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Górska A, Mazur AJ. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK): the known vs. the unknown and perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:100. [PMID: 35089438 PMCID: PMC8799556 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional molecular actor in cell-matrix interactions, cell adhesion, and anchorage-dependent cell growth. It combines functions of a signal transductor and a scaffold protein through its interaction with integrins, then facilitating further protein recruitment within the ILK-PINCH-Parvin complex. ILK is involved in crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, which reflects on systemic changes in the kidney, heart, muscle, skin, and vascular system, also during the embryonal development. Dysfunction of ILK underlies the pathogenesis of various diseases, including the pro-oncogenic activity in tumorigenesis. ILK localizes mostly to the cell membrane and remains an important component of focal adhesion. We do know much about ILK but a lot still remains either uncovered or unclear. Although it was initially classified as a serine/threonine-protein kinase, its catalytical activity is now questioned due to structural and functional issues, leaving the exact molecular mechanism of signal transduction by ILK unsolved. While it is known that the three isoforms of ILK vary in length, the presence of crucial domains, and modification sites, most of the research tends to focus on the main isoform of this protein while the issue of functional differences of ILK2 and ILK3 still awaits clarification. The activity of ILK is regulated on the transcriptional, protein, and post-transcriptional levels. The crucial role of phosphorylation and ubiquitylation has been investigated, but the functions of the vast majority of modifications are still unknown. In the light of all those open issues, here we present an extensive literature survey covering a wide spectrum of latest findings as well as a past-to-present view on controversies regarding ILK, finishing with pointing out some open questions to be resolved by further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Górska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Ali D, Alhattab D, Jafar H, Alzubide M, Sharar N, Bdour S, Awidi A. Differential Marker Expression between Keratinocyte Stem Cells and Their Progeny Generated from a Single Colony. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910810. [PMID: 34639148 PMCID: PMC8509450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The stemness in keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) is determined by their gene expression patterns. KSCs are crucial in maintaining epidermal homeostasis and wound repair and are widely used candidates for therapeutic applications. Although several studies have reported their positive identifiers, unique biomarkers for KSCs remain elusive. Here, we aim to identify potential candidate stem cell markers. Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) from neonatal foreskin tissues were isolated and cultured. Single-cell clonal analysis identified and characterized three types of cells: KSCs (holoclones), transient amplifying cells (TACs; meroclones), and differentiated cells (DSCs; paraclones). The clonogenic potential of KSCs demonstrated the highest proliferation potential of KSCs, followed by TACs and DSCs, respectively. Whole-transcriptome analysis using microarray technology unraveled the molecular signatures of these cells. These results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry analysis. A total of 301 signature upregulated and 149 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the KSCs, compared to TACs and DSCs. Furthermore, DEG analyses revealed new sets of genes related to cell proliferation, cell adhesion, surface makers, and regulatory factors. In conclusion, this study provides a useful source of information for the identification of potential SC-specific candidate markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dema Ali
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (D.A.); (D.A.); (H.J.); (M.A.); (N.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Dana Alhattab
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (D.A.); (D.A.); (H.J.); (M.A.); (N.S.)
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Jafar
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (D.A.); (D.A.); (H.J.); (M.A.); (N.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Malak Alzubide
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (D.A.); (D.A.); (H.J.); (M.A.); (N.S.)
| | - Nour Sharar
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (D.A.); (D.A.); (H.J.); (M.A.); (N.S.)
| | - Salwa Bdour
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdalla Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (D.A.); (D.A.); (H.J.); (M.A.); (N.S.)
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.)
