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García-Padilla C, Lozano-Velasco E, García-López V, Aránega A, Franco D, García-Martínez V, López-Sánchez C. miR-1 as a Key Epigenetic Regulator in Early Differentiation of Cardiac Sinoatrial Region. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6608. [PMID: 38928314 PMCID: PMC11204236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs and histones modifications, are known to be capable of regulating gene expression without altering DNA sequence itself. In particular, miR-1 is considered the first essential microRNA in cardiac development. In this study, miR-1 potential role in early cardiac chamber differentiation was analyzed through specific signaling pathways. For this, we performed in chick embryos functional experiments by means of miR-1 microinjections into the posterior cardiac precursors-of both primitive endocardial tubes-committed to sinoatrial region fates. Subsequently, embryos were subjected to whole mount in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR analysis. As a relevant novelty, our results revealed that miR-1 increased Amhc1, Tbx5 and Gata4, while this microRNA diminished Mef2c and Cripto expressions during early differentiation of the cardiac sinoatrial region. Furthermore, we observed in this developmental context that miR-1 upregulated CrabpII and Rarß and downregulated CrabpI, which are three crucial factors in the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Interestingly, we also noticed that miR-1 directly interacted with Hdac4 and Calm1/Calmodulin, as well as with Erk2/Mapk1, which are three key factors actively involved in Mef2c regulation. Our study shows, for the first time, a key role of miR-1 as an epigenetic regulator in the early differentiation of the cardiac sinoatrial region through orchestrating opposite actions between retinoic acid and Mef2c, fundamental to properly assign cardiac cells to their respective heart chambers. A better understanding of those molecular mechanisms modulated by miR-1 will definitely help in fields applied to therapy and cardiac regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Padilla
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.G.-P.); (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (A.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.G.-P.); (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio García-López
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.G.-P.); (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amelia Aránega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio García-Martínez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.G.-P.); (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.G.-P.); (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
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2
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Dai S, Guo L, Dey R, Guo M, Zhang X, Bates D, Cayford J, Jiang L, Wei H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Chen L, Chen Y. Structural insights into the HDAC4-MEF2A-DNA complex and its implication in long-range transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2711-2723. [PMID: 38281192 PMCID: PMC10954479 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Class IIa Histone deacetylases (HDACs), including HDAC4, 5, 7 and 9, play key roles in multiple important developmental and differentiation processes. Recent studies have shown that class IIa HDACs exert their transcriptional repressive function by interacting with tissue-specific transcription factors, such as members of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of an HDAC4-MEF2A-DNA complex. This complex adopts a dumbbell-shaped overall architecture, with a 2:4:2 stoichiometry of HDAC4, MEF2A and DNA molecules. In the complex, two HDAC4 molecules form a dimer through the interaction of their glutamine-rich domain (GRD) to form the stem of the 'dumbbell'; while two MEF2A dimers and their cognate DNA molecules are bridged by the HDAC4 dimer. Our structural observations were then validated using biochemical and mutagenesis assays. Further cell-based luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that the dimerization of HDAC4 is crucial in its ability to repress the transcriptional activities of MEF2 proteins. Taken together, our findings not only provide the structural basis for the assembly of the HDAC4-MEF2A-DNA complex but also shed light on the molecular mechanism of HDAC4-mediated long-range gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Dai
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
| | - Raja Dey
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Darren Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
| | - Justin Cayford
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Longying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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3
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Tan WJ, Hawley HR, Wilson SJ, Fitzsimons HL. Deciphering the roles of subcellular distribution and interactions involving the MEF2 binding region, the ankyrin repeat binding motif and the catalytic site of HDAC4 in Drosophila neuronal morphogenesis. BMC Biol 2024; 22:2. [PMID: 38167120 PMCID: PMC10763444 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is associated with several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Consequently, understanding the roles of nuclear and cytoplasmic HDAC4 along with the mechanisms that regulate nuclear entry and exit is an area of concerted effort. Efficient nuclear entry is dependent on binding of the transcription factor MEF2, as mutations in the MEF2 binding region result in cytoplasmic accumulation of HDAC4. It is well established that nuclear exit and cytoplasmic retention are dependent on 14-3-3-binding, and mutations that affect binding are widely used to induce nuclear accumulation of HDAC4. While regulation of HDAC4 shuttling is clearly important, there is a gap in understanding of how the nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of HDAC4 impacts its function. Furthermore, it is unclear whether other features of the protein including the catalytic site, the MEF2-binding region and/or the ankyrin repeat binding motif influence the distribution and/or activity of HDAC4 in neurons. Since HDAC4 functions are conserved in Drosophila, and increased nuclear accumulation of HDAC4 also results in impaired neurodevelopment, we used Drosophila as a genetic model for investigation of HDAC4 function. RESULTS Here we have generated a series of mutants for functional dissection of HDAC4 via in-depth examination of the resulting subcellular distribution and nuclear aggregation, and correlate these with developmental phenotypes resulting from their expression in well-established models of neuronal morphogenesis of the Drosophila mushroom body and eye. We found that in the mushroom body, forced sequestration of HDAC4 in the nucleus or the cytoplasm resulted in defects in axon morphogenesis. The actions of HDAC4 that resulted in impaired development were dependent on the MEF2 binding region, modulated by the ankyrin repeat binding motif, and largely independent of an intact catalytic site. In contrast, disruption to eye development was largely independent of MEF2 binding but mutation of the catalytic site significantly reduced the phenotype, indicating that HDAC4 acts in a neuronal-subtype-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS We found that the impairments to mushroom body and eye development resulting from nuclear accumulation of HDAC4 were exacerbated by mutation of the ankyrin repeat binding motif, whereas there was a differing requirement for the MEF2 binding site and an intact catalytic site. It will be of importance to determine the binding partners of HDAC4 in nuclear aggregates and in the cytoplasm of these tissues to further understand its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jun Tan
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hannah R Hawley
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah J Wilson
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Fitzsimons
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Mao F, Shi YG. Targeting the LSD1/KDM1 Family of Lysine Demethylases in Cancer and Other Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1433:15-49. [PMID: 37751134 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38176-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was the first histone demethylase discovered and the founding member of the flavin-dependent lysine demethylase family (KDM1). The human KDM1 family includes KDM1A and KDM1B, which primarily catalyze demethylation of histone H3K4me1/2. The KDM1 family is involved in epigenetic gene regulation and plays important roles in various biological and disease pathogenesis processes, including cell differentiation, embryonic development, hormone signaling, and carcinogenesis. Malfunction of many epigenetic regulators results in complex human diseases, including cancers. Regulators such as KDM1 have become potential therapeutic targets because of the reversibility of epigenetic control of genome function. Indeed, several classes of KDM1-selective small molecule inhibitors have been developed, some of which are currently in clinical trials to treat various cancers. In this chapter, we review the discovery, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, atomic structure, genetics, biology, and pathology of the KDM1 family of lysine demethylases. Focusing on cancer, we also provide a comprehensive summary of recently developed KDM1 inhibitors and related preclinical and clinical studies to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action and applications of these KDM1-specific inhibitors in therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mao
- Longevity and Aging Institute (LAI), IBS and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujiang Geno Shi
- Longevity and Aging Institute (LAI), IBS and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Nuts and bolts of the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs). Biochem J 2021; 478:1377-1397. [PMID: 33861845 PMCID: PMC8057676 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases, SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3, most closely resemble the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and other AMPK-related kinases, and like these family members they require phosphorylation by LKB1 to be catalytically active. However, unlike other AMPK-related kinases they are phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which promotes their binding to 14-3-3 proteins and inactivation. The most well-established substrates of the SIKs are the CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators (CRTCs), and the Class 2a histone deacetylases (HDAC4/5/7/9). Phosphorylation by SIKs promotes the translocation of CRTCs and Class 2a HDACs to the cytoplasm and their binding to 14-3-3s, preventing them from regulating their nuclear binding partners, the transcription factors CREB and MEF2. This process is reversed by PKA-dependent inactivation of the SIKs leading to dephosphorylation of CRTCs and Class 2a HDACs and their re-entry into the nucleus. Through the reversible regulation of these substrates and others that have not yet been identified, the SIKs regulate many physiological processes ranging from innate immunity, circadian rhythms and bone formation, to skin pigmentation and metabolism. This review summarises current knowledge of the SIKs and the evidence underpinning these findings, and discusses the therapeutic potential of SIK inhibitors for the treatment of disease.
