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Burstyn-Cohen T, Fresia R. TAM receptors in phagocytosis: Beyond the mere internalization of particles. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:7-26. [PMID: 37596991 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, activated by their ligands GAS6 and PROS1. TAMs are necessary for adult homeostasis in the immune, nervous, reproductive, skeletal, and vascular systems. Among additional cellular functions employed by TAMs, phagocytosis is central for tissue health. TAM receptors are dominant in providing phagocytes with the molecular machinery necessary to engulf diverse targets, including apoptotic cells, myelin debris, and portions of live cells in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. Simultaneously, TAMs drive the release of anti-inflammatory and tissue repair molecules. Disruption of the TAM-driven phagocytic pathway has detrimental consequences, resulting in autoimmunity, male infertility, blindness, and disrupted vascular integrity, and which is thought to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Although structurally and functionally redundant, the TAM receptors and ligands underlie complex signaling cascades, of which several key aspects are yet to be elucidated. We discuss similarities and differences between TAMs and other phagocytic pathways, highlight future directions and how TAMs can be harnessed therapeutically to modulate phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- The Institute for Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roberta Fresia
- The Institute for Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Wang Y, Li J, Hao P, Li J, Han R, Lin J, Li X. Integrated Whole-Exome and Transcriptome Sequencing Indicated Dysregulation of Cholesterol Metabolism in Eyelid Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:4. [PMID: 36735267 PMCID: PMC9907373 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the molecular background of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinomas (SCs), we conducted the integrated whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing for eyelid SCs in this study. Methods The genetic alterations were studied by whole-exome sequencing, and the messenger RNA expression was studied using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) in five paired fresh eyelid SC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Integrated analysis of exome and transcriptomic information was conducted for filtering candidate driver genes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of filtered candidate genes was analyzed by STRING. The protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry in 29 eyelid SCs and 17 compared normal sebaceous gland tissues. Results The average numbers of pathogenic somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels in eyelid SCs were 75 and 28, respectively. Tumor protein p53 (TP53), zinc finger protein 750 (ZNF750), filaggrin 2 (FLG2), valosin-containing protein (VCP), and zinc finger protein 717 (ZNF717) were recurrent mutated genes. A mean of 844 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated, and 1401 DEGs were downregulated in SC samples. The intersection of DEG-based pathways and mutation-based pathways was mainly involved in microbial infection and inflammation, immunodeficiency, cancer, lipid metabolism, and the other pathways. The intersection of DEGs and mutated genes consisted of 55 genes, of which 15 genes formed a PPI network with 4 clusters. The PPI cluster composed of scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PPARGC1A) was involved in cholesterol metabolism. The expression of SCARB1 protein was found to be increased, whereas that of PPARG protein was decreased in eyelid SCs compared to that in the normal sebaceous glands. Conclusions Increased SCARB1 and decreased PPARG indicated that dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism might be involved in carcinogenesis of eyelid SCs. Translational Relevance The malfunction in cholesterol metabolism might advance our knowledge of the carcinogenesis of eyelid SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Hao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Han
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyong Lin
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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3
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Szondy Z, Al-Zaeed N, Tarban N, Fige É, Garabuczi É, Sarang Z. Involvement of phosphatidylserine receptors in the skeletal muscle regeneration: therapeutic implications. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1961-1973. [PMID: 35666022 PMCID: PMC9397555 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as disability, poor quality of life, and death. Increasing evidence indicates that diminished ability of the muscle to activate satellite cell-dependent regeneration is one of the factors that might contribute to its development. Skeletal muscle regeneration following myogenic cell death results from the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic stem cells, called satellite cells, located beneath the basal lamina of the muscle fibres. Satellite cell differentiation is not a satellite cell-autonomous process but depends on signals provided by the surrounding cells. Infiltrating macrophages play a key role in the process partly by clearing the necrotic cell debris, partly by producing cytokines and growth factors that guide myogenesis. At the beginning of the muscle regeneration process, macrophages are pro-inflammatory, and the cytokines produced by them trigger the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. Following the uptake of dead cells, however, a transcriptionally regulated phenotypic change (macrophage polarization) is induced in them resulting in their transformation into healing macrophages that guide resolution of inflammation, completion of myoblast differentiation, myoblast fusion and growth, and return to homeostasis. Impaired efferocytosis results in delayed cell death clearance, delayed macrophage polarization, prolonged inflammation, and impaired muscle regeneration. Thus, proper efferocytosis by macrophages is a determining factor during muscle repair. Here we review that both efferocytosis and myogenesis are dependent on the cell surface phosphatidylserine (PS), and surprisingly, these two processes share a number of common PS receptors and signalling pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that stimulating the function of PS receptors for facilitating muscle repair following injury could be a successful approach, as it would enhance efferocytosis and myogenesis simultaneously. Because increasing evidence indicates a pathophysiological role of impaired efferocytosis in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, as well as in impaired muscle regeneration both contributing to the development of sarcopenia, improving efferocytosis should be considered also in its management. Again applying or combining those treatments that target PS receptors would be expected to be the most effective, because they would also promote myogenesis. A potential PS receptor-triggering candidate molecule is milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8), which not only stimulates PS-dependent efferocytosis and myoblast fusion but also promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt activation-mediated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nour Al-Zaeed
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Fige
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Nguyen NH, Chen M, Chak V, Balu-Iyer SV. Biophysical Characterization of Tolerogenic Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Containing Phosphatidylcholine and Lysophosphatidylserine. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2072-2082. [PMID: 35108564 PMCID: PMC11075660 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune conditions, allergies, and immunogenicity against therapeutic proteins are initiated by the unwanted immune response against self and non-self proteins. The development of tolerance induction approaches can offer an effective treatment modality for these clinical conditions. We recently showed that oral administration of lipidic nanoparticles containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylserine (Lyso-PS) converted an immunogen to a tolerogen and induced immunological tolerance towards several antigens. While the biophysical properties such as lamellar characteristics of this binary lipid system are critical for stability, therapeutic delivery, and mechanism of tolerance induction, such information has not been thoroughly investigated. In the current study, we evaluated the lamellar phase properties of PC/Lyso-PS system using orthogonal biophysical methods such as fluorescence (steady-state, anisotropy, PSvue, and Laurdan), dynamic light scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that Lyso-PS partitioned into the PC bilayers and led to changes in the particles' lamellar phase properties, lipid-packing, and lipid-water dynamics. Additionally, the biophysical characteristics of PC/Lyso-PS system are different from the well-studied PC/double-chain phosphatidylserine (PS) system. Notably, the incorporation of Lyso-PS significantly reduced the hydrodynamic diameter of PC particles. Results from the in vivo uptake study and intestinal loop assay utilizing flow cytometry analysis also indicated that the uptake of Lyso-PS-containing nanoparticles by immune cells in the gut and Peyer's patches is significantly higher than that of double-chain PS due to the differential transport through microfold cells. It was also found that the acyl chain mismatch between PC and Lyso-PS is critical for the miscibility and particle stability. Collectively, the results suggest that these biophysical characteristics likely influence the in vivo behaviors and contribute to the oral tolerance property of PC/Lyso-PS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Manlin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Chak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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5
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Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081312. [PMID: 35455991 PMCID: PMC9029922 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) constitute a non-homogenous, chemically diverse group of compounds formed either exogeneously or endogeneously on the course of various pathways in the human body. In general, they are formed non-enzymatically by condensation between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and free amine groups of nucleic acids, proteins, or lipids, followed by further rearrangements yielding stable, irreversible end-products. In the last decades, AGEs have aroused the interest of the scientific community due to the increasing evidence of their involvement in many pathophysiological processes and diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, and even infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They are recognized by several cellular receptors and trigger many signaling pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Despite many experimental research outcomes published recently, the complexity of their engagement in human physiology and pathophysiological states requires further elucidation. This review focuses on the receptors of AGEs, especially on the structural aspects of receptor-ligand interaction, and the diseases in which AGEs are involved. It also aims to present AGE classification in subgroups and to describe the basic processes leading to both exogeneous and endogeneous AGE formation.