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Rodrigues ACZ, Messi ML, Wang ZM, Abba MC, Pereyra A, Birbrair A, Zhang T, O’Meara M, Kwan P, Lopez EIS, Willis MS, Mintz A, Files DC, Furdui C, Oppenheim RW, Delbono O. The sympathetic nervous system regulates skeletal muscle motor innervation and acetylcholine receptor stability. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13195. [PMID: 30269419 PMCID: PMC7224611 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Symptoms of autonomic failure are frequently the presentation of advanced age and neurodegenerative diseases that impair adaptation to common physiologic stressors. The aim of this work was to examine the interaction between the sympathetic and motor nervous system, the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) presynaptic motor function, the stability of postsynaptic molecular organization, and the skeletal muscle composition and function. METHODS Since muscle weakness is a symptom of diseases characterized by autonomic dysfunction, we studied the impact of regional sympathetic ablation on muscle motor innervation by using transcriptome analysis, retrograde tracing of the sympathetic outflow to the skeletal muscle, confocal and electron microscopy, NMJ transmission by electrophysiological methods, protein analysis, and state of the art microsurgical techniques, in C57BL6, MuRF1KO and Thy-1 mice. RESULTS We found that the SNS regulates motor nerve synaptic vesicle release, skeletal muscle transcriptome, muscle force generated by motor nerve activity, axonal neurofilament phosphorylation, myelin thickness, and myofibre subtype composition and CSA. The SNS also modulates the levels of postsynaptic membrane acetylcholine receptor by regulating the Gαi2 -Hdac4-Myogenin-MuRF1pathway, which is prevented by the overexpression of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gαi2 (Q205L), a constitutively active mutant G protein subunit. CONCLUSION The SNS regulates NMJ transmission, maintains optimal Gαi2 expression, and prevents any increase in Hdac4, myogenin, MuRF1, and miR-206. SNS ablation leads to upregulation of MuRF1, muscle atrophy, and downregulation of postsynaptic AChR. Our findings are relevant to clinical conditions characterized by progressive decline of sympathetic innervation, such as neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Z. Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Maria L. Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Martin C. Abba
- Basic and Applied Immunological Research Center (CINIBA), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pereyra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Meaghan O’Meara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ping Kwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Elsa I. S. Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Monte S. Willis
- Department of Pathology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - D. Clark Files
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Cristina Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ronald W. Oppenheim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Syed SB, Khan FI, Khan SH, Srivastava S, Hasan GM, Lobb KA, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Mechanistic insights into the urea-induced denaturation of kinase domain of human integrin linked kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:208-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Crawford M, Dagnino L. Scaffolding proteins in the development and maintenance of the epidermal permeability barrier. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1341969. [PMID: 28665776 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1341969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin of mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates protects the organism against the external environment, preventing heat, water and electrolyte loss, as well as entry of chemicals and pathogens. Impairments in the epidermal permeability barrier function are associated with the genesis and/or progression of a variety of pathological conditions, including genetic inflammatory diseases, microbial and viral infections, and photodamage induced by UV radiation. In mammals, the outside-in epidermal permeability barrier is provided by the joint action of the outermost cornified layer, together with assembled tight junctions in granular keratinocytes found in the layers underneath. Tight junctions serve as both outside-in and inside-out barriers, and impede paracellular movements of ions, water, macromolecules and microorganisms. At the molecular level, tight junctions consist of integral membrane proteins that form an extracellular seal between adjacent cells, and associate with cytoplasmic scaffold proteins that serve as links with the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we address the roles that scaffold proteins play specifically in the establishment and maintenance of the epidermal permeability barrier, and how various pathologies alter or impair their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
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Riis S, Newman R, Ipek H, Andersen JI, Kuninger D, Boucher S, Vemuri MC, Pennisi CP, Zachar V, Fink T. Hypoxia enhances the wound-healing potential of adipose-derived stem cells in a novel human primary keratinocyte-based scratch assay. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:587-594. [PMID: 28204820 PMCID: PMC5360363 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have suggested that paracrine factors from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) promote the healing of chronic wounds, and that the exposure of ASCs to hypoxia enhances their wound healing effect. To aid the translation of these findings into clinical use, robust wound models are necessary to explore each aspect of wound healing. The aspect of re-epithelization is often studied in a scratch assay based on transformed keratinocytes. However, there are concerns regarding the validity of this model, since these cell lines differ from normal keratinocytes, both in terms of proliferative capacity and differentiation, and sensitivity to environmental cues. In this study, the main challenge of using primary keratinocytes to examine the effects of ASCs was identified to be their different requirements for calcium in the culture media. We confirmed that a high calcium content led to morphological and cytoskeletal changes in primary keratinocytes, and demonstrated that a low calcium content compromised the growth of ASCs. We found that it is possible to perform the wound healing assay with primary keratinocytes, if the conditioned media from the ASCs is dialyzed to reduce the calcium concentration. Additionally, using this model of re-epithelization, conditioned media from normoxic ASCs was shown to markedly increase the rate of wound closure by primary keratinocytes, and this effect was significantly enhanced with media from the hypoxia-exposed ASCs. These findings, which are in line with the observations from previous in vivo studies, highlight the validity of this modified assay to investigate the wound healing properties of ASCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Riis
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Hilal Ipek