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Gonzalez ML, Jacobs RD, Ely KM, Johnson SE. Dietary tributyrin supplementation and submaximal exercise promote activation of equine satellite cells. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4951-4956. [PMID: 31630180 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexercise skeletal muscle repair is dependent on the actions of satellite cells (SCs). The signal(s) responsible for activation of these normally quiescent cells in the horse remain unknown. The objective of the experiment was to determine whether submaximal exercise or tributyrin (TB) supplementation is sufficient to stimulate SC activation. Adult geldings were fed a control diet (n = 6) or a diet containing 0.45% TB (n = 6). After 30 d, the geldings performed a single bout of submaximal exercise. Middle gluteal muscle biopsies and blood were collected on days -1, 1, 3, and 5 relative to exercise. Diet had no effect on any parameter of physical performance. Total RNA isolated from the gluteal muscle of TB fed geldings contained greater (P < 0.05) amounts of myogenin mRNA than controls. Satellite cell isolates from TB supplemented horses had a greater (P = 0.02) percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunopositive (PCNA+) SC than controls after 48 h in culture. Submaximal exercise was sufficient to increase (P < 0.05) the percentage of PCNA(+) cells in all isolates obtained during recovery period. No change in the amount of gluteal muscle Pax7 mRNA, a lineage marker of SCs, occurred in response to either diet or exercise. Our results indicate that both submaximal exercise and TB prime SCs for activation and cell cycle reentry but are insufficient to cause an increase in Pax7 expression during the recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Kristine M Ely
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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7
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Rhim C, E. Kraus W, A. Truskey G. Biomechanical effects on microRNA expression in skeletal muscle differentiation. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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8
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Chien J, Wolf FW, Grosche S, Yosef N, Garriga G, Mörck C. The Enigmatic Canal-Associated Neurons Regulate Caenorhabditis elegans Larval Development Through a cAMP Signaling Pathway. Genetics 2019; 213:1465-1478. [PMID: 31619445 PMCID: PMC6893374 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans larval development requires the function of the two Canal-Associated Neurons (CANs): killing the CANs by laser microsurgery or disrupting their development by mutating the gene ceh-10 results in early larval arrest. How these cells promote larval development, however, remains a mystery. In screens for mutations that bypass CAN function, we identified the gene kin-29, which encodes a member of the Salt-Inducible Kinase (SIK) family and a component of a conserved pathway that regulates various C. elegans phenotypes. Like kin-29 loss, gain-of-function mutations in genes that may act upstream of kin-29 or growth in cyclic-AMP analogs bypassed ceh-10 larval arrest, suggesting that a conserved adenylyl cyclase/PKA pathway inhibits KIN-29 to promote larval development, and that loss of CAN function results in dysregulation of KIN-29 and larval arrest. The adenylyl cyclase ACY-2 mediates CAN-dependent larval development: acy-2 mutant larvae arrested development with a similar phenotype to ceh-10 mutants, and the arrest phenotype was suppressed by mutations in kin-29 ACY-2 is expressed predominantly in the CANs, and we provide evidence that the acy-2 functions in the CANs to promote larval development. By contrast, cell-specific expression experiments suggest that kin-29 acts in both the hypodermis and neurons, but not in the CANs. Based on our findings, we propose two models for how ACY-2 activity in the CANs regulates KIN-29 in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chien
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Fred W Wolf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Sarah Grosche
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Nebeyu Yosef
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Gian Garriga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3204
| | - Catarina Mörck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
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9
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Payne S, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Neal A, Redpath AN, Patel J, Chouliaras KM, Ratnayaka I, Smart N, De Val S. Regulatory pathways governing murine coronary vessel formation are dysregulated in the injured adult heart. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3276. [PMID: 31332177 PMCID: PMC6646353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of ischaemic cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction (MI) depends on the formation of new blood vessels. However, endogenous neovascularization is inefficient and the regulatory pathways directing coronary vessel growth are not well understood. Here we describe three independent regulatory pathways active in coronary vessels during development through analysis of the expression patterns of differentially regulated endothelial enhancers in the heart. The angiogenic VEGFA-MEF2 regulatory pathway is predominantly active in endocardial-derived vessels, whilst SOXF/RBPJ and BMP-SMAD pathways are seen in sinus venosus-derived arterial and venous coronaries, respectively. Although all developmental pathways contribute to post-MI vessel growth in the neonate, none are active during neovascularization after MI in adult hearts. This was particularly notable for the angiogenic VEGFA-MEF2 pathway, otherwise active in adult hearts and during neoangiogenesis in other adult settings. Our results therefore demonstrate a fundamental divergence between the regulation of coronary vessel growth in healthy and ischemic adult hearts. How coronary vessels develop and respond to injury is not fully understood. Here, the authors use murine enhancer:reporter models to identify three transcriptional pathways active in different parts of coronary vasculature. These also contribute to neovascularization in the injured neonatal, but not adult, heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice Neal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andia N Redpath
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kira M Chouliaras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Indrika Ratnayaka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Zhu B, Carmichael RE, Solabre Valois L, Wilkinson KA, Henley JM. The transcription factor MEF2A plays a key role in the differentiation/maturation of rat neural stem cells into neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:645-649. [PMID: 29678571 PMCID: PMC5956278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing multipotent stem cells that can be proliferated in vitro and differentiated into neuronal and/or glial lineages, making them an ideal model to study the processes involved in neuronal differentiation. Here we have used NSCs to investigate the role of the transcription factor MEF2A in neuronal differentiation and development in vitro. We show that although MEF2A is present in undifferentiated NSCs, following differentiation it is expressed at significantly higher levels in a subset of neuronal compared to non-neuronal cells. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of MEF2A reduces the number of NSC-derived neurons compared to non-neuronal cells after differentiation. Together, these data indicate that MEF2A participates in neuronal differentiation/maturation from NSCs. Undifferentiated and differentiated neural stem cells (NSCs) express MEF2A in vitro. NSC-derived neurons express more MEF2A than NSC-derived glia. Ablating MEF2A reduces NSC differentiation into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangfu Zhu
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Luis Solabre Valois
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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11
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Litke C, Bading H, Mauceri D. Histone deacetylase 4 shapes neuronal morphology via a mechanism involving regulation of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8196-8207. [PMID: 29632070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of class IIa histone deacetylases (i.e HDAC4, -5, -7, and -9) is a synaptic activity- and nuclear calcium-dependent mechanism important for epigenetic regulation of signal-regulated gene expression in hippocampal neurons. HDAC4 in particular has been linked to the regulation of genes important for both synaptic structure and plasticity. Here, using a constitutively nuclear-localized, dominant-active variant of HDAC4 (HDAC4 3SA), we demonstrate that HDAC4 accumulation in the nucleus severely reduces both the length and complexity of dendrites of cultured mature hippocampal neurons, but does not affect the number of dendritic spines. This phenomenon appeared to be specific to HDAC4, as increasing the expression of HDAC3 or HDAC11, belonging to class I and class IV HDACs, respectively, did not alter dendritic architecture. We also show that HDAC4 3SA decreases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD), a key protein required for the maintenance of dendritic arbors. The expression of other members of the VEGF family and their receptors was not affected by the nuclear accumulation of HDAC4. VEGFD overexpression or administration of recombinant VEGFD, but not VEGFC, the closest VEGFD homologue, rescued the impaired dendritic architecture caused by the nuclear-localized HDAC4 variant. These results identify HDAC4 as an epigenetic regulator of neuronal morphology that controls dendritic arborization via the expression of VEGFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Litke
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dong C, Yang XZ, Zhang CY, Liu YY, Zhou RB, Cheng QD, Yan EK, Yin DC. Myocyte enhancer factor 2C and its directly-interacting proteins: A review. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 126:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Stoney PN, Rodrigues D, Helfer G, Khatib T, Ashton A, Hay EA, Starr R, Kociszewska D, Morgan P, McCaffery P. A seasonal switch in histone deacetylase gene expression in the hypothalamus and their capacity to modulate nuclear signaling pathways. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:340-352. [PMID: 27993690 PMCID: PMC5325119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal animals undergo changes in physiology and behavior between summer and winter conditions. These changes are in part driven by a switch in a series of hypothalamic genes under transcriptional control by hormones and, of recent interest, inflammatory factors. Crucial to the control of transcription are histone deacetylases (HDACs), generally acting to repress transcription by local histone modification. Seasonal changes in hypothalamic HDAC transcripts were investigated in photoperiod-sensitive F344 rats by altering the day-length (photoperiod). HDAC4, 6 and 9 were found to change in expression. The potential influence of HDACs on two hypothalamic signaling pathways that regulate transcription, inflammatory and nuclear receptor signaling, was investigated. For inflammatory signaling the focus was on NF-κB because of the novel finding made that its expression is seasonally regulated in the rat hypothalamus. For nuclear receptor signaling it was discovered that expression of retinoic acid receptor beta was regulated seasonally. HDAC modulation of NF-κB-induced pathways was examined in a hypothalamic neuronal cell line and primary hypothalamic tanycytes. HDAC4/5/6 inhibition altered the control of gene expression (Fos, Prkca, Prkcd and Ptp1b) by inducers of NF-κB that activate inflammation. These inhibitors also modified the action of nuclear receptor ligands thyroid hormone and retinoic acid. Thus seasonal changes in HDAC4 and 6 have the potential to epigenetically modify multiple gene regulatory pathways in the hypothalamus that could act to limit inflammatory pathways in the hypothalamus during long-day summer-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N. Stoney
