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Slater A, Khattak S, Thomas MR. GPVI inhibition: Advancing antithrombotic therapy in cardiovascular disease. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2024; 10:465-473. [PMID: 38453424 PMCID: PMC11323372 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP) VI (GPVI) plays a major role in thrombosis but not haemostasis, making it a promising antithrombotic target. The primary role of GPVI on the surface of platelets is a signalling receptor for collagen, which is one of the most potent thrombotic sub-endothelial components that is exposed by atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Inhibition of GPVI has therefore been investigated as a strategy for treatment and prevention of atherothrombosis, such as during stroke and acute coronary syndromes. A range of specific GPVI inhibitors have been characterized, and two of these inhibitors, glenzocimab and revacept, have completed Phase II clinical trials in ischaemic stroke. In this review, we summarize mechanisms of GPVI activation and the latest progress of clinically tested GPVI inhibitors, including their mechanisms of action. By focusing on what is known about GPVI activation, we also discuss whether alternate strategies could be used to target GPVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophia Khattak
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
- Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
- Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Mahara A, Ota S, Le HT, Shimizu K, Soni R, Kojima K, Hirano Y, Kakinoki S, Yamaoka T. Improving hemocompatibility of decellularized vascular tissue by structural modification of collagen fiber. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132040. [PMID: 38702003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Decellularized vascular tissue has high potential as a tissue-engineered vascular graft because of its similarity to native vessels in terms of mechanical strength. However, exposed collagen on the tissue induces blood coagulation, and low hemocompatibility is a major obstacle to its vascular application. Here we report that freeze-drying and ethanol treatment effectively modify collagen fiber structure and drastically reduce blood coagulation on the graft surface without exogenous chemical modification. Decellularized carotid artery of ostrich was treated with freeze-drying and ethanol solution at concentrations ranging between 5 and 99.5 %. Collagen fiber distance in the graft was narrowed by freeze-drying, and the non-helical region increased by ethanol treatment. Although in vitro blood coagulation pattern was similar on the grafts, platelet adhesion on the grafts was largely suppressed by freeze-drying and ethanol treatments. Ex vivo blood circulation tests also indicated that the adsorption of platelets and Von Willebrand Factor was largely reduced to approximately 80 % by ethanol treatment. These results indicate that structural modification of collagen fibers in decellularized tissue reduces blood coagulation on the surface by inhibiting platelet adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mahara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Satoki Ota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka 565-8680, Japan
| | - Hue Thi Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kaito Shimizu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka 565-8680, Japan
| | - Raghav Soni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kojima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka 565-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hirano
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka 565-8680, Japan
| | - Sachiro Kakinoki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka 565-8680, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Kishibe-shim Machi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
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3
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Gremmel T, Frelinger AL, Michelson AD. Platelet Physiology. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024. [PMID: 38653463 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Platelets are the smallest blood cells, numbering 150 to 350 × 109/L in healthy individuals. The ability of activated platelets to adhere to an injured vessel wall and form aggregates was first described in the 19th century. Besides their long-established roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, platelets are increasingly recognized as pivotal players in numerous other pathophysiological processes including inflammation and atherogenesis, antimicrobial host defense, and tumor growth and metastasis. Consequently, profound knowledge of platelet structure and function is becoming more important in research and in many fields of modern medicine. This review provides an overview of platelet physiology focusing particularly on the structure, granules, surface glycoproteins, and activation pathways of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gremmel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, St. Pölten, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Andrew L Frelinger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D Michelson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Wang X, Slater A, Lee SC, Harrison N, Pollock NL, Bakker SE, Navarro S, Nieswandt B, Dafforn TR, García Á, Watson SP, Tomlinson MG. Purification and characterisation of the platelet-activating GPVI/FcRγ complex in SMALPs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109944. [PMID: 38395124 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The collagen/fibrin(ogen) receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI), is a platelet activating receptor and a promising anti-thrombotic drug target. However, while agonist-induced GPVI clustering on platelet membranes has been shown to be essential for its activation, it is unknown if GPVI dimerisation represents a unique conformation for ligand binding. Current GPVI structures all contain only the two immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains in the GPVI extracellular region, so lacking the mucin-like stalk, transmembrane, cytoplasmic tail of GPVI and its associated Fc receptor γ (FcRγ) homodimer signalling chain, and provide contradictory insights into the mechanisms of GPVI dimerisation. Here, we utilised styrene maleic-acid lipid particles (SMALPs) to extract GPVI in complex with its two associated FcRγ chains from transfected HEK-293T cells, together with the adjacent lipid bilayer, then purified and characterised the GPVI/FcRγ-containing SMALPs, to enable structural insights into the full-length GPVI/FcRγ complex. Using size exclusion chromatography followed by a native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) method, SMA-PAGE, we revealed multiple sizes of the purified GPVI/FcRγ SMALPs, suggesting the potential existence of GPVI oligomers. Importantly, GPVI/FcRγ SMALPs were functional as they could bind collagen. Mono-dispersed GPVI/FcRγ SMALPs could be observed under negative stain electron microscopy. These results pave the way for the future investigation of GPVI stoichiometry and structure, while also validating SMALPs as a promising tool for the investigation of human membrane protein interactions, stoichiometry and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Sarah C Lee
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neale Harrison
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Naomi L Pollock
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saskia E Bakker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stefano Navarro
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Tim R Dafforn
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ángel García
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Michael G Tomlinson
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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Watanabe N, Shinozaki Y, Ogiwara S, Miyagasako R, Sasaki A, Kato J, Suzuki Y, Fukunishi N, Okada Y, Saito T, Iida Y, Higashiseto M, Masuda H, Nagata E, Gotoh K, Amino M, Tsuji T, Morita S, Nakagawa Y, Hirayama N, Inokuchi S. Diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide Derivatives Act as Dual-Specific Antagonists of Platelet CLEC-2 and Glycoprotein VI. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:203-222. [PMID: 37967855 DOI: 10.1055/a-2211-5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) induces platelet activation and aggregation after clustering by its ligand podoplanin (PDPN). PDPN, which is not normally expressed in cells in contact with blood flow, is induced in inflammatory immune cells and some malignant tumor cells, thereby increasing the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and tumor metastasis. Therefore, small-molecule compounds that can interfere with the PDPN-CLEC-2 axis have the potential to become selective antiplatelet agents. METHODS AND RESULTS Using molecular docking analysis of CLEC-2 and a PDPN-CLEC-2 binding-inhibition assay, we identified a group of diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide derivatives as novel CLEC-2 inhibitors. A total of 12 hit compounds also inhibited PDPN-induced platelet aggregation in humans and mice. Unexpectedly, these compounds also fit the collagen-binding pocket of the glycoprotein VI molecule, thereby inhibiting collagen interaction. These compounds also inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and one compound ameliorated collagen-induced thrombocytopenia in mice. For clinical use, these compounds will require a degree of chemical modification to decrease albumin binding. CONCLUSION Nonetheless, as dual activation of platelets by collagen and PDPN-positive cells is expected to occur after the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, these dual antagonists could represent a promising pharmacophore, particularly for arterial thrombosis, in addition to VTE and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Watanabe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shinozaki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sanae Ogiwara
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riko Miyagasako
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sasaki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junko Kato
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Fukunishi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Iida
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Misaki Higashiseto
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruchika Masuda
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Gotoh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mari Amino
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Tsuji
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Morita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakagawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hirayama
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sadaki Inokuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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6
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Induruwa I, Kempster C, Thomas P, McKinney H, Malcor JD, Bonna A, Batista J, Soejima K, Ouwehand W, Farndale RW, Downes K, Moroi M, Jung SM, Warburton EA. Platelet Receptor Glycoprotein VI-Dimer Is Overexpressed in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation at High Risk of Ischemic Stroke. TH OPEN 2023; 7:e294-e302. [PMID: 37964899 PMCID: PMC10643047 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of ischemic stroke (IS). We hypothesized that the functional form of platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI, GPVI-dimer, which binds to collagen and fibrin causing platelet activation, is overexpressed in patients with AF who have not had a stroke. Methods A total of 75 inpatients with AF were recruited. None were admitted with or had previously had thrombotic events, including IS or myocardial infarction. Platelet surface expression of total GPVI, GPVI-dimer, and the platelet activation marker P-selectin were quantitated by whole blood flow cytometry. Serum biomarkers were collected in AF patients. Results were compared against patients contemporaneously admitted to hospital with similar age and vascular risk-factor profiles without AF (noAF, n = 30). Results Patients with AF have similar total GPVI surface expression ( p = 0.58) and P-selectin exposure ( p = 0.73) on their platelets compared with noAF patients but demonstrate significantly higher GPVI-dimer expression ( p = 0.02 ). Patients with paroxysmal AF express similar GPVI-dimer levels compared with permanent AF and GPVI-dimer levels were not different between anticoagulated groups. Serum N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide ( p < 0.0001 ) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( p < 0.0001 ) were significantly correlated with GPVI-dimer expression in AF platelets. AF was the only vascular risk factor that was independently associated with higher GPVI-dimer expression in the whole population ( p = 0.02 ) . Conclusion GPVI inhibition is being explored in clinical trials as a novel target for IS treatment. As GPVI-dimer is elevated in AF patients' platelets, the exploration of targeted GPVI-dimer inhibition for stroke prevention in patients at high risk of IS due to AF is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru Induruwa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Carly Kempster
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Harriet McKinney
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jean-Daniel Malcor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Arkadiusz Bonna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Joana Batista
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kenji Soejima
- Research and Development Coordination and Administration Department, KM Biologics Co., Ltd., Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Willem Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard W. Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kate Downes
