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Povo-Retana A, Sánchez-García S, Alvarez-Lucena C, Landauro-Vera R, Prieto P, Delgado C, Martín-Sanz P, Boscá L. Crosstalk between P2Y receptors and cyclooxygenase activity in inflammation and tissue repair. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:145-155. [PMID: 37052777 PMCID: PMC10997571 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of extracellular nucleotides as modulators of inflammation and cell stress is well established. One of the main actions of these molecules is mediated by the activation of purinergic receptors (P2) of the plasma membrane. P2 receptors can be classified according to two different structural families: P2X ionotropic ion channel receptors, and P2Y metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors. During inflammation, damaged cells release nucleotides and purinergic signaling occurs along the temporal pattern of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators by myeloid and lymphoid cells. In macrophages under pro-inflammatory conditions, the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase 2 significantly increases and enhances the circulating levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its effects both through specific plasma membrane receptors (EP1-EP4) and by activation of intracellular targets. Here we review the mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between PGE2 and P2Y receptors on macrophages, which is dependent on several isoforms of protein kinase C and protein kinase D1. Due to this crosstalk, a P2Y-dependent increase in calcium is blunted by PGE2 whereas, under these conditions, macrophages exhibit reduced migratory capacity along with enhanced phagocytosis, which contributes to the modulation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Povo-Retana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Sánchez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Alvarez-Lucena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Landauro-Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Dileepan KN, Raveendran VV, Sharma R, Abraham H, Barua R, Singh V, Sharma R, Sharma M. Mast cell-mediated immune regulation in health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1213320. [PMID: 37663654 PMCID: PMC10470157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1213320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important components of the immune system, and they perform pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory roles in the complex process of immune regulation in health and disease. Because of their strategic perivascular localization, sensitivity and adaptability to the microenvironment, and ability to release a variety of preformed and newly synthesized effector molecules, mast cells perform unique functions in almost all organs. Additionally, Mast cells express a wide range of surface and cytoplasmic receptors which enable them to respond to a variety of cytokines, chemicals, and pathogens. The mast cell's role as a cellular interface between external and internal environments as well as between vasculature and tissues is critical for protection and repair. Mast cell interactions with different immune and nonimmune cells through secreted inflammatory mediators may also turn in favor of disease promoting agents. First and forefront, mast cells are well recognized for their multifaceted functions in allergic diseases. Reciprocal communication between mast cells and endothelial cells in the presence of bacterial toxins in chronic/sub-clinical infections induce persistent vascular inflammation. We have shown that mast cell proteases and histamine induce endothelial inflammatory responses that are synergistically amplified by bacterial toxins. Mast cells have been shown to exacerbate vascular changes in normal states as well as in chronic or subclinical infections, particularly among cigarette smokers. Furthermore, a potential role of mast cells in SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction of the capillary-alveolar interface adds to the growing understanding of mast cells in viral infections. The interaction between mast cells and microglial cells in the brain further highlights their significance in neuroinflammation. This review highlights the significant role of mast cells as the interface that acts as sensor and early responder through interactions with cells in systemic organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottarappat N. Dileepan
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vineesh V. Raveendran
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Harita Abraham
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rajat Barua
- Cardiology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas, MO, United States
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Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Correia-de-Sá P, Bernardo Noronha-Matos J. Could hypoxia rehabilitate the osteochondral diseased interface? Lessons from the interplay of hypoxia and purinergic signals elsewhere. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115646. [PMID: 37321413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The osteochondral unit comprises the articular cartilage (90%), subchondral bone (5%) and calcified cartilage (5%). All cells present at the osteochondral unit that is ultimately responsible for matrix production and osteochondral homeostasis, such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, can release adenine and/or uracil nucleotides to the local microenvironment. Nucleotides are released by these cells either constitutively or upon plasma membrane damage, mechanical stress or hypoxia conditions. Once in the extracellular space, endogenously released nucleotides can activate membrane-bound purinoceptors. Activation of these receptors is fine-tuning regulated by nucleotides' breakdown by enzymes of the ecto-nucleotidase cascade. Depending on the pathophysiological conditions, both the avascular cartilage and the subchondral bone subsist to significant changes in oxygen tension, which has a tremendous impact on tissue homeostasis. Cell stress due to hypoxic conditions directly influences the expression and activity of several purinergic signalling players, namely nucleotide release channels (e.g. Cx43), NTPDase enzymes and purinoceptors. This review gathers experimental evidence concerning the interplay between hypoxia and the purinergic signalling cascade contributing to osteochondral unit homeostasis. Reporting deviations to this relationship resulting from pathological alterations of articular joints may ultimately unravel novel therapeutic targets for osteochondral rehabilitation. At this point, one can only hypothesize how hypoxia mimetic conditions can be beneficial to the ex vivo expansion and differentiation of osteo- and chondro-progenitors for auto-transplantation and tissue regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP).
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Yokota S, Chosa N, Matsumoto S, Satoh K, Ishisaki A. Extracellular adenosine 5'-diphosphate promotes MCP-1/CCL2 expression via the P2Y 13 purinergic receptor/ERK signaling axis in temporomandibular joint-derived mouse fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1595-1602. [PMID: 36526849 PMCID: PMC9889505 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) causes cartilage degeneration, bone cavitation, and fibrosis of the TMJ. However, the mechanisms underlying the fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS)-mediated inflammatory activity in TMJ-OA remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y13 purinergic receptor agonist adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) significantly induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)/ C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression in the FLS1 synovial cell line. In contrast, the uracil nucleotide UTP, which is a P2Y2 and P2Y4 agonist, has no significant effect on MCP-1/CCL2 production in FLS1 cells. In addition, the P2Y13 antagonist MRS 2211 considerably decreases the expression of ADP-induced MCP-1/CCL2, whereas ADP stimulation enhances extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Moreover, it was found that the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 reduces ADP-induced MCP-1/CCL2 expression. CONCLUSION ADP enhances MCP-1/CCL2 expression in TMJ FLSs via P2Y13 receptors in an MEK/ERK-dependent manner, thus resulting in inflammatory cell infiltration in the TMJ. Collectively, the findings of this study contribute to a partial clarification of the signaling pathway underlying the development of inflammation in TMJ-OA and can help identify potential therapeutic targets for suppressing ADP-mediated purinergic signaling in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Yokota
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, 028-3694, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Chosa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shikino Matsumoto
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimal, 020-8505, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kazuro Satoh
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimal, 020-8505, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, 028-3694, Iwate, Japan.
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Pentalinonsterol, a Phytosterol from Pentalinon andrieuxii, is Immunomodulatory through Phospholipase A 2 in Macrophages toward its Antileishmanial Action. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 80:45-61. [PMID: 34387841 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that the phytosterol, pentalinonsterol (cholest-4,20,24-trien-3-one) (PEN), isolated from the roots of Pentalinon andrieuxii, possesss immunomodulatory properties in macrophages and dendritic cells. Leishmaniasis, caused by the infection of Leishmania spp. (a protozoan parasite), is emerging as the second-leading cause of mortality among the tropical diseases and there is an unmet need for a pharmacological intervention of leishmaniasis. Given the beneficial immunomodulatory actions and lipophilic properties of PEN, the objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism(s) of action of the immunomodulatory action(s) of PEN in macrophages through the modulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity that might be crucial in the antileishmanial action of PEN. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether PEN would modulate the activity of PLA2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived primary macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and further determined how the upstream PLA2 activation would regulate the downstream cytokine release in the macrophages. Our current results demonstrated that (i) PEN induced PLA2 activation (arachidonic acid release) in a dose- and time-dependent manner that was regulated upstream by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); (ii) the PEN-induced activation of PLA2 was attenuated by the cPLA2-specific pharmacological inhibitors; and (iii) the cPLA2-specific pharmacological inhibitors attenuated the release of inflammatory cytokines from the macrophages. For the first time, our current study demonstrated that PEN exhibited its immunomodulatory actions through the activation of cPLA2 in the macrophages, which potentially could be used in the development of a pharmacological intervention against leishmaniasis.