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6
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Immune homeostasis and disorder in the testis —roles of Sertoli cells. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 152:103625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nguyen NH, Glassman FY, Dingman RK, Shenoy GN, Wohlfert EA, Kay JG, Bankert RB, Balu-Iyer SV. Rational design of a nanoparticle platform for oral prophylactic immunotherapy to prevent immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17853. [PMID: 34497305 PMCID: PMC8426360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of several life-saving therapeutic proteins are compromised due to their immunogenicity. Once a sustained immune response against a protein-based therapy is established, clinical options that are safe and cost-effective become limited. Prevention of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins prior to their initial use is critical as it is often difficult to reverse an established immune response. Here, we discuss a rational design and testing of a phosphatidylserine-containing nanoparticle platform for novel oral prophylactic reverse vaccination approach, i.e., pre-treatment of a therapeutic protein in the presence of nanoparticles to prevent immunogenicity of protein therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, 359 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Fiona Y Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, 359 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robert K Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, 359 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Gautam N Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wohlfert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard B Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, 359 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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8
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MERTK-Mediated LC3-Associated Phagocytosis (LAP) of Apoptotic Substrates in Blood-Separated Tissues: Retina, Testis, Ovarian Follicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061443. [PMID: 34207717 PMCID: PMC8229618 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely and efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, continuously produced during one’s lifespan, is a vital need for all tissues of the body. This task is achieved by cells endowed with phagocytic activity. In blood-separated tissues such as the retina, the testis and the ovaries, the resident cells of epithelial origin as retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE), testis Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells (GC) provide phagocytic cleaning of apoptotic cells and cell membranes. Disruption of this process leads to functional ablation as blindness in the retina and compromised fertility in males and females. To ensure the efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, RPE, Sertoli cells and GC combine various mechanisms allowing maintenance of tissue homeostasis and avoiding acute inflammation, tissue disorganization and functional ablation. In tight cooperation with other phagocytosis receptors, MERTK—a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)—plays a pivotal role in apoptotic substrate cleaning from the retina, the testis and the ovaries through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis process LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis). In this review, we focus on the interplay between TAM RTKs, autophagy-related proteins, LAP, and Toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as the regulatory mechanisms allowing these components to sustain tissue homeostasis and prevent functional ablation of the retina, the testis and the ovaries.
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9
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Zhou L, Matsushima GK. Tyro3, Axl, Mertk receptor-mediated efferocytosis and immune regulation in the tumor environment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 361:165-210. [PMID: 34074493 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three structurally related tyrosine receptor cell surface kinases, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) have been recognized to modulate immune function, tissue homeostasis, cardiovasculature, and cancer. The TAM receptor family appears to operate in adult mammals across multiple cell types, suggesting both widespread and specific regulation of cell functions and immune niches. TAM family members regulate tissue homeostasis by monitoring the presence of phosphatidylserine expressed on stressed or apoptotic cells. The detection of phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells requires intermediary molecules that opsonize the dying cells and tether them to TAM receptors on phagocytes. This complex promotes the engulfment of apoptotic cells, also known as efferocytosis, that leads to the resolution of inflammation and tissue healing. The immune mechanisms dictating these processes appear to fall upon specific family members or may involve a complex of different receptors acting cooperatively to resolve and repair damaged tissues. Here, we focus on the role of TAM receptors in triggering efferocytosis and its consequences in the regulation of immune responses in the context of inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhou
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Glenn K Matsushima
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; UNC Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; UNC Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Abumrad NA, Cabodevilla AG, Samovski D, Pietka T, Basu D, Goldberg IJ. Endothelial Cell Receptors in Tissue Lipid Uptake and Metabolism. Circ Res 2021; 128:433-450. [PMID: 33539224 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid uptake and metabolism are central to the function of organs such as heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Although most heart energy derives from fatty acids (FAs), excess lipid accumulation can cause cardiomyopathy. Similarly, high delivery of cholesterol can initiate coronary artery atherosclerosis. Hearts and arteries-unlike liver and adrenals-have nonfenestrated capillaries and lipid accumulation in both health and disease requires lipid movement from the circulation across the endothelial barrier. This review summarizes recent in vitro and in vivo findings on the importance of endothelial cell receptors and uptake pathways in regulating FAs and cholesterol uptake in normal physiology and cardiovascular disease. We highlight clinical and experimental data on the roles of ECs in lipid supply to tissues, heart, and arterial wall in particular, and how this affects organ metabolism and function. Models of FA uptake into ECs suggest that receptor-mediated uptake predominates at low FA concentrations, such as during fasting, whereas FA uptake during lipolysis of chylomicrons may involve paracellular movement. Similarly, in the setting of an intact arterial endothelial layer, recent and historic data support a role for receptor-mediated processes in the movement of lipoproteins into the subarterial space. We conclude with thoughts on the need to better understand endothelial lipid transfer for fuller comprehension of the pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia, and lipotoxic diseases such as some forms of cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Abumrad
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO (N.A.A., D.S., T.P.)
| | - Ainara G Cabodevilla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.G.C., D.B., I.J.G.)
| | - Dmitri Samovski
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO (N.A.A., D.S., T.P.)
| | - Terri Pietka
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO (N.A.A., D.S., T.P.)
| | - Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.G.C., D.B., I.J.G.)
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.G.C., D.B., I.J.G.)
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Ackerman EE, Shoemaker JE. Network Controllability-Based Prioritization of Candidates for SARS-CoV-2 Drug Repositioning. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101087. [PMID: 32993136 PMCID: PMC7650805 DOI: 10.3390/v12101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a short time, the COVID-19 pandemic has left the world with over 25 million cases and staggering death tolls that are still rising. Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection are desperately needed as there are currently no approved drug therapies. With limited knowledge of viral mechanisms, a network controllability method of prioritizing existing drugs for repurposing efforts is optimal for quickly moving through the drug approval pipeline using limited, available, virus-specific data. Based on network topology and controllability, 16 proteins involved in translation, cellular transport, cellular stress, and host immune response are predicted as regulators of the SARS-CoV-2 infected cell. Of the 16, eight are prioritized as possible drug targets where two, PVR and SCARB1, are previously unexplored. Known compounds targeting these genes are suggested for viral inhibition study. Prioritized proteins in agreement with previous analysis and viral inhibition studies verify the ability of network controllability to predict biologically relevant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Ackerman
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Jason E. Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Correspondence:
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Infertility Caused by Inefficient Apoptotic Germ Cell Clearance in Xkr8-Deficient Male Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00402-19. [PMID: 31712393 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00402-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, up to 75% of germ cells in the testes undergo apoptosis and are cleared by Sertoli cells. X-linked XK blood group-related 8 (Xkr8) is a plasma membrane protein that scrambles phospholipids in response to apoptotic signals, exposing phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Here, we found that Xkr8 -/- male mice were infertile due to reduced sperm counts in their epididymides. Apoptotic stimuli could not induce PtdSer exposure in Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Consistent with the hypothesis that PtdSer functions as an "eat-me" signal to phagocytes, cells expressing phosphatidylserine receptor TIM4 and MER tyrosine kinase receptor efficiently engulfed apoptotic wild-type male germ cells but not Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed Sertoli cells carrying engulfed and degenerated dead cells. However, many unengulfed apoptotic cells and residual bodies and much cell debris were present in Xkr8 -/- testes and epididymides. These results indicate that Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure is essential for the clearance of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells. There was no apparent inflammation in Xkr8 -/- testes, suggesting that the unengulfed apoptotic cells may have undergone secondary necrosis, releasing noxious materials that affected the germ cells. Alternatively, failure to engulf the apoptotic germ cells may have caused the Sertoli cells to starve and lose their ability to support spermatogenesis.