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Masaaki Moroi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephanie M. Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A. Warburton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Hou C, Lei Y, Li N, Wei M, Wang S, Rahman SU, Bao C, Bao B, Elango J, Wu W. Collagen from Iris squid grafted with polyethylene glycol and collagen peptides promote the proliferation of fibroblast through PI3K/AKT and Ras/RAF/MAPK signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125772. [PMID: 37429348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Collagens from marine sources have been used widely in food, cosmetics and tissue engineering application due to their excellent functional and biological properties. In the present study, a novel protein, collagen from iris squid skin (SSC) was characterized, grafted with polyethylene-glycol (PEG) and Acid-Green 20 (AG) and was investigated the molecular signaling pathways in L-929 fibroblast cells along with their structural peptide analogs. SDS-PAGE and IR spectrum of SSC analysis showed the typical structure of type I collagen. The fibroblast proliferation was evaluated for SSC, SSC grafted PEG (SSC-PEG) and their structural analogs including Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Leu (PEP1), Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Leu-Gly-Phe-Leu (PEP2), Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Leu-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu (PEP3) and Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Leu-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ser (PEP4). The optimal concentration of SSC and its derivative was 0.07 μ mol/L. The fibroblast growth-promoting factors were promoted by all the treatment groups by accelerating the PI3K/AKT and Ras/RAF/MAPK signaling pathways in L-929 cells, and inhibiting the secretion of apoptotic factors. Compared to the control group, mRNA and protein expression of AKT in the PI3K/AKT and Ras in Ras/RAF/MAPK signaling pathway were accelerated significantly by PEP4, respectively, while the Bax value was significantly lower (P < 0.01). The promoting effect of PEP1, PEP2, PEP3 and PEP4 on L-929 cells was closely related to the length of the peptides. Therefore, this study disclosed that PEP1, PEP2, PEP3 and PEP4 were novel analogs that greatly promote the proliferation of L-929 cells through PI3K/AKT and Ras/RAF/MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Hou
- Department of Marine Bio-pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yunjia Lei
- Department of Marine Bio-pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Na Li
- Department of Marine Bio-pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingjun Wei
- Department of Marine Bio-pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Marine Biopharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang City 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Saeed Ur Rahman
- Oral Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Chunling Bao
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Bin Bao
- Zhoushan Marine Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Zhoushan City 316104, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jeevithan Elango
- Department of Marine Bio-pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Center of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India; Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Bio-pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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8
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Mangin PH, Gardiner EE, Ariëns RAS, Jandrot-Perrus M. Glycoprotein VI interplay with fibrin(ogen) in thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1703-1713. [PMID: 36990158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Platelets play a central role in the arrest of bleeding. The ability of platelets to engage with extracellular matrix proteins of the subendothelium has long been recognized as a pivotal platelet attribute, underpinning adequate hemostasis. The propensity of platelets to rapidly bind and functionally respond to collagen was one of the earliest documented events in platelet biology. The receptor primarily responsible for mediating platelet/collagen responses was identified as glycoprotein (GP) VI and successfully cloned in 1999. Since that time, this receptor has held the attention of many research groups, and through these efforts, we now have an excellent understanding of the roles of GPVI as a platelet- and megakaryocyte-specific adheso-signaling receptor in platelet biology. GPVI is considered a viable antithrombotic target, as data obtained from groups across the world is consistent with GPVI being less involved in physiological hemostatic processes but participating in arterial thrombosis. This review will highlight the key aspects of GPVI contributions to platelet biology and concentrate on the interaction with recently identified ligands, with a focus on fibrin and fibrinogen, discussing the role of these interactions in the growth and stability of thrombi. We will also discuss important therapeutic developments that target GPVI to modulate platelet function while minimizing bleeding outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre H Mangin
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg F-67065 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Université de Paris Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1148, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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9
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Li M, Wang P, Zou Y, Wang W, Zhao Y, Liu M, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Sun Y. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signals are implicated in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15625. [PMID: 37180910 PMCID: PMC10172877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications regulate numerous biochemical reactions and functions through covalent attachment to proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination account for over 90% of all reported post-translational modifications. As one of the tyrosine protein kinases, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) plays crucial roles in many pathophysiological processes and affects the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases. SYK is expressed in tissues outside the hematopoietic system, especially the heart, and is involved in the progression of various cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, stroke and others. Knowledge on the role of SYK in the progress of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases is accumulating, and many related mechanisms have been discovered and validated. This review summarizes the role of SYK in the progression of various cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and aims to provide a theoretical basis for future experimental and clinical research targeting SYK as a therapeutic option for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Zou
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengke Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine (China Medical University), National Health Commission, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Billiald P, Slater A, Welin M, Clark JC, Loyau S, Pugnière M, Jiacomini IG, Rose N, Lebozec K, Toledano E, François D, Watson SP, Jandrot-Perrus M. Targeting platelet GPVI with glenzocimab: a novel mechanism for inhibition. Blood Adv 2023; 7:1258-1268. [PMID: 36375047 PMCID: PMC10119634 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is attracting interest as a potential target for the development of new antiplatelet molecules with a low bleeding risk. GPVI binding to vascular collagen initiates thrombus formation and GPVI interactions with fibrin promote the growth and stability of the thrombus. In this study, we show that glenzocimab, a clinical stage humanized antibody fragment (Fab) with a high affinity for GPVI, blocks the binding of both ligands through a combination of steric hindrance and structural change. A cocrystal of glenzocimab with an extracellular domain of monomeric GPVI was obtained and its structure determined to a resolution of 1.9 Å. The data revealed that (1) glenzocimab binds to the D2 domain of GPVI, GPVI dimerization was not observed in the crystal structure because glenzocimab prevented D2 homotypic interactions and the formation of dimers that have a high affinity for collagen and fibrin; and (2) the light variable domain of the GPVI-bound Fab causes steric hindrance that is predicted to prevent the collagen-related peptide (CRP)/collagen fibers from extending out of their binding site and preclude GPVI clustering and downstream signaling. Glenzocimab did not bind to a truncated GPVI missing loop residues 129 to 136, thus validating the epitope identified in the crystal structure. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the binding of glenzocimab to the D2 domain of GPVI induces steric hindrance and structural modifications that drive the inhibition of GPVI interactions with its major ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Billiald
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UMR_S1148 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- School of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welin
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joanne C. Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Loyau
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UMR_S1148 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabella G. Jiacomini
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nadia Rose
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Steve P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UMR_S1148 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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11
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Tantiwong C, Dunster JL, Cavill R, Tomlinson MG, Wierling C, Heemskerk JWM, Gibbins JM. An agent-based approach for modelling and simulation of glycoprotein VI receptor diffusion, localisation and dimerisation in platelet lipid rafts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3906. [PMID: 36890261 PMCID: PMC9994409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor diffusion plays an essential role in cellular signalling via the plasma membrane microenvironment and receptor interactions, but the regulation is not well understood. To aid in understanding of the key determinants of receptor diffusion and signalling, we developed agent-based models (ABMs) to explore the extent of dimerisation of the platelet- and megakaryocyte-specific receptor for collagen glycoprotein VI (GPVI). This approach assessed the importance of glycolipid enriched raft-like domains within the plasma membrane that lower receptor diffusivity. Our model simulations demonstrated that GPVI dimers preferentially concentrate in confined domains and, if diffusivity within domains is decreased relative to outside of domains, dimerisation rates are increased. While an increased amount of confined domains resulted in further dimerisation, merging of domains, which may occur upon membrane rearrangements, was without effect. Modelling of the proportion of the cell membrane which constitutes lipid rafts indicated that dimerisation levels could not be explained by these alone. Crowding of receptors by other membrane proteins was also an important determinant of GPVI dimerisation. Together, these results demonstrate the value of ABM approaches in exploring the interactions on a cell surface, guiding the experimentation for new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukiat Tantiwong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne L Dunster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Rachel Cavill
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Han C, Ren P, Mamtimin M, Kruk L, Sarukhanyan E, Li C, Anders HJ, Dandekar T, Krueger I, Elvers M, Goebel S, Adler K, Münch G, Gudermann T, Braun A, Mammadova-Bach E. Minimal Collagen-Binding Epitope of Glycoprotein VI in Human and Mouse Platelets. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020423. [PMID: 36830959 PMCID: PMC9952969 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a platelet-specific receptor for collagen and fibrin, regulating important platelet functions such as platelet adhesion and thrombus growth. Although the blockade of GPVI function is widely recognized as a potent anti-thrombotic approach, there are limited studies focused on site-specific targeting of GPVI. Using computational modeling and bioinformatics, we analyzed collagen- and CRP-binding surfaces of GPVI monomers and dimers, and compared the interacting surfaces with other mammalian GPVI isoforms. We could predict a minimal collagen-binding epitope of GPVI dimer and designed an EA-20 antibody that recognizes a linear epitope of this surface. Using platelets and whole blood samples donated from wild-type and humanized GPVI transgenic mice and also humans, our experimental results show that the EA-20 antibody inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation in response to collagen and CRP, but not to fibrin. The EA-20 antibody also prevents thrombus formation in whole blood, on the collagen-coated surface, in arterial flow conditions. We also show that EA-20 does not influence GPVI clustering or receptor shedding. Therefore, we propose that blockade of this minimal collagen-binding epitope of GPVI with the EA-20 antibody could represent a new anti-thrombotic approach by inhibiting specific interactions between GPVI and the collagen matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Pengxuan Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Medina Mamtimin
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Edita Sarukhanyan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chenyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Irena Krueger
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Götz Münch
- AdvanceCOR GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (E.M.-B.)