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Lertnimitphun P, Zhang W, Fu W, Yang B, Zheng C, Yuan M, Zhou H, Zhang X, Pei W, Lu Y, Xu H. Safranal Alleviated OVA-Induced Asthma Model and Inhibits Mast Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:585595. [PMID: 34093515 PMCID: PMC8173045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.585595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asthma is a chronic and recurring airway disease, which related to mast cell activation. Many compounds derived from Chinese herbal medicine has promising effects on stabilizing mast cells and decreasing inflammatory mediator production. Safranal, one of the active compounds from Crocus sativus, shows many anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we evaluated the effect of safranal in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model. Furthermore, we investigate the effectiveness of safranal on stabilizing mast cell and inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) model. Methods OVA-induced asthma and PSA model were used to evaluate the effect of safranal in vivo. Lung tissues were collected for H&E, TB, IHC, and PAS staining. ELISA were used to determine level of IgE and chemokines (IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). RNA sequencing was used to uncovers genes that safranal regulate. Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were used to investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of safranal. Cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-α, and LTC4) and NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathway were assessed. Results Safranal reduced the level of serum IgE, the number of mast cells in lung tissue were decreased and Th1/Th2 cytokine levels were normalized in OVA-induced asthma model. Furthermore, safranal inhibited BMMCs degranulation and inhibited the production of LTC4, IL-6, and TNF-α. Safranal inhibits NF-κB and MAPKs pathway protein phosphorylation and decreases NF-κB p65, AP-1 nuclear translocation. In the PSA model, safranal reduced the levels of histamine and LTC4 in serum. Conclusions Safranal alleviates OVA-induced asthma, inhibits mast cell activation and PSA reaction. The possible mechanism occurs through the inhibition of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeraphong Lertnimitphun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Huachiew TCM Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baican Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Saffron Department and International Trade Department, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Pei
- Saffron Department and International Trade Department, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sadatomi D, Kono T, Mogami S, Fujitsuka N. Weak acids induce PGE 2 production in human oesophageal cells: novel mechanisms underlying GERD symptoms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20775. [PMID: 33247192 PMCID: PMC7695745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of weak acids with pH values in the range of 4–7 has been implicated in the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with heartburn symptom in GERD patients; however, the precise productive mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that exposure to weak acids increases PGE2 production with a peak at pH 4–5, slightly in human normal oesophageal cells (Het-1A), and robustly in oesophageal squamous carcinoma cells (KYSE-270). Release of PGE2 from the oesophageal mucosa was augmented by weak acid treatment in rat. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a bile acid, upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in Het-1A and KYSE-270 and induced PGE2 production in KYSE-270 cells. Weak acid-induced PGE2 production was significantly inhibited by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), ERK, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4), a pH-sensing ion channel, inhibitors. Hangeshashinto, a potent inhibitor of COX-2, strongly decreased weak acid- and CDCA-induced PGE2 levels in KYSE-270. These results indicated that weak acids induce PGE2 production via TRPV4/ERK/cPLA2 in oesophageal epithelial cells, suggesting a role in GERD symptoms like heartburn. Interventions targeting pH values up to 5 may be necessary for the treatment of GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sadatomi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Kono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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P2X7 ionotropic receptor is functionally expressed in rabbit articular chondrocytes and mediates extracellular ATP cytotoxicity. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:245-258. [PMID: 29845461 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP regulates various cellular functions by engaging multiple subtypes of P2 purinergic receptors. In many cell types, the ionotropic P2X7 receptor mediates pathological events such as inflammation and cell death. However, the importance of this receptor in chondrocytes remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the functional identification of P2X7 receptor in articular chondrocytes and investigate the involvement of P2X7 receptors in ATP-induced cytotoxicity. Chondrocytes were isolated from rabbit articular cartilage, and P2X7 receptor currents were examined using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. ATP-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring caspase-3/7 activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and prostagrandin E2 (PGE2) release using microscopic and fluorimetric/colorimetric evaluation. Extracellular ATP readily evoked a cationic current without obvious desensitization. This ATP-activated current was dose related, but required millimolar concentrations. A more potent P2X7 receptor agonist, BzATP, also activated this current but at 100-fold lower concentrations. ATP-induced currents were largely abolished by selective P2X7 antagonists, suggesting a predominant role for the P2X7 receptor. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of P2X7 in chondrocytes. Heterologous expression of a rabbit P2X7 clone successfully reproduced the ATP-induced current. Exposure of chondrocytes to ATP increased caspase-3/7 activities, an effect that was totally abrogated by P2X7 receptor antagonists. Extracellular ATP also enhanced LDH release, which was partially attenuated by the P2X7 inhibitor. The P2X7 receptor-mediated elevation in apoptotic caspase signaling was accompanied by increased PGE2 release and was attenuated by inhibition of either phospholipase A2 or cyclooxygenase-2. This study provides direct evidence for the presence of functional P2X7 receptors in articular chondrocytes. Our results suggest that the P2X7 receptor is a potential therapeutic target in chondrocyte death associated with cartilage injury and disorders including osteoarthritis.
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Lin CC, Lin WN, Cho RL, Wang CY, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. TNF-α-Induced cPLA 2 Expression via NADPH Oxidase/Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent NF-κB Cascade on Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:447. [PMID: 27932980 PMCID: PMC5122718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) triggers activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and then enhancing the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) in inflammatory diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of TNF-α induced cPLA2 expression were not fully defined in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). We found that TNF-α-stimulated increases in cPLA2 mRNA (5.2 folds) and protein (3.9 folds) expression, promoter activity (4.3 folds), and PGE2 secretion (4.7 folds) in HPAEpiCs, determined by Western blot, real-time PCR, promoter activity assay and PGE2 ELISA kit. These TNF-α-mediated responses were abrogated by the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase [apocynin (APO) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)], ROS [N-acetyl cysteine, (NAC)], NF-κB (Bay11-7082) and transfection with siRNA of ASK1, p47 phox , TRAF2, NIK, IKKα, IKKβ, or p65. TNF-α markedly stimulated NADPH oxidase activation and ROS including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production which were inhibited by pretreatment with a TNFR1 neutralizing antibody, APO, DPI or transfection with siRNA of TRAF2, ASK1, or p47 phox . In addition, TNF-α also stimulated p47 phox phosphorylation and translocation in a time-dependent manner. On the other hand, TNF-α induced TNFR1, TRAF2, ASK1, and p47 phox complex formation in HPAEpiCs, which were attenuated by a TNF-α neutralizing antibody. We found that pretreatment with NAC, DPI, or APO also attenuated the TNF-α-stimulated IKKα/β and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, NF-κB (p65) translocation, and NF-κB promoter activity in HPAEpiCs. Finally, we observed that TNF-α-stimulated NADPH oxidase activation and ROS generation activates NF-κB through the NIK/IKKα/β pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrated that in HPAEpiCs, up-regulation of cPLA2 by TNF-α is, at least in part, mediated through the cooperation of TNFR1, TRAF2, ASK1, and NADPH oxidase leading to ROS generation and ultimately activates NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Ling Cho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Krystel-Whittemore M, Dileepan KN, Wood JG. Mast Cell: A Multi-Functional Master Cell. Front Immunol 2016; 6:620. [PMID: 26779180 PMCID: PMC4701915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells of the myeloid lineage and are present in connective tissues throughout the body. The activation and degranulation of mast cells significantly modulates many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions in various settings. With respect to normal physiological functions, mast cells are known to regulate vasodilation, vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, angiogenesis, and venom detoxification. On the other hand, mast cells have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis, gastrointestinal disorders, many types of malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of mast cells in many pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Krystel-Whittemore
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Kottarappat N Dileepan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - John G Wood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Zimmermann H. Extracellular ATP and other nucleotides-ubiquitous triggers of intercellular messenger release. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:25-57. [PMID: 26545760 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, and ATP in particular, are cellular signal substances involved in the control of numerous (patho)physiological mechanisms. They provoke nucleotide receptor-mediated mechanisms in select target cells. But nucleotides can considerably expand their range of action. They function as primary messengers in intercellular communication by stimulating the release of other extracellular messenger substances. These in turn activate additional cellular mechanisms through their own receptors. While this applies also to other extracellular messengers, its omnipresence in the vertebrate organism is an outstanding feature of nucleotide signaling. Intercellular messenger substances released by nucleotides include neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, a considerable variety of other proteins including enzymes, numerous cytokines, lipid mediators, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, nucleotides activate or co-activate growth factor receptors. In the case of hormone release, the initially paracrine or autocrine nucleotide-mediated signal spreads through to the entire organism. The examples highlighted in this commentary suggest that acting as ubiquitous triggers of intercellular messenger release is one of the major functional roles of extracellular nucleotides. While initiation of messenger release by nucleotides has been unraveled in many contexts, it may have been overlooked in others. It can be anticipated that additional nucleotide-driven messenger functions will be uncovered with relevance for both understanding physiology and development of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling exerts significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In particular, it has emerged that extracellular nucleotides are key regulators of bone cell differentiation, survival and function. This review discusses our current understanding of the direct effects of purinergic signalling in bone, cartilage and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
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14
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The role of extracellular ATP-mediated purinergic signaling in bone, cartilage, and tooth tissue. J Oral Biosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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da Silva EZM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:698-738. [PMID: 25062998 PMCID: PMC4230976 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414545334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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16
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The roles of P2Y2 purinergic receptors in osteoblasts and mechanotransduction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108417. [PMID: 25268784 PMCID: PMC4182465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated, using osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, that P2Y2 purinergic receptors are involved in osteoblast mechanotransduction. In this study, our objective was to further investigate, using a knockout mouse model, the roles of P2Y2 receptors in bone mechanobiology. We first examined bone structure with micro-CT and measured bone mechanical properties with three point bending experiments in both wild type mice and P2Y2 knockout mice. We found that bones from P2Y2 knockout mice have significantly decreased bone volume, bone thickness, bone stiffness and bone ultimate breaking force at 17 week old age. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which P2Y2 receptors contribute to bone biology, we examined differentiation and mineralization of bone marrow cells from wild type and P2Y2 knockout mice. We found that P2Y2 receptor deficiency reduces the differentiation and mineralization of bone marrow cells. Next, we compared the response of primary osteoblasts, from both wild type and P2Y2 knockout mice, to ATP and mechanical stimulation (oscillatory fluid flow), and found that osteoblasts from wild type mice have a stronger response, in terms of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, to both ATP and fluid flow, relative to P2Y2 knockout mice. However, we did not detect any difference in ATP release in response to fluid flow between wild type and P2Y2 knock out osteoblasts. Our findings suggest that P2Y2 receptors play important roles in bone marrow cell differentiation and mineralization as well as in bone cell mechanotransduction, leading to an osteopenic phenotype in P2Y2 knockout mice.