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13
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Tsuzuki S, Kimoto Y, Lee S, Sugawara T, Manabe Y, Inoue K. A novel role for scavenger receptor B1 as a contributor to the capture of specific volatile odorants in the nasal cavity. Biomed Res 2018; 39:117-129. [PMID: 29899187 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Class B scavenger receptors, scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), are broadly expressed cell-surface proteins and are believed to serve as multifaceted players in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in mammals. Because of its ability to recognise distinct odour-active volatile compounds and its presence in murine olfactory epithelium, CD36 has recently emerged as a participant in the detection of odorants within the nasal cavity. However, there have been no attempts to assess whether SR-B1 has such a role. In this study, we performed a cell-free in-vitro assay utilising a peptide mimic of the receptor, and demonstrated that SR-B1 could recognise aliphatic aldehydes (e.g., tetradecanal), a distinct class of volatile odorants, as potential ligands. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western immunoblot analyses, we detected the expression of SR-B1 mRNA and protein, respectively, in mouse olfactory tissue. Finally, we immunohistochemically mapped the distribution of SR-B1 in the surface layer of olfactory epithelium in vivo, which is the first line of odorant detection. These findings uncover a novel role for SR-B1 as a contributor to the capture of specific odorants in the nasal cavity of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yusaku Kimoto
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Shinhye Lee
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Shen WJ, Asthana S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Scavenger receptor B type 1: expression, molecular regulation, and cholesterol transport function. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1114-1131. [PMID: 29720388 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is required for maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity and integrity and for many cellular functions. Cellular cholesterol can be obtained from lipoproteins in a selective pathway of HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake without parallel apolipoprotein uptake. Scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) is a cell surface HDL receptor that mediates HDL-CE uptake. It is most abundantly expressed in liver, where it provides cholesterol for bile acid synthesis, and in steroidogenic tissues, where it delivers cholesterol needed for storage or steroidogenesis in rodents. SR-B1 transcription is regulated by trophic hormones in the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis; in the liver and elsewhere, SR-B1 is subject to posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation. SR-B1 operates in several metabolic processes and contributes to pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, inflammation, hepatitis C virus infection, and other conditions. Here, we summarize characteristics of the selective uptake pathway and involvement of microvillar channels as facilitators of selective HDL-CE uptake. We also present the potential mechanisms of SR-B1-mediated selective cholesterol transport; the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational regulation of SR-B1; and the impact of gene variants on expression and function of human SR-B1. A better understanding of this unique pathway and SR-B1's role may yield improved therapies for a wide variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Drug Discovery Research Center (DDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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15
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Yefimova MG, Messaddeq N, Meunier AC, Cantereau A, Jegou B, Bourmeyster N. Phagocytosis by Sertoli Cells: Analysis of Main Phagocytosis Steps by Confocal and Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1748:85-101. [PMID: 29453567 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7698-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells were discovered in the seminiferous tubules by Enrico Sertoli in 1865 (Morgagni 7:31-33, 1865). Intense phagocytosis is, in the context of spermatogenesis cycle, morphologically the most noticeable function of Sertoli cells. In this chapter the major principles of phagocytosis machinery and its specificities in the seminiferous tubules will be briefly reviewed, guidelines of analysis of main phagocytosis steps by confocal and transmission electron microscopy will be described, and a simplified method to assess phagocytosis rate in routine experiments will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Yefimova
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers/CNRS, Poitiers, France.,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersbourg, Russia
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Annie-Claire Meunier
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers/CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Anne Cantereau
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers/CNRS, Poitiers, France.,Plateforme IMAGE-UP, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers/CNRS, Poitiers, France. .,CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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16
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Morel E, Ghezzal S, Lucchi G, Truntzer C, Pais de Barros JP, Simon-Plas F, Demignot S, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Leturque A, Rousset M, Carrière V. Cholesterol trafficking and raft-like membrane domain composition mediate scavenger receptor class B type 1-dependent lipid sensing in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:199-211. [PMID: 29196159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1) is a lipid transporter and sensor. In intestinal epithelial cells, SR-B1-dependent lipid sensing is associated with SR-B1 recruitment in raft-like/ detergent-resistant membrane domains and interaction of its C-terminal transmembrane domain with plasma membrane cholesterol. To clarify the initiating events occurring during lipid sensing by SR-B1, we analyzed cholesterol trafficking and raft-like domain composition in intestinal epithelial cells expressing wild-type SR-B1 or the mutated form SR-B1-Q445A, defective in membrane cholesterol binding and signal initiation. These features of SR-B1 were found to influence both apical cholesterol efflux and intracellular cholesterol trafficking from plasma membrane to lipid droplets, and the lipid composition of raft-like domains. Lipidomic analysis revealed likely participation of d18:0/16:0 sphingomyelin and 16:0/0:0 lysophosphatidylethanolamine in lipid sensing by SR-B1. Proteomic analysis identified proteins, whose abundance changed in raft-like domains during lipid sensing, and these included molecules linked to lipid raft dynamics and signal transduction. These findings provide new insights into the role of SR-B1 in cellular cholesterol homeostasis and suggest molecular links between SR-B1-dependent lipid sensing and cell cholesterol and lipid droplet dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Morel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMPC Université Paris 6, Université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sara Ghezzal
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMPC Université Paris 6, Université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Lucchi
- Clinical Innovation Proteomic Platform CLIPP, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Clinical Innovation Proteomic Platform CLIPP, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Demignot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMPC Université Paris 6, Université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Armelle Leturque
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMPC Université Paris 6, Université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Monique Rousset
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMPC Université Paris 6, Université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Carrière
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMPC Université Paris 6, Université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
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17
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Lim JJ, Grinstein S, Roth Z. Diversity and Versatility of Phagocytosis: Roles in Innate Immunity, Tissue Remodeling, and Homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:191. [PMID: 28589095 PMCID: PMC5440456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, a critical early event in the microbicidal response of neutrophils, is now appreciated to serve multiple functions in a variety of cell types. Professional phagocytes play a central role in innate immunity by eliminating pathogenic bacteria, fungi and malignant cells, and contribute to adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to lymphocytes. In addition, phagocytes play a part in tissue remodeling and maintain overall homeostasis by disposing of apoptotic cells, a task shared by non-professional phagocytes, often of epithelial origin. This functional versatility is supported by a vast array of receptors capable of recognizing a striking variety of foreign and endogenous ligands. Here we present an abbreviated overview of the different types of phagocytes, their varied modes of signaling and particle engulfment, and the multiple physiological roles of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziv Roth
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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19
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Nonaka S, Shiratsuchi A, Nagaosa K, Nakanishi Y. Mechanisms and Significance of Phagocytic Elimination of Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Death. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1819-1827. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nonaka
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | | | - Kaz Nagaosa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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20
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Altube MJ, Selzer SM, de Farias MA, Portugal RV, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Surviving nebulization-induced stress: dexamethasone in pH-sensitive archaeosomes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2103-17. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To increase the subcellular delivery of dexamethasone phosphate (DP) and stability to nebulization stress, pH-sensitive nanoliposomes (LpH) exhibiting archaeolipids, acting as ligands for scavenger receptors (pH-sensitive archaeosomes [ApH]), were prepared. Materials & methods: The anti-inflammatory effect of 0.18 mg DP/mg total lipid, 100–150 nm DP-containing ApH (dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine: Halorubrum tebenquichense total polar archaeolipids:cholesteryl hemisuccinate 4.2:2.8:3 w:w) was tested on different cell lines. Size and HPTS retention of ApH and conventional LpH (dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine:cholesteryl hemisuccinate 7:3 w:w) before and after nebulization were determined. Results & conclusion: DP-ApH suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α on phagocytic cells. Nebulized after 6-month storage, LpH increased size and completely lost its HPTS while ApH3 conserved size and polydispersity, fully retaining its original HPTS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Altube
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Solange Mailen Selzer
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Alexandre de Farias
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Villares Portugal
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
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21
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Necrotic Cells Actively Attract Phagocytes through the Collaborative Action of Two Distinct PS-Exposure Mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005285. [PMID: 26061275 PMCID: PMC4464654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrosis, a kind of cell death closely associated with pathogenesis and genetic programs, is distinct from apoptosis in both morphology and mechanism. Like apoptotic cells, necrotic cells are swiftly removed from animal bodies to prevent harmful inflammatory and autoimmune responses. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, gain-of-function mutations in certain ion channel subunits result in the excitotoxic necrosis of six touch neurons and their subsequent engulfment and degradation inside engulfing cells. How necrotic cells are recognized by engulfing cells is unclear. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an important apoptotic-cell surface signal that attracts engulfing cells. Here we observed PS exposure on the surface of necrotic touch neurons. In addition, the phagocytic receptor CED-1 clusters around necrotic cells and promotes their engulfment. The extracellular domain of CED-1 associates with PS in vitro. We further identified a necrotic cell-specific function of CED-7, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, in promoting PS exposure. In addition to CED-7, anoctamin homolog-1 (ANOH-1), the C. elegans homolog of the mammalian Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F, plays an independent role in promoting PS exposure on necrotic cells. The combined activities from CED-7 and ANOH-1 ensure efficient exposure of PS on necrotic cells to attract their phagocytes. In addition, CED-8, the C. elegans homolog of mammalian Xk-related protein 8 also makes a contribution to necrotic cell-removal at the first larval stage. Our work indicates that cells killed by different mechanisms (necrosis or apoptosis) expose a common "eat me" signal to attract their phagocytic receptor(s); furthermore, unlike what was previously believed, necrotic cells actively present PS on their outer surfaces through at least two distinct molecular mechanisms rather than leaking out PS passively.