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens I Andersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Cristian P Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Ho E, Ivanova IA, Dagnino L. Integrin-linked kinase and ELMO2 modulate recycling endosomes in keratinocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2892-2904. [PMID: 27627840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of tight cell-cell junctions is essential in the epidermis for its barrier properties. In this tissue, keratinocytes follow a differentiation program tightly associated with their movement from the innermost basal to the outer suprabasal layers, and with changes in their cell-cell adhesion profile. Intercellular adhesion in keratinocytes is mediated through cell-cell contacts, including E-cadherin-based adherens junctions. Although the mechanisms that mediate E-cadherin delivery to the plasma membrane have been widely studied in simple epithelia, this process is less well understood in the stratified epidermis. In this study, we have investigated the role of Engulfment and Cell Motility 2 (ELMO2) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the positioning of E-cadherin-containing recycling endosomes during establishment of cell-cell contacts in differentiating keratinocytes. We now show that induction of keratinocyte differentiation by Ca2+ is accompanied by localization of ELMO2 and ILK to Rab4- and Rab11a-containing recycling endosomes. The positioning of long-loop Rab11a-positive endosomes at areas adjacent to cell-cell contacts is disrupted in ELMO2- or ILK-deficient keratinocytes, and is associated with impaired localization of E-cadherin to cell borders. Our studies show a previously unrecognized role for ELMO2 and ILK in modulation of endosomal positioning, which may play key roles in epidermal sheet maintenance and permeability barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Ho
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Iordanka A Ivanova
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Krenn PW, Hofbauer SW, Pucher S, Hutterer E, Hinterseer E, Denk U, Asslaber D, Ganghammer S, Sternberg C, Neureiter D, Aberger F, Wickström SA, Egle A, Greil R, Hartmann TN. ILK Induction in Lymphoid Organs by a TNFα-NF-κB-Regulated Pathway Promotes the Development of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2186-96. [PMID: 26837762 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells requires communication with the lymphoid organ microenvironment. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional intracellular adaptor protein that transmits extracellular signals to regulate malignant cell motility, metastasis, and cell-cycle progression, but is poorly characterized in hematologic malignancies. In this study, we investigated the role of ILK in the context of CLL and observed high ILK expression in patient samples, particularly in tumor cells harboring prognostic high-risk markers such as unmutated IGHV genes, high Zap70, or CD38 expression, or a signature of recent proliferation. We also found increased numbers of Ki67 (MKI67)-positive cells in regions of enhanced ILK expression in lymph nodes from CLL patients. Using coculture conditions mimicking the proliferative lymph node microenvironment, we detected a parallel induction of ILK and cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression in CLL cells that was dependent on the activation of NF-κB signaling by soluble TNFα. The newly synthesized ILK protein colocalized to centrosomal structures and was required for correct centrosome clustering and mitotic spindle organization. Furthermore, we established a mouse model of CLL in which B-cell-specific genetic ablation of ILK resulted in decelerated leukemia development due to reduced organ infiltration and proliferation of CLL cells. Collectively, our findings describe a TNFα-NF-κB-mediated mechanism by which ILK expression is induced in the lymph node microenvironment and propose that ILK promotes leukemogenesis by enabling CLL cells to cope with centrosomal defects acquired during malignant transformation. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2186-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Krenn
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian W Hofbauer
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Pucher
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evelyn Hutterer
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Hinterseer
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ursula Denk
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Asslaber
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sylvia Ganghammer
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Sternberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna Group 'Skin Homeostasis and Ageing,' Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Egle
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja N Hartmann
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.
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Sun Z, Parrish AR, Hill MA, Meininger GA. N-cadherin, A Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecule: Function and Signaling for Vasomotor Control. Microcirculation 2014; 21:208-18. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Alan R. Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
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Xia M, Zhu Y. Fibronectin enhances spinal cord astrocyte proliferation by elevating P2Y1 receptor expression. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1078-90. [PMID: 24687862 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shengyang People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shengyang People's Republic of China
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Elamin E, Masclee A, Juuti-Uusitalo K, van IJzendoorn S, Troost F, Pieters HJ, Dekker J, Jonkers D. Fatty acid ethyl esters induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism in a three-dimensional cell culture model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58561. [PMID: 23526996 PMCID: PMC3602318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Evidence is accumulating that ethanol and its oxidative metabolite, acetaldehyde, can disrupt intestinal epithelial integrity, an important factor contributing to ethanol-induced liver injury. However, ethanol can also be metabolized non-oxidatively generating phosphatidylethanol and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). This study aims to investigate the effects of FAEEs on barrier function, and to explore the role of oxidative stress as possible mechanism. Methods Epithelial permeability was assessed by paracellular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran using live cell imaging. Cell integrity was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release. Localization and protein levels of ZO-1 and occludin were analyzed by immunofluorescence and cell-based ELISA, respectively. Intracellular oxidative stress and cellular ATP levels were measured by dichlorofluorescein and luciferase driven bioluminescence, respectively. Results In vitro, ethyl oleate and ethyl palmitate dose dependently increased permeability associated with disruption and decreased ZO-1 and occludin protein levels, respectively, and increased intracellular oxidative stress without compromising cell viability. These effects could partially be attenuated by pretreatment with the antioxidant, resveratrol, pointing to the role of oxidative stress in the FAEEs-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Conclusions These findings show that FAEEs can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction by disrupting the tight junctions, most likely via reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhaseen Elamin