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17
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Desjardin C, Vaiman A, Mata X, Legendre R, Laubier J, Kennedy SP, Laloe D, Barrey E, Jacques C, Cribiu EP, Schibler L. Next-generation sequencing identifies equine cartilage and subchondral bone miRNAs and suggests their involvement in osteochondrosis physiopathology. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:798. [PMID: 25227120 PMCID: PMC4190437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules ranging from 18 to 24 nucleotides. They negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play key roles in many biological processes, including skeletal development and cartilage maturation. In addition, miRNAs involvement in osteoarticular diseases has been proved and some of them were identified as suitable biomarkers for pathological conditions. Equine osteochondrosis (OC) is one of the most prevalent juvenile osteoarticular disorders in horses and represents a major concern for animal welfare and economic reasons. Its etiology and pathology remain controversial and biological pathways as well as molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in equine osteochondrosis (OC) physiopathology. Short-read NGS technology (SOLID™, Life Technologies) was used to establish a comprehensive repertoire of miRNA expressed in either equine cartilage or subchondral bone. Undamaged cartilage and subchondral bone samples from healthy (healthy samples) and OC-affected (predisposed samples) 10-month Anglo-Arabian foals were analysed. Samples were also subjected or not to an experimental mechanical loading to evaluate the role of miRNAs in the regulation of mechano-transduction pathways. Predicted targets of annotated miRNAs were identified using miRmap. Results Epiphyseal cartilage and subchondral bone miRNome were defined, including about 300 new miRNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between bone and cartilage from healthy and OC foals, as well as after an experimental mechanical loading. In cartilage, functional annotation of their predicted targets suggests a role in the maintenance of cartilage integrity through the control of cell cycle and differentiation, energy production and metabolism as well as extracellular matrix structure and dynamics. In bone, miRNA predicited targets were associated with osteoblasts and osteoclasts differentiation, though the regulation of energy production, vesicle transport and some growth factor signaling pathways. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest a role of miRNAs in equine OC physiopathology and in the cellular response to biomechanical stress in cartilage and bone. In silico target prediction and functional enrichment analysis provides new insight into OC molecular physiopathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-798) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Desjardin
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique animale et biologie intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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18
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Kasakura K, Takahashi K, Itoh T, Hosono A, Momose Y, Itoh K, Nishiyama C, Kaminogawa S. Commensal bacteria directly suppress in vitro degranulation of mast cells in a MyD88-independent manner. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1669-76. [PMID: 25273132 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.930327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The intestine harbors a substantial number of commensal bacteria that provide considerable benefits to the host. Epidemiologic studies have identified associations between alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the development of allergic disease. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Here, we show that heat-killed commensal bacteria suppressed degranulation of mast cells in vitro in a MyD88-independent manner. In particular, Enterococcus faecalis showed the strongest suppression of degranulation through partial inhibition of Ca(2+) signaling upon the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kasakura
- a College of Bioresource Sciences , Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan
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19
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Xia M, Zhu Y. Fibronectin enhances spinal cord astrocyte proliferation by elevating P2Y1 receptor expression. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1078-90. [PMID: 24687862 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shengyang People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shengyang People's Republic of China
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20
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Burnstock G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:541-72. [PMID: 23943493 PMCID: PMC3889393 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that extracellular nucleotides, signalling via purinergic receptors, participate in numerous biological processes in most tissues. It has become evident that extracellular nucleotides have significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In early development, ATP released from motor nerves along with acetylcholine acts as a cotransmitter in neuromuscular transmission; in mature animals, ATP functions as a neuromodulator. Purinergic receptors expressed by skeletal muscle and satellite cells play important pathophysiological roles in their development or repair. In many cell types, expression of purinergic receptors is often dependent on differentiation. For example, sequential expression of P2X5, P2Y1 and P2X2 receptors occurs during muscle regeneration in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. In bone and cartilage cells, the functional effects of purinergic signalling appear to be largely negative. ATP stimulates the formation and activation of osteoclasts, the bone-destroying cells. Another role appears to be as a potent local inhibitor of mineralisation. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, ATP acts via P2 receptors to limit bone mineralisation by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Extracellular ATP additionally exerts significant effects on mineralisation via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. Evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling is potentially important in several bone and joint disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. Strategies for future musculoskeletal therapies might involve modulation of purinergic receptor function or of the ecto-nucleotidases responsible for ATP breakdown or ATP transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Mitton-Fitzgerald E, Lutz MK, Dubyak GR, Ryan LM. The progressive ankylosis gene product ANK regulates extracellular ATP levels in primary articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R154. [PMID: 24286344 PMCID: PMC3978574 DOI: 10.1186/ar4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular ATP (eATP) is released by articular chondrocytes under physiological and pathological conditions. High eATP levels cause pathologic calcification, damage cartilage, and mediate pain. We recently showed that stable over-expression of the progressive ankylosis gene product, ANK, increased chondrocyte eATP levels, but the mechanisms of this effect remained unexplored. The purpose of this work was to further investigate mechanisms of eATP efflux in primary articular chondrocytes and to better define the role of ANK in this process. Methods We measured eATP levels using a bioluminescence-based assay in adult porcine articular chondrocyte media with or without a 10 minute exposure to hypotonic stress. siRNAs for known ATP membrane transporters and pharmacologic inhibitors of ATP egress pathways were used to identify participants involved in chondrocyte eATP release. Results eATP levels increased after exposure to hypotonic media in a calcium-dependent manner in monolayer and 3-dimensional agarose gel cultures (p < 0.001). A potent transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist mimicked the effects of hypotonic media. ANK siRNA suppressed basal (p < 0.01) and hypotonically-stressed (p < 0.001) ATP levels. This effect was not mediated by altered extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) levels, and was mimicked by the ANK inhibitor, probenecid (p < 0.001). The P2X7/4 receptor inhibitor Brilliant Blue G also suppressed eATP efflux induced by hypotonic media (p < 0.001), while ivermectin, a P2X4 receptor stimulant, increased eATP levels (p < 0.001). Pharmacologic inhibitors of hemichannels, maxianion channels and other volume-sensitive eATP efflux pathways did not suppress eATP levels. Conclusions These findings implicate ANK and P2X7/4 receptors in chondrocyte eATP efflux. Understanding the mechanisms of eATP efflux may result in novel therapies for calcium crystal arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Rosenzweig DH, Djap MJ, Ou SJ, Quinn TM. Mechanical injury of bovine cartilage explants induces depth-dependent, transient changes in MAP kinase activity associated with apoptosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1591-602. [PMID: 22935788 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase activity and chondrocyte apoptosis in an in vitro model of cartilage mechanical injury as a function of tissue depth and time post-injury. DESIGN Mechanically injured osteochondral explants were assessed for cell viability, MAP kinase and caspase-3 activity over 15 days using immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot. Zonal distributions of cell viability and apoptosis were quantified in the presence of specific mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors. RESULTS Viability rapidly decreased post-injury, most significantly in the superficial zone, with some involvement of the middle and deep zones, which correlated with increased caspase-3 activity. Transient and significant increases in extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity were observed in middle and deep zones at 1 and 6 days post-injury, while c-Jun-amino terminal protein kinase activity increased in the deep zone at 1 and 6 days compared to uninjured controls. Changes in p38 activity were particularly pronounced, with significant increases in all three zones 30 min post-injury, but only in the middle and deep zones after 1 and 6 days. Inhibition of ERK and p38 increased chondrocyte viability which correlated with decreased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Spatiotemporal patterns of MAP kinase signalling in cartilage after mechanical injury strongly correlate with changes in cell viability and chondrocyte apoptosis. Importantly, these signals may be pro-survival or pro-apoptotic depending on zonal location and time post-injury. These data yield mechanistic insights which may improve the diagnosis and treatment of cartilage injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rosenzweig