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (E.M.-B.)
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13
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Pennings GJ, Reddel CJ, Chen VM, Gnanenthiran SR, Kritharides L. Perspective: Collagen induced platelet activation via the GPVI receptor as a primary target of colchicine in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1104744. [PMID: 36741844 PMCID: PMC9892722 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Colchicine has been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, and ischemia-driven coronary revascularization in people with coronary artery disease (CAD). These reductions were observed even in patients already taking antiplatelet therapy. As well as having anti-inflammatory effects, colchicine demonstrates antiplatelet effects. We propose that colchicine's antiplatelet effects primarily target collagen-induced platelet activation via the collagen receptor, glycoprotein (GP)VI, which is critical for arterial thrombosis formation. In settings such as stroke and MI, GPVI signaling is upregulated. We have demonstrated in vitro that therapeutic concentrations of colchicine lead to a decrease in collagen-induced platelet aggregation and alter GPVI signaling. Clinical studies of colchicine given for 6 months lead to a significant reduction in serum GPVI levels in CAD patients, which may ameliorate thrombotic risk. Future evaluation of the effects of colchicine in clinical trials should include assessment of its effects on collagen-mediated platelet activation, and consideration be given to quantifying the contribution of such antiplatelet effects additional to the known anti-inflammatory effects of colchicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J. Pennings
- Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia,Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline J. Reddel
- Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivien M. Chen
- Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia,Platelet, Thrombosis Research Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonali R. Gnanenthiran
- Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia,Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia,Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Leonard Kritharides ✉
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14
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Artesunate as a glycoprotein VI antagonist for preventing platelet activation and thrombus formation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Modulation of Glycoprotein VI and Its Downstream Signaling Pathways as an Antiplatelet Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179882. [PMID: 36077280 PMCID: PMC9456422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiplatelet therapy aims to reduce the risk of thrombotic events while maintaining hemostasis. A promising current approach is the inhibition of platelet glycoprotein GPVI-mediated adhesion pathways; pathways that do not involve coagulation. GPVI is a signaling receptor integral for collagen-induced platelet activation and participates in the thrombus consolidation process, being a suitable target for thrombosis prevention. Considering this, the blocking or antibody-mediated depletion of GPVI is a promising antiplatelet therapy for the effective and safe treatment of thrombotic diseases without a significant risk of bleeding and impaired hemostatic plug formation. This review describes the current knowledge concerning pharmaceutical approaches to platelet GPVI modulation and its downstream signaling pathways in this context.
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16
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Structural insights into collagen binding by platelet receptor glycoprotein VI. Blood 2022; 139:3087-3098. [PMID: 35245360 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) mediates collagen-induced platelet activation after vascular damage and is an important contributor to the onset of thrombosis, heart attack, and stroke. Animal models of thrombosis have identified GPVI as a promising target for antithrombotic therapy. Although for many years the crystal structure of GPVI has been known, the essential details of its interaction with collagen have remained elusive. Here, we present crystal structures of the GPVI ectodomain bound to triple-helical collagen peptides, which reveal a collagen-binding site across the β-sheet of the D1 domain. Mutagenesis and binding studies confirm the observed binding site and identify Trp76, Arg38, and Glu40 as essential residues for binding to fibrillar collagens and collagen-related peptides (CRPs). GPVI binds a site on collagen comprising two collagen chains with the core formed by the sequence motif OGPOGP. Potent GPVI-binding peptides from Toolkit-III all contain OGPOGP; weaker binding peptides frequently contain a partial motif varying at either terminus. Alanine-scanning of peptide III-30 also identified two AGPOGP motifs that contribute to GPVI binding, but steric hindrance between GPVI molecules restricts the maximum binding capacity. We further show that no cooperative interactions could occur between two GPVI monomers binding to a stretch of (GPO)5 and that binding of ≥2 GPVI molecules to a fibril-embedded helix requires non-overlapping OGPOGP motifs. Our structure confirms the previously suggested similarity in collagen binding between GPVI and leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR-1) but also indicates significant differences that may be exploited for the development of receptor-specific therapeutics.
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17
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Olğaç S, Olğaç A, Yenicesu İ, Özkan Y. Identification of Novel Antiplatelet Agents by Targeting Glycoprotein VI: A Combined Virtual Screening Study. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Clark JC, Damaskinaki FN, Cheung YFH, Slater A, Watson SP. Structure-function relationship of the platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) receptor: does it matter if it is a dimer or monomer? Platelets 2021; 32:724-732. [PMID: 33634725 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1887469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GPVI is a critical signaling receptor responsible for collagen-induced platelet activation and a promising anti-thrombotic target in conditions such as coronary artery thrombosis, ischemic stroke, and atherothrombosis. This is due to the ability to block GPVI while having minimal effects on hemostasis, making it a more attractive target over current dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with acetyl salicylic acid and P2Y12 inhibitors where bleeding can be a problem. Our current understanding of how the structure of GPVI relates to function is inadequate and recent studies contradict each other. In this article, we summarize the structure-function relationships underlying the activation of GPVI by its major ligands, including collagen, fibrin(ogen), snake venom toxins and charged exogenous ligands such as diesel exhaust particles. We argue that contrary to popular belief dimerization of GPVI is not required for binding to collagen but serves to facilitate binding through increased avidity, and that GPVI is expressed as a mixture of monomers and dimers on resting platelets, with binding of multivalent ligands inducing higher order clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Foteini-Nafsika Damaskinaki
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yam Fung Hilaire Cheung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioanalytics, Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS -e.v, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
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19
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Moroi M, Induruwa I, Farndale RW, Jung SM. Dimers of the platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI bind specifically to fibrin fibers during clot formation, but not to intact fibrinogen. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2056-2067. [PMID: 34032355 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) has an independent role as a receptor for fibrin produced via the coagulation cascade. However, various reports of GPVI binding to immobilized fibrin(ogen) are not consistent. As a collagen receptor, GPVI-dimer is the functional form, but whether GPVI dimers or monomers bind to fibrin remains controversial. To resolve this, we analyzed GPVI binding to nascent fibrin clots, which more closely approximate physiological conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS ELISA using biotinyl-fibrinogen immobilized on streptavidin-coated wells indicated that GPVI dimers do not bind intact fibrinogen. Clots were formed by adding thrombin to a mixture of near-plasma level of fibrinogen and recombinant GPVI ectodomain: GPVI dimer (GPVI-Fc2 or Revacept) or monomer (GPVI-His: single chain of Revacept GPVI domain, with His tag). Clot-bound proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting. GPVI-dimer bound to noncrosslinked fibrin clots with classical one-site binding kinetics, with µM-level KD , and to crosslinked clots with higher affinity. Anti-GPVI-dimer (mFab-F) inhibited the binding. However, GPVI-His binding to either type of clot was nonsaturable and nearly linear, indicating very low affinity or nonspecific binding. In clots formed in the presence of platelets, clot-bound platelet-derived proteins were integrin αIIbβ3, present at high levels, and GPVI. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that dimeric GPVI is the receptor for fibrin, exhibiting a similar KD to those obtained for its binding to fibrinogen D-fragment and D-dimer, suggesting that fibrin(ogen)'s GPVI-binding site becomes exposed after fibrin formation or cleavage to fragment D. Analysis of platelets bound to fibrin clots indicates that platelet GPVI binds to fibrin fibers comprising the clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Moroi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isuru Induruwa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie M Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Structural characterization of a novel GPVI-nanobody complex reveals a biologically active domain-swapped GPVI dimer. Blood 2021; 137:3443-3453. [PMID: 33512486 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is the major signaling receptor for collagen on platelets. We have raised 54 nanobodies (Nb), grouped into 33 structural classes based on their complementary determining region 3 loops, against recombinant GPVI-Fc (dimeric GPVI) and have characterized their ability to bind recombinant GPVI, resting and activated platelets, and to inhibit platelet activation by collagen. Nbs from 6 different binding classes showed the strongest binding to recombinant GPVI-Fc, suggesting that there was not a single dominant class. The most potent 3, Nb2, 21, and 35, inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation with nanomolar half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values and inhibited platelet aggregation under flow. The binding KD of the most potent Nb, Nb2, against recombinant monomeric and dimeric GPVI was 0.6 and 0.7 nM, respectively. The crystal structure of monomeric GPVI in complex with Nb2 revealed a binding epitope adjacent to the collagen-related peptide (CRP) binding groove within the D1 domain. In addition, a novel conformation of GPVI involving a domain swap between the D2 domains was observed. The domain swap is facilitated by the outward extension of the C-C' loop, which forms the domain swap hinge. The functional significance of this conformation was tested by truncating the hinge region so that the domain swap cannot occur. Nb2 was still able to displace collagen and CRP binding to the mutant, but signaling was abolished in a cell-based NFAT reporter assay. This demonstrates that the C-C' loop region is important for GPVI signaling but not ligand binding and suggests the domain-swapped structure may represent an active GPVI conformation.