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Masclee
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kati Juuti-Uusitalo
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sven van IJzendoorn
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Troost
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Pieters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dekker
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Widmaier M, Rognoni E, Radovanac K, Azimifar SB, Fässler R. Integrin-linked kinase at a glance. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:1839-43. [PMID: 22637643 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.093864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Widmaier
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Martinsried, Germany
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13
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Canel M, Serrels A, Frame MC, Brunton VG. E-cadherin-integrin crosstalk in cancer invasion and metastasis. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:393-401. [PMID: 23525005 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a single-pass transmembrane protein that mediates homophilic cell-cell interactions. Tumour progression is often associated with the loss of E-cadherin function and the transition to a more motile and invasive phenotype. This requires the coordinated regulation of both E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and integrin-mediated adhesions that contact the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Regulation of both types of adhesion is dynamic as cells respond to external cues from the tumour microenvironment that regulate polarity, directional migration and invasion. Here, we review the mechanisms by which tumour cells control the cross-regulation between dynamic E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and integrin-mediated cell-matrix contacts, which govern the invasive and metastatic potential of tumours. In particular, we will discuss the role of the adhesion-linked kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), and the Rho family of GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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Takagi R, Yamato M, Murakami D, Sugiyama H, Okano T. Low calcium culture condition induces mesenchymal cell-like phenotype in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:226-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Colorectal cancer is a paracrine deficiency syndrome amenable to oral hormone replacement therapy. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 1:163-7. [PMID: 19727435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2008.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly lost gene products in colorectal carcinogenesis include the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin, the endogenous ligands for guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), the intestinal receptor for diarrheagenic bacterial enterotoxins. Recently, GCC-cGMP signaling has emerged as a principal regulator of proliferation, genetic integrity and metabolic programming in normal human enterocytes and colon cancer cells. Elimination of GCC in mice produced hyperplasia of the proliferating compartment associated with increases in rapidly cycling progenitor cells, and reprogrammed enterocyte metabolism, with a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. In addition, in colons of mice carrying mutations in Apc (Apc(Min) (/+)) or exposed to the carcinogen azoxymethane, elimination of GCC increased tumor initiation and promotion by disrupting genomic integrity and releasing cell cycle restriction. These previously unrecognized roles for GCC as a fundamental regulator of intestinal homeostasis and as an intestinal tumor suppressor suggest that receptor dysregulation reflecting paracrine hormone insufficiency is a key event during the initial stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Together with the uniform over-expression of GCC in human tumors, these novel roles for GCC underscore the potential of oral replacement with GCC ligands for targeted prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Abstract
In this chapter we review protocols for transient transfection of primary keratinocytes. The ability to transfect primary epidermal cells regardless of their differentiation status allows the biochemical and molecular characterization of multiple proteins. We review methods to analyze exogenous protein abundance in transfected keratinocytes by immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. We also present protocols to determine the subcellular distribution of these proteins by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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17
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Butler TM, Elustondo PA, Hannigan GE, MacPhee DJ. Integrin-linked kinase can facilitate syncytialization and hormonal differentiation of the human trophoblast-derived BeWo cell line. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:51. [PMID: 19463178 PMCID: PMC2695462 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the fusion pathway of trophoblast differentiation, stem villous cytotrophoblast cells proliferate and daughter cells differentiate and fuse with existing syncytiotrophoblast to maintain the multi-nucleated layer. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is highly expressed in 1st and 2nd trimester villous cytotrophoblast cells, yet barely detectable in syncytiotrophoblast, thus we examined the potential role of ILK in aiding trophoblast fusion. METHODS The temporal/spatial expression and activity of ILK were determined in BeWo cells undergoing syncytialization by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. BeWo cells were also transfected with pEGFP expression vectors containing wildtype or two mutant ILK cDNA constructs. The incidence of cell fusion in transfected cells grown under syncytialization conditions was then scored by the presence or absence of E-cadherin immunostaining. Beta-hCG expression in transfected cells, a marker of syncytiotrophoblast hormonal differentiation, was also similarly assessed. RESULTS ILK catalytic activity increased and ILK began to increasingly localize to BeWo cell nuclei during syncytialization in correlation with increased pAkt and Snail protein expression. Syncytialization was also significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in BeWo cells expressing constitutively active (ca)-ILK vs cells containing empty vector or dn-ILK. Furthermore, cytoplasmic Beta-hCG expression markedly increased (p < 0.05) in cells expressing wt- and ca-ILK. CONCLUSION ILK-facilitated syncytialization is dependent, at least in part, on ILK catalytic activity while hormonal differentiation appears dependent on both ILK-associated protein interactions and catalytic activity. This study demonstrates that ILK plays a novel role in BeWo syncytialization and differentiation, perhaps through an ILK-Akt-Snail pathway, and implicates ILK in the same process in villous cytotrophoblasts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina M Butler
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Pia A Elustondo
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Greg E Hannigan