- Soft Tissue Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Limami Y, Pinon A, Leger DY, Pinault E, Delage C, Beneytout JL, Simon A, Liagre B. The P2Y2/Src/p38/COX-2 pathway is involved in the resistance to ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in colorectal and prostate cancer cells. Biochimie 2012; 94:1754-63. [PMID: 22521508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is resistance to apoptosis. Elucidating the mechanisms of how cancer cells evade or delay apoptosis should lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Previously, we showed that HT-29 colorectal cancer cells undergoing apoptosis overexpressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in a p38 dependent pathway, to delay ursolic acid-induced apoptosis. Here, we focused on elucidating the upstream signaling pathways regulating this resistance mechanism. The role of ATP as an extracellular signaling molecule took a long time to be accepted. In recent years, ATP and its analogs, via the activation of specific purinergic receptors, have been implicated in many biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the present report, we have demonstrated a novel role involving purinergic receptors and particularly the P2Y(2) receptor in resistance to ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in both colorectal HT-29 and prostate DU145 cancer cells. We found that ursolic acid induced an increase in intracellular ATP and P2Y(2) transcript levels. Upon activation, P2Y(2) activated Src which in turn phosphorylated p38 leading to COX-2 overexpression which induced resistance to apoptosis in both HT-29 and DU145 cells. Furthermore, Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) and Ca(2+)-dependent secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) were responsible for arachidonic acid release, the substrate of COX-2. Our findings document that apoptosis triggering was dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) activation in both cell lines after ursolic acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Limami
- Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, EA 1069, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, FR 3503 GEIST, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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Halova I, Draberova L, Draber P. Mast cell chemotaxis - chemoattractants and signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2012; 3:119. [PMID: 22654878 PMCID: PMC3360162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of mast cells is essential for their recruitment within target tissues where they play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. These processes rely on the ability of mast cells to recognize appropriate chemotactic stimuli and react to them by a chemotactic response. Another level of intercellular communication is attained by production of chemoattractants by activated mast cells, which results in accumulation of mast cells and other hematopoietic cells at the sites of inflammation. Mast cells express numerous surface receptors for various ligands with properties of potent chemoattractants. They include the stem cell factor (SCF) recognized by c-Kit, antigen, which binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE) anchored to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), highly cytokinergic (HC) IgE recognized by FcεRI, lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which binds to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Other large groups of chemoattractants are eicosanoids [prostaglandin E2 and D2, leukotriene (LT) B4, LTD4, and LTC4, and others] and chemokines (CC, CXC, C, and CX3C), which also bind to various GPCRs. Further noteworthy chemoattractants are isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1–3, which are sensitively recognized by TGF-β serine/threonine type I and II β receptors, adenosine, C1q, C3a, and C5a components of the complement, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neuroendocrine peptide catestatin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and others. Here we discuss the major types of chemoattractants recognized by mast cells, their target receptors, as well as signaling pathways they utilize. We also briefly deal with methods used for studies of mast cell chemotaxis and with ways of how these studies profited from the results obtained in other cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Chauffier K, Laiguillon MC, Bougault C, Gosset M, Priam S, Salvat C, Mladenovic Z, Nourissat G, Jacques C, Houard X, Berenbaum F, Sellam J. Induction of the chemokine IL-8/Kc by the articular cartilage: possible influence on osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79:604-9. [PMID: 22342065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL-8 and its murine equivalent keratinocyte chemoattractant (Kc), chemokines produced by chondrocytes, contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. However, the mechanisms leading to their production are poorly known. We aimed to investigate whether mechanical (compression), inflammatory (IL-1β) and metabolic (visfatin) stresses may induce the release of Kc when applied on murine cartilage. METHODS Mouse cartilage explants were subjected to intermittent compression for 4, 6 and 24h. Primary cultures of immature murine articular chondrocytes were obtained by enzymatic digestion of articular cartilage from 6-days-old newborns mice. The effect of compression, IL-1β (10, 50, 100pg/mL) and of visfatin (5μg/mL) on the release of Kc was assessed by ELISA. IL-8 levels in conditioned media from human OA joint tissues (cartilage or synovium) were also assessed. RESULTS In comparison with non-compressed explants, loading increased Kc release of 3.2-, 1.9- and 2.0-fold at 4, 6 and 24h respectively (P<0.004, n=9). IL-1β triggered an increase of Kc release by primary cultured chondrocytes of 4.1-, 15.5- and 35.2-fold at 10, 50 and 100pg/mL of IL-1β respectively (P<0.05, n=4). Likewise, visfatin (5μg/mL) induced an increase in Kc release of 56.5±25.2 fold (P=0.002, n=6). IL-8 was released in conditioned media by synovium as well as by cartilage. CONCLUSION We show for the first time that IL-8/Kc is highly responsive to mechanical, inflammatory and metabolic stresses, strengthening the hypothesis that IL-8/Kc could be added to the cytokines which may have a deleterious impact in osteoarthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Humans
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Mice
- Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/pharmacology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Chauffier
- Department of Rheumatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Pierre & Marie Curie University, 184 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Ishida K, Matsumoto T, Taguchi K, Kamata K, Kobayashi T. Mechanisms underlying altered extracellular nucleotide-induced contractions in mesenteric arteries from rats in later-stage type 2 diabetes: effect of ANG II type 1 receptor antagonism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1850-61. [PMID: 21856926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00502.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the vascular contractile responsiveness to, and signaling pathways for, extracellular nucleotides in the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes or whether the ANG II type 1 receptor blocker losartan might alter such responses. We hypothesized that nucleotide-induced arterial contractions are augmented in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and that treatment with losartan would normalize the contractions. Here, we investigated the vasoconstrictor effects of ATP/UTP in superior mesenteric arteries isolated from GK rats (37-42 wk old) that had or had not received 2 wk of losartan (25 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)). In arteries from GK rats (vs. those from Wistar rats), 1) ATP- and UTP-induced contractions, which were blocked by the nonselective P2 antagonist suramin, were enhanced, and these enhancements were suppressed by endothelial denudation, by cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, or by a cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) inhibitor; 2) both nucleotides induced increased release of PGE(2) and PGF(2α); 3) nucleotide-stimulated cPLA(2) phosphorylations were increased; 4) COX-1 and COX-2 expressions were increased; and 5) neither P2Y2 nor P2Y6 receptor expression differed, but P2Y4 receptor expression was decreased. Mesenteric arteries from GK rats treated with losartan exhibited (vs. untreated GK) 1) reduced nucleotide-induced contractions, 2) suppressed UTP-induced release of PGE(2) and PGF(2α), 3) suppressed UTP-stimulated cPLA(2) phosphorylation, 4) normalized expressions of COX-2 and P2Y4 receptors, and 5) reduced superoxide generation. Our data suggest that the diabetes-related enhancement of ATP-mediated vasoconstriction was due to P2Y receptor-mediated activation of the cPLA(2)/COX pathway and, moreover, that losartan normalizes such contractions by a suppressing action within this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ishida