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21
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Clift CL, Su YR, Bichell D, Jensen Smith HC, Bethard JR, Norris-Caneda K, Comte-Walters S, Ball LE, Hollingsworth MA, Mehta AS, Drake RR, Angel PM. Collagen fiber regulation in human pediatric aortic valve development and disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9751. [PMID: 33963260 PMCID: PMC8105334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) affects up to 10% of the world population without medical therapies to treat the disease. New molecular targets are continually being sought that can halt CAVS progression. Collagen deregulation is a hallmark of CAVS yet remains mostly undefined. Here, histological studies were paired with high resolution accurate mass (HRAM) collagen-targeting proteomics to investigate collagen fiber production with collagen regulation associated with human AV development and pediatric end-stage CAVS (pCAVS). Histological studies identified collagen fiber realignment and unique regions of high-density collagen in pCAVS. Proteomic analysis reported specific collagen peptides are modified by hydroxylated prolines (HYP), a post-translational modification critical to stabilizing the collagen triple helix. Quantitative data analysis reported significant regulation of collagen HYP sites across patient categories. Non-collagen type ECM proteins identified (26 of the 44 total proteins) have direct interactions in collagen synthesis, regulation, or modification. Network analysis identified BAMBI (BMP and Activin Membrane Bound Inhibitor) as a potential upstream regulator of the collagen interactome. This is the first study to detail the collagen types and HYP modifications associated with human AV development and pCAVS. We anticipate that this study will inform new therapeutic avenues that inhibit valvular degradation in pCAVS and engineered options for valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Clift
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yan Ru Su
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Bichell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather C Jensen Smith
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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22
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Gene Expression of PSORI-CM01 and Yinxieling in the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of action of the PSORI-CM01 and Yinxieling formulas in the treatment of patients with psoriasis vulgaris by analyzing gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods. PBMC samples were collected from 21 patients before and after treatment. The study included nine patients in the PSORI-CM01 treatment group, 12 patients in the Yinxieling treatment group, and nine patients in the healthy control group. Gene expression levels in PBMCs were determined using the Affymetrix gene chip technology. Results. In the PSORI-CM01 group before and after treatment, a total of 668 differentially expressed genes were found, of which 445 were upregulated and 223 were downregulated. Before and after Yinxieling treatment, 657 differentially expressed genes were found, of which 168 were upregulated and 489 were downregulated. Venn analysis showed that 78 genes were not differentially expressed in the PSORI-CM01 group and 74 were not differentially expressed in the Yinxieling group compared with those in the controls. Among these genes, 72 genes were common to both groups, which were the genes on which the two drugs acted jointly. The results of KEGG analysis and Venn analysis on the signalling pathways of drug action in treatment groups showed that haemostasis and pathways involving Rho GTPases were common signalling pathways of drug action in the two groups. Conclusions. By a comparative analysis of the treatment groups, we found that both drugs have a positive effect on patients with psoriasis vulgaris, primarily by regulating the pathways related to platelet activation, aggregation, and blood coagulation. Trial registration: ChiCTR, ChiCTR-TRC-14005185, Registered 8 August 2014, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=4390
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23
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Obermann WMJ, Brockhaus K, Eble JA. Platelets, Constant and Cooperative Companions of Sessile and Disseminating Tumor Cells, Crucially Contribute to the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674553. [PMID: 33937274 PMCID: PMC8085416 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although platelets and the coagulation factors are components of the blood system, they become part of and contribute to the tumor microenvironment (TME) not only within a solid tumor mass, but also within a hematogenous micrometastasis on its way through the blood stream to the metastatic niche. The latter basically consists of blood-borne cancer cells which are in close association with platelets. At the site of the primary tumor, the blood components reach the TME via leaky blood vessels, whose permeability is increased by tumor-secreted growth factors, by incomplete angiogenic sprouts or by vasculogenic mimicry (VM) vessels. As a consequence, platelets reach the primary tumor via several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Moreover, clotting factor VII from the blood associates with tissue factor (TF) that is abundantly expressed on cancer cells. This extrinsic tenase complex turns on the coagulation cascade, which encompasses the activation of thrombin and conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. The presence of platelets and their release of growth factors, as well as fibrin deposition changes the TME of a solid tumor mass substantially, thereby promoting tumor progression. Disseminating cancer cells that circulate in the blood stream also recruit platelets, primarily by direct cell-cell interactions via different receptor-counterreceptor pairs and indirectly by fibrin, which bridges the two cell types via different integrin receptors. These tumor cell-platelet aggregates are hematogenous micrometastases, in which platelets and fibrin constitute a particular TME in favor of the cancer cells. Even at the distant site of settlement, the accompanying platelets help the tumor cell to attach and to grow into metastases. Understanding the close liaison of cancer cells with platelets and coagulation factors that change the TME during tumor progression and spreading will help to curb different steps of the metastatic cascade and may help to reduce tumor-induced thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes A. Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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24
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Krüger I, Reusswig F, Krott KJ, Lersch CF, Spelleken M, Elvers M. Genetic Labeling of Cells Allows Identification and Tracking of Transgenic Platelets in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073710. [PMID: 33918229 PMCID: PMC8037568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of knock-out mouse models is crucial to understand platelet activation and aggregation. Methods: Analysis of the global double fluorescent Cre reporter mouse mT/mG that has been crossbred with the megakaryocyte/platelet specific PF4-Cre mouse. Results: Platelets show bright mT (PF4-Cre negative) and mG (PF4-Cre positive) fluorescence. However, a small proportion of leukocytes was positive for mG fluorescence in PF4-Cre positive mice. In mT/mG;PF4-Cre mice, platelets, and megakaryocytes can be tracked by their specific fluorescence in blood smear, hematopoietic organs and upon thrombus formation. No differences in platelet activation and thrombus formation was observed between mT/mG;PF4-Cre positive and negative mice. Furthermore, hemostasis and in vivo thrombus formation was comparable between genotypes as analyzed by intravital microscopy. Transplantation studies revealed that bone marrow of mT/mG;PF4-Cre mice can be transferred to C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: The mT/mG Cre reporter mouse is an appropriate model for real-time visualization of platelets, the analysis of cell morphology and the identification of non-recombined platelets. Thus, mT/mG;PF4-Cre mice are important for the analysis of platelet-specific knockout mice. However, a small proportion of leukocytes exhibit mG fluorescence. Therefore, the analysis of platelets beyond hemostasis and thrombosis should be critically evaluated when recombination of immune cells is increased.