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22
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Tao H, Yancey PG, Babaev VR, Blakemore JL, Zhang Y, Ding L, Fazio S, Linton MF. Macrophage SR-BI mediates efferocytosis via Src/PI3K/Rac1 signaling and reduces atherosclerotic lesion necrosis. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1449-60. [PMID: 26059978 PMCID: PMC4513986 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m056689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis and efferocytosis are key determinants of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and necrosis. Bone marrow transplantation studies in ApoE- and LDLR-deficient mice revealed that hematopoietic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) deficiency results in severely defective efferocytosis in mouse atherosclerotic lesions, resulting in a 17-fold higher ratio of free to macrophage-associated dead cells in lesions containing SR-BI−/− cells, 5-fold more necrosis, 65.2% less lesional collagen content, nearly 7-fold higher dead cell accumulation, and 2-fold larger lesion area. Hematopoietic SR-BI deletion elicited a maladaptive inflammatory response [higher interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α lower IL-10 and transforming growth factor β]. Efferocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes was reduced by 64% in SR-BI−/− versus WT macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. In response to apoptotic cells, macrophage SR-BI bound with phosphatidylserine and induced Src phosphorylation and cell membrane recruitment, which led to downstream activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) for engulfment and clearance of apoptotic cells, as inhibition of Src decreased PI3K, Rac1-GTP, and efferocytosis in WT cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 reduced macrophage efferocytosis in a SR-BI-dependent fashion, and activation of Rac1 corrected the defective efferocytosis in SR-BI−/− macrophages. Thus, deficiency of macrophage SR-BI promotes defective efferocytosis signaling via the Src/PI3K/Rac1 pathway, resulting in increased plaque size, necrosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tao
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Vladimir R Babaev
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John L Blakemore
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Youmin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Goncalves A, Gontero B, Nowicki M, Margier M, Masset G, Amiot MJ, Reboul E. Micellar lipid composition affects micelle interaction with class B scavenger receptor extracellular loops. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1123-33. [PMID: 25833688 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) like cluster determinant 36 (CD36) and SR class B type I (SR-BI) play a debated role in lipid transport across the intestinal brush border membrane. We used surface plasmon resonance to analyze real-time interactions between the extracellular protein loops and various ligands ranging from single lipid molecules to mixed micelles. Micelles mimicking physiological structures were necessary for optimal binding to both the extracellular loop of CD36 (lCD36) and the extracellular loop of SR-BI (lSR-BI). Cholesterol, phospholipid, and fatty acid micellar content significantly modulated micelle binding to and dissociation from the transporters. In particular, high phospholipid micellar concentrations inhibited micelle binding to both receptors (-53.8 and -74.4% binding at 0.32 mM compared with 0.04 mM for lCD36 and lSR-BI, respectively, P < 0.05). The presence of fatty acids was crucial for micelle interactions with both proteins (94.4 and 81.3% binding with oleic acid for lCD36 and lSR-BI, respectively, P < 0.05) and fatty acid type substitution within the micelles was the component that most impacted micelle binding to the transporters. These effects were partly due to subsequent modifications in micellar size and surface electric charge, and could be correlated to micellar vitamin D uptake by Caco-2 cells. Our findings show for the first time that micellar lipid composition and micellar properties are key factors governing micelle interactions with SRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Goncalves
- INRA, UMR 1260 "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis," F-13385 Marseille, France INSERM, UMR 1062, F-13385 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, F-13402 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- INRA, UMR 1260 "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis," F-13385 Marseille, France INSERM, UMR 1062, F-13385 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Margier
- INRA, UMR 1260 "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis," F-13385 Marseille, France INSERM, UMR 1062, F-13385 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Masset
- INRA, UMR 1260 "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis," F-13385 Marseille, France INSERM, UMR 1062, F-13385 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Amiot
- INRA, UMR 1260 "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis," F-13385 Marseille, France INSERM, UMR 1062, F-13385 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Reboul
- INRA, UMR 1260 "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis," F-13385 Marseille, France INSERM, UMR 1062, F-13385 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
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24
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Alves ÉAR, de Miranda MG, Borges TK, Magalhães KG, Muniz-Junqueira MI. Anti-HIV drugs, lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir, modulate innate immune response triggered by Leishmania in macrophages: the role of NF-κB and PPAR-γ. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 24:314-324. [PMID: 25545854 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) and atazanavir (ATV) on macrophage functions during their first interaction with Leishmania. Macrophages from BALB/c mice treated for 10days with LPV/RTV and ATV, infected or not in vitro with L. (L.) amazonensis, were used to investigate the effects of these drugs on infection index, leishmanicidal capacity, cytokine production and PPAR-γ and RelB expression. LPV/RTV and ATV treatments significantly increased the infection index and the percentage of Leishmania-infected macrophages compared to untreated infected macrophages. There was no correlated increase in the production of NO and H2O2 leishmanicidal molecules. Promastigotes derived from Leishmania-infected macrophages from LPV/RTV and ATV-treated BALB/c mice had an in vitro growth 45.1% and 56.4% higher in groups treated with LPV/RTV and ATV than with PBS in culture. ATV treatment reduced IL-12p70 and IL-10 secretion in Leishmania-infected macrophages, but had no effect on IL-23 and TNF production. LPV reduced IL-10 and had no effect on IL-12p70, TNF and IL-23 secretion. ATV treatment decreased PPAR-γ expression in Leishmania-infected macrophages compared to untreated infected macrophages. In addition, LPV/RTV, but not ATV, reduced RelB cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation in Leishmania-infected macrophages. Results showed that LPV/RTV and ATV HIV protease inhibitors were able to modulate innate defense mechanisms against Leishmania via different intracellular pathways. Although HIV protease inhibitors are highly efficient to control the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, these drugs might also influence the course of leishmaniasis in HIV-Leishmania-co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Alessandra Rocha Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Area of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, René Rachou Research Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marthina Gomes de Miranda
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Area of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Karla Borges
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Area of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Maria Imaculada Muniz-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Area of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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25