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton Melbourne 3168, Australia
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Daniel J MacPhee
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
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18
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Ho E, Irvine T, Vilk GJA, Lajoie G, Ravichandran KS, D'Souza SJA, Dagnino L. Integrin-linked kinase interactions with ELMO2 modulate cell polarity. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3033-43. [PMID: 19439446 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization is a key prerequisite for directed migration during development, tissue regeneration, and metastasis. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein essential for cell polarization, but very little is known about the precise mechanisms whereby ILK modulates polarization in normal epithelia. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to understand tissue morphogenesis, transformation, and repair. Here we identify a novel ILK protein complex that includes Engulfment and Cell Motility 2 (ELMO2). We also demonstrate the presence of RhoG in ILK-ELMO2 complexes, and the localization of this multiprotein species specifically to the leading lamellipodia of polarized cells. Significantly, the ability of RhoG to bind ELMO is crucial for ILK induction of cell polarization, and the joint expression of ILK and ELMO2 synergistically promotes the induction of front-rear polarity and haptotactic migration. This places RhoG-ELMO2-ILK complexes in a key position for the development of cell polarity and forward movement. Although ILK is a component of many diverse multiprotein species that may contribute to cell polarization, expression of dominant-negative ELMO2 mutants is sufficient to abolish the ability of ILK to promote cell polarization. Thus, its interaction with ELMO2 and RhoG is essential for the ability of ILK to induce front-rear cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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19
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Nakrieko KA, Welch I, Dupuis H, Bryce D, Pajak A, St Arnaud R, Dedhar S, D'Souza SJA, Dagnino L. Impaired hair follicle morphogenesis and polarized keratinocyte movement upon conditional inactivation of integrin-linked kinase in the epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:1462-73. [PMID: 18234842 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-06-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is key for cell survival, migration, and adhesion, but little is known about its role in epidermal development and homeostasis in vivo. We generated mice with conditional inactivation of the Ilk gene in squamous epithelia. These mice die perinatally and exhibit skin blistering and severe defects in hair follicle morphogenesis, including greatly reduced follicle numbers, failure to progress beyond very early developmental stages, and pronounced defects in follicular keratinocyte proliferation. ILK-deficient epidermis shows abnormalities in adhesion to the basement membrane and in differentiation. ILK-deficient cultured keratinocytes fail to attach and spread efficiently and exhibit multiple abnormalities in actin cytoskeletal organization. Ilk gene inactivation in cultured keratinocytes causes impaired ability to form stable lamellipodia, to directionally migrate, and to polarize. These defects are accompanied by abnormal distribution of active Cdc42 to cell protrusions, as well as reduced activation of Rac1 upon induction of cell migration in scraped keratinocyte monolayers. Significantly, alterations in cell spreading and forward movement in single cells can be rescued by expression of constitutively active Rac1 or RhoG. Our studies underscore a central and distinct role for ILK in hair follicle development and in polarized cell movements, two key aspects of epithelial morphogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry-Ann Nakrieko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Regulatory Biology and Functional Genomics Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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20
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Ilic D, Mao-Qiang M, Crumrine D, Dolganov G, Larocque N, Xu P, Demerjian M, Brown BE, Lim ST, Ossovskaya V, Schlaepfer DD, Fisher SJ, Feingold KR, Elias PM, Mauro TM. Focal adhesion kinase controls pH-dependent epidermal barrier homeostasis by regulating actin-directed Na+/H+ exchanger 1 plasma membrane localization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:2055-67. [PMID: 17525272 PMCID: PMC1899430 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed focal adhesion kinase (FAK), linked to multiple intracellular signaling pathways, has previously been shown to control cell motility, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Using mice with a keratinocyte-restricted deletion of fak (FAK(K5 KO)), we report here a novel role for FAK: maintenance of adult epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. Abundant lacunae of unprocessed lipids in stratum corneum (SC) of FAK(K5 KO) mice and delayed barrier recovery pointed to malfunction of pH-dependent enzymes active in extracellular space of SC. Measuring the SC pH gradient showed significantly more neutral pH values in FAK(K5 KO) mice, suggesting the importance of FAK for acidification. Moreover, normal functions were restored when FAK(K5 KO) mice were exposed to a surface pH typical of mouse SC (pH = 5.5). Baseline levels and response to barrier disruption of secretory phospholipase A2 isoforms, enzymes that mediate generation of free fatty acids in epidermis, appeared similar in both FAK(K5 KO) and control littermates. We found that the critical SC acidification regulator Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 failed to localize to the plasma membrane in FAK-deficient keratinocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, for plasma membrane localization in terminally differentiated keratinocytes, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 requires an intact actin cytoskeleton, which is impaired in FAK-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusko Ilic
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Camacho-Leal P, Zhai AB, Stanners CP. A co-clustering model involving alpha5beta1 integrin for the biological effects of GPI-anchored human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:791-802. [PMID: 17286276 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CEA functions as an intercellular adhesion molecule and is up-regulated in a wide variety of human cancers, including colon, breast and lung. Its over-expression inhibits cellular differentiation, blocks cell polarization, distorts tissue architecture, and inhibits anoikis of many different cell types. Here we report results concerning the molecular mechanism involved in these biological effects, where relatively rapid molecular changes not requiring alterations in gene expression were emphasized. Confocal microscopy experiments showed that antibody-mediated clustering of a deletion mutant of CEA (DeltaNCEA), normally incapable of self binding and clustering, led to the co-localization of integrin alpha5beta1 with patches of DeltaNCEA on the cell surface. Activation of alpha5, as defined by an anti-alpha5 mAb-sensitive increase in cell adhesion to immobilized fibronectin, and an increased binding of soluble fibronectin to cells, was also observed. This was accompanied by the recruitment of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to membrane microdomains and the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK. Inhibition of PI3-K and ILK, but not MAPK, prevented the alpha5beta1 integrin activation. Conversely, anti-alpha5 antibody inhibited the PI3-K-mediated activation of Akt, implying the involvement of outside-in and inside-out signaling in integrin activation. Therefore we propose that CEA-mediated signaling involves clustering of CEA and co-clustering and activation of the alpha5beta1 and associated specific signaling elements on the internal surfaces of membrane microdomains. These changes may represent a molecular mechanism for the biological effects of CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Camacho-Leal