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25
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Clark JC, Neagoe RAI, Zuidscherwoude M, Kavanagh DM, Slater A, Martin EM, Soave M, Stegner D, Nieswandt B, Poulter NS, Hummert J, Herten DP, Tomlinson MG, Hill SJ, Watson SP. Evidence that GPVI is Expressed as a Mixture of Monomers and Dimers, and that the D2 Domain is not Essential for GPVI Activation. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1435-1447. [PMID: 33638140 DOI: 10.1055/a-1401-5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagen has been proposed to bind to a unique epitope in dimeric glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and the number of GPVI dimers has been reported to increase upon platelet activation. However, in contrast, the crystal structure of GPVI in complex with collagen-related peptide (CRP) showed binding distinct from the site of dimerization. Further fibrinogen has been reported to bind to monomeric but not dimeric GPVI. In the present study, we have used the advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques of single-molecule microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), and mutagenesis studies in a transfected cell line model to show that GPVI is expressed as a mixture of monomers and dimers and that dimerization through the D2 domain is not critical for activation. As many of these techniques cannot be applied to platelets to resolve this issue, due to the high density of GPVI and its anucleate nature, we used Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to show that endogenous GPVI is at least partially expressed as a dimer on resting and activated platelet membranes. We propose that GPVI may be expressed as a monomer on the cell surface and it forms dimers in the membrane through diffusion, giving rise to a mixture of monomers and dimers. We speculate that the formation of dimers facilitates ligand binding through avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Raluca A I Neagoe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre M Kavanagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Soave
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Hummert
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom.,Department for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk-Peter Herten
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom.,Department for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael G Tomlinson
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
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26
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Wang J, Xia M, Tang X, Jia Z, Li C, Li M, Yin Y, Guo C, Shi J, Liu X, Chen W, Chen T, Feng H. Inhibition of plasma kallikrein mitigates experimental hypertension-enhanced cerebral hematoma expansion. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:49-57. [PMID: 33556561 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hematoma expansion (HE) aggravates brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and hypertension is a key contributor to HE. Plasma kallikrein (PK) is involved in hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke mice. This study was conducted to explore the role of PK in HE in hypertensive ICH. METHODS Hypertension was achieved by continuous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) with an osmotic pump in C57BL/6 mice. ICH was achieved by stereotactic intrastriatal injection of blood. PK-specific antibody and platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) agonists were administered to intervene in hematoma expansion. The hematoma volume was indicated by the erythrocyte components hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase-1 in the ipsilateral brain hemisphere. RESULTS Ang II-induced hypertensive mice showed enhanced hematoma expansion and worsened neurologic deficits after ICH modeling. Moreover, intrastriatal injection of blood from Ang II-treated mice into normal mice increased the area of secondary hemorrhage more than blood from untreated mice. Mechanistically, elevated PK was found in Ang II-infused mice whereas, inhibition of PK and administration of the GPVI agonist convulxin decreased hematoma expansion and improved neurologic deficits after ICH. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PK inhibition and GPVI agonist treatment might serve as potential methods to intervene in HE after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhengcai Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiantao Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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27
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Xu RG, Gauer JS, Baker SR, Slater A, Martin EM, McPherson HR, Duval C, Manfield IW, Bonna AM, Watson SP, Ariëns RAS. GPVI (Glycoprotein VI) Interaction With Fibrinogen Is Mediated by Avidity and the Fibrinogen αC-Region. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1092-1104. [PMID: 33472402 PMCID: PMC7901536 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: GPVI (glycoprotein VI) is a key molecular player in collagen-induced platelet signaling and aggregation. Recent evidence indicates that it also plays important role in platelet aggregation and thrombus growth through interaction with fibrin(ogen). However, there are discrepancies in the literature regarding whether the monomeric or dimeric form of GPVI binds to fibrinogen at high affinity. The mechanisms of interaction are also not clear, including which region of fibrinogen is responsible for GPVI binding. We aimed to gain further understanding of the mechanisms of interaction at molecular level and to identify the regions on fibrinogen important for GPVI binding. Approach and Results: Using multiple surface- and solution-based protein-protein interaction methods, we observe that dimeric GPVI binds to fibrinogen with much higher affinity and has a slower dissociation rate constant than the monomer due to avidity effects. Moreover, our data show that the highest affinity interaction of GPVI is with the αC-region of fibrinogen. We further show that GPVI interacts with immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin variants at a similar level, including a nonpolymerizing fibrin variant, suggesting that GPVI binding is independent of fibrin polymerization. Conclusions: Based on the above findings, we conclude that the higher affinity of dimeric GPVI over the monomer for fibrinogen interaction is achieved by avidity. The αC-region of fibrinogen appears essential for GPVI binding. We propose that fibrin polymerization into fibers during coagulation will cluster GPVI through its αC-region, leading to downstream signaling, further activation of platelets, and potentially stimulating clot growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Gang Xu
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (R.-G.X., J.S.G., S.R.B., H.R.M., C.D., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Julia S Gauer
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (R.-G.X., J.S.G., S.R.B., H.R.M., C.D., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Stephen R Baker
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (R.-G.X., J.S.G., S.R.B., H.R.M., C.D., R.A.S.A.).,Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC (S.R.B.)
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S., E.M.M., S.P.W.)
| | - Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S., E.M.M., S.P.W.)
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (R.-G.X., J.S.G., S.R.B., H.R.M., C.D., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Cédric Duval
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (R.-G.X., J.S.G., S.R.B., H.R.M., C.D., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Iain W Manfield
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences (I.W.M.), University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadiusz M Bonna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.M.B.)
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S., E.M.M., S.P.W.)
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (R.-G.X., J.S.G., S.R.B., H.R.M., C.D., R.A.S.A.)
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28
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Yabe R, Chung SH, Murayama MA, Kubo S, Shimizu K, Akahori Y, Maruhashi T, Seno A, Kaifu T, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. TARM1 contributes to development of arthritis by activating dendritic cells through recognition of collagens. Nat Commun 2021; 12:94. [PMID: 33397982 PMCID: PMC7782728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TARM1 is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor family and stimulates macrophages and neutrophils in vitro by associating with FcRγ. However, the function of this molecule in the regulation of the immune system is unclear. Here, we show that Tarm1 expression is elevated in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis mouse models, and the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is suppressed in Tarm1-/- mice. T cell priming against type 2 collagen is suppressed in Tarm1-/- mice and antigen-presenting ability of GM-CSF-induced dendritic cells (GM-DCs) from Tarm1-/- mouse bone marrow cells is impaired. We show that type 2 collagen is a functional ligand for TARM1 on GM-DCs and promotes DC maturation. Furthermore, soluble TARM1-Fc and TARM1-Flag inhibit DC maturation and administration of TARM1-Fc blocks the progression of CIA in mice. These results indicate that TARM1 is an important stimulating factor of dendritic cell maturation and could be a good target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Yabe
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masanori A Murayama
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yukiko Akahori
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Takumi Maruhashi
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kaifu
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan.
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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29
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Harbi MH, Smith CW, Nicolson PLR, Watson SP, Thomas MR. Novel antiplatelet strategies targeting GPVI, CLEC-2 and tyrosine kinases. Platelets 2020; 32:29-41. [PMID: 33307909 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1849600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiplatelet medications comprise the cornerstone of treatment for diseases that involve arterial thrombosis, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), stroke and peripheral arterial disease. However, antiplatelet medications may cause bleeding and, furthermore, thrombotic events may still recur despite treatment. The interaction of collagen with GPVI receptors on the surface of platelets has been identified as one of the major players in the pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis that occurs following atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Promisingly, GPVI deficiency in humans appears to have a minimal impact on bleeding. These findings together suggest that targeting platelet GPVI may provide a novel treatment strategy that provides additional antithrombotic efficacy with minimal disruption of normal hemostasis compared to conventional antiplatelet medications. CLEC-2 is gaining interest as a therapeutic target for a variety of thrombo-inflammatory disorders including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with treatment also predicted to cause minimal disruption to hemostasis. GPVI and CLEC-2 signal through Src, Syk and Tec family tyrosine kinases, providing additional strategies for inhibiting both receptors. In this review, we summarize the evidence regarding GPVI and CLEC-2 and strategies for inhibiting these receptors to inhibit platelet recruitment and activation in thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan H Harbi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher W Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Phillip L R Nicolson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, UK.,Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust , Birmingham, UK
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30
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Johnson TW, Baos S, Collett L, Hutchinson JL, Nkau M, Molina M, Aungraheeta R, Reilly‐Stitt C, Bowles R, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, Mundell SJ, Baumbach A, Mumford AD. Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Ticagrelor Monotherapy Versus Ticagrelor and Aspirin in Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The TEMPLATE (Ticagrelor Monotherapy and Platelet Reactivity) Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016495. [PMID: 33305660 PMCID: PMC7955396 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background To assess differences in platelet inhibition during ticagrelor monotherapy (TIC) or dual therapy with ticagrelor and aspirin (TIC+ASP) in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention using a comprehensive panel of functional tests. Methods and Results In a single‐center parallel group, open label, randomized controlled trial, 110 participants were randomized to receive either TIC (n=55) or TIC+ASP (n=55) for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the platelet aggregation response with 10 μmol/L thrombin receptor activation peptide‐6 (TRAP‐6). The secondary outcomes were platelet aggregation responses and binding of surface activation markers with a panel of other activators. The mean percentage aggregation for 10 μmol/L TRAP‐6 was similar for the TIC and TIC+ASP groups (mean difference+4.29; 95% CI, −0.87 to +9.46). Aggregation was higher in the TIC group compared with the TIC+ASP group with 1 μg/mL (+6.47; +2.04 to +10.90) and 0.5 μg/mL (+14.00; +7.63 to +20.39) collagen related peptide. Aggregation responses with 5 μmol/L TRAP‐6, 5 μmol/L or 2.5 μmol/L thromboxane A2 receptor agonist and surface activation marker binding with 5 μmol/L TRAP‐6 or 0.5 μg/mL collagen related peptide were the same between the treatment groups. Conclusions Patients with PCI show similar levels of inhibition of most platelet activation pathways with TIC compared with dual therapy with TIC + ASP. However, the greater aggregation response with collagen related peptide during TIC indicates incomplete inhibition of glycoprotein VI (collagen) receptor‐mediated platelet activation. This difference in pharmacodynamic response to anti‐platelet medication may contribute to the lower bleeding rates observed with TIC compared with dual antiplatelet therapy in recent clinical trials. Registration Information URL: https://www.isrctn.com; Unique Identifier ISRCTN84335288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Johnson
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - Sarah Baos
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation UnitBristol Trials CentreBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Laura Collett
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation UnitBristol Trials CentreBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - James L. Hutchinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Martin Nkau
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - Maria Molina
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - Riyaad Aungraheeta
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Ruth Bowles
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - Barnaby C. Reeves
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation UnitBristol Trials CentreBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Chris A. Rogers
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation UnitBristol Trials CentreBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Stuart J Mundell
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Andreas Baumbach
- William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew D. Mumford
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Karsdal MA, Kraus VB, Shevell D, Bay-Jensen AC, Schattenberg J, Rambabu Surabattula R, Schuppan D. Profiling and targeting connective tissue remodeling in autoimmunity - A novel paradigm for diagnosing and treating chronic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 20:102706. [PMID: 33188918 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue (ConT) remodeling is an essential process in tissue regeneration, where a balanced replacement of old tissue by new tissue occurs. This balance is disturbed in chronic diseases, often autoimmune diseases, usually resulting in the buld up of fibrosis and a gradual loss of organ function. During progression of liver, lung, skin, heart, joint, skeletal and kidney diseasesboth ConT formation and degradation are elevated, which is tightly linked to immune cell activation and a loss of specific cell types and extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that are required for normal organ function. Here, we address the balance of key general and organ specific components of the ECM during homeostasis and in disease, with a focus on collagens, which are emerging as both structural and signaling molecules harbouring neoepitopes and autoantigens that are released during ConT remodeling. Specific collagen molecular signatures of ConT remodeling are linked to disease activity and stage, and to prognosis across different organs. These signatures accompany and further drive disease progression, and often become detectable before clinical disease manifestation (illness). Recent advances allow to quantify and define the nature of ConT remodeling via blood-based assays that measure the levels of well-defined collagen fragments, reflecting different facets of ConT formation and degradation, and associated immunological processes. These novel serum assays are becoming important tools of precision medicine, to detect various chronic and autoimmune diseases before their clinical manifestation, and to non-invasively monitor the efficacy of a broad range of pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Asser Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Metabolic Liver Research Program, Denmark
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diane Shevell
- Clinical Biomarkers and Immunology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Westfield, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - R Rambabu Surabattula
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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K. Poddar M, Banerjee S. Molecular Aspects of Pathophysiology of Platelet Receptors. Platelets 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Receptor is a dynamic instrumental surface protein that helps to interact with specific molecules to respond accordingly. Platelet is the smallest in size among the blood components, but it plays many pivotal roles to maintain hemostasis involving its surface receptors. It (platelet) has cell adhesion receptors (e.g., integrins and glycoproteins), leucine-rich repeats receptors (e.g., TLRs, glycoprotein complex, and MMPs), selectins (e.g., CLEC, P-selectin, and CD), tetraspanins (e.g., CD and LAMP), transmembrane receptors (e.g., purinergic—P2Y and P2X1), prostaglandin receptors (e.g., TxA2, PGH2, and PGI2), immunoglobulin superfamily receptors (e.g., FcRγ and FcεR), etc. on its surface. The platelet receptors (e.g., glycoproteins, protease-activated receptors, and GPCRs) during platelet activation are over expressed and their granule contents are secreted (including neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines) into circulation, which are found to be correlated with different physiological conditions. Interestingly, platelets promote metastasis through circulation protecting from cytolysis and endogenous immune surveillance involving several platelets receptors. The updated knowledge about different types of platelet receptors in all probable aspects, including their inter- and intra-signaling mechanisms, are discussed with respect to not only its (platelets) receptor type but also under different pathophysiological conditions.