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Glade MJ, Smith K. Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition 2014; 31:781-6. [PMID: 25933483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the roles and importance of phosphatidylserine (PS), an endogenous phospholipid and dietary nutrient, in human brain biochemistry, physiology, and function. METHODS A scientific literature search was conducted on MEDLINE for relevant articles regarding PS and the human brain published before June 2014. Additional publications were identified from references provided in original papers; 127 articles were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS A large body of scientific evidence describes the interactions among PS, cognitive activity, cognitive aging, and retention of cognitive functioning ability. CONCLUSION Phosphatidylserine is required for healthy nerve cell membranes and myelin. Aging of the human brain is associated with biochemical alterations and structural deterioration that impair neurotransmission. Exogenous PS (300-800 mg/d) is absorbed efficiently in humans, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and safely slows, halts, or reverses biochemical alterations and structural deterioration in nerve cells. It supports human cognitive functions, including the formation of short-term memory, the consolidation of long-term memory, the ability to create new memories, the ability to retrieve memories, the ability to learn and recall information, the ability to focus attention and concentrate, the ability to reason and solve problems, language skills, and the ability to communicate. It also supports locomotor functions, especially rapid reactions and reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyl Smith
- Progressive Laboratories Inc., Irving, Texas
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Zhu CJ, Zhang S, Liang Y, Li W. Elicitation of metastasis associated protein 2 expression in the phagocytosis by murine testicular Sertoli cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:667-72. [PMID: 24583130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic spermatogenic cells and residual bodies (RBs) by Sertoli cells (SCs) is crucial for functional mature spermatogenesis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this SCs function. Herein, we reported for the first time that SCs-expressing metastasis associated protein 2 (Mta2), a chromatin modifier playing a critical role in modifying DNA accessibility for transcriptional regulation, was steadily up-regulated when SCs were co-cultured with RBs. The most efficient stimulatory substrates for the inducement of phagocytosis-elicited Mta2 expression were RBs and fragments from apoptotic spermatocytes. Furthermore, one major result of this response is the transcriptional repression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene (Fshr) expression during phagocytosis, which should lead to a low level of circulated FSH because effects of FSH on spermatogenesis is fundamentally regulated by the down-regulation of Fshr after exposure to FSH. Given that high concentration of circulated FSH inhibits SCs phagocytic activity and impairment of MTA2 expression is associated with the abnormal high level of serum FSH, our present results suggest that the FSH/MTA2/Fshr cascade may serve as an indispensable negative feedback mechanism to help to maintain low level of circulated FSH, which is required for the normal occurrence of SCs phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Juan Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Kato C, Mikami M, Saito K. The Participation of Nitric Oxide in Peritoneal Exudate Cell Cytotoxicity of Mice byFusobacterium nucleatum. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:607-15. [PMID: 15322341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that mice infected recurrently with live Fusobacterium nucleatum(Fn) synthesize a significant amount of NO between 12 hr and 24 hr after Fn injection. Fn is a gram-negative rod periodontal pathogen. NO could not be induced by heat-killed Fn or in untreated mice. This NO, derived from the iNOS after infection of live Fn, was not involved in the Fn reduction because Fn clearance occurs within 6 hr. We investigated in this study whether this NO was involved in cytotoxicity in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in vivo. The mice were divided into two groups: those treated with live Fn (immune) and those left untreated (normal). PEC number, NO production, detection of apoptosis or death cells, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release activity after injection of live Fn were compared in these groups. In the immune group, the increase of the total cell numbers caused by an increase in neutrophils, a significant NO production only after injection of live Fn at 24 hr and identification of iNOS positive macrophages were confirmed. The apoptotic rate was very low and did not increase at 24 hr in vivo. Therefore, apoptosis was seldom relevant to the NO. In the immune group, LDH activity was remarkable high at 24 hr, and dead cells and macrophages phagocytizing cell fragments increased at the same time. Pretreatment of L NMMA, an inhibitor of iNOS, suppressed LDH activity and cell death. Therefore, the NO derived from the iNOS is involved in the cytotoxicity. These results suggest that NO may contribute to the inflammatory response during Fn infection in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihomi Kato
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Nippon Dental University at Niigata, 1-8 Hamuracho, Niigata 951-8580, Japan.
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Abstract
The TAM receptors--Tyro3, Axl, and Mer--comprise a unique family of receptor tyrosine kinases, in that as a group they play no essential role in embryonic development. Instead, they function as homeostatic regulators in adult tissues and organ systems that are subject to continuous challenge and renewal throughout life. Their regulatory roles are prominent in the mature immune, reproductive, hematopoietic, vascular, and nervous systems. The TAMs and their ligands--Gas6 and Protein S--are essential for the efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and membranes in these tissues; and in the immune system, they act as pleiotropic inhibitors of the innate inflammatory response to pathogens. Deficiencies in TAM signaling are thought to contribute to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in humans, and aberrantly elevated TAM signaling is strongly associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and resistance to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Seco-Rovira V, Beltrán-Frutos E, Ferrer C, Sánchez-Huertas MM, Madrid JF, Saez FJ, Pastor LM. Lectin Histochemistry as a Tool to Identify Apoptotic Cells in the Seminiferous Epithelium of Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Subjected to Short Photoperiod. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:974-83. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Seco-Rovira
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - E Beltrán-Frutos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - C Ferrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - MM Sánchez-Huertas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - JF Madrid
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - FJ Saez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology UFI11/44, School of Medicine and Dentistry; University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - LM Pastor
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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Yefimova MG, Messaddeq N, Harnois T, Meunier AC, Clarhaut J, Noblanc A, Weickert JL, Cantereau A, Philippe M, Bourmeyster N, Benzakour O. A chimerical phagocytosis model reveals the recruitment by Sertoli cells of autophagy for the degradation of ingested illegitimate substrates. Autophagy 2013; 9:653-66. [PMID: 23439251 PMCID: PMC3669177 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy are typically dedicated to degradation of substrates of extrinsic and intrinsic origins respectively. Although overlaps between phagocytosis and autophagy were reported, the use of autophagy for ingested substrate degradation by nonprofessional phagocytes has not been described. Blood-separated tissues use their tissue-specific nonprofessional phagocytes for homeostatic phagocytosis. In the testis, Sertoli cells phagocytose spermatid residual bodies produced during germ cell differentiation. In the retina, pigmented epithelium phagocytoses shed photoreceptor tips produced during photoreceptor renewal. Spermatid residual bodies and shed photoreceptor tips are phosphatidylserine-exposing substrates. Activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor MERTK, which is implicated in phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine-exposing substrates, is a common feature of Sertoli and retinal pigmented epithelial cell phagocytosis. The major aim of our study was to investigate to what extent phagocytosis by Sertoli cells may be tissue specific. We analyzed in Sertoli cell cultures that were exposed to either spermatid residual bodies (legitimate substrates) or retina photoreceptor outer segments (illegitimate substrates) the course of the main phagocytosis stages. We show that whereas substrate binding and ingestion stages occur similarly for legitimate or illegitimate substrates, the degradation of illegitimate but not of legitimate substrates triggers autophagy as evidenced by the formation of double-membrane wrapping, MAP1LC3A-II/LC3-II clustering, SQSTM1/p62 degradation, and by marked changes in ATG5, ATG9 and BECN1/Beclin 1 protein expression profiles. The recruitment by nonprofessional phagocytes of autophagy for the degradation of ingested cell-derived substrates is a novel feature that may be of major importance for fundamentals of both apoptotic substrate clearance and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Yefimova