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Kumahashi N, Naitou K, Nishi H, Oae K, Watanabe Y, Kuwata S, Ochi M, Ikeda M, Uchio Y. Correlation of changes in pain intensity with synovial fluid adenosine triphosphate levels after treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee with high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid. Knee 2011; 18:160-4. [PMID: 20627733 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether a clinical association exists between osteoarthritis (OA)-associated knee pain and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in synovial fluid (SF). A total of 28 patients with 28 primary OA knees were included. They routinely received intra-articular injection of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) once weekly for 5 weeks (treated group). Eight patients without knee pain who had undergone an operation for anterior or posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction 2 years ago were also examined (control group). SF and blood ATP concentrations, total amount of ATP, total SF volume, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores in all patients were measured and we compared pre-treatment values with those 1 week after the final treatment. We evaluated the correlation of change in total ATP (ΔATP) and change in VAS score (ΔVAS), ΔVAS and change in SF volume (ΔSF), and ATP concentration in SF and blood. In the treated group, SF ATP concentration, total amount of ATP, SF volume, and VAS score were all significantly lower post-treatment than pre-treatment (p = 0.0005, 0.0003, 0.0022, and < 0.0001, respectively). In treated group, ΔVAS was significantly associated with ΔATP (r = 0.56, p = 0.0032), ΔSF was significantly associated with ΔVAS (r = 0.78, p < 0.0001), and total amount of SF ATP and SF volume at pre-treatment were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001) We demonstrated an association between SF ATP level changes and OA knee pain, which should facilitate a further understanding of OA pain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kumahashi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ohda Municipal Hospital, 1428-3 Yoshinaga Ohda-shi, Shimane 694-0063, Japan
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Xia M, Zhu Y. Signaling pathways of ATP-induced PGE2 release in spinal cord astrocytes are EGFR transactivation-dependent. Glia 2011; 59:664-74. [PMID: 21294165 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is characterized by an immediate, irreversible loss of tissue at the lesion site, as well as a secondary expansion of tissue damage over time. Although secondary injury should, in principle, be preventable, no effective treatment options currently exist for patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Excessive release of ATP by the traumatized tissue, triggers the rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and has beenimplicated in acute and chronic neuropathic pain and inflammation. But the intracellular pathways between ATP and PGE2 remain largely unknown. We have explored the signaling events involved in this synthesis by primarily culturing spinal cord astrocytes: (1) we determined significant PGE2 production increased by ATP is mainly via Subtype 1 of P2 purinoceptors (P2Y1) but not P2Y2; (2) we found that ATP strongly increased the level of intracellular Ca(2+) via P2Y1 receptor; (3) we indicated that ATP stimulates the definitely release of AA and PGE2 which involved the transactivation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK(1/2) ) and the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2) ); (4) we examined ATP could increase the phosphorylation of Akt via P2Y1 receptor which also depend on the transactivation of EGFR, but the activation of Akt has no effect on the downstream of cPLA(2) phosphorylation. ATP induced by SCI could mobilize the release of AA and PGE2. And inhibition of PGE2 release reduces behavioral signs of pain after SCI and peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Ding L, Heying E, Nicholson N, Stroud NJ, Homandberg GA, Guo D, Buckwalter JA, Martin JA. Mechanical impact induces cartilage degradation via mitogen activated protein kinases. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1509-17. [PMID: 20813194 PMCID: PMC3013628 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the activation of Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases in and around cartilage subjected to mechanical damage and to determine the effects of their inhibitors on impaction-induced chondrocyte death and cartilage degeneration. DESIGN The phosphorylation of MAP kinases was examined with confocal microscopy and immunoblotting. The effects of MAP kinase inhibitors on impaction-induced chondrocyte death and proteoglycan (PG) loss were determined with fluorescent microscopy and 1, 9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue (DMMB) assay. The expression of catabolic genes at mRNA levels was examined with quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Early p38 activation was detected at 20 min and 1h post-impaction. At 24h, enhanced phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 was visualized in chondrocytes from in and around impact sites. The phosphorylation of p38 was increased by 3.0-fold in impact sites and 3.3-fold in adjacent cartilage. The phosphorylation of ERK-1 was increased by 5.8-fold in impact zone and 5.4-fold in adjacent cartilage; the phosphorylation of ERK-2 increased by 4.0-fold in impacted zone and 3.6-fold in adjacent cartilage. Furthermore, the blocking of p38 pathway did not inhibit impaction-induced ERK activation. The inhibition of p38 or ERK pathway significantly reduced injury-related chondrocyte death and PG losses. Quantitative Real-time PCR analysis revealed that blunt impaction significantly up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and ADAMTS-5 expression. CONCLUSION These findings implicate p38 and ERK mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the post-injury spread of cartilage degeneration and suggest that the risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) following joint trauma could be decreased by blocking their activities, which might be involved in up-regulating expressions of MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Emily Heying
- Department of Biology, Wartburg College, Waverly, Iowa, USA
| | - Nathan Nicholson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicolas J. Stroud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gene A. Homandberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Danping Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Joseph A. Buckwalter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James A. Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Corresponding author. 500 Newton Road, 1182 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Rosenthal AK, Hempel D, Kurup IV, Masuda I, Ryan LM. Purine receptors modulate chondrocyte extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate production. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1496-501. [PMID: 20709180 PMCID: PMC2975862 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) plays a key role in the regulation of normal and pathologic mineralization. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of P1 and P2 purine receptors in modulating ePPi production by articular chondrocytes. METHODS Porcine cartilage explants and chondrocyte monolayers were cultured in the presence of P1 agonists, or a P2 agonist or antagonist and inhibitors of P2 signaling. Ambient media ePPi concentrations were measured after 48-96h. RESULTS The P1 agonists NECA and CGS 21680 significantly decreased ePPi concentrations surrounding chondrocytes and cartilage explants. The P2 agonist, ADP, increased ePPi levels, and the P2 antagonist, suramin, decreased ePPi concentrations. Thapsigargin and 1,2 bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N'N'-tetra acetic acid (BAPTA), which dampen Ca(2+)-related P2 signaling, suppressed the response to ADP. CONCLUSIONS Purine receptors are important regulators of ePPi production by chondrocytes. P1 receptor stimulation diminishes and P2 receptor stimulation enhances ePPi production. Alterations in receptor signaling or aberrations of extracellular purine nucleotide metabolism resulting in abnormal quantities or proportions of P1 and P2 receptor ligands could foster changes in ePPi production that in turn affect mineralization. We propose a homeostatic role for extracellular purine nucleotides and purine receptors in stabilizing ePPi concentrations.