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Diana Rodrigues
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Gisela Helfer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Thabat Khatib
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna Ashton
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Hay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert Starr
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Dagmara Kociszewska
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Morgan
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Sacilotto N, Chouliaras KM, Nikitenko LL, Lu YW, Fritzsche M, Wallace MD, Nornes S, García-Moreno F, Payne S, Bridges E, Liu K, Biggs D, Ratnayaka I, Herbert SP, Molnár Z, Harris AL, Davies B, Bond GL, Bou-Gharios G, Schwarz JJ, De Val S. MEF2 transcription factors are key regulators of sprouting angiogenesis. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2297-2309. [PMID: 27898394 PMCID: PMC5110996 DOI: 10.1101/gad.290619.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the fundamental process by which new blood vessels form from existing ones, depends on precise spatial and temporal gene expression within specific compartments of the endothelium. However, the molecular links between proangiogenic signals and downstream gene expression remain unclear. During sprouting angiogenesis, the specification of endothelial cells into the tip cells that lead new blood vessel sprouts is coordinated by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)/Notch signaling and requires high levels of Notch ligand DLL4. Here, we identify MEF2 transcription factors as crucial regulators of sprouting angiogenesis directly downstream from VEGFA. Through the characterization of a Dll4 enhancer directing expression to endothelial cells at the angiogenic front, we found that MEF2 factors directly transcriptionally activate the expression of Dll4 and many other key genes up-regulated during sprouting angiogenesis in both physiological and tumor vascularization. Unlike ETS-mediated regulation, MEF2-binding motifs are not ubiquitous to all endothelial gene enhancers and promoters but are instead overrepresented around genes associated with sprouting angiogenesis. MEF2 target gene activation is directly linked to VEGFA-induced release of repressive histone deacetylases and concurrent recruitment of the histone acetyltransferase EP300 to MEF2 target gene regulatory elements, thus establishing MEF2 factors as the transcriptional effectors of VEGFA signaling during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sacilotto
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kira M Chouliaras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leonid L Nikitenko
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Martin Fritzsche
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marsha D Wallace
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Svanhild Nornes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Payne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Bridges
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Liu
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Biggs
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Indrika Ratnayaka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shane P Herbert
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Davies
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth L Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - John J Schwarz
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Wei X, Li H, Zhang B, Li C, Dong D, Lan X, Huang Y, Bai Y, Lin F, Zhao X, Chen H. miR-378a-3p promotes differentiation and inhibits proliferation of myoblasts by targeting HDAC4 in skeletal muscle development. RNA Biol 2016; 13:1300-1309. [PMID: 27661135 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1239008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle development, or myogenesis, is a highly regulated, complex process. A subset of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as critical regulators of myogenesis. Recently, miR-378a was found to be involved in myogenesis, but the mechanism of how miR-378a regulates the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts has not been determined. We found that miR-378a-3p expression in muscle was significantly higher than in other tissues, suggesting an important effect on muscle development. Overexpression of miR-378a-3p increased the expression of MyoD and MHC in C2C12 myoblasts both at the level of mRNA and protein, confirming that miR-378a-3p promoted muscle cell differentiation. The forced expression of miR-378a-3p promoted apoptosis of C2C12 cells as evidenced by CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining results. Through TargetScan, histone acetylation enzyme 4 (HDAC4) was identified as a potential target of miR-378a-3p. We confirmed targeting of HDAC4 by miR-378a-3p using a dual luciferase assay and western blotting. Our RNAi analysis results also showed that HDAC4 significantly promoted differentiation of C2C12 cells and inhibited cell survival through Bcl-2. Therefore, we conclude that miR-378a-3p regulates skeletal muscle growth and promotes the differentiation of myoblasts through the post-transcriptional down-regulation of HDAC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wei
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hui Li
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Caixia Li
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Dong Dong
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- b Animal Health Supervision in Henan Province , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Fengpeng Lin
- c Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County , Biyang , Henan , China
| | - Xue Zhao
- d Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Suibin County , Suibin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Hong Chen
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
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16
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MRF4 negatively regulates adult skeletal muscle growth by repressing MEF2 activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12397. [PMID: 27484840 PMCID: PMC4976255 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The myogenic regulatory factor MRF4 is highly expressed in adult skeletal muscle but its function is unknown. Here we show that Mrf4 knockdown in adult muscle induces hypertrophy and prevents denervation-induced atrophy. This effect is accompanied by increased protein synthesis and widespread activation of muscle-specific genes, many of which are targets of MEF2 transcription factors. MEF2-dependent genes represent the top-ranking gene set enriched after Mrf4 RNAi and a MEF2 reporter is inhibited by co-transfected MRF4 and activated by Mrf4 RNAi. The Mrf4 RNAi-dependent increase in fibre size is prevented by dominant negative MEF2, while constitutively active MEF2 is able to induce myofibre hypertrophy. The nuclear localization of the MEF2 corepressor HDAC4 is impaired by Mrf4 knockdown, suggesting that MRF4 acts by stabilizing a repressor complex that controls MEF2 activity. These findings open new perspectives in the search for therapeutic targets to prevent muscle wasting, in particular sarcopenia and cachexia.
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17
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Guo X, Wang SB, Xu H, Ribic A, Mohns EJ, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Biederer T, Crair MC, Chen B. A short N-terminal domain of HDAC4 preserves photoreceptors and restores visual function in retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8005. [PMID: 26272629 PMCID: PMC4538705 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a leading cause of inherited blindness, with no effective treatment currently available. Mutations primarily in genes expressed in rod photoreceptors lead to early rod death, followed by a slower phase of cone photoreceptor death. Rd1 mice provide an invaluable animal model to evaluate therapies for the disease. We previously reported that overexpression of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) prolongs rod survival in rd1 mice. Here we report a key role of a short N-terminal domain of HDAC4 in photoreceptor protection. Expression of this domain suppresses multiple cell death pathways in photoreceptor degeneration, and preserves even more rd1 rods than the full-length HDAC4 protein. Expression of a short N-terminal domain of HDAC4 as a transgene in mice carrying the rd1 mutation also prolongs the survival of cone photoreceptors, and partially restores visual function. Our results may facilitate the design of a small protein therapy for some forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzheng Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 8100, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Shao-Bin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 8100, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Hongping Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B301, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Ethan J Mohns
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B301, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- 1] Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China [2] Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- 1] Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China [2] Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B301, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 8100, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B301, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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18
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Hudson GM, Watson PJ, Fairall L, Jamieson AG, Schwabe JWR. Insights into the Recruitment of Class IIa Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) to the SMRT/NCoR Transcriptional Repression Complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18237-18244. [PMID: 26055705 PMCID: PMC4505066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IIa histone deacetylases repress transcription of target genes. However, their mechanism of action is poorly understood because they exhibit very low levels of deacetylase activity. The class IIa HDACs are associated with the SMRT/NCoR repression complexes and this may, at least in part, account for their repressive activity. However, the molecular mechanism of recruitment to co-repressor proteins has yet to be established. Here we show that a repeated peptide motif present in both SMRT and NCoR is sufficient to mediate specific interaction, with micromolar affinity, with all the class IIa HDACs (HDACs 4, 5, 7, and 9). Mutations in the consensus motif abrogate binding. Mutational analysis of HDAC4 suggests that the peptide interacts in the vicinity of the active site of the enzyme and requires the "closed" conformation of the zinc-binding loop on the surface of the enzyme. Together these findings represent the first insights into the molecular mechanism of recruitment of class IIa HDACs to the SMRT/NCoR repression complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg M Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN
| | - Peter J Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN
| | - Louise Fairall
- Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN
| | - Andrew G Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - John W R Schwabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN.