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33
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Molecular Drivers of Platelet Activation: Unraveling Novel Targets for Anti-Thrombotic and Anti-Thrombo-Inflammatory Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217906. [PMID: 33114406 PMCID: PMC7662962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally-partly a consequence of increased population size and ageing-and are major contributors to reduced quality of life. Platelets play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. While platelet activation and aggregation are essential for hemostasis at sites of vascular injury, uncontrolled platelet activation leads to pathological thrombus formation and provokes thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Platelet activation and thrombus formation is a multistage process with different signaling pathways involved to trigger platelet shape change, integrin activation, stable platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation. Apart from thrombotic events, thrombo-inflammation contributes to organ damage and dysfunction in CVDs and is mediated by platelets and inflammatory cells. Therefore, in the past, many efforts have been made to investigate specific signaling pathways in platelets to identify innovative and promising approaches for novel antithrombotic and anti-thrombo-inflammatory strategies that do not interfere with hemostasis. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on different platelet receptors, including GPIb-vWF interactions, GPVI activation, platelet chemokine receptors, regulation of integrin signaling, and channel homeostasis of NMDAR and PANX1.
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34
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Foster H, Wilson C, Philippou H, Foster R. Progress toward a Glycoprotein VI Modulator for the Treatment of Thrombosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12213-12242. [PMID: 32463237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic thrombus formation accounts for the etiology of many serious conditions including myocardial infarction, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Despite the development of numerous anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, the mortality rate associated with these diseases remains high. In recent years, however, significant epidemiological evidence and clinical models have emerged to suggest that modulation of the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) platelet receptor could be harnessed as a novel antiplatelet strategy. As such, many peptidic agents have been described in the past decade, while more recent efforts have focused on the development of small molecule modulators. Herein the rationale for targeting GPVI is summarized and the published GPVI modulators are reviewed, with particular focus on small molecules. A qualitative pharmacophore hypothesis for small molecule ligands at GPVI is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Foster
- School of Chemistry and Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Clare Wilson
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Helen Philippou
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Richard Foster
- School of Chemistry and Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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Zhu J, Madhurapantula RS, Kalyanasundaram A, Sabharwal T, Antipova O, Bishnoi SW, Orgel JPRO. Ultrastructural Location and Interactions of the Immunoglobulin Receptor Binding Sequence within Fibrillar Type I Collagen. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114166. [PMID: 32545195 PMCID: PMC7312686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type I is a major constituent of animal bodies. It is found in large quantities in tendon, bone, skin, cartilage, blood vessels, bronchi, and the lung interstitium. It is also produced and accumulates in large amounts in response to certain inflammations such as lung fibrosis. Our understanding of the molecular organization of fibrillar collagen and cellular interaction motifs, such as those involved with immune-associated molecules, continues to be refined. In this study, antibodies raised against type I collagen were used to label intact D-periodic type I collagen fibrils and observed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and immunolabeling positions were observed with both methods. The antibodies bind close to the C-terminal telopeptide which verifies the location and accessibility of both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHCI) binding domain and C-terminal telopeptide on the outside of the collagen fibril. The close proximity of the C-telopeptide and the MHC1 domain of type I collagen to fibronectin, discoidin domain receptor (DDR), and collagenase cleavage domains likely facilitate the interaction of ligands and receptors related to cellular immunity and the collagen-based Extracellular Matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Institute of Biophysics, College of science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (R.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.S.); (O.A.)
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.P.R.O.O.)
| | - Rama S. Madhurapantula
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (R.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.S.); (O.A.)
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Aruna Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (R.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.S.); (O.A.)
| | - Tanya Sabharwal
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (R.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.S.); (O.A.)
| | - Olga Antipova
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (R.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.S.); (O.A.)
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sandra W. Bishnoi
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Joseph P. R. O. Orgel
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (R.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.S.); (O.A.)
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.P.R.O.O.)
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36
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Jandrot-Perrus M, Hermans C, Mezzano D. Platelet glycoprotein VI genetic quantitative and qualitative defects. Platelets 2019; 30:708-713. [PMID: 31068042 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1610166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelet membrane glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is increasingly recognized as an important receptor for thrombus formation and growth. Numerous arguments have been published indicating that GPVI plays a major role in thrombosis without being essential for physiological hemostasis. In humans, GPVI deficiencies are rarely reported. These are most often deficiencies occurring in the context of autoimmunity and, more rarely, genetic deficits. The purpose of this review is to compile data on the quantitative and qualitative genetic abnormalities of GPVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- a UMR_S1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science , INSERM, University Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Cedric Hermans
- b Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Haemophilia Clinic, Division of Adult Haematology , St-Luc University Hospital , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Diego Mezzano
- c Department of Hematology-Oncology , School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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37
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Orgel JPRO, Madhurapantula RS. A structural prospective for collagen receptors such as DDR and their binding of the collagen fibril. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118478. [PMID: 31004686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the collagen fibril surface directly effects and possibly assists the management of collagen receptor interactions. An important class of collagen receptors, the receptor tyrosine kinases of the Discoidin Domain Receptor family (DDR1 and DDR2), are differentially activated by specific collagen types and play important roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and matrix remodeling. This review discusses their structure and function as it pertains directly to the fibrillar collagen structure with which they interact far more readily than they do with isolated molecular collagen. This prospective provides further insight into the mechanisms of activation and rational cellular control of this important class of receptors while also providing a comparison of DDR-collagen interactions with other receptors such as integrin and GPVI. When improperly regulated, DDR activation can lead to abnormal cellular proliferation activities such as in cancer. Hence how and when the DDRs associate with the major basis of mammalian tissue infrastructure, fibrillar collagen, should be of keen interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P R O Orgel
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rama S Madhurapantula
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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38
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Beziere N, Fuchs K, Maurer A, Reischl G, Brück J, Ghoreschi K, Fehrenbacher B, Berrio DC, Schenke-Layland K, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gawaz M, Kneilling M, Pichler B. Imaging fibrosis in inflammatory diseases: targeting the exposed extracellular matrix. Theranostics 2019; 9:2868-2881. [PMID: 31244929 PMCID: PMC6568181 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a variety of diseases, from benign to life-threatening ones, inflammation plays a major role. Monitoring the intensity and extent of a multifaceted inflammatory process has become a cornerstone in diagnostics and therapy monitoring. However, the current tools lack the ability to provide insight into one of its most crucial aspects, namely, the alteration of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Using a radiolabeled platelet glycoprotein VI-based ECM-targeting fusion protein (GPVI-Fc), we investigated how binding of GPVI-Fc on fibrous tissue could uncover the progression of several inflammatory disease models at different stages (rheumatoid arthritis, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, lung inflammation and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). Methods: The fusion protein GPVI-Fc was covalently linked to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and subsequently labeled with 64Cu. We analyzed noninvasively in vivo64Cu-GPVI-Fc accumulation in murine cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase serum-induced rheumatoid arthritis, lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Static and dynamic Positron Emission Tomography (PET) of the radiotracer distribution was performed in vivo, with ex vivo autoradiography confirmation, yielding quantitative accumulation and a distribution map of 64Cu-GPVI-Fc. Ex vivo tissue histological staining was performed on harvested samples to highlight the fusion protein binding to collagen I, II and III, fibronectin and fibrinogen as well as the morphology of excised tissue. Results:64Cu-GPVI-Fc showed a several-fold increased uptake in inflamed tissue compared to control tissue, particularly in the RA model, with a peak 24 h after radiotracer injection of up to half the injected dose. Blocking and isotype control experiments indicated a target-driven accumulation of the radiotracer in the case of chronic inflammation. Histological analysis confirmed a prolonged accumulation at the inflammation site, with a pronounced colocalization with the different components of the ECM (collagen III and fibronectin notably). Binding of the fusion protein appeared to be specific to the ECM but unspecific to particular components. Conclusion: Imaging of 64Cu-GPVI-Fc accumulation in the ECM matrix appears to be a promising candidate for monitoring chronic inflammation. By binding to exposed fibrous tissue (collagen, fibronectin, etc.) after extravasation, a new insight is provided into the fibrotic events resulting from a prolonged inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beziere