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Corda D, Zizza P, Varone A, Filippi BM, Mariggiò S. The glycerophosphoinositols: cellular metabolism and biological functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3449-67. [PMID: 19669618 PMCID: PMC11115907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The glycerophosphoinositols are cellular products of phospholipase A(2) and lysolipase activities on the membrane phosphoinositides. Their intracellular concentrations can vary upon oncogenic transformation, cell differentiation and hormonal stimulation. Specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases are involved in their catabolism, which, as with their formation, is under hormonal regulation. With their mechanisms of action including modulation of adenylyl cyclase, intracellular calcium levels, and Rho-GTPases, the glycerophosphoinositols have diverse effects in multiple cell types: induction of cell proliferation in thyroid cells; modulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation in fibroblasts; and reduction of the invasive potential of tumour cell lines. More recent investigations include their effects in inflammatory and immune responses. Indeed, the glycerophosphoinositols enhance cytokine-dependent chemotaxis in T-lymphocytes induced by SDF-1alpha-receptor activation, indicating roles for these compounds as modulators of T-cell signalling and T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corda
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
| | - Pasquale Zizza
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
| | - Alessia Varone
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
| | - Beatrice Maria Filippi
- Present Address: MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
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Ryan JA, Eisner EA, DuRaine G, You Z, Reddi AH. Mechanical compression of articular cartilage induces chondrocyte proliferation and inhibits proteoglycan synthesis by activation of the ERK pathway: implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:107-16. [PMID: 19177463 DOI: 10.1002/term.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is recalcitrant to endogenous repair and regeneration and is thus a focus of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies. A prerequisite for articular cartilage tissue engineering is an understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in mechanical compression during trauma or disease. We sought to explore the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) pathway in chondrocyte proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis following acute mechanical compression. Bovine articular cartilage explants were cultured with and without the ERK 1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059. Cartilage explants were statically loaded to 40% strain at a strain rate of 1/s for 5 s. Control explants were cultured under similar conditions but were not loaded. There were four experimental groups: (a) no load, without inhibitor; (b) no load, with the inhibitor PD98059; (c) loaded, without the inhibitor; and (d) loaded, with the inhibitor PD98059. The explants were cultured for varying durations from 5 min to 5 days and were then analysed by biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Mechanical compression induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, and this was attenuated with the ERK 1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 in a dose-dependent manner. Chondrocyte proliferation was increased by mechanical compression. This effect was blocked by the inhibitor of the ERK 1/2 pathway. Mechanical compression also led to a decrease in proteoglycan synthesis that was reversed with inhibitor PD98059. In conclusion, the ERK 1/2 pathway is involved in the proliferative and biosynthetic response of chondrocytes following acute static mechanical compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Ryan
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Lawrence Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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du Souich P, García AG, Vergés J, Montell E. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of chondroitin sulphate. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:1451-63. [PMID: 19522843 PMCID: PMC3828858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is a natural glycosaminoglycan present in the extracellular matrix and is formed by the 1–3 linkage of D-glucuronic acid to N-acetylgalactosamine. In chondrocytes, CS diminishes interleukin-1 p (IL-1p)-induced increases in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation, and decreases nuclear factor-KB (NF-kB) nuclear translocation and as a consequence, reduces the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 p and TNF-a, and pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2). The mechanism of action of CS explains its beneficial effect on the cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone. On the other hand, in vivo, CS given orally prevents hepatic NF-κB nuclear translocation, suggesting that systemic CS may elicit an anti-inflammatory effect in many tissues besides the articulation. There is preliminary evidence showing that in human beings, CS may be of benefit in other diseases where inflammation is an essential marker, such as psoriasis and atherosclerosis. The review of the literature suggest that CS might also be of interest for the treatment of other diseases with an inflammatory and/or autoimmune character, such as inflammatory bowel disease, degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and stroke, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick du Souich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Namdari S, Wei L, Moore D, Chen Q. Reduced limb length and worsened osteoarthritis in adult mice after genetic inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity in cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3520-9. [PMID: 18975318 DOI: 10.1002/art.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MAP kinase p38 is part of an intracellular signaling pathway activated by environmental stress and inflammatory factors. Since in vitro studies show that inhibiting p38 activity leads to a reduction in the release of degenerative metalloproteinase from chondrocytes, we speculated that inactivation of p38 in vivo may be chondroprotective. To test this hypothesis, we examined the morphology of adult mice that express a dominant-negative (DN) p38 MAPK transgene in a cartilage-specific manner. METHODS The in vivo effects of the genetic inhibition of p38 MAPK activity in cartilage were investigated in 1-year-old heterozygous DN p38-transgenic mice (n = 10) using morphologic measurements, microfocal computed tomography scanning, biomechanical testing, and histologic analysis. Results were compared with those in wild-type (WT) littermates (n = 9). RESULTS Adult DN p38 MAPK+/- -transgenic mice exhibited 50% p38 MAPK activity in articular chondrocytes as compared with WT mice. They were significantly shorter in overall body length as well as in the femur and tibia lengths. There were no differences in bone material or mechanical properties between the transgenic and WT mice. Surprisingly, the transgenic mice had higher grades of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. CONCLUSION Genetic inhibition of p38 MAPK activity in cartilage results in shortened limb length and defects in the articular cartilage of the knee joints of adult mice. Our findings demonstrate that chronic life-long reduction of p38 MAPK activity may be harmful to joint health and suggest that the timing of p38 inhibition for chondroprotection in vivo is an important variable that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surena Namdari
- Rhode Island Hospital, and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Barbieri R, Alloisio S, Ferroni S, Nobile M. Differential crosstalk between P2X7 and arachidonic acid in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:255-62. [PMID: 18804898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that astroglial syncytium plays key role in normal and pathological brain functions. Astrocytes both in vitro and in situ respond to extracellular adenine-based nucleotides via the activation of P2 receptors. Massive release of ATP from neurons and glial cells occurs as a result of pathological conditions of the brain leading to neuroinflammation and involving P2X7 receptors. In this study, we investigated whether P2X7 stimulation on cultured cortical astrocytes promoted a differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and whether the second messenger arachidonic acid (AA), which is also a key modulator of neuroinflammation, affected the P2X7-mediated MAPK phosphorylation. The results show that the synthetic P2X7 receptor agonist 2',3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (BzATP), induced a concentration-dependent phosphorylation of MAPK ERK1/2, JNK and p38. Stimulation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 phosphorylation was also obtained by pathophysiological levels of extracellularly applied AA. Interestingly, a robust potentiation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was elicited by co-application of BzATP and AA, whereas no differences were observed in JNK or p38 phosphosignals. The kinases activation showed a differential dependence on the presence of extracellular Ca(2+). The potentiation of BzATP-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was also observed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) stably transfected with rat P2X7, but not in HEK cells expressing truncated P2X7 receptor lacking the full cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal or in those carrying the structurally related rat P2X2. AA and BzATP synergism in ERK1/2 activation was abolished by cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors. The result that ERK1/2-mediated transduction pathway is synergistically modulated by ATP and AA signalling depicts possible novel pharmacological targets for interfering with pathological activation of astroglial cells.
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Wei S, Siegal GP. Mechanisms modulating inflammatory osteolysis: a review with insights into therapeutic targets. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:695-706. [PMID: 18757139 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory osteolysis is a relatively frequent and incapacitating complication of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple other inflammation-associated bone diseases. It is thought to operate through an ultimate common pathway of accelerated osteoclast recruitment and activation under the control of cytokines produced in the inflammatory environment. Over the past decade, there have been major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis. It is now clear that the interaction of receptor activator NF-kappaB (RANK) and its ligand, RANKL, plays a central role in osteoclast formation and activity. Therefore, understanding osteoclastogenesis offers new pathways for potential therapeutic intervention in inflammatory osteolysis. The success of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 therapy highlights the central role that these specific cytokines play in this disease. This review outlines our current understanding of the mechanisms mediating inflammatory osteolysis and highlights potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35223, USA
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Zhang R, Wang L, Peng B. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rat periapical lesions. J Endod 2008; 34:1207-10. [PMID: 18793921 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) during the development of periapical lesions in rats. Periapical lesions developed within 28 days after pulp exposure of mandibular first molars in Wistar rats. The animals were sacrificed randomly at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after pulpal exposure. The jaws that contained the first molar were obtained and routinely prepared for immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry. A few phosphorylated p38 MAPK (P-p38)-positive cells and osteoclasts could be observed on day 7; both peaked in number on day 14. In the 21- and 28-day samples, the P-p38 MAPK expression decreased and fewer osteoclasts were observed. From day 7 to day 28, a significant positive correlation was found between P-p38 MAPK expression and osteoclasts. These findings showed that the activation of p38 MAPK might be associated with bone resorption in periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