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Yasmeen A, Bismar TA, Al Moustafa AE. ErbB receptors and epithelial-cadherin-catenin complex in human carcinomas. Future Oncol 2007; 2:765-81. [PMID: 17155902 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.2.6.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases have important roles in maintaining normal epithelial cell function. The ErbBs are involved in the interaction between cells and cell-matrix adhesion molecules and have proven critical in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial cell environment. Deregulation of these tyrosine receptors has been associated with several human diseases. In particular, the expression or activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB2 is altered in many epithelial tumors. Epithelial (E)-cadherin is another major molecule expressed by epithelial cells. To create efficient cell-cell adhesion, E-cadherin couples its cytoplasmic domain to catenins and the actin cytoskeleton. The loss of intercellular adhesion appears to be a fundamental aspect of the neoplastic phenomena. In addition, EGFR and ErbB2 signaling associated with the E-cadherin-catenin complex has been demonstrated in normal and cancer cells. This signaling is involved in regulating cell adhesion and the invasive growth of cancers. This article provides an overview of the interaction between the ErbB tyrosine receptors and the E-cadherin-catenin complex in human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Yasmeen
- McGill University, Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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23
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Naska S, Park KJ, Hannigan GE, Dedhar S, Miller FD, Kaplan DR. An essential role for the integrin-linked kinase-glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta pathway during dendrite initiation and growth. J Neurosci 2007; 26:13344-56. [PMID: 17182785 PMCID: PMC6674996 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4462-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cues, including growth factors and circuit activity, signal to regulate the initiation and growth of mammalian dendrites. In this study, we have asked how these environmental cues regulate dendrite formation, and in particular, whether dendrite initiation and growth requires integrin-linked kinase (ILK) or its downstream effector, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). In cultured sympathetic neurons, NGF and neuronal depolarization activated ILK and promoted dendrite initiation and growth, and inhibition of ILK (either pharmacologically, with a dominant-negative form of ILK, or by genetic knockdown) reduced depolarization-induced dendrite formation. In sympathetic neurons, ILK phosphorylated and inhibited GSK-3beta, and inhibition of GSK-3beta (either pharmacologically, with dominant-negative GSK-3beta, or by genetic knockdown) caused robust dendrite initiation. GSK-3beta inhibition also caused dendrite initiation in cultured cortical neurons and growth of hippocampal neurons in slice cultures. GSK-3beta functioned downstream of ILK to regulate dendrite formation, because inhibition of GSK-3beta promoted dendrite initiation even when ILK was simultaneously inhibited. Moreover, GSK-3beta promoted dendrite formation in sympathetic neurons by regulating the activity of a key dendrite formation effector, the MAP (microtubule-associated protein) kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway. Specifically, inhibition of GSK-3beta led to increased ERK phosphorylation, and inhibition of MEK completely blocked the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition on dendrite initiation and growth. Thus, the ILK-GSK-3beta pathway plays a key role in regulating dendrite formation in developing mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Naska
- Cancer Research
- Developmental Biology, and
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Microbiology and
| | - Katya J. Park
- Cancer Research
- Developmental Biology, and
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, and
| | | | - Shoukat Dedhar
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Freda D. Miller
- Developmental Biology, and
- Brain and Behavior Programs, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Microbiology and
- Physiology and
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, and
| | - David R. Kaplan
- Cancer Research
- Developmental Biology, and
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Microbiology and
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, and
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24
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Gilcrease MZ. Integrin signaling in epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 247:1-25. [PMID: 16725254 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although most cells of adult mammals express multiple different integrins, particular types of cells have a characteristic repertoire of integrin expression. Benign and malignant epithelial cells use specific integrins to allow the epithelial microenvironment to modulate a wide variety of cell functions, including cell survival, proliferation, morphogenesis, differentiation, motility, invasion and metastasis. An important concept emerging from the data on integrin signal transduction is that integrin signaling impinges on pathways downstream of other receptors, creating elaborate intracellular signaling networks. This review highlights signal transduction functions of epithelial integrins, with particular emphasis on signaling pathways underlying some of the most important functions of epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Gilcrease
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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25
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Legate KR, Montañez E, Kudlacek O, Fässler R. ILK, PINCH and parvin: the tIPP of integrin signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:20-31. [PMID: 16493410 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ternary complex of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), PINCH and parvin functions as a signalling platform for integrins by interfacing with the actin cytoskeleton and many diverse signalling pathways. All these proteins have synergistic functions at focal adhesions, but recent work has indicated that these proteins might also have separate roles within a cell. They function as regulators of gene transcription or cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Legate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsreid, Germany.