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fuchs
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brück
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Carvajal Berrio
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine/ Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 3645, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Inhibition of platelet GPVI induces intratumor hemorrhage and increases efficacy of chemotherapy in mice. Blood 2019; 133:2696-2706. [PMID: 30952674 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018877043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tumor vasculature integrity is indispensable for tumor growth and thus affects tumor progression. Previous studies have identified platelets as major regulators of tumor vascular integrity, as their depletion selectively rendered tumor vessels highly permeable and caused massive intratumoral hemorrhage. While these results established platelets as potential targets for antitumor therapy, their depletion is not a treatment option due to their essential role in hemostasis. Thus, a detailed understanding of how platelets safeguard vascular integrity in tumors is urgently demanded. Here, we show for the first time that functional inhibition of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) on the platelet surface with an antibody (JAQ1) F(ab)2 fragment rapidly induces tumor hemorrhage and diminishes tumor growth similar to complete platelet depletion while not inducing systemic bleeding complications. The intratumor bleeding and tumor growth arrest could be reverted by depletion of Ly6G+ cells, confirming them to be responsible for the induction of bleeding and necrosis within the tumor. In addition, JAQ1 F(ab)2-mediated GPVI inhibition increased intratumoral accumulation of coadministered chemotherapeutic agents, such as Doxil and paclitaxel, thereby resulting in a profound antitumor effect. In summary, our findings identify platelet GPVI as a key regulator of vascular integrity specifically in growing tumors and could serve as a basis for the development of antitumor strategies based on the interference with platelet function.
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40
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Derszniak K, Przyborowski K, Matyjaszczyk K, Moorlag M, de Laat B, Nowakowska M, Chlopicki S. Comparison of Effects of Anti-thrombin Aptamers HD1 and HD22 on Aggregation of Human Platelets, Thrombin Generation, Fibrin Formation, and Thrombus Formation Under Flow Conditions. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:68. [PMID: 30842734 PMCID: PMC6391317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HD1 and HD22 are two of the most-studied aptamers binding to thrombin exosite I and exosite, respectively. To complete of their pharmacological profiles, the effects of HD1 and HD22 on thrombin-, ristocetin-, and collagen-induced human platelet aggregation, on thrombin generation and fibrin formation in human plasma, as well as on thrombus formation in human whole blood under flow conditions were assessed. The dissociation constants for HD1 and HD22 complexes with thrombin in simulated plasma ionic buffer were also evaluated. HD1 was more potent than HD22 in terms of inhibiting thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP; 0.05-3 μM) and in washed platelets (WPs; 0.005-3 μM): approximately 8.31% (±6.99% SD) and 89.53% (±11.38% SD) for HD1 (0.5 μM) and HD22 (0.5 μM), respectively. Neither HD1 nor HD22 (3 μM) did influence platelets aggregation induced by collagen. Both of them inhibited ristocetin-induced aggregation in PRP. Surprisingly, HD1 and HD22 aptamers (3 μM) potentiated ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in WP. HD1 reduced thrombin generation in a concentration-dependent manner [ETP at 3 μM: 1677.53 ± 55.77 (nM⋅min) vs. control 2271.71 ± 423.66 (nM⋅min)], inhibited fibrin formation (lag time at 3 μM: 33.70 min ± 8.01 min vs. control 7.91 min ± 0.91 min) and reduced thrombus formation under flow conditions [AUC30 at 3 μM: 758.30 ± 344.23 (kPa⋅min) vs. control 1553.84 ± 118.03 (kPa⋅min)]. HD22 (3 μM) also delayed thrombin generation but increased the thrombin peak. HD22 (3 μM) shortened the lag time of fibrin generation (5.40 min ± 0.26 min vs. control 7.58 min ± 1.14 min) but did not modify thrombus formation (3, 15 μM). K d values for the HD1 complex with thrombin was higher (257.8 ± 15.0 nM) than the K d for HD22 (97.6 ± 2.2 nM). In conclusion, HD1 but not HD22 represents a potent anti-thrombotic agent, confirming the major role of exosite I in the action of thrombin. HD22 aptamer blocking exosite II displays weaker anti-platelet and anti-coagulant activity, with surprising activating effects on thrombin and fibrin generation most likely induced by HD22-induced allosteric changes in thrombin dynamic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Derszniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Matyjaszczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martijn Moorlag
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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41
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Rayes J, Watson SP, Nieswandt B. Functional significance of the platelet immune receptors GPVI and CLEC-2. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:12-23. [PMID: 30601137 DOI: 10.1172/jci122955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although platelets are best known for their role in hemostasis, they are also crucial in development, host defense, inflammation, and tissue repair. Many of these roles are regulated by the immune-like receptors glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2), which signal through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). GPVI is activated by collagen in the subendothelial matrix, by fibrin and fibrinogen in the thrombus, and by a remarkable number of other ligands. CLEC-2 is activated by the transmembrane protein podoplanin, which is found outside of the vasculature and is upregulated in development, inflammation, and cancer, but there is also evidence for additional ligands. In this Review, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of CLEC-2 and GPVI and their potential as targets in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammatory disorders (i.e., disorders in which inflammation plays a critical role in the ensuing thrombosis) relative to current antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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43
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Slater A, Perrella G, Onselaer MB, Martin EM, Gauer JS, Xu RG, Heemskerk JWM, Ariëns RAS, Watson SP. Does fibrin(ogen) bind to monomeric or dimeric GPVI, or not at all? Platelets 2018; 30:281-289. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1508649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gina Perrella
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Blanche Onselaer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julia S Gauer
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rui-Gang Xu
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Johan WM Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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44
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Shepherd JH, Howard D, Waller AK, Foster HR, Mueller A, Moreau T, Evans AL, Arumugam M, Bouët Chalon G, Vriend E, Davidenko N, Ghevaert C, Best SM, Cameron RE. Structurally graduated collagen scaffolds applied to the ex vivo generation of platelets from human pluripotent stem cell-derived megakaryocytes: Enhancing production and purity. Biomaterials 2018; 182:135-144. [PMID: 30118981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Platelet transfusions are a key treatment option for a range of life threatening conditions including cancer, chemotherapy and surgery. Efficient ex vivo systems to generate donor independent platelets in clinically relevant numbers could provide a useful substitute. Large quantities of megakaryocytes (MKs) can be produced from human pluripotent stem cells, but in 2D culture the ratio of platelets harvested from MK cells has been limited and restricts production rate. The development of biomaterial cell supports that replicate vital hematopoietic micro-environment cues are one strategy that may increase in vitro platelet production rates from iPS derived Megakaryocyte cells. In this paper, we present the results obtained generating, simulating and using a novel structurally-graded collagen scaffold within a flow bioreactor system seeded with programmed stem cells. Theoretical analysis of porosity using micro-computed tomography analysis and synthetic micro-particle filtration provided a predictive tool to tailor cell distribution throughout the material. When used with MK programmed stem cells the graded scaffolds influenced cell location while maintaining the ability to continuously release metabolically active CD41 + CD42 + functional platelets. This scaffold design and novel fabrication technique offers a significant advance in understanding the influence of scaffold architectures on cell seeding, retention and platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Shepherd
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Daniel Howard
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Amie K Waller
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Holly Rebecca Foster
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Annett Mueller
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Thomas Moreau
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Amanda L Evans
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Meera Arumugam
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Guénaëlle Bouët Chalon
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Eleonora Vriend
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Natalia Davidenko
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Cedric Ghevaert
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Blood Service Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK.