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19
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Walsh ME, Bhattacharya A, Liu Y, Van Remmen H. Butyrate prevents muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve crush. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:859-68. [PMID: 25727783 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in neurogenic muscle atrophy, but the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors might have beneficial effects are not defined. METHODS We used sciatic nerve crush to determine the effect of butyrate on denervation-induced gene expression and oxidative stress. RESULTS Butyrate treatment initiated 3 weeks before injury and continued 1 week after injury increases histone acetylation and reduces muscle atrophy after nerve crush. Butyrate delivered only after nerve crush similarly prevented muscle atrophy. Butyrate had no effect on the increase in histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) protein levels following nerve crush but prevented the increase in expression of myogenin, MuRF1, and atrogin-1. Butyrate did not affect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, but it increased antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced proteasome activity, and reduced oxidative damage following nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that HDAC inhibitors are promising pharmacological agents for treating neurogenic muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 52: 859-868, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Arunabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
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20
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The transcriptional repression activity of STAF65γ is facilitated by promoter tethering and nuclear import of class IIa histone deacetylases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:579-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Davila JL, Goff LA, Ricupero CL, Camarillo C, Oni EN, Swerdel MR, Toro-Ramos AJ, Li J, Hart RP. A positive feedback mechanism that regulates expression of miR-9 during neurogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94348. [PMID: 24714615 PMCID: PMC3979806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-9, a neuron-specific miRNA, is an important regulator of neurogenesis. In this study we identify how miR-9 is regulated during early differentiation from a neural stem-like cell. We utilized two immortalized rat precursor clones, one committed to neurogenesis (L2.2) and another capable of producing both neurons and non-neuronal cells (L2.3), to reproducibly study early neurogenesis. Exogenous miR-9 is capable of increasing neurogenesis from L2.3 cells. Only one of three genomic loci capable of encoding miR-9 was regulated during neurogenesis and the promoter region of this locus contains sufficient functional elements to drive expression of a luciferase reporter in a developmentally regulated pattern. Furthermore, among a large number of potential regulatory sites encoded in this sequence, Mef2 stood out because of its known pro-neuronal role. Of four Mef2 paralogs, we found only Mef2C mRNA was regulated during neurogenesis. Removal of predicted Mef2 binding sites or knockdown of Mef2C expression reduced miR-9-2 promoter activity. Finally, the mRNA encoding the Mef2C binding partner HDAC4 was shown to be targeted by miR-9. Since HDAC4 protein could be co-immunoprecipitated with Mef2C protein or with genomic Mef2 binding sequences, we conclude that miR-9 regulation is mediated, at least in part, by Mef2C binding but that expressed miR-9 has the capacity to reduce inhibitory HDAC4, stabilizing its own expression in a positive feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Davila
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Loyal A Goff
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christopher L Ricupero
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Camarillo
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eileen N Oni
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mavis R Swerdel
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alana J Toro-Ramos
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jiali Li
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ronald P Hart
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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22
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Wuelling M, Pasdziernik M, Moll CN, Thiesen AM, Schneider S, Johannes C, Vortkamp A. The multi zinc-finger protein Trps1 acts as a regulator of histone deacetylation during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2219-32. [PMID: 23892436 PMCID: PMC3755072 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPS1, the gene mutated in human "Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal syndrome," encodes a multi zinc-finger nuclear regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here, we have identified a new function of Trps1 in controlling mitotic progression in chondrocytes. Loss of Trps1 in mice leads to an increased proportion of cells arrested in mitosis and, subsequently, to chromosome segregation defects. Searching for the molecular basis of the defect, we found that Trps1 acts as regulator of histone deacetylation. Trps1 interacts with two histone deacetylases, Hdac1 and Hdac4, thereby increasing their activity. Loss of Trps1 results in histone H3 hyperacetylation, which is maintained during mitosis. Consequently, chromatin condensation and binding of HP1 is impaired, and Trps1-deficient chondrocytes accumulate in prometaphase. Overexpression of Hdac4 rescues the mitotic defect of Trps1-deficient chondrocytes, identifying Trps1 as an important regulator of chromatin deacetylation during mitosis in chondrocytes. Our data provide the first evidence that the control of mitosis can be linked to the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by epigenetic consequences of altered Hdac activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wuelling
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Developmental Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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23
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Fitzsimons HL, Schwartz S, Given FM, Scott MJ. The histone deacetylase HDAC4 regulates long-term memory in Drosophila. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83903. [PMID: 24349558 PMCID: PMC3857321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates that pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) correlates with enhancement of long-term memory and current research is concentrated on determining the roles that individual HDACs play in cognitive function. Here, we investigate the role of HDAC4 in long-term memory formation in Drosophila. We show that overexpression of HDAC4 in the adult mushroom body, an important structure for memory formation, resulted in a specific impairment in long-term courtship memory, but had no affect on short-term memory. Overexpression of an HDAC4 catalytic mutant also abolished LTM, suggesting a mode of action independent of catalytic activity. We found that overexpression of HDAC4 resulted in a redistribution of the transcription factor MEF2 from a relatively uniform distribution through the nucleus into punctate nuclear bodies, where it colocalized with HDAC4. As MEF2 has also been implicated in regulation of long-term memory, these data suggest that the repressive effects of HDAC4 on long-term memory may be through interaction with MEF2. In the same genetic background, we also found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of HDAC4 impairs long-term memory, therefore we demonstrate that HDAC4 is not only a repressor of long-term memory, but also modulates normal memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Fitzsimons
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Schwartz
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Fiona M. Given
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maxwell J. Scott
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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24
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Bongers KS, Fox DK, Ebert SM, Kunkel SD, Dyle MC, Bullard SA, Dierdorff JM, Adams CM. Skeletal muscle denervation causes skeletal muscle atrophy through a pathway that involves both Gadd45a and HDAC4. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E907-15. [PMID: 23941879 PMCID: PMC3798708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00380.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle denervation causes muscle atrophy via complex molecular mechanisms that are not well understood. To better understand these mechanisms, we investigated how muscle denervation increases growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45α (Gadd45a) mRNA in skeletal muscle. Previous studies established that muscle denervation strongly induces Gadd45a mRNA, which increases Gadd45a, a small myonuclear protein that is required for denervation-induced muscle fiber atrophy. However, the mechanism by which denervation increases Gadd45a mRNA remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) mediates induction of Gadd45a mRNA in denervated muscle. Using mouse models, we show that HDAC4 is required for induction of Gadd45a mRNA during muscle denervation. Conversely, forced expression of HDAC4 is sufficient to increase skeletal muscle Gadd45a mRNA in the absence of muscle denervation. Moreover, Gadd45a mediates several downstream effects of HDAC4, including induction of myogenin mRNA, induction of mRNAs encoding the embryonic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and, most importantly, skeletal muscle fiber atrophy. Because Gadd45a induction is also a key event in fasting-induced muscle atrophy, we tested whether HDAC4 might also contribute to Gadd45a induction during fasting. Interestingly, however, HDAC4 is not required for fasting-induced Gadd45a expression or muscle atrophy. Furthermore, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which contributes to fasting-induced Gadd45a expression, is not required for denervation-induced Gadd45a expression or muscle atrophy. Collectively, these results identify HDAC4 as an important regulator of Gadd45a in denervation-induced muscle atrophy and elucidate Gadd45a as a convergence point for distinct upstream regulators during muscle denervation and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kale S Bongers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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25
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Ronan JL, Wu W, Crabtree GR. From neural development to cognition: unexpected roles for chromatin. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:347-59. [PMID: 23568486 PMCID: PMC4010428 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-sequencing studies in human neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders have uncovered mutations in many chromatin regulators. These human genetic studies, along with studies in model organisms, are providing insight into chromatin regulatory mechanisms in neural development and how alterations to these mechanisms can cause cognitive deficits, such as intellectual disability. We discuss several implicated chromatin regulators, including BAF (also known as SWI/SNF) and CHD8 chromatin remodellers, HDAC4 and the Polycomb component EZH2. Interestingly, mutations in EZH2 and certain BAF complex components have roles in both neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer, and overlapping point mutations are suggesting functionally important residues and domains. We speculate on the contribution of these similar mutations to disparate disorders.