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Iovu M, Dumais G, du Souich P. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16 Suppl 3:S14-8. [PMID: 18667340 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is primarily characterized by areas of destruction of articular cartilage and by synovitis. Articular damage and synovitis are secondary to local increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), enzymes with proteolytic activity (matrix metalloproteinases), and enzymes with pro-inflammatory activity (cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-2). Enhanced expression of these proteins in chondrocytes and in synovial membrane appears associated to the activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) prevents joint space narrowing and reduces joint swelling and effusion. To produce these effects, CS elicits an anti-inflammatory effect at the chondral and synovial levels. CS and its disaccharides reduce NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, probably by diminishing extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, p38mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. This review discusses the evidence supporting that CS pleiotropic effects in chondrocytes and synoviocytes are primarily due to a common mechanism, e.g., the inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iovu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kim DH, Fitzsimmons B, Hefferan MP, Svensson CI, Wancewicz E, Monia BP, Hung G, Butler M, Marsala M, Hua XY, Yaksh TL. Inhibition of spinal cytosolic phospholipase A(2) expression by an antisense oligonucleotide attenuates tissue injury-induced hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 2008; 154:1077-87. [PMID: 18511207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the spinal phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) -cyclooxygenase (COX) -prostaglandin signaling pathway is widely implicated in nociceptive processing. Although the role of spinal COX isoforms in pain signal transmission has been extensively characterized, our knowledge of PLA(2) enzymes in this cascade is limited. Among all PLA(2) groups, cytosolic calcium-dependent PLA(2) group IVA (cPLA(2)IVA) appears to be the predominant PLA(2) enzyme in the spinal cord. In the present study we sought to (i) characterize anatomical and cellular distribution and localization of cPLA(2)IVA in dorsal horn of rat spinal cord, (ii) verify efficacy and selectivity of intrathecal (IT) delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide (AS) targeting rat cPLA(2)IVA mRNA on spinal expression of this enzyme, and (iii) examine the effect of down-regulation of spinal cPLA(2)IVA on peripheral tissue injury-induced pain behavior. Here we demonstrate that cPLA(2)IVA is constitutively expressed in rat spinal cord, predominantly in dorsal horn neurons and oligodendrocytes but not in astrocytes or microglia. Intrathecal injection of AS significantly down-regulated both protein and gene expression of cPLA(2)IVA in rat spinal cord, while control missense oligonucleotide (MS) had no effect. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that the reduction occurred in neurons and oligodendrocytes. cPLA(2)IVA AS did not alter expression of several other PLA(2) isoforms, such as secretory PLA(2) (groups IIA and V) and calcium-independent PLA(2) (group VI), indicating that the AS was specific for cPLA(2)IVA. This selective knockdown of spinal cPLA(2)IVA did not change acute nociception (i.e. paw withdrawal thresholds to acute thermal stimuli and intradermal formalin-induced first phase flinching), however, it significantly attenuated formalin-induced hyperalgesia (i.e. second phase flinching behavior), which reflects spinal sensitization. Thus the present findings suggest that cPLA(2)IVA may specifically participate in spinal nociceptive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0818, USA
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Jomphe C, Gabriac M, Hale TM, Héroux L, Trudeau LE, Deblois D, Montell E, Vergés J, du Souich P. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB in interleukin-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 102:59-65. [PMID: 17983423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is referred as a symptomatic slow-acting drug for osteoarthritis because it improves articular function, and reduces joint swelling and effusion. In addition, chondroitin sulfate prevents joint space narrowing of the knee. We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory effect of chondroitin sulfate is associated to a decrease in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and of the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Cultured rabbit chondrocytes were stimulated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in presence of chondroitin sulfate. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and AP-1, and nitrite concentrations (as an index for nitric oxide) was assessed 48 hr later. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on IL-1beta activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38MAPK was documented by immunoblot. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis was evaluated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling assay. Chondroitin sulfate reduced IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, but not AP-1 translocation, it decreased IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and abrogated p38MAPK phosphorylation, but did not prevent IL-1beta-induced increase in nitrite. Finally, chondroitin sulfate decreased nitroprusside-induced apoptosis of the chondrocytes. These results suggest that some of the biological activities of chondroitin sulfate may be associated to the reduction in Erk1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear transactivation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jomphe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Meng F, To W, Kirkman-Brown J, Kumar P, Gu Y. Calcium oscillations induced by ATP in human umbilical cord smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:79-87. [PMID: 17477379 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arterial smooth muscle cells exhibit vasomotion, related to oscillations in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, but the origin and function of these has not yet been fully determined. We measured intracellular Ca(2+) using conventional fluorescent methods in primary cultured, human umbilical cord artery smooth muscle cells (HUCASMC). Spontaneous oscillations in Ca(2+) was found in only 1% of all cells but exogenous, micromolar concentrations of ATP could induce Ca(2+) oscillations in 70% of cells with the most common pattern being one of regular amplitude and frequency with a return to basal levels between each peak. The P2Y agonist, UTP, but not the P2X agonist alphabeta-methylene ATP, could also induce Ca(2+) oscillations. Once induced, these oscillations could not be blocked by G-protein, PLC, VGCC or TRP channel antagonists applied individually, but could be prevented when antagonists were applied together. In the presence of EGTA, micromolar concentrations of ATP induced an elevation in intracellular Ca(2+) but did not induce Ca(2+) oscillations. The oscillation frequency induced by ATP was affected by bath Ca(2+) concentration. Taken together, these data suggest that external Ca(2+) entry maintains the Ca(2+) oscillation induced by activation of P2Y receptors. Once induced, multiple mechanisms are involved to maintain the oscillation and the oscillation frequency is determined by the speed of Ca(2+) refilling. Chronic hypoxia enhanced the Ca(2+) response and altered the oscillation frequency. We suggest that these oscillations may play a role in the maintenance of umbilical blood flow during situations in which GPCR are activated.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Hypoxia/drug effects
- Cell Hypoxia/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/classification
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Uridine Triphosphate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Meng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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Kudirka JC, Panupinthu N, Tesseyman MA, Dixon SJ, Bernier SM. P2Y nucleotide receptor signaling through MAPK/ERK is regulated by extracellular matrix: involvement of beta3 integrins. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:54-64. [PMID: 17620283 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix influences cell behavior through receptors such as integrins and through transmission of mechanical forces. Nucleotides are released in response to mechanical stimuli and bind to P2 nucleotide receptors. As chondrocytes are subjected to frequent mechanical stimulation within a rich extracellular matrix, they are an excellent model for studying integration of signals induced by matrix and nucleotides. We investigated signaling of G protein-coupled P2Y receptors to MAPK/ERK and how this is influenced by matrix. Rat articular chondrocytes expressed transcripts for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 receptors and responded to extracellular nucleotides by transient elevation of cytosolic calcium and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation. ERK1/2 activation was suppressed by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide I and rottlerin, and by the phospholipase D inhibitor 1-butanol. Thus, nucleotides stimulate P2Y receptors to activate ERK1/2 through a mechanism dependent on PKC and phospholipase D. We next examined the involvement of integrins. Both an RGD-containing pentapeptide and a beta3 integrin blocking antibody, but not a beta1 integrin blocking antibody, abolished nucleotide-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, chondrocytes adhering to fibronectin (which binds to beta1 and beta3 containing integrins in an RGD-dependent manner) displayed prolonged ERK1/2 signaling compared to cells grown on type I or II collagen (which bind to beta1-containing integrins in an RGD-independent manner). In conclusion, P2Y receptor signaling through ERK1/2 is gated selectively by matrix proteins. Thus, nucleotides released in response to mechanical stimulation will have differing effects on cell function due to changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Kudirka
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Racz B, Reglodi D, Fodor B, Gasz B, Lubics A, Gallyas F, Roth E, Borsiczky B. Hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptotic signaling pathways in chondrocytes. Bone 2007; 40:1536-43. [PMID: 17392049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes have a well-developed osmoregulatory system that enables cells to survive in a constantly changing osmotic environment. However, osmotic loading exceeding that occurring under physiological conditions severely compromises chondrocyte function and leads to degenerative changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the form of cell death and changes in apoptotic signaling pathways under hyperosmotic stress using a primary chondrocyte culture. Cell viability and apoptosis assays performed with annexin V and propidium iodide staining showed that a highly hyperosmotic medium (600 mOsm) severely reduced chondrocyte viability and led mainly to apoptotic cell death, while elevating osmotic pressure within the physiological range caused no changes compared to isosmotic conditions. Western blot analysis revealed that a 600 mOsm hyperosmotic environment induced the activation of proapoptotic members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, and led to an increased level of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Hyperosmotic stress also induced the activation of caspase-3. In summary, our results show that hyperosmotic stress leads to mainly apoptotic cell death via the involvement of proapoptotic signaling pathways in a primary chondrocyte culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka Racz
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Pecs University Medical School, Kodaly Z. u. 20, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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Abstract