| | - Serena M Best
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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45
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Boulaftali Y, Mawhin M, Jandrot‐Perrus M, Ho‐Tin‐Noé B. Glycoprotein VI in securing vascular integrity in inflamed vessels. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:228-239. [PMID: 30046725 PMCID: PMC5974920 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein VI (GPVI), the main platelet receptor for collagen, has been shown to play a central role in various models of thrombosis, and to be a minor actor of hemostasis at sites of trauma. These observations have made of GPVI a novel target for antithrombotic therapy, as its inhibition would ideally combine efficacy with safety. Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that GPVI could play an important role in preventing bleeding caused by neutrophils in the inflamed skin and lungs. Remarkably, there is evidence that the GPVI-dependent hemostatic function of platelets at the acute phase of inflammation in these organs does not involve aggregation. From a therapeutic perspective, the vasculoprotective action of GPVI in inflammation suggests that blocking of GPVI might bear some risks of bleeding at sites of neutrophil infiltration. In this review, we summarize recent findings on GPVI functions in inflammation and discuss their possible clinical implications and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Boulaftali
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational ScienceSorbonne Paris CitéInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
| | - Marie‐Anne Mawhin
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational ScienceSorbonne Paris CitéInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
| | - Martine Jandrot‐Perrus
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational ScienceSorbonne Paris CitéInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
| | - Benoît Ho‐Tin‐Noé
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational ScienceSorbonne Paris CitéInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
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46
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Mangin PH, Onselaer MB, Receveur N, Le Lay N, Hardy AT, Wilson C, Sanchez X, Loyau S, Dupuis A, Babar AK, Miller JL, Philippou H, Hughes CE, Herr AB, Ariëns RA, Mezzano D, Jandrot-Perrus M, Gachet C, Watson SP. Immobilized fibrinogen activates human platelets through glycoprotein VI. Haematologica 2018; 103:898-907. [PMID: 29472360 PMCID: PMC5927996 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.182972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein VI, a major platelet activation receptor for collagen and fibrin, is considered a particularly promising, safe antithrombotic target. In this study, we show that human glycoprotein VI signals upon platelet adhesion to fibrinogen. Full spreading of human platelets on fibrinogen was abolished in platelets from glycoprotein VI- deficient patients suggesting that fibrinogen activates platelets through glycoprotein VI. While mouse platelets failed to spread on fibrinogen, human-glycoprotein VI-transgenic mouse platelets showed full spreading and increased Ca2+ signaling through the tyrosine kinase Syk. Direct binding of fibrinogen to human glycoprotein VI was shown by surface plasmon resonance and by increased adhesion to fibrinogen of human glycoprotein VI-transfected RBL-2H3 cells relative to mock-transfected cells. Blockade of human glycoprotein VI with the Fab of the monoclonal antibody 9O12 impaired platelet aggregation on preformed platelet aggregates in flowing blood independent of collagen and fibrin exposure. These results demonstrate that human glycoprotein VI binds to immobilized fibrinogen and show that this contributes to platelet spreading and platelet aggregation under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre H Mangin
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, France
| | - Marie-Blanche Onselaer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, IBR Building, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicolas Receveur
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, France
| | - Nicolas Le Lay
- Université de Paris Diderot, INSERM UMR_S1148, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Alexander T Hardy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, IBR Building, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Clare Wilson
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Ximena Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Hemostasia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stéphane Loyau
- Université de Paris Diderot, INSERM UMR_S1148, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Dupuis
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, France
| | - Amir K Babar
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Systems Immunology & Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeanette Lc Miller
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Systems Immunology & Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helen Philippou
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Craig E Hughes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, IBR Building, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, University of Reading, UK
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Systems Immunology & Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert As Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Diego Mezzano
- Laboratorio de Hemostasia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Université de Paris Diderot, INSERM UMR_S1148, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France.,Acticor Biotech, Hôpital Bichat, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, Paris, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, France
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, IBR Building, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK .,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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47
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Induruwa I, Moroi M, Bonna A, Malcor J, Howes J, Warburton EA, Farndale RW, Jung SM. Platelet collagen receptor Glycoprotein VI-dimer recognizes fibrinogen and fibrin through their D-domains, contributing to platelet adhesion and activation during thrombus formation. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:389-404. [PMID: 29210180 PMCID: PMC5838801 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) binds collagen, starting thrombogenesis, and fibrin, stabilizing thrombi. GPVI-dimers, not monomers, recognize immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin through their D-domains. Collagen, D-fragment and D-dimer may share a common or proximate binding site(s) on GPVI-dimer. GPVI-dimer-fibrin interaction supports spreading, activation and adhesion involving αIIbβ3. SUMMARY Background Platelet collagen receptor Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) binds collagen, initiating thrombogenesis, and stabilizes thrombi by binding fibrin. Objectives To determine if GPVI-dimer, GPVI-monomer, or both bind to fibrinogen substrates, and which region common to these substrates contains the interaction site. Methods Recombinant GPVI monomeric extracellular domain (GPVIex ) or dimeric Fc-fusion protein (GPVI-Fc2 ) binding to immobilized fibrinogen derivatives was measured by ELISA, including competition assays involving collagenous substrates and fibrinogen derivatives. Flow adhesion was performed with normal or Glanzmann thrombasthenic (GT) platelets over immobilized fibrinogen, with or without anti-GPVI-dimer or anti-αIIbβ3. Results Under static conditions, GPVIex did not bind to any fibrinogen substrate. GPVI-Fc2 exhibited specific, saturable binding to both D-fragment and D-dimer, which was inhibited by mFab-F (anti-GPVI-dimer), but showed low binding to fibrinogen and fibrin under our conditions. GPVI-Fc2 binding to D-fragment or D-dimer was abrogated by collagen type III, Horm collagen or CRP-XL (crosslinked collagen-related peptide), suggesting proximity between the D-domain and collagen binding sites on GPVI-dimer. Under low shear, adhesion of normal platelets to D-fragment, D-dimer, fibrinogen and fibrin was inhibited by mFab-F (inhibitor of GPVI-dimer) and abolished by Eptifibatide (inhibitor of αIIbβ3), suggesting that both receptors contribute to thrombus formation on these substrates, but αIIbβ3 makes a greater contribution. Notably, thrombasthenic platelets showed limited adhesion to fibrinogen substrates under flow, which was further reduced by mFab-F, supporting some independent GPVI-dimer involvement in this interaction. Conclusion Only dimeric GPVI interacts with fibrinogen D-domain, at a site proximate to its collagen binding site, to support platelet adhesion/activation/aggregate formation on immobilized fibrinogen and polymerized fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Induruwa
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - M. Moroi
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - A. Bonna
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - J.‐D. Malcor
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - J.‐M. Howes
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - E. A. Warburton
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - R. W. Farndale
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - S. M. Jung
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Targeting Intramembrane Protein-Protein Interactions: Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Millions Years Old. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 111:61-99. [PMID: 29459036 PMCID: PMC7102818 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are involved in transmembrane signal transduction mediated by cell surface receptors and play an important role in health and disease. Recently, receptor-specific modulatory peptides rationally designed using a general platform of transmembrane signaling, the signaling chain homooligomerization (SCHOOL) model, have been proposed to therapeutically target these interactions in a variety of serious diseases with unmet needs including cancer, sepsis, arthritis, retinopathy, and thrombosis. These peptide drug candidates use ligand-independent mechanisms of action (SCHOOL mechanisms) and demonstrate potent efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies surprisingly revealed that in order to modify and/or escape the host immune response, human viruses use similar mechanisms and modulate cell surface receptors by targeting intramembrane PPIs in a ligand-independent manner. Here, I review these intriguing mechanistic similarities and discuss how the viral strategies optimized over a billion years of the coevolution of viruses and their hosts can help to revolutionize drug discovery science and develop new, disruptive therapies. Examples are given.
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49
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Vögtle T, Cherpokova D, Bender M, Nieswandt B. Targeting platelet receptors in thrombotic and thrombo-inflammatory disorders. Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:235-43. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-10-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryPlatelet activation at sites of vascular injury is critical for the formation of a hemostatic plug which limits excessive blood loss, but also represents a major pathomechanism of ischemic cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Although currently available antiplatelet therapies have proved beneficial in preventing the recurrence of vascular events, their adverse effects on primary hemostasis emphasize the necessity to identify and characterize novel pharmacological targets for platelet inhibition. Increasing experimental evidence has suggested that several major platelet surface receptors which regulate initial steps of platelet adhesion and activation may become promising new targets for anti-platelet drugs due to their involvement in thrombotic and thrombo-inflammatory signaling cascades.This review summarizes recent developments in understanding the function of glycoprotein (GP)Ib, GPVI and the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) in hemostasis, arterial thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation and will discuss the suitability of the receptors as novel targets to treat these diseases in humans.
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50
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Arthur JF, Gardiner EE, Andrews RK, Al-Tamimi M. Focusing on plasma glycoprotein VI. Thromb Haemost 2017; 107:648-55. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-10-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SummaryNew methods for analysing both platelet and plasma forms of the platelet-specific collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) in experimental models or human clinical samples, and the development of the first therapeutic compounds based on dimeric soluble GPVI-Fc or anti-GPVI antibody-based constructs, coincide with increased understanding of the potential pathophysiological role of GPVI ligand binding and shedding. Platelet GPVI not only mediates platelet activation at the site of vascular injury where collagen is exposed, but is also implicated in the pathogenesis of other diseases, such as atherosclerosis and coagulopathy, rheumatoid arthritis and tumour metastasis. Here, we describe some of the critical mechanisms for generating soluble GPVI from platelets, and future avenues for exploiting this unique platelet-specific receptor for diagnosis and/or disease prevention.
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