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26
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Seo EY, Namkung JH, Lee KM, Lee WH, Im M, Kee SH, Tae Park G, Yang JM, Seo YJ, Park JK, Deok Kim C, Lee JH. Analysis of calcium-inducible genes in keratinocytes using suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray. Genomics 2005; 86:528-38. [PMID: 16084687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of skin keratinocytes is a vertically directed multistep process that is tightly controlled by the sequential expression of a variety of genes. To gain further insight into the molecular events involved in this process, we used suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) and cDNA microarray analysis. Messenger RNAs were isolated from primary skin keratinocytes cultured in vitro after treatment with calcium and then SSH was performed. A total of 840 cDNA clones were obtained from subtracted libraries, and these cDNA clones were used to make the microarray slides. Time-course cDNA microarray analysis (1, 3, 7, and 14 days after calcium treatment) revealed the global gene expression profile during keratinocyte differentiation. Of the 840 genes tested, 290 showed a greater than twofold change in expression level at least once over four time points. The genes were clustered into six groups according to their expression pattern using self-organizing map analysis and showed the global feature of function-related regulation. The genes related to keratinocyte differentiation were markedly up-regulated by calcium treatment. In addition, a unique pattern of increase was seen in the expression of genes related to ribosomal proteins. On the other hand, transcripts involved in metabolism, DNA repair, transcription, and translation were generally down-regulated. These results demonstrate the complexity of the gene expression profile that contributes to the spatiotemporal regulation of keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 640 Daesa-dong, Daejeon 301-040, Korea
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27
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Dackour R, Carter T, Steinberg BM. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates early differentiation in human laryngeal keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2005; 41:111-7. [PMID: 16029072 DOI: 10.1290/0501003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling regulates a variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, gene expression, and differentiation. Infection of laryngeal epithelial cells by human papillomaviruses causes recurrent respiratory papillomas, benign tumors characterized by an altered pattern of differentiation. Papilloma cells overexpress the EGFR and have constitutively active extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, but overexpression of the lipid phosphatase PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog) reduces activation of Akt by PI3K. We hypothesized that the altered differentiation of papillomas reflects these changes in signaling from the EGFR-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways and that one or both of these pathways is required for the normal differentiation process in mucosal epithelium. Inhibiting either the enzymatic activity or the synthesis of PI3K in uninfected laryngeal cells blocked expression of keratin-13 (K13), a protein induced during normal differentiation. In contrast, inhibiting activation of ERK had minimal effect. Using ribonucleic acid interference to reduce protein levels of integrin-linked kinase 1 or phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, intermediates in the activation of Akt by PI3K, or reducing levels of Akt-1 itself did not inhibit K13 expression by normal laryngeal keratinocytes. We conclude that PI3K activation is an important regulator of expression of K13, a marker for the normal differentiation process in human mucosal keratinocytes, that this function does not require activation of Akt-1, and that the failure to express K13 in papilloma cells is not because of reduction in activated Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raduwan Dackour
- Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System and Department of Otolaryngology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA
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28
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Vespa A, D'Souza SJA, Dagnino L. A novel role for integrin-linked kinase in epithelial sheet morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:4084-95. [PMID: 15975904 PMCID: PMC1196321 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-02-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multidomain protein involved in cell motility and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. ILK is found in integrin-containing focal adhesions in undifferentiated primary epidermal keratinocytes. Induction of keratinocyte differentiation by treatment with Ca(2+) triggers formation of cell-cell junctions, loss of focal adhesions, and ILK distribution to cell borders. We now show that Ca(2+) treatment of keratinocytes induces rapid (<or=1 h) translocation to the cell membrane of the adherens junction (AJ) proteins E-cadherin and beta-catenin. This is followed by slower (>6 h) localization of tight junction (TJ) proteins. The kinetics of ILK movement toward the cell periphery mimics that of AJ components, suggesting that ILK plays a role in the early formation of cell-cell contacts. Whereas the N terminus in ILK mediates localization to cell borders, expression of an ILK deletion mutant incapable of localizing to the cell membrane (ILK 191-452) interferes with translocation of E-cadherin/beta-catenin to cell borders, precluding Ca(2+)-induced AJ formation. Cells expressing ILK 191-452 also fail to form TJ and sealed cell-cell borders and do not form epithelial sheets. Thus, we have uncovered a novel role for ILK in epithelial cell-cell adhesion, independent of its well-established role in integrin-mediated adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Vespa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Regulatory Biology and Functional Genomics Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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29
