptide might be a useful strategy for the treatment of DDR2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Colzani M, Noberini R, Romanenghi M, Colella G, Pasi M, Fancelli D, Varasi M, Minucci S, Bonaldi T. Quantitative chemical proteomics identifies novel targets of the anti-cancer multi-kinase inhibitor E-3810. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1495-509. [PMID: 24696502 PMCID: PMC4047469 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.034173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drugs are designed against specific molecular targets, but almost unavoidably they bind non-targets, which can cause additional biological effects that may result in increased activity or, more frequently, undesired toxicity. Chemical proteomics is an ideal approach for the systematic identification of drug targets and off-targets, allowing unbiased screening of candidate interactors in their natural context (tissue or cell extracts). E-3810 is a novel multi-kinase inhibitor currently in clinical trials for its anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity. In biochemical assays, E-3810 targets primarily vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptors. Interestingly, E-3810 appears to inhibit the growth of tumor cells with low to undetectable levels of these proteins in vitro, suggesting that additional relevant targets exist. We applied chemical proteomics to screen for E-3810 targets by immobilizing the drug on a resin and exploiting stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture to design experiments that allowed the detection of novel interactors and the quantification of their dissociation constant (Kd imm) for the immobilized drug. In addition to the known target FGFR2 and PDGFRα, which has been described as a secondary E-3810 target based on in vitro assays, we identified six novel candidate kinase targets (DDR2, YES, LYN, CARDIAK, EPHA2, and CSBP). These kinases were validated in a biochemical assay and—in the case of the cell-surface receptor DDR2, for which activating mutations have been recently discovered in lung cancer—cellular assays. Taken together, the success of our strategy—which integrates large-scale target identification and quality-controlled target affinity measurements using quantitative mass spectrometry—in identifying novel E-3810 targets further supports the use of chemical proteomics to dissect the mechanism of action of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Colzani
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy; §Center of Genomic Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Noberini
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy; §Center of Genomic Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Romanenghi
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Gennaro Colella
- ¶EOS S.p.A., Via Monte di Pietà 1/A, 20121 Milano, Italy; ‖Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pasi
- **Drug Discovery Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Fancelli
- **Drug Discovery Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Varasi
- **Drug Discovery Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy; **Drug Discovery Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy; ‡‡Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy;
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