1
|
Chumki SA, van den Goor LM, Hall BN, Miller AL. p115RhoGEF activates RhoA to support tight junction maintenance and remodeling. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar136. [PMID: 36200892 PMCID: PMC9727809 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, epithelial cell-cell junctions must rapidly remodel to maintain barrier function as cells undergo dynamic shape-change events. Consequently, localized leaks sometimes arise within the tight junction (TJ) barrier, which are repaired by short-lived activations of RhoA, called "Rho flares." However, how RhoA is activated at leak sites remains unknown. Here we asked which guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) localizes to TJs to initiate Rho activity at Rho flares. We find that p115RhoGEF locally activates Rho flares at sites of TJ loss. Knockdown of p115RhoGEF leads to diminished Rho flare intensity and impaired TJ remodeling. p115RhoGEF knockdown also decreases junctional active RhoA levels, thus compromising the apical actomyosin array and junctional complex. Furthermore, p115RhoGEF is necessary to promote local leak repair to maintain TJ barrier function. In all, our work demonstrates a central role for p115RhoGEF in activating junctional RhoA to preserve barrier function and direct local TJ remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahana A. Chumki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lotte M. van den Goor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Benjamin N. Hall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann L. Miller
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,*Address correspondence to: Ann L. Miller ()
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hauke M, Eckenstaler R, Ripperger A, Ender A, Braun H, Benndorf RA. Active RhoA Exerts an Inhibitory Effect on the Homeostasis and Angiogenic Capacity of Human Endothelial Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025119. [PMID: 35699166 PMCID: PMC9238636 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The small GTPase RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A) regulates a variety of cellular processes, including cell motility, proliferation, survival, and permeability. In addition, there are reports indicating that RhoA‐ROCK (rho associated coiled‐coil containing protein kinase) activation is essential for VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)‐mediated angiogenesis, whereas other work suggests VEGF‐antagonistic effects of the RhoA‐ROCK axis. Methods and Results To elucidate this issue, we examined human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human coronary artery endothelial cells after stable overexpression (lentiviral transduction) of constitutively active (G14V/Q63L), dominant‐negative (T19N), or wild‐type RhoA using a series of in vitro angiogenesis assays (proliferation, migration, tube formation, angiogenic sprouting, endothelial cell viability) and a human umbilical vein endothelial cells xenograft assay in immune‐incompetent NOD scid gamma mice in vivo. Here, we report that expression of active and wild‐type RhoA but not dominant‐negative RhoA significantly inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and angiogenic sprouting in vitro. Moreover, active RhoA increased endothelial cell death in vitro and decreased human umbilical vein endothelial cell‐related angiogenesis in vivo. Inhibition of RhoA by C3 transferase antagonized the inhibitory effects of RhoA and strongly enhanced VEGF‐induced angiogenic sprouting in control‐treated cells. In contrast, inhibition of RhoA effectors ROCK1/2 and LIMK1/2 (LIM domain kinase 1/2) did not significantly affect RhoA‐related effects, but increased angiogenic sprouting and migration of control‐treated cells. In agreement with these data, VEGF did not activate RhoA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as measured by a Förster resonance energy transfer–based biosensor. Furthermore, global transcriptome and subsequent bioinformatic gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed that constitutively active RhoA induced a differentially expressed gene pattern that was enriched for gene ontology biological process terms associated with mitotic nuclear division, cell proliferation, cell motility, and cell adhesion, which included a significant decrease in VEGFR‐2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) and NOS3 (nitric oxide synthase 3) expression. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that increased RhoA activity has the potential to trigger endothelial dysfunction and antiangiogenic effects independently of its well‐characterized downstream effectors ROCK and LIMK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hauke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacotherapyInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Robert Eckenstaler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacotherapyInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Anne Ripperger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacotherapyInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Anna Ender
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacotherapyInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Heike Braun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacotherapyInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Ralf A. Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacotherapyInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Varadarajan S, Chumki SA, Stephenson RE, Misterovich ER, Wu JL, Dudley CE, Erofeev IS, Goryachev AB, Miller AL. Mechanosensitive calcium flashes promote sustained RhoA activation during tight junction remodeling. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213049. [PMID: 35254388 PMCID: PMC8906493 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell–cell junctions remodel in response to mechanical stimuli to maintain barrier function. Previously, we found that local leaks in tight junctions (TJs) are rapidly repaired by local, transient RhoA activation, termed “Rho flares,” but how Rho flares are regulated is unknown. Here, we discovered that intracellular calcium flashes and junction elongation are early events in the Rho flare pathway. Both laser-induced and naturally occurring TJ breaks lead to local calcium flashes at the site of leaks. Additionally, junction elongation induced by optogenetics increases Rho flare frequency, suggesting that Rho flares are mechanically triggered. Depletion of intracellular calcium or inhibition of mechanosensitive calcium channels (MSCs) reduces the amplitude of calcium flashes and diminishes the sustained activation of Rho flares. MSC-dependent calcium influx is necessary to maintain global barrier function by regulating reinforcement of local TJ proteins via junction contraction. In all, we uncovered a novel role for MSC-dependent calcium flashes in TJ remodeling, allowing epithelial cells to repair local leaks induced by mechanical stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahana A Chumki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eileen R Misterovich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jessica L Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Claire E Dudley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ivan S Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Holzner S, Bromberger S, Wenzina J, Neumüller K, Holper TM, Petzelbauer P, Bauer W, Weber B, Schossleitner K. Phosphorylated cingulin localises GEF-H1 at tight junctions to protect vascular barriers in blood endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258557. [PMID: 34345888 PMCID: PMC8445606 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of vascular barriers is a critical step in inflammatory diseases. Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) control barrier function, and the cytoplasmic adaptor protein cingulin connects TJs to signalling pathways. However, local events at TJs during inflammation are largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the local response of TJ adaptor protein cingulin and its interaction with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1, also known as ARHGEF2) upon vascular barrier disruption to find a new approach to counteract vascular leak. Based on transendothelial-electrical-resistance (TEER) measurements, cingulin strengthened barrier integrity upon stimulation with histamine, thrombin and VEGF. Cingulin also attenuated myosin light chain 2 (MLC2; also known as MYL2) phosphorylation by localising GEF-H1 to cell junctions. By using cingulin phosphomutants, we verified that the phosphorylation of the cingulin head domain is required for its protective effect. Increased colocalisation of GEF-H1 and cingulin was observed in the vessels of vasculitis patients compared to those in healthy skin. Our findings demonstrate that cingulin can counteract vascular leak at TJs, suggesting the existence of a novel mechanism in blood endothelial cells that protects barrier function during disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Holzner
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Bromberger
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wenzina
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Neumüller
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina-Maria Holper
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Weber
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaudia Schossleitner
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Catecholaminergic Vasopressors Reduce Toll-Like Receptor Agonist-Induced Microvascular Endothelial Cell Permeability But Not Cytokine Production. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:e315-e326. [PMID: 33481407 PMCID: PMC7892263 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. OBJECTIVES: Catecholaminergic vasopressors are the cornerstone of circulatory shock management. Nevertheless, catecholamines have problematic side effects, arousing a growing interest in noncatecholaminergic agents such as vasopressin or angiotensin-II. However, their respective effects on sepsis-associated microvascular endothelial dysfunction such as permeability or inflammation remain elusive. We investigated the role of catecholamines and other vasopressors on Toll-like receptor agonists-induced microvascular endothelial permeability and inflammation. SETTING: University research laboratory/cell research. SUBJECTS: Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells from multiple donors. INTERVENTION: Confluent monolayers of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were treated with Toll-like receptor agonists (lipopolysaccharide, Poly[I:C], or tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine) in the presence or absence of epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, and angiotensin-II. Permeability was inferred from transendothelial resistance, measured using electrical cell impedance sensing, where decreased transendothelial resistance is consistent with increased permeability. Cell-cell junction molecule expression was assessed via immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We quantified cytokines in supernatants of Toll-like receptor agonist-treated human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Epinephrine and norepinephrine both ameliorate lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, or tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine–induced reductions in transendothelial resistance, a surrogate for endothelial permeability. In contrast, the noncatecholaminergic agents, vasopressin, and angiotensin-II did not affect Toll-like receptor agonists-induced reductions in transendothelial resistance. β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists reduced the effects of the catecholamines on transendothelial resistance, whereas α-adrenergic receptor antagonists did not. We observed that epinephrine and norepinephrine induced actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and normalized the membrane expression of proteins involved with adherens-junctions (vascular endothelial-cadherin) and tight-junctions (zona occludens-1). Despite having a substantial effect on endothelial permeability, epinephrine and norepinephrine did not affect human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell survival or production of interleukin-8, interleukin-6, or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL-2) induced by Toll-like receptor agonists, suggesting that these functions are regulated separately from permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that treatment with epinephrine or norepinephrine strongly reduces endothelial permeability induced by agonists of multiple Toll-like receptors (Toll-like receptor-2, Toll-like receptor-3, Toll-like receptor-4) in vitro. Our studies suggest that both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors mediate the stabilizing effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the endothelial barrier.