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Chang WY, Bryce DM, D'Souza SJA, Dagnino L. The DP-1 transcription factor is required for keratinocyte growth and epidermal stratification. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51343-53. [PMID: 15448153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408635200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium constantly replenished through the ability of keratinocytes in its basal layer to proliferate and self-renew. The epidermis arises from a single-cell layer ectoderm during embryogenesis. Large proliferative capacity is central to ectodermal cell and basal keratinocyte function. DP-1, a heterodimeric partner of E2F transcription factors, is highly expressed in the ectoderm and all epidermal layers during embryogenesis. To investigate the role of DP-1 in epidermal morphogenesis, we inhibited DP-1 activity through exogenous expression of a dominant-negative mutant (dnDP-1). Expression of the dnDP-1 mutant interferes with binding of E2F/DP-1 heterodimers to DNA and inhibits DNA replication, as well as cyclin A mRNA and protein expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the cyclin A promoter is predominantly bound in proliferating keratinocytes by complexes containing E2F-3 and E2F-4. Thus, the mechanisms of decreased expression of cyclin A in the presence of dnDP-1 seem to involve inactivation of DP-1 complexes containing E2F-3 and E2F-4. To assess the consequences on epidermal morphogenesis of inhibiting DP-1 activity, we expressed dnDP-1 in rat epithelial keratinocytes in organotypic culture and observed that DP-1 inhibition negatively affected stratification of these cells. Likewise, expression of dnDP-1 in embryonic ectoderm explants produced extensive disorganization of subsequently formed epidermal basal and suprabasal layers, interfering with normal epidermal formation. We conclude that DP-1 activity is required for normal epidermal morphogenesis and ectoderm-to-epidermis transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Chang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Torkian BA, Yeh AT, Engel R, Sun CH, Tromberg BJ, Wong BJF. Modeling Aberrant Wound Healing Using Tissue-Engineered Skin Constructs and Multiphoton Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:180-7. [PMID: 15148128 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.6.3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keloids and hypertrophic scars result from aberrant wound healing and remain a potential complication of any surgical procedure or trauma. Investigation of aberrant wound healing has been limited to the study of growth factors, collagen precursors, and DNA synthesis in simple in vitro systems, which necessitate removal or destruction of cells or factors in the growth environment of cell cultures. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) can use endogenous chromophores such as collagen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase to produce thin optical sections of thick living tissues without the use of dyes or stains. Endogenous second-harmonic-generation (SHG) signals in collagen can be collected to form an MPM image. OBJECTIVE To present a novel wound-healing model used to investigate keloid-derived fibroblast activity and collagen production in the same intact tissue-engineered construct over time. METHODS Artificial tissue constructs called RAFTs (produced by suspension of keloid or normal dermal fibroblasts in type I collagen gel with an overlying keratinocyte layer) were cultured at air-fluid interface. Multiphoton microscopy SHG images of collagen in the intact tissue constructs consisting of normal or keloid-derived fibroblasts were obtained. The constructs were then incised with a scalpel. Serial MPM and phase-contrast microscopy images were obtained to monitor changes in the extracellular matrix in response to wounding of the artificial skin construct over 8 days. RESULTS The tissue-engineered constructs formed a bilayer resembling the dermis and epidermis of human skin. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed migration of keratinocytes into the defect created by scalpel wounding. The constructs were found to contract with time after wounding. The MPM SHG images showed collagen deposition in the tissue constructs after wounding. Tissue constructs with keloid-derived fibroblasts were found to deposit collagen at a higher rate than those with normal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The MPM model described herein permits serial observation of the same intact specimens without the need for fixation or cytotoxic stains. Furthermore, it demonstrates the biologic activity of RAFT artificial tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz A Torkian
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly organized tissue, containing ductal structures, secretory alveolar units, and a supporting stroma. The organization of the epithelial cells within the tissue depends upon cell-cell adhesion as well as cell interactions with the extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelial units and makes up most of the organization of the stroma. Adhesion to the extracellular matrix is mediated by a class of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors called integrins, which cluster at focal adhesions. Integrins link the matrix with an intracellular structural scaffold, the cytoskeleton, as well as with signaling enzymes that direct cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Two key enzymes that are recruited to sites of integrin clustering are focal adhesion kinase and integrin-linked kinase. Both enzymes are involved with communication downstream of integrins and have key roles in regulating cell behavior. This review will focus on what is known about focal adhesion kinase and integrin-linked kinase signaling and will discuss current evidence about their role in mammary gland biology and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schatzmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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