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26
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Schlumm F, Mauceri D, Freitag HE, Bading H. Nuclear calcium signaling regulates nuclear export of a subset of class IIa histone deacetylases following synaptic activity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8074-8084. [PMID: 23364788 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, dynamic changes in the subcellular localization of histone deacetylases (HDACs) are thought to contribute to signal-regulated gene expression. Here we show that in mouse hippocampal neurons, synaptic activity-dependent nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling is a common feature of all members of class IIa HDACs, which distinguishes them from other classes of HDACs. Nuclear calcium, a key regulator in neuronal gene expression, is required for the nuclear export of a subset of class IIa HDACs. We found that inhibition of nuclear calcium signaling using CaMBP4 or increasing the nuclear calcium buffering capacity by means of expression of a nuclear targeted version of parvalbumin (PV.NLS-mC) led to a build-up of HDAC4 and HDAC5 in the cell nucleus, which in the case of PV.NLS-mC can be reversed by nuclear calcium transients triggered by bursts of action potential firing. A similar nuclear accumulation of HDAC4 and HDAC5 was observed in vivo in the mouse hippocampus following stereotaxic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viruses expressing either CaMBP4 or PV.NLS-mC. The modulation of HDAC4 activity either by RNA interference-mediated reduction of HDAC4 protein levels or by expression of a constitutively nuclear localized mutant of HDAC4 leads to changes in the mRNA levels of several nuclear calcium-regulated genes with known functions in acquired neuroprotection (atf3, serpinb2), memory consolidation (homer1, arc), and the development of chronic pain (ptgs2, c1qc). These results identify nuclear calcium as a regulator of nuclear export of HDAC4 and HDAC5. The reduction of nuclear localized HDACs represents a novel transcription-promoting pathway stimulated by nuclear calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Schlumm
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Eckehard Freitag
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, INF 364 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer: overview and perspectives. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1439-60. [PMID: 22857533 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are one of the last frontiers in pharmaceutical research. Several classes of HDACi have been identified. Although more than 20 HDACi are under preclinical and clinical investigation as single agents and in combination therapies against different cancers, just two of them were approved by the US FDA: Zolinza(®) and Istodax(®), both licensed for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the latter also of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Since HDAC enzymes act by forming multiprotein complexes (clusters), containing cofactors, the main problem in designing new HDACi is that the inhibition activity evaluated on isolated enzyme isoforms does not match the in vivo outcomes. In the coming years, the research will be oriented toward a better understanding of the functioning of these protein complexes as well as the development of new screening assays, with the final goal to obtain new drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.
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28
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Lai HL, Grachoff M, Marion AL, Khan FF, Warren CM, Chowdhury SA, Wolska BM, Solaro RJ, Geenen DL, Wang QT. Maintenance of adult cardiac function requires the chromatin factor Asxl2. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:734-41. [PMID: 23046516 PMCID: PMC3472135 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During development and differentiation, cell type-specific chromatin configurations are set up to facilitate cell type-specific gene expression. Defects in the establishment or the maintenance of the correct chromatin configuration have been associated with diseases ranging from leukemia to muscular dystrophy. The heart expresses many chromatin factors, and we are only beginning to understand their roles in heart development and function. We have previously shown that the chromatin regulator Asxl2 is highly expressed in the murine heart both during development and adulthood. In the absence of Asxl2, there is a significant reduction in trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27), a histone mark associated with lineage-specific silencing of developmental genes. Here we present evidence that Asxl2 is required for the long-term maintenance of ventricular function and for the maintenance of normal cardiac gene expression. Asxl2(-/-) hearts displayed progressive deterioration of ventricular function. By 10 months of age, there was ~37% reduction in fractional shortening in Asxl2(-/-) hearts compared to wild-type. Analysis of the expression of myofibril proteins suggests that Asxl2 is required for the repression of β-MHC. Asxl2(-/-) hearts did not exhibit hypertrophy, suggesting that the de-repression of β-MHC was not the result of hypertrophic response. Instead, Asxl2 and the histone methyltansferase Ezh2 co-localize to β-MHC promoter, suggesting that Asxl2 directly represses β-MHC. Interrogation of the CardioGenomics database revealed that ASXL2 is down-regulated in the hearts of patients with ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. We propose that chromatin factors like Asxl2 function in the adult heart to regulate cell type- and stage-specific patterns of gene expression, and the disruption of such regulation may be involved in the etiology and/or development of certain forms of human heart disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Size
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stroke Volume
- Troponin I/metabolism
- Ventricular Function
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Lei Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Milana Grachoff
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andrea L. Marion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Farida F. Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Chad M. Warren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | - Shamim A.K. Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Beata M. Wolska
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - R. John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | - David L. Geenen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Q. Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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29
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Yang SH, Sharrocks AD, Whitmarsh AJ. MAP kinase signalling cascades and transcriptional regulation. Gene 2012; 513:1-13. [PMID: 23123731 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways play fundamental roles in a wide range of cellular processes and are often deregulated in disease states. One major mode of action for these pathways is in controlling gene expression, in particular through regulating transcription. In this review, we discuss recent significant advances in this area. In particular we focus on the mechanisms by which MAPKs are targeted to the nucleus and chromatin, and once there, how they impact on chromatin structure and subsequent gene regulation. We also discuss how systems biology approaches have contributed to our understanding of MAPK signaling networks, and also how the MAPK pathways intersect with other regulatory pathways in the nucleus. Finally, we summarise progress in studying the physiological functions of key MAPK transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsi Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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30
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Clocchiatti A, Di Giorgio E, Demarchi F, Brancolini C. Beside the MEF2 axis: unconventional functions of HDAC4. Cell Signal 2012; 25:269-76. [PMID: 23063464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The class IIa deacetylase HDAC4 is unequivocally known as a negative regulator of MEF2-dependent transcription. In the past years several works have allowed us to understand how different signals, mirroring specific environmental circumstances keep in check the repressive action of HDAC4 against MEF2s. At the same time, pieces of evidence have gradually accumulated about HDAC4 activities emancipated from MEF2s. The aim of this review is to discuss about these "unconventional functions" of HDAC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clocchiatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche and MATI Center of Excellence, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4-33100 Udine, Italy
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31
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Nuclear accumulation of HDAC4 in ATM deficiency promotes neurodegeneration in ataxia telangiectasia. Nat Med 2012; 18:783-90. [PMID: 22466704 PMCID: PMC3378917 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutation of the Atm gene. Here we report that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) deficiency causes nuclear accumulation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) in neurons and promotes neurodegeneration. Nuclear HDAC4 binds to chromatin, as well as to myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), leading to histone deacetylation and altered neuronal gene expression. Blocking either HDAC4 activity or its nuclear accumulation blunts these neurodegenerative changes and rescues several behavioral abnormalities of ATM-deficient mice. Full rescue of the neurodegeneration, however, also requires the presence of HDAC4 in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the ataxia telangiectasia phenotype results both from a loss of cytoplasmic HDAC4 as well as its nuclear accumulation. To remain cytoplasmic, HDAC4 must be phosphorylated. The activity of the HDAC4 phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is downregulated by ATM-mediated phosphorylation. In ATM deficiency, enhanced PP2A activity leads to HDAC4 dephosphorylation and the nuclear accumulation of HDAC4. Our results define a crucial role of the cellular localization of HDAC4 in the events leading to ataxia telangiectasia neurodegeneration.