Collapse
|
6
|
Le Master E, Ahn SJ, Levitan I. Mechanisms of endothelial stiffening in dyslipidemia and aging: Oxidized lipids and shear stress. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:185-215. [PMID: 33837693 PMCID: PMC8168803 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular stiffening of the arterial walls is well-known as a key factor in aging and the development of cardiovascular disease; however, the role of endothelial stiffness in vascular dysfunction is still an emerging topic. In this review, the authors discuss the impact of dyslipidemia, oxidized lipids, substrate stiffness, age and pro-atherogenic disturbed flow have on endothelial stiffness. Furthermore, we investigate several mechanistic pathways that are key contributors in endothelial stiffness and discuss their physiological effects in the onset of atherogenesis in the disturbed flow regions of the aortic vasculature. The findings in this chapter describe a novel paradigm of synergistic interaction of plasma dyslipidemia/oxidized lipids and pro-atherogenic disturbed shear stress, as well as aging has on endothelial stiffness and vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Le Master
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sang Joon Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Irena Levitan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Histamine-induced biphasic activation of RhoA allows for persistent RhoA signaling. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000866. [PMID: 32881857 PMCID: PMC7494096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is a central signaling enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, and cell cycle progression. Many signal transduction pathways activate RhoA—for instance, Gαq-coupled Histamine 1 Receptor signaling via Gαq-dependent activation of RhoGEFs such as p63. Although multiple upstream regulators of RhoA have been identified, the temporal regulation of RhoA and the coordination of different upstream components in its regulation have not been well characterized. In this study, live-cell measurement of RhoA activation revealed a biphasic increase of RhoA activity upon histamine stimulation. We showed that the first and second phase of RhoA activity are dependent on p63 and Ca2+/PKC, respectively, and further identified phosphorylation of serine 240 on p115 RhoGEF by PKC to be the mechanistic link between PKC and RhoA. Combined approaches of computational modeling and quantitative measurement revealed that the second phase of RhoA activation is insensitive to rapid turning off of the receptor and is required for maintaining RhoA-mediated transcription after the termination of the receptor signaling. Thus, two divergent pathways enable both rapid activation and persistent signaling in receptor-mediated RhoA signaling via intricate temporal regulation. The small GTPase RhoA is a central signaling enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, and cell cycle progression. This study shows that histamine induces biphasic activation of RhoA via two divergent signaling pathways, allowing for intricate regulation of cellular processes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Alassaf E, Mueller A. The role of PKC in CXCL8 and CXCL10 directed prostate, breast and leukemic cancer cell migration. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173453. [PMID: 32777211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Migration of tumour cells is a fundamental process for the formation and progression of metastasis in malignant diseases. Chemokines binding to their cognate receptors induce the migration of cancer cells, however, the molecular signalling pathways involved in this process are not fully understood. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to regulate cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. In order to identify a connection between PKC and tumour progression in breast, prostate and leukaemia cells, the effect of PKC on CXCL8 or CXCL10-mediated cell migration and morphology was analysed. We tested the speed of the migrating cells, morphology, and chemotaxis incubated with different PKC isoforms inhibitors- GF109203X, staurosporine and PKCζ pseudosubstrate inhibitor (PKCζi). We found that the migration of CXCL8-driven PC3 and MDA-MB231 cells in the presence of conventional, novel or atypical PKCs was not affected, but atypical PKCζ is crucial for THP-1 chemotaxis. The speed of CXCL10-activated PC3 and MDA-MB231 cells was significantly reduced in the presence of conventional, novel and atypical PKCζ. THP-1 chemotaxis was again affected by atypical PKCζi. On the other hand, cell area, circularity or aspect ratio were affected by staurosporine in CXCL8 or CXCL10-activated cells, demonstrating a role of PKCα in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton regardless of the effect on the migration. Consequently, this allows the speculation that different PKC isoforms induce different outcomes in migration and actin cytoskeleton based on the chemokine receptor and/or the cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enana Alassaf
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anja Mueller
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Girard M, Dagenais Bellefeuille S, Eiselt É, Brouillette R, Placet M, Arguin G, Longpré JM, Sarret P, Gendron FP. The P2Y 6 receptor signals through Gα q /Ca 2+ /PKCα and Gα 13 /ROCK pathways to drive the formation of membrane protrusions and dictate cell migration. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9676-9690. [PMID: 32420639 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a ubiquitous process necessary to maintain and restore tissue functions. However, in cancer, cell migration leads to metastasis development and thus worsens the prognosis. Although the mechanism of cell migration is well understood, the identification of new targets modulating cell migration and deciphering their signaling events could lead to new therapies to restore tissue functions in diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, or to block metastatic development in different forms of cancer. Previous research has identified the G-protein-coupled P2Y6 receptor as an innovative target that could dictate cell migration under normal and pathological conditions. Surprisingly, there is little information on the cellular events triggered by activated P2Y6 during cell migration. Here, we demonstrated that P2Y6 activation stimulated A549 human lung cancer cells and Caco-2 colorectal cancer cell migration. Activated P2Y6 increased the number of filopodia and focal adhesions; two migratory structures required for cell migration. The generation of these structures involved Gαq /calcium/protein kinases C (PKC) and Gα13 /RHO-associated protein kinase-dependent pathways that dictate the formation of