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, CNRS-FRE 3511, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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31
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Tung TT, Nagaosa K, Fujita Y, Kita A, Mori H, Okada R, Nonaka S, Nakanishi Y. Phosphatidylserine recognition and induction of apoptotic cell clearance by Drosophila engulfment receptor Draper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 153:483-91. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Teves ME, Jha KN, Song J, Nagarkatti-Gude DR, Herr JC, Foster JA, Strauss JF, Zhang Z. Germ cell-specific disruption of the Meig1 gene causes impaired spermiogenesis in mice. Andrology 2012; 1:37-46. [PMID: 23258628 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis expressed gene 1 (Meig1) was originally identified in a search for mammalian genes potentially involved in meiosis. Seven mouse Meig1 transcripts with the same coding region, but different 5'-UTRs, have been identified. These transcripts have different tissue distributions, two are only present in the testis. In the testis, Meig1 is present in germ cells and Sertoli cells. A Meig1 conditional knockout model has been generated. When Meig1 was inactivated globally by crossing with Cmv-Cre transgenic mice, the Meig1-deficient males were sterile due to severe spermiogenic defects, and had no obvious defects in meiosis. To further study its role in individual cell types in the testis, the Meig1(flox) mice were crossed with Hsp2a-Cre, Prm-Cre, and Amh-Cre mice, in which the Cre recombinase is driven by the heat shock protein 2 (Hsp2a) gene promoter (expressed in spermatocytes), the protamine 1 gene promoter (expressed in post-meiotic spermatids) and the anti-Mullerian hormone (Amh) gene promoter (expressed in Sertoli cells) respectively. Both Meig1 mRNA and protein were undetectable in testis of the Hsp2a-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) mice and all the mutant adult males tested were sterile. This phenotype mirrors that of the Cmv-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) mice. Even though the total testicular Meig1 mRNA and protein expression levels were dramatically reduced in testis of the Prm-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) males, all the mice tested were fertile, and there was no significant difference in sperm count and sperm motility compared with age-matched Meig1(flox/flox) male mice. Disruption of Meig1 in the Sertoli cells did not affect the MEIG1 protein expression. Amh-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) males were fertile, and produced the same amount of spermatozoa as age-matched Meig1(flox/flox) mice. The testicular histology was also normal. Our results indicate that MEIG1 regulates spermiogenesis through effects in germ cells alone, and that the Meig1 gene must be active during a discrete period in spermatogenesis after which it is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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33
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Borel P. Genetic variations involved in interindividual variability in carotenoid status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:228-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Evaluation of ubiquitin and annexin V in sperm population selected based on density gradient centrifugation and zeta potential (DGC-Zeta). J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 29:365-71. [PMID: 22183502 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sperm that bypass natural apoptosis and the ubiquitin-proteasome system may find their way into semen. In order to avoid the insemination of such sperm during an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment, novel sperm selection procedures such as the Zeta procedure have been implemented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate extent of ubiquitination and external phosphatidylserine (EPS) in sperm populations selected by combines density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and Zeta electric potential in comparison to DGC and neat semen samples. METHODS Semen samples were collected from 51 infertile men and divided into control, DGC and DGC-Zeta groups. Semen analysis was carried out according to World Health Organization criteria. The percentages of protamine deficiency, DNA fragmentation, EPS and ubiquitinated sperm were assessed by chromomycin A3 (CMA3), TUNEL, Annexin V, and immunostaining, respectively. RESULTS Sperm selected by the DGC-Zeta procedure presented a lower percentage of sperm with protamine deficiency, abnormal morphology and DNA fragmentation while the percentage of annexin V and ubiquitin-positive sperm increased. CONCLUSION The results of this study reveal that, DGC-Zeta improves the quality of the selected spermatozoa for ICSI and increases ubiquitination and EPS rates. We propose these alterations are part of the normal physiological process of capacitation.
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Xu H, Kongmanas K, Kadunganattil S, Smith CE, Rupar T, Goto-Inoue N, Hermo L, Faull KF, Tanphaichitr N. Arylsulfatase A deficiency causes seminolipid accumulation and a lysosomal storage disorder in Sertoli cells. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2187-2197. [PMID: 21965315 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG) is the major sulfoglycolipid of male germ cells. During spermatogenesis, apoptosis occurs in >50% of total germ cells. Sertoli cells phagocytose these apoptotic germ cells and degrade their components using lysosomal enzymes. Here we demonstrated that SGG was a physiological substrate of Sertoli lysosomal arylsulfatase A (ARSA). SGG accumulated in Sertoli cells of Arsa(-/-) mice, and at 8 months of age, this buildup led to lysosomal swelling and other cellular abnormalities typical of a lysosomal storage disorder. This disorder likely compromised Sertoli cell functions, manifesting as impaired spermatogenesis and production of sperm with near-zero fertilizing ability in vitro. Fecundity of Arsa(-/-) males was thus reduced when they were older than 5 months. Sperm SGG is known for its roles in fertilization. Therefore, the minimal sperm fertilizing ability of 8-month-old Arsa(-/-) males may be explained by the 50% reduction of their sperm SGG levels, a result that was also observed in testicular germ cells. These unexpected decreases in SGG levels might be partly due to depletion of the backbone lipid palmitylpalmitoylglycerol that is generated from the SGG degradation pathway in Sertoli cells and normally recycled to new generations of primary spermatocytes for SGG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Xu
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y4E9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Kessiri Kongmanas
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y4E9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Suraj Kadunganattil
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y4E9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H8M5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Charles E Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A2B2, Canada
| | - Tony Rupar
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; and
| | - Louis Hermo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A2B2, Canada
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y4E9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H8M5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H8M5, Canada.