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32
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Rui J, Liu H, Zhu X, Cui Y, Liu X. Epigenetic Silencing of Cd8 Genes by ThPOK-Mediated Deacetylation during CD4 T Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1380-90. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Choi MC, Cohen TJ, Barrientos T, Wang B, Li M, Simmons BJ, Yang JS, Cox GA, Zhao Y, Yao TP. A direct HDAC4-MAP kinase crosstalk activates muscle atrophy program. Mol Cell 2012; 47:122-32. [PMID: 22658415 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged deficits in neural input activate pathological muscle remodeling, leading to atrophy. In denervated muscle, activation of the atrophy program requires HDAC4, a potent repressor of the master muscle transcription factor MEF2. However, the signaling mechanism that connects HDAC4, a protein deacetylase, to the atrophy machinery remains unknown. Here, we identify the AP1 transcription factor as a critical target of HDAC4 in neurogenic muscle atrophy. In denervated muscle, HDAC4 activates AP1-dependent transcription, whereas AP1 inactivation recapitulates HDAC4 deficiency and blunts the muscle atrophy program. We show that HDAC4 activates AP1 independently of its canonical transcriptional repressor activity. Surprisingly, HDAC4 stimulates AP1 activity by activating the MAP kinase cascade. We present evidence that HDAC4 binds and promotes the deacetylation and activation of a key MAP3 kinase, MEKK2. Our findings establish an HDAC4-MAPK-AP1 signaling axis essential for neurogenic muscle atrophy and uncover a direct crosstalk between acetylation- and phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Chang Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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34
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Jayathilaka N, Han A, Gaffney KJ, Dey R, Jarusiewicz JA, Noridomi K, Philips MA, Lei X, He J, Ye J, Gao T, Petasis NA, Chen L. Inhibition of the function of class IIa HDACs by blocking their interaction with MEF2. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:5378-88. [PMID: 22396528 PMCID: PMC3384312 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that modify the epigenetic status of cells provide attractive targets for therapy in various diseases. The therapeutic development of epigenetic modulators, however, has been largely limited to direct targeting of catalytic active site conserved across multiple members of an enzyme family, which complicates mechanistic studies and drug development. Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a group of epigenetic enzymes that depends on interaction with Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2 (MEF2) for their recruitment to specific genomic loci. Targeting this interaction presents an alternative approach to inhibiting this class of HDACs. We have used structural and functional approaches to identify and characterize a group of small molecules that indirectly target class IIa HDACs by blocking their interaction with MEF2 on DNA.Weused X-ray crystallography and 19F NMRto show that these compounds directly bind to MEF2. We have also shown that the small molecules blocked the recruitment of class IIa HDACs to MEF2-targeted genes to enhance the expression of those targets. These compounds can be used as tools to study MEF2 and class IIa HDACs in vivo and as leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimanthi Jayathilaka
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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35
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Chen HP, Denicola M, Qin X, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Long XL, Zhuang S, Liu PY, Zhao TC. HDAC inhibition promotes cardiogenesis and the survival of embryonic stem cells through proteasome-dependent pathway. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3246-55. [PMID: 21751234 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition plays a crucial role in mediating cardiogenesis and myocardial protection, whereas HDAC degradation has recently attracted attention in mediating the biological function of HDACs. However, it remains unknown whether HDAC inhibition modulates cardiogenesis and embryonic stem cell (ESC) survival through the proteasome pathway. Using the well-established mouse ESC culture, we demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors, both trichostatin A (TSA,50 nmol/L) and sodium butyrate (NaB, 200 µmol/L) that causes the pronounced reduction of HDAC4 activity, decreased cell death and increased viability of ESCs in response to oxidant stress. HDAC inhibition reduced the cleaved caspases 3, 6, 9, PARP, and TUNEL positive ESCs, which were abrogated with MG132 (0.5 µmol/L), a specific proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, HDAC inhibition stimulates the growth of embryoid bodies (EB), which are associated with a faster spontaneous rhythmic contraction. HDAC inhibition increases the up-regulation of GATA4, MEF2C, Nkx2.5, cardiac actin, and α-SMA mRNA and protein levels that were abrogated by MG132. TSA and NaB resulted in a significant increase in cardiac lineage commitments that were blocked by the proteasome inhibition. Notably, HDAC inhibitors led to noticeable HDAC4 degradation, which was effectively prevented by MG132. Luciferase assay demonstrates an activation of MEF2 cardiac transcriptional factor by HDAC inhibition, which was repressed by MG132, revealing that the degradation of HDAC4 allows for the activation of MEF2. Taken together, our study is the first to demonstrate that HDAC inhibition through proteasome pathway forms a novel signaling to determine the cardiac lineage commitment and elicits the survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong P Chen
- Department of Surgery, Roger William Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island 02908, USA
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36
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Kehat I, Accornero F, Aronow BJ, Molkentin JD. Modulation of chromatin position and gene expression by HDAC4 interaction with nucleoporins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:21-9. [PMID: 21464227 PMCID: PMC3082185 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase HDAC4 associates with the nuclear pore complex component Nup155 to modulate gene expression during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) can modulate chromatin architecture and transcriptional activity, thereby participating in the regulation of cellular responses such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, the target genes of class IIa HDACs that control inducible cardiac growth and the broader mechanisms whereby these deacetylases modulate locus-specific gene expression within chromatin remain a mystery. Here, we used genome-wide promoter occupancy analysis, expression profiling, and primary cell validation to identify direct class IIa HDAC4 targets in cardiomyocytes. Simultaneously, we identified nucleoporin155 (Nup155) as an HDAC4-interacting protein. Mechanistically, we show that HDAC4 modulated the association of identified target genes with nucleoporins through interaction with Nup155. Moreover, a truncated mutant of Nup155 that cannot bind HDAC4 suppressed HDAC4-induced gene expression patterns and chromatin–nucleoporin association, suggesting that Nup155-mediated localization was required for HDAC4’s effect on gene expression. We thus propose a novel mechanism of action for HDAC4, suggesting it can function to dynamically regulate gene expression through changes in chromatin–nucleoporin association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhak Kehat
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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37
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Loss of the putative catalytic domain of HDAC4 leads to reduced thermal nociception and seizures while allowing normal bone development. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6612. [PMID: 19672313 PMCID: PMC2720538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) has been associated with muscle & bone development [1]–[6]. N-terminal MEF2 and RUNX2 binding domains of HDAC4 have been shown to mediate these effects in vitro. A complete gene knockout has been reported to result in premature ossification and associated defects resulting in postnatal lethality [6]. We report a viral insertion mutation that deletes the putative deacetylase domain, while preserving the N-terminal portion of the protein. Western blot and immuno-precipitation analysis confirm expression of truncated HDAC4 containing N-terminal amino acids 1-747. These mutant mice are viable, living to at least one year of age with no gross defects in muscle or bone. At 2–4 months of age no behavioral or physiological abnormalities were detected except for an increased latency to respond to a thermal nociceptive stimulus. As the mutant mice aged past 5 months, convulsions appeared, often elicited by handling. Our findings confirm the sufficiency of the N-terminal domain for muscle and bone development, while revealing other roles of HDAC4.
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38
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SOCS1, SOCS3, and PIAS1 promote myogenic differentiation by inhibiting the leukemia inhibitory factor-induced JAK1/STAT1/STAT3 pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5084-93. [PMID: 19620279 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00267-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-engaged signaling pathway consisting of JAK1, STAT1, and STAT3 plays dual roles in myogenic differentiation: while it participates in myoblast proliferation, it also actively represses differentiation. Downregulation of this pathway is required at the onset of differentiation. However, it remained unclear how this is achieved mechanistically. We now show that SOCS1, SOCS3, and PIAS1 promote myogenic differentiation by specifically inhibiting the LIF-induced JAK1/STAT1/STAT3 pathway via distinct targets; whereas SOCS1 and SOCS3 selectively bind and inhibit JAK1 and gp130, respectively, PIAS1 targets mainly the activated STAT1 and prevents its binding to DNA. We further demonstrated that the SUMO E3-ligase activity of PIAS1 is dispensable for its role in myogenic differentiation. Collectively, our current study revealed a molecular mechanism that explains how the LIF-induced JAK1/STAT1/STAT3 pathway is downregulated upon myogenic differentiation.