When activated by specific antigen, complement, or other transmembrane stimuli, mast cells (MCs) generate three eicosanoids: prostaglandin (PG)D(2), leukotriene (LT)B(4), and LTC(4), the parent molecule of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs). These diverse lipid mediators, which are generated from a single cell membrane-associated precursor, arachidonic acid, can initiate, amplify, or dampen inflammatory responses and influence the magnitude, duration, and nature of subsequent immune responses. PGD(2) and cysLTs, which were originally recognized for their bronchoconstricting and vasoactive properties, also serve diverse and pivotal functions in effector cell trafficking, antigen presentation, leukocyte activation, matrix deposition, and fibrosis. LTB(4) is a powerful chemoattractant for neutrophils and certain lymphocyte subsets. Thus, MCs can contribute to each of these processes through eicosanoid generation. Additionally, MCs express G-protein-coupled receptors specific for cysLTs, LTB(4), and another eicosanoid, PGE(2). Each of these receptors can regulate MC functions in vivo by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. This review focuses on the biologic functions for MC-associated eicosanoids, the regulation of their production, and the mechanisms by which eicosanoids may regulate MC function in host defense and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Levy A, Pigenet A, Thirion S, Saffar JL, Jacques C. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage explants under compression: mPGES-1 is a mechanosensitive gene. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R135. [PMID: 16872525 PMCID: PMC1779392 DOI: 10.1186/ar2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) results, at least in part, from overloading and inflammation leading to cartilage degradation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the main catabolic factors involved in OA. Its synthesis is the result of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) activities whereas NAD+-dependent 15 hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is the key enzyme implicated in the catabolism of PGE2. For both COX and PGES, three isoforms have been described: in cartilage, COX-1 and cytosolic PGES are constitutively expressed whereas COX-2 and microsomal PGES type 1 (mPGES-1) are inducible in an inflammatory context. COX-3 (a variant of COX-1) and mPGES-2 have been recently cloned but little is known about their expression and regulation in cartilage, as is also the case for 15-PGDH. We investigated the regulation of the genes encoding COX and PGES isoforms during mechanical stress applied to cartilage explants. Mouse cartilage explants were subjected to compression (0.5 Hz, 1 MPa) for 2 to 24 hours. After determination of the amount of PGE2 released in the media (enzyme immunoassay), mRNA and proteins were extracted directly from the cartilage explants and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting respectively. Mechanical compression of cartilage explants significantly increased PGE2 production in a time-dependent manner. This was not due to the synthesis of IL-1, since pretreatment with interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1-Ra) did not alter the PGE2 synthesis. Interestingly, COX-2 and mPGES-1 mRNA expression significantly increased after 2 hours, in parallel with protein expression, whereas COX-3 and mPGES-2 mRNA expression was not modified. Moreover, we observed a delayed overexpression of 15-PGDH just before the decline of PGE2 synthesis after 18 hours, suggesting that PGE2 synthesis could be altered by the induction of 15-PGDH expression. We conclude that, along with COX-2, dynamic compression induces mPGES-1 mRNA and protein expression in cartilage explants. Thus, the mechanosensitive mPGES-1 enzyme represents a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Gosset
- UMR 7079 CNRS, Physiology and Physiopathology Laboratory, University Paris 6, quai St-Bernard, Paris, 75252 Cedex 5, France
| | - Francis Berenbaum
- UMR 7079 CNRS, Physiology and Physiopathology Laboratory, University Paris 6, quai St-Bernard, Paris, 75252 Cedex 5, France
- Department of Rheumatology, UFR Pierre et Marie Curie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Arlette Levy
- UMR 7079 CNRS, Physiology and Physiopathology Laboratory, University Paris 6, quai St-Bernard, Paris, 75252 Cedex 5, France
| | - Audrey Pigenet
- UMR 7079 CNRS, Physiology and Physiopathology Laboratory, University Paris 6, quai St-Bernard, Paris, 75252 Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Thirion
- CNE Neuroendocrine Cellular Interactions, UMR CNRS 6544, Mediterranean University, Faculty of Medecine, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jean-Louis Saffar
- Laboratory on Oro-facial Repair and Replannings EA 2496, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Odontology, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Claire Jacques
- UMR 7079 CNRS, Physiology and Physiopathology Laboratory, University Paris 6, quai St-Bernard, Paris, 75252 Cedex 5, France
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Chowdhury TT, Knight MM. Purinergic pathway suppresses the release of .NO and stimulates proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocyte/agarose constructs subjected to dynamic compression. J Cell Physiol 2007; 209:845-53. [PMID: 16924659 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading plays a fundamental role in the physiological and pathological processes of articular cartilage. The application of dynamic compression to chondrocytes cultured in agarose, downregulates the release of nitric oxide (NO) and enhances cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis. We hypothesize that the observed metabolic changes in response to dynamic compression involve a purinergic signaling pathway. Chondrocyte/agarose constructs were subjected to dynamic compression (15%, 1 Hz, 48 h) in the presence of antagonists for the purinergic pathway. Gadolinium was used as a putative inhibitor of stretch-activated calcium ion channels including adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) release channels; suramin was employed as a P2 receptor antagonist and apyrase was used to catalyze the hydrolysis of extracellular ATP. The data presented demonstrate that in the absence of the inhibitor, dynamic compression suppressed .NO release. Treatment with gadolinium and suramin caused a compression-induced upregulation of .NO release, a response abolished with apyrase. Compression-induced stimulation of cell proliferation was reversed with gadolinium, suramin, or apyrase. By contrast, compression-induced stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis was abolished under all treatment conditions. Thus, the purinergic pathway is important in suppressing the release of .NO and stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis. Indeed, high levels of .NO could trigger a downstream catabolic response and mediate the compression-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. The current study demonstrates for the first time the importance of a purinergic pathway in mediating the metabolic response to dynamic compression and suppressing an inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Chowdhury
- Medical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, UK.
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Nucleotide receptor signalling and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:39-51. [PMID: 18404417 PMCID: PMC2096761 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of extracellular nucleotides are present at sites of inflammation, platelet degranulation and cellular damage or lysis. These extracellular nucleotides can lead to the activation of purinergic (nucleotide) receptors on various leukocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils. In turn, nucleotide receptor activation has been linked to increased cellular production and release of multiple inflammatory mediators, including superoxide anion, nitric oxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present review, we will summarize the evidence that extracellular nucleotides can facilitate the generation of multiple ROS by leukocytes. In addition, we will discuss several potential mechanisms by which nucleotide-enhanced ROS production may occur. Delineation of these mechanisms is important for understanding the processes associated with nucleotide-induced antimicrobial activities, cell signalling, apoptosis, and pathology.
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Abstract
Inflammatory osteolysis is a relatively frequent and incapacitating complication of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, and is induced by accelerated osteoclast recruitment and activation in bone under the aegis of cytokines produced in the inflammatory environment. The success of antitumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 therapy in correcting this condition highlights the central role of these cytokines in this process. Recent years have witnessed a revolution in understanding the molecular mechanism and pathogenesis of this family of diseases. It is now clear that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase plays an essential role in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine-induced osteoclastogenesis, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for prevention of pathologic bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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49
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Mariggiò S, Sebastià J, Filippi BM, Iurisci C, Volonté C, Amadio S, De Falco V, Santoro M, Corda D. A novel pathway of cell growth regulation mediated by a PLA2α‐derived phosphoinositide metabolite. FASEB J 2006; 20:2567-9. [PMID: 17060404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5397fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositides have well-defined roles in the control of cellular functions, including cytoskeleton dynamics, membrane trafficking, and cell signaling. However, the interplay among the phosphoinositides and their diffusible derivatives that originate through phospholipase A2 action (the lysophosphoinositides and glycerophosphoinositols) remains to be fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that in PCCl3 rat thyroid cells, the intracellular levels of glycerophosphoinositol are finely modulated by ATP and norepinephrine through the P2Y metabotropic and alpha-adrenergic receptors, respectively. The enzyme involved here is phospholipase A2 IValpha (PLA2 IValpha), which in these cells specifically hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol, forming lysophosphatidylinositol, glycerophosphoinositol, and arachidonic acid. This receptor-mediated activation of PLA2 IValpha leads to stimulation of PCCl3 cell growth. The involvement of a PLA2 IValpha-mediated pathway is demonstrated by inhibition of the increase in intracellular glycerophosphoinositol levels and cell proliferation by specific inhibitors, RNA interference, and overexpression of the dominant-negative PLA2 IValpha(1-522). Modulation of PCCl3 cell growth is not seen with inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism. In conclusion, these data characterize glycerophosphoinositol as a mediator of the purinergic and adrenergic regulation of PCCl3 cell proliferation, defining a novel regulatory cascade specifically involving this soluble phosphoinositide derivative and widening the involvement of the phosphoinositides in the regulation of cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mariggiò
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy.
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50
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Jiang H. Erythrocyte-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 82:4-10. [PMID: 17164127 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are reservoirs for cis- and trans-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that can be released. The sources of EET release from RBCs include direct synthesis from arachidonic acid, peroxidation of phospholipids and EETs esterified into cellular phospholipids. The release of EETs from RBCs can be through cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2), secretory PLA2 and other responses associated with ATP release from RBCs. The erythrocyte ATP, purinergic receptors, ATP-binding cassette transporters, PLA2 and cytoskeleton rearrangement may all participate in EET release in the microcirculatory deformation of RBCs. EETs are vasodilatory and are candidate endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Due to the anti-hypertensive, fibrinolytic, and anti-thrombotic properties of EETs, their release from RBCs is replete with implications for the control of circulation and rheological characteristics of the circulating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
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