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Nakanishi Y, Nagaosa K, Shiratsuchi A. Phagocytic removal of cells that have become unwanted: implications for animal development and tissue homeostasis. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:149-60. [PMID: 21338341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells that have become unwanted need to be promptly, selectively, and safely removed. This is made possible by apoptosis-dependent phagocytosis, in which cells unnecessary, obstructive, or dangerous to organisms are induced to undergo apoptosis so that they are earmarked for phagocytosis. The phagocytic elimination occurs so quickly that cells with hallmarks of apoptosis are barely detectable in vivo. The removal of particular types of cells at appropriate stages of development not only contributes to the disposal of spent cells, the creation of space for morphogenesis, and the exclusion of pathogenic or noxious cells, but seems to actively control tissue renewal, tissue remodeling, tissue function, and pathogenic state. This event thus plays an indispensable role in the maintenance of animal development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Yang XZ, Kumamoto K, Hasegawa A, Komori S, Koyama K. Engulfment of spermatozoa by cumulus cells and the role of CD36. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 88:24-31. [PMID: 21095012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The function of cumulus cells after sperm penetration is not well understood. The present study examined the phagocytic action of cumulus cells on sperm after dispersion of cumulus-oocyte complexes. In a co-incubation system of cauda sperm and cumulus cells, the sperm heads were beginning to vanish after 2.5h and 77%±1.34 of sperm heads had disappeared at 30 h. Most of the sperm heads were engulfed by cumulus cells. Immunofluorescent studies showed that cumulus cells were expressing the CD36 molecule, and sperm were exposing phosphatidylserine (PS). Anti-CD36 antibody and annexin V inhibited the engulfment of sperm by cumulus cells by 26.0% and 40.5%, respectively. These results suggested that the cumulus cells recognized the PS molecules on sperm via CD36 and this molecular interaction possibly triggered the phagocytosis of sperm by cumulus cells. These results suggest that cumulus cells might play a role in inhibiting undesired immune reactions induced by sperm antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Reproduction, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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38
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Matsuda A, Jacob A, Wu R, Zhou M, Nicastro JM, Coppa GF, Wang P. Milk fat globule-EGF factor VIII in sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med 2010; 17:126-33. [PMID: 20882259 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury are among the leading causes of death in critically ill patients at the surgical intensive care unit setting. Both conditions are marked by the excessive inflammatory response which leads to a lethal disease complex such as acute lung injury, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Despite the advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of those conditions, very little progress has been made toward therapeutic interventions. One of the key aspects of these conditions is the accumulation of apoptotic cells that have the potential to release toxic and proinflammatory contents due to secondary necrosis without appropriate clearance by phagocytes. Along with the prevention of apoptosis, that is reported to be beneficial in sepsis and I/R injury, thwarting the development of secondary necrosis through the active removal of apoptotic cells via phagocytosis may offer a novel therapy. Milk fat globule-EGF factor VIII (MFG-E8), which is mainly produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, is an opsonin for apoptotic cells and acts as a bridging protein between apoptotic cells and phagocytes. Recently, we have shown that MFG-E8 expression is decreased in experimental sepsis and I/R injury models. Exogenous administration of MFG-E8 attenuated the inflammatory response as well as tissue injury and mortality through the promotion of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. In this review, we describe novel information available about the involvement of MFG-E8 in the pathophysiology of sepsis and I/R injury, and the therapeutic potential of exogenous MFG-E8 treatment for those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Matsuda
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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39
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Oresti GM, Reyes JG, Luquez JM, Osses N, Furland NE, Aveldaño MI. Differentiation-related changes in lipid classes with long-chain and very long-chain polyenoic fatty acids in rat spermatogenic cells. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2909-21. [PMID: 20610732 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m006429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In rat seminiferous tubules (ST), cells that contain polar and neutral lipids with long-chain polyenoic fatty acids (PUFA) and sphingomyelins (SM) and ceramides (Cer) with very long chain (VLC) PUFA of the n-6 series coexist. In this study, pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were isolated to determine how these lipids change during spermatogenesis. As the amount per cell of PUFA-rich glycerophospholipids (GPL) decreased with cell size, the 22:5/20:4 ratio increased with cell differentiation. The elovl2 and elovl5 genes, required for 22:5 formation, were expressed (mRNA) in both cell types. Residual bodies- particles with compacted organelles and materials discarded from late spermatids-concentrated cholesterol, 22:5-rich triacylglycerols, and GPL, including plasmalogens and phosphatidylserine. Species of SM and Cer with nonhydroxylated (n-) VLCPUFA (28:4, 30:5, and 32:5) predominated in pachytene spermatocytes, whereas species with the corresponding 2-hydroxy (2-OH) VLCPUFA prevailed in round spermatids. Thus, a dramatic increase in the 2-OH/n-VLCPUFA ratio in SM and Cer was a hallmark of differentiation. A substantial decrease of 2-OH SM occurred between spermatids and mature spermatozoa and 2-OH SM species were collected in residual bodies "en route" to Sertoli cells. Notably, spermatids and spermatozoa gained a significant amount of ceramides devoid of n-VLCPUFA but having 2-OH VLCPUFA as their main fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo M Oresti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Tseng LP, Chiou CJ, Deng MC, Lin MH, Pan RN, Huang YY, Liu DZ. Evaluation of encapsulated Newcastle disease virus liposomes using various phospholipids administered to improve chicken humoral immunity. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 91:621-625. [PMID: 19582853 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose the adjuvant effects of phospholipid liposome compositions using intranasal inoculation of a liposomal-Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in chickens. The immunogenicity of three liposome formulations was determined in chickens using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, nasal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum immunoglobulin A (IgG) antibody titers using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The immune response against NDV antigens was determined after immunization with neutral charged liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) (60 micromol), cholesterol (Chol) (15 micromol), and EPC-liposomes (EPC-Lip), which elicited strong systemic (serum) and local (nasal) humoral responses. However, the intranasal administration with cationic charged liposomes composed of EPC (30 micromol), stearylamine (SA) (15 micromol), Chol (15 micromol), and SA-liposomes (SA-Lip) induced poor humoral immune responses. Only the vaccine formulated with anionic charged liposomes composed of EPC (30 micromol), dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (15 micromol), Chol (15 micromol), and phosphatidylserine-liposomes (PS-Lip) elicited the highest titers of HI antibodies. These are the first results to suggest that antigen delivery using EPC-Lip is very useful in enhancing antibody production at the mucosal site and in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chwei-Jang Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- Department of Hog Cholera, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryh-Nan Pan
- Department of Disaster Management, Taiwan Police College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Park HS, Kim S, Lee Y, Choi MS, Choi MU. Alteration of lipid composition of rat thymus during thymic atrophy by whole-body X-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:129-37. [PMID: 16546911 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600617189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thymic atrophy induced by irradiation is well known, but in vivo lipid metabolism during the atrophy has not been studied in detail. We determined the lipid composition of rat thymus during the progress of thymic atrophy induced by whole-body X-irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lipid analysis of total lipid of rat thymus after 5 Gy whole-body X-irradiation was performed by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. RESULTS Major changes observed were a 16.2-fold elevation of cholesterol ester (CE) during a 48-h post-irradiation period and a 6.1-fold increase of alkyldiacylglycerol (ADG) at 24 h. Other significant changes detected were an increase in lysophosphatidylcholine and a transient increase in ceramide and phosphatidic acid. Acyl chain analysis revealed a substantial elevation of arachidonate composition of CE and an unusually high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (71.5%, mol/mol) in ADG. CONCLUSION Lipid analysis shows that the thymic atrophy by X-irradiation was accompanied by a significant change in thymic lipids. This in vivo result opens up new vistas of the role of lipids in apoptosis and phagocytosis during thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Soon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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42
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Une nouvelle fonction pour la transferrine exprimée par le testicule. Basic Clin Androl 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12610-009-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Résumé
Chez l’homme, les oligospermies sévères sont associées à un faible taux de transferrine dans le liquide séminal. La transferrine apparaît comme un bon indicateur pour définir les dysfonctionnements testiculaires. Son niveau d’expression dans le testicule doit être parfaitement contrôlé. Elle y joue un rôl dans le transport du fer. Mais de récents résultats montrent l’existence d’une forme dimérique de la transferrine sertolienne comme puissant régulateur de la phagocytose des corps résiduels par les cellules de Sertoli.
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Rodríguez H, Silva I, Jiménez L, Sánchez C, Espinoza-Navarro O, Boarelli P, Fornés M. Presencia cualitativa y distribución de caveolina 1 (cav-1) en la celularidad y estadios del ciclo de la espermatogénesis. Rev Int Androl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1698-031x(09)71613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Connelly MA. SR-BI-mediated HDL cholesteryl ester delivery in the adrenal gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:83-8. [PMID: 18840501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In adrenocortical cells, scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is localized in specialized plasma membrane compartments, called microvillar channels, that retain high density lipoprotein particles (HDL) and are sites for the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters (CE). Formation of microvillar channels is regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and requires SR-BI expression. Subsequent to SR-BI-mediated delivery to the plasma membrane, HDL-CE is metabolized to free cholesterol by hormone sensitive lipase and transported to the mitochondria for steroid synthesis via START domain proteins. The relevance of SR-BI to adrenal steroidogenesis is evident by the impairment of glucocorticoid-mediated stress response in the absence of SR-BI-mediated HDL-CE uptake in mice. On the molecular level, SR-BI mediates HDL-CE selective uptake by forming a hydrophobic channel. In addition, SR-BI facilitates bi-directional flux of cholesterol by modifying the phospholipid content of the plasma membrane. SR-BI most likely accomplishes these functions by forming homo-oligomers in the plasma membrane. Examination of SR-BI oligomerization using fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy revealed that SR-BI multimerizes via its C-terminal region. Overall, SR-BI is the cell surface receptor responsible for selective uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol and its ultimate delivery to sites of hormone synthesis in steroidogenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery A Connelly
- Metabolic Diseases, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, United States.