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39
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Melino S, Nepravishta R, Bellomaria A, Di Marco S, Paci M. Nucleic acid binding of the RTN1-C C-terminal region: toward the functional role of a reticulon protein. Biochemistry 2009; 48:242-53. [PMID: 19140693 DOI: 10.1021/bi801407w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RTN1-C protein is a membrane protein localized in the ER and expressed in the nervous system. Its biological role is still unclear, although interactions of the N-terminal region of RTN1-C with proteins involved in vesicle trafficking have been observed, but the role of the C-terminal region of this family protein remains to be investigated. By a homology analysis of the amino acid sequence, we identified in the C-terminal region of RTN1-C a unique consensus sequence characteristic of H4 histone protein. Thus, a 23-mer peptide (RTN1-C(CT)) corresponding to residues 186-208 of RTN1-C was synthesized, and its conformation and its interaction with nucleic acids were investigated. Here we demonstrate the strong ability of RTN1-C(CT) peptide to bind and condense the nucleic acids using electrophoretic and spectroscopic techniques. To determine if the binding of RTN1-C to nucleic acids could be regulated in vivo by an acetylation-deacetylation mechanism, as for the histone proteins, we studied the interaction of RTN1-C with one zinc-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme, HDAC8, with fluorescence and kinetic techniques using an acetylated form of RTN1-C(CT). The results reported here allow us to propose that the nucleic acid binding property of RTN1-C may have an important role in the biological function of this protein, the function of which could be regulated by an acetylation-deacetylation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- Department of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Histone deacetylase 7 associates with Runx2 and represses its activity during osteoblast maturation in a deacetylation-independent manner. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:361-72. [PMID: 17997710 PMCID: PMC2669158 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED HDAC7 associates with Runx2 and represses Runx2 transcriptional activity in a deacetylase-independent manner. HDAC7 suppression accelerates osteoblast maturation. Thus, HDAC7 is a novel Runx2 co-repressor that regulates osteoblast differentiation. INTRODUCTION Runx2 is a key regulator of gene expression in osteoblasts and can activate or repress transcription depending on interactions with various co-factors. Based on previous observations that several histone deacetylases (HDACs) repress Runx2 activity and that HDAC inhibitors accelerate osteoblast differentiation in vitro, we hypothesized that additional HDACs may also affect Runx2 activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A panel of HDACs was screened for repressors of Runx2 activity. Immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, GST-pulldowns, and chromatin immunoprecipitations were used to characterize the interactions between Runx2 and HDAC7. Expression of osteoblast markers was examined in a C2C12 cell osteoblast differentiation model in which HDAC7 levels were reduced by RNAi. RESULTS Runx2 activity was repressed by HDAC7 but not by HDAC9, HDRP, HDAC10, or HDAC11. HDAC7 and Runx2 were found co-localized in nuclei and associated with Runx2-responsive promoter elements in osseous cells. A carboxy-terminal domain of Runx2 associated with multiple regions of HDAC7. Although direct interactions with Runx2 were confined to the carboxy terminus of HDAC7, this region was dispensable for repression. In contrast, the amino terminus of HDAC7 bound Runx2 indirectly and was necessary and sufficient for transcriptional repression. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors did not decrease inhibition by HDAC7, indicating that HDAC7 repressed Runx2 by deacetylation-independent mechanism(s). Suppression of HDAC7 expression in C2C12 multipotent cells by RNAi accelerated their BMP2-dependent osteoblast differentiation program. Consistent with this observation, BMP2 decreased nuclear localization of HDAC7. CONCLUSIONS These results establish HDAC7 as a regulator of Runx2's transcriptional activity and suggest that HDAC7 may be an important regulator of the timing and/or rate of osteoblast maturation.
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Angelelli C, Magli A, Ferrari D, Ganassi M, Matafora V, Parise F, Razzini G, Bachi A, Ferrari S, Molinari S. Differentiation-dependent lysine 4 acetylation enhances MEF2C binding to DNA in skeletal muscle cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:915-28. [PMID: 18086704 PMCID: PMC2241889 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins play a key role in promoting the expression of muscle-specific genes in differentiated muscle cells. MEF2 activity is regulated by the association with several transcriptional co-factors and by post-translational modifications. In the present report, we provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism of MEF2C activity, which occurs at the onset of skeletal muscle differentiation and is based on Lys4 acetylation. This covalent modification results in the enhancement of MEF2C binding to DNA and chromatin. In particular, we report that the kinetic parameters of MEF2/DNA association change substantially upon induction of differentiation to give a more stable complex and that this effect is mediated by Lys4 acetylation. We also show that Lys4 acetylation plays a prominent role in the p300-dependent activation of MEF2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Angelelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Unraveling the hidden catalytic activity of vertebrate class IIa histone deacetylases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17335-40. [PMID: 17956988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706487104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have suggested that class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) (HDAC4, -5, -7, and -9) are inactive on acetylated substrates, thus differing from class I and IIb enzymes. Here, we present evidence supporting this view and demonstrate that class IIa HDACs are very inefficient enzymes on standard substrates. We identified HDAC inhibitors unable to bind recombinant human HDAC4 while showing inhibition in a typical HDAC4 enzymatic assay, suggesting that the observed activity rather reflects the involvement of endogenous copurified class I HDACs. Moreover, an HDAC4 catalytic domain purified from bacteria was 1,000-fold less active than class I HDACs on standard substrates. A catalytic Tyr is conserved in all HDACs except for vertebrate class IIa enzymes where it is replaced by His. Given the high structural conservation of HDAC active sites, we predicted the class IIa His-Nepsilon2 to be too far away to functionally substitute the class I Tyr-OH in catalysis. Consistently, a Tyr-to-His mutation in class I HDACs severely reduced their activity. More importantly, a His-976-Tyr mutation in HDAC4 produced an enzyme with a catalytic efficiency 1,000-fold higher than WT, and this "gain of function phenotype" could be extended to HDAC5 and -7. We also identified trifluoroacetyl-lysine as a class IIa-specific substrate in vitro. Hence, vertebrate class IIa HDACs may have evolved to maintain low basal activities on acetyl-lysines and to efficiently process restricted sets of specific, still undiscovered natural substrates.
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Sun L, Ma K, Wang H, Xiao F, Gao Y, Zhang W, Wang K, Gao X, Ip N, Wu Z. JAK1-STAT1-STAT3, a key pathway promoting proliferation and preventing premature differentiation of myoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:129-38. [PMID: 17908914 PMCID: PMC2064742 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200703184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cell-derived myoblasts are mainly responsible for postnatal muscle growth and injury-induced muscle regeneration. However, the cellular signaling pathways controlling the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts are not fully understood. We demonstrate that Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is required for myoblast proliferation and that it also functions as a checkpoint to prevent myoblasts from premature differentiation. Deliberate knockdown of JAK1 in both primary and immortalized myoblasts induces precocious myogenic differentiation with a concomitant reduction in cell proliferation. This is caused, in part, by an accelerated induction of MyoD, myocyte enhancer-binding factor 2 (MEF2), p21Cip1, and p27Kip1, a faster down-regulation of Id1, and an increase in MEF2-dependent gene transcription. Downstream of JAK1, of all the signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) present in myoblasts, we find that only STAT1 knockdown promotes myogenic differentiation in both primary and immortalized myoblasts. Leukemia inhibitory factor stimulates myoblast proliferation and represses differentiation via JAK1-STAT1-STAT3. Thus, JAK1-STAT1-STAT3 constitutes a signaling pathway that promotes myoblast proliferation and prevents premature myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luguo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
In the last decade, the identification of enzymes that regulate acetylation of histones and nonhistone proteins has revealed the key role of dynamic acetylation and deacetylation in various cellular processes. Mammalian histone deacetylases (HDACs), which catalyse the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues, are grouped into three classes, on the basis of similarity to yeast counterparts. An abundance of experimental evidence has established class IIa HDACs as crucial transcriptional regulators of various developmental and differentiation processes. In the past 5 years, a tremendous effort has been dedicated to characterizing the regulation of these enzymes. In this review, we summarize the latest discoveries in the field and discuss the molecular and structural determinants of class IIa HDACs regulation. Finally, we emphasize that comprehension of the mechanisms underlying class IIa HDAC functions is essential for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, FUSAGx, Gembloux, Belgium
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Jang H, Choi DE, Kim H, Cho EJ, Youn HD. Cabin1 Represses MEF2 Transcriptional Activity by Association with a Methyltransferase, SUV39H1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11172-9. [PMID: 17172641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611199200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) plays pivotal roles in various biological processes, and its transcriptional activity is regulated by histone acetylation/deacetylation enzymes in a calcium-dependent fashion. A calcineurin-binding protein 1 (Cabin1) has been shown to participate in repression of MEF2 by recruiting mSin3 and its associated histone deacetylases. Here, we report that histone methylation also takes a part in Cabin1-mediated repression of MEF2. Immunoprecipitate of Cabin1 complex can methylate histone H3 by association with SUV39H1. SUV39H1 increased Cabin1-mediated repression of MEF2 transcriptional activity in MEF2-targeting promoters. The SUV39H1 was revealed to bind to the 501-900-amino acid region of Cabin1, which was distinct from its histone deacetylase-recruiting domain. In addition, the Gal4-Cabin1-(501-900) alone repressed a constitutively active Gal4-tk-promoter, indicating that Cabin1 recruits SUV39H1 and represses transcriptional activity. Finally, both SUV39H1 and Cabin1 were shown to bind on the MEF2 target promoter in a calcium-dependent manner. Thus, Cabin1 recruits chromatin-modifying enzymes, both histone deacetylases and a histone methyltransferase, to repress MEF2 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyonchol Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Guo L, Han A, Bates DL, Cao J, Chen L. Crystal structure of a conserved N-terminal domain of histone deacetylase 4 reveals functional insights into glutamine-rich domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4297-302. [PMID: 17360518 PMCID: PMC1838596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine-rich sequences exist in a wide range of proteins across multiple species. A subset of glutamine-rich sequences has been shown to form amyloid fibers implicated in human diseases. The physiological functions of these sequence motifs are not well understood, partly because of the lack of structural information. Here we have determined a high-resolution structure of a glutamine-rich domain from human histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) by x-ray crystallography. The glutamine-rich domain of HDAC4 (19 glutamines of 68 residues) folds into a straight alpha-helix that assembles as a tetramer. In contrast to most coiled coil proteins, the HDAC4 tetramer lacks regularly arranged apolar residues and an extended hydrophobic core. Instead, the protein interfaces consist of multiple hydrophobic patches interspersed with polar interaction networks, wherein clusters of glutamines engage in extensive intra- and interhelical interactions. In solution, the HDAC4 tetramer undergoes rapid equilibrium with monomer and intermediate species. Structure-guided mutations that expand or disrupt hydrophobic patches drive the equilibrium toward the tetramer or monomer, respectively. We propose that a general role of glutamine-rich motifs be to mediate protein-protein interactions characteristic of a large component of polar interaction networks that may facilitate reversible assembly and disassembly of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
| | - Aidong Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
- *To whom correspondence should be sent at the present address:
Molecular and Computational Biology, Room 204c, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910. E-mail:
| | - Darren L. Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
| | - Jue Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
- *To whom correspondence should be sent at the present address:
Molecular and Computational Biology, Room 204c, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910. E-mail:
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Barrett A, Santangelo S, Tan K, Catchpole S, Roberts K, Spencer-Dene B, Hall D, Scibetta A, Burchell J, Verdin E, Freemont P, Taylor-Papadimitriou J. Breast cancer associated transcriptional repressor PLU-1/JARID1B interacts directly with histone deacetylases. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:265-75. [PMID: 17373667 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PLU-1/JARID1B nuclear protein, which is expressed in a high proportion of breast cancers, but shows restricted expression elsewhere, belongs to the ARID family of proteins, known to play important roles in development, differentiation, transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. PLU-1/JARID1B is a strong transcriptional repressor, and here we show that the protein localizes in MAD bodies when cotransfected with class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) or N-CoR. Direct binding to class I and class IIa HDACs is demonstrated, while the interaction with N-CoR appears to be indirect. The domains involved in the HDAC4-PLU-1/JARID1B interaction were investigated in detail, and the data show that 2 PHD domains in PLU-1/JARID1B, which are involved in transcriptional repression, are also crucial for binding to a domain in the 5' region of HDAC4, overlapping the MEF-2 binding region. Physiological relevance of this interaction in the mammary gland is suggested from the observation that HDAC4 and PLU-1/JARID1B are coexpressed in the pregnant and involuting mouse mammary gland and are both silenced at lactation. Significantly, the expression of both proteins is seen in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Barrett
- Cancer Research UK Breast Cancer Biology Group, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Zhao X, Sternsdorf T, Bolger TA, Evans RM, Yao TP. Regulation of MEF2 by histone deacetylase 4- and SIRT1 deacetylase-mediated lysine modifications. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:8456-64. [PMID: 16166628 PMCID: PMC1265742 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.19.8456-8464.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The class II deacetylase histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) negatively regulates the transcription factor MEF2. HDAC4 is believed to repress MEF2 transcriptional activity by binding to MEF2 and catalyzing local histone deacetylation. Here we report that HDAC4 also controls MEF2 by a novel SUMO E3 ligase activity. We show that HDAC4 interacts with the SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and is itself sumoylated. The overexpression of HDAC4 leads to prominent MEF2 sumoylation in vivo, whereas recombinant HDAC4 stimulates MEF2 sumoylation in a reconstituted system in vitro. Importantly, HDAC4 promotes sumoylation on a lysine residue that is also subject to acetylation by a MEF2 coactivator, the acetyltransferase CBP, suggesting a possible interplay between acetylation and sumoylation in regulating MEF2 activity. Indeed, MEF2 acetylation is correlated with MEF2 activation and dynamically induced upon muscle cell differentiation, while sumoylation inhibits MEF2 transcriptional activity. Unexpectedly, we found that HDAC4 does not function as a MEF2 deacetylase. Instead, the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 can potently induce MEF2 deacetylation. Our studies reveal a novel regulation of MEF2 transcriptional activity by two distinct classes of deacetylases that affect MEF2 sumoylation and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, P.O. Box 3813, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ma K, Chan JKL, Zhu G, Wu Z. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 acetylation by p300 enhances its DNA binding activity, transcriptional activity, and myogenic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:3575-82. [PMID: 15831463 PMCID: PMC1084296 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.9.3575-3582.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family proteins are key transcription factors controlling gene expression in myocytes, lymphocytes, and neurons. MEF2 proteins are known to be regulated by phosphorylation. We now provide evidence showing that MEF2C is acetylated by p300 both in vitro and in vivo. In C2C12 myogenic cells, MEF2 is preferentially acetylated in differentiating myocytes but not in undifferentiated myoblasts. Several major acetylation sites are mapped to the transactivation domain of MEF2C, some of which are fully conserved in other MEF2 members from several different species. Mutation of these lysines affects MEF2 DNA binding and transcriptional activity, as well as its synergistic effect with myogenin in myogenic conversion assays. When introduced into C2C12 myoblasts, the nonacetylatable MEF2C inhibits myogenic differentiation. Thus, in addition to phosphorylation, MEF2 activity is also critically regulated by acetylation during myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Micheli L, Leonardi L, Conti F, Buanne P, Canu N, Caruso M, Tirone F. PC4 coactivates MyoD by relieving the histone deacetylase 4-mediated inhibition of myocyte enhancer factor 2C. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2242-59. [PMID: 15743821 PMCID: PMC1061592 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.6.2242-2259.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) negatively regulates skeletal myogenesis by associating with the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors. Our data indicate that the gene PC4 (interferon-related developmental regulator 1 [IFRD1], Tis7), which we have previously shown to be required for myoblast differentiation, is both induced by MyoD and potentiates the transcriptional activity of MyoD, thus revealing a positive regulatory loop between these molecules. Enhancement by PC4 of MyoD-dependent activation of muscle gene promoters occurs selectively through MEF2 binding sites. Furthermore, PC4 localizes in the nucleus of differentiating myoblasts, associates with MEF2C, and is able to counteract the HDAC4-mediated inhibition of MEF2C. This latter action can be explained by the observed ability of PC4 to dose dependently displace HDAC4 from MEF2C. Consistently, we have observed that (i) the region of PC4 that binds MEF2C is sufficient to counteract the inhibition by HDAC4; (ii) PC4, although able to bind HDAC4, does not inhibit the enzymatic activity of HDAC4; and (iii) PC4 overcomes the inhibition mediated by the amino-terminal domain of HDAC4, which associates with MEF2C but not with PC4. Together, our findings strongly suggest that PC4 acts as a coactivator of MyoD and MEF2C by removing the inhibitory effect of HDAC4, thus exerting a pivotal function during myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Istituto di Neurobiologia e Medicina Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Marx 15, 00137, Rome, Italy
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