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Xiong W, Wang H, Wu H, Chen Y, Han D. Apoptotic spermatogenic cells can be energy sources for Sertoli cells. Reproduction 2009; 137:469-79. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic spermatogenic cells and residual bodies are phagocytosed and degraded by Sertoli cells during mammalian spermatogenesis. The meaning of this event remains to be clarified. In this report, we demonstrate that apoptotic spermatogenic cells and residual bodies can be used to produce ATP by Sertoli cells after phagocytosis of them. Sertoli cells produced the highest level of ATP compared with other testicular cells. Phagocytosis assayin vitroshowed that engulfment of apoptotic spermatogenic cells increases ATP production by Sertoli cells. The increased ATP production was detected in seminiferous tubules at the stages where phagocytosis occurs. Induced apoptosis of spermatogenic cellsin vivoincreased ATP production in seminiferous tubules. The augmentation of ATP production bothin vitroandin vivoassociated with the lipid formation in Sertoli cells after phagocytosis of apoptotic spermatogenic cells. The lipid β-oxidation was a predominant pathway to produce ATP in Sertoli cells. We conclude that after phagocytosis by Sertoli cells, apoptotic spermatogenic cells are degraded to form lipids that are then used to produce ATP. The results suggest that apoptotic spermatogenic cells can be energy sources for Sertoli cells that may define a novel meaning of spermatogenic cell death.
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de Vantéry Arrighi C, Lucas H, Chardonnens D, de Agostini A. Removal of spermatozoa with externalized phosphatidylserine from sperm preparation in human assisted medical procreation: effects on viability, motility and mitochondrial membrane potential. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:1. [PMID: 19133142 PMCID: PMC2636817 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Externalization of phosphatidylserine (EPS) occurs in apoptotic-like spermatozoa and could be used to remove them from sperm preparations to enhance sperm quality for assisted medical procreation. We first characterized EPS in sperms from infertile patients in terms of frequency of EPS spermatozoa as well as localization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on spermatozoa. Subsequently, we determined the impact of depleting EPS spermatozoa on sperm quality. METHODS EPS were visualized by fluorescently-labeled annexin V binding assay. Double staining with annexin V and Hoechst differentiates apoptotic from necrotic spermatozoa. We used magnetic-activated cell sorting using annexin V-conjugated microbeads (MACS-ANMB) technique to remove EPS spermatozoa from sperm prepared by density gradient centrifugation (DGC). The impact of this technique on sperm quality was evaluated by measuring progressive motility, viability, and the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by Rhodamine 123. RESULTS Mean percentages of EPS spermatozoa were 14% in DGC sperm. Four subpopulations of spermatozoa were identified: 70% alive, 3% early apoptotic, 16% necrotic and 11% late apoptotic or necrotic. PS were localized on head and/or midpiece or on the whole spermatozoa. MACS efficiently eliminates EPS spermatozoa. MACS combined with DGC allows a mean reduction of 70% in EPS and of 60% in MMP-disrupted spermatozoa with a mean increase of 50% in sperm survival at 24 h. CONCLUSION Human ejaculates contain EPS spermatozoa which can mostly be eliminated by DGC plus MACS resulting in improved sperm long term viability, motility and MMP integrity. EPS may be used as an indicator of sperm quality and removal of EPS spermatozoa may enhance fertility potential in assisted medical procreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne de Vantéry Arrighi
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 30, bd de la Cluse, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Lucas
- AB-Biology, AMP74 Center, Hospital Center of Annemasse-Bonneville, France
| | - Didier Chardonnens
- Reproductive Medecine Center Medixy, La Tour Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariane de Agostini
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 30, bd de la Cluse, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Osada Y, Sunatani T, Kim IS, Nakanishi Y, Shiratsuchi A. Signalling pathway involving GULP, MAPK and Rac1 for SR-BI-induced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Biochem 2009; 145:387-94. [PMID: 19122200 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Class B scavenger receptor type I (SR-BI) is a phosphatidylserine (PS)-recognizing receptor of testicular Sertoli cells responsible for the phagocytosis of spermatogenic cells undergoing apoptosis. Here, we determined signal mediators that compose a signalling pathway for SR-BI-induced phagocytosis. Results of a yeast two-hybrid analysis and a cell-free binding assay indicated that SR-BI binds to engulfment adapter protein (GULP) using the C-terminal intracellular domain. A co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed the existence of a complex of GULP and SR-BI in cells prior to the activation of SR-BI by PS. A reduction of GULP expression in phagocytes decreased the SR-BI-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Administration to phagocytes of PS-containing liposomes increased the levels of the GTP-bound form of Rac1 and the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p38 and extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2. Finally, lowering the expression of GULP abrogated MAPK phosphorylation, and the presence of MAPK inhibitors reduced the level of GTP-bound Rac1 in PS-activated phagocytes. These results collectively suggested the following signalling pathway for the SR-BI-induced phagocytosis: (i) PS-recognizing SR-BI activates associated GULP; (ii) activated GULP induces MAPK phosphorylation; (iii) activated MAPK increases GTP-bound Rac1; and (iv) activated Rac1 induces a rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Osada
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Park SY, Kim SY, Jung MY, Bae DJ, Kim IS. Epidermal growth factor-like domain repeat of stabilin-2 recognizes phosphatidylserine during cell corpse clearance. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:5288-98. [PMID: 18573870 PMCID: PMC2519725 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01993-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface occurs early during apoptosis and serves as a recognition signal for phagocytes. Clearance of apoptotic cells by a membrane PS receptor is one of the critical anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages. However, the PS binding receptors and their recognition mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Recently, we reported that stabilin-2 is a PS receptor that mediates the clearance of apoptotic cells, thus releasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor beta. In this study, we showed that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain repeats (EGFrp) in stabilin-2 can directly and specifically recognize PS. The EGFrps also competitively impaired apoptotic cell uptake by macrophages in in vivo models. We also showed that calcium ions are required for stabilin-2 to mediate phagocytosis via EGFrp. Interestingly, at least four tandem repeats of EGF-like domains were required to recognize PS, and the second atypical EGF-like domain in EGFrp was critical for calcium-dependent PS recognition. Considering that PS itself is an important target molecule for both apoptotic cells and nonapoptotic cells during various cellular processes, our results should help elucidate the molecular mechanism by which apoptotic cell clearance in the human body occurs and also have implications for targeting PS externalization of nonapoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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Ichimura T, Asseldonk EJPV, Humphreys BD, Gunaratnam L, Duffield JS, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1657-68. [PMID: 18414680 DOI: 10.1172/jci34487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following injury, the clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells is necessary for mitigation and resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. In addition to macrophages, which are traditionally assigned to this task, neighboring epithelial cells in the affected tissue are postulated to contribute to this process. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1 or TIM-1) is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell-surface protein not expressed by cells of the myeloid lineage but highly upregulated on the surface of injured kidney epithelial cells. Here we demonstrate that injured kidney epithelial cells assumed attributes of endogenous phagocytes. Confocal images confirm internalization of apoptotic bodies within KIM-1-expressing epithelial cells after injury in rat kidney tubules in vivo. KIM-1 was directly responsible for phagocytosis in cultured primary rat tubule epithelial cells and also porcine and canine epithelial cell lines. KIM-1 was able to specifically recognize apoptotic cell surface-specific epitopes phosphatidylserine, and oxidized lipoproteins, expressed by apoptotic tubular epithelial cells. Thus, KIM-1 is the first nonmyeloid phosphatidylserine receptor identified to our knowledge that transforms epithelial cells into semiprofessional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Ichimura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Yefimova MG, Sow A, Fontaine I, Guilleminot V, Martinat N, Crepieux P, Canepa S, Maurel MC, Fouchécourt S, Reiter E, Benzakour O, Guillou F. Dimeric Transferrin Inhibits Phagocytosis of Residual Bodies by Testicular Rat Sertoli Cells1. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:697-704. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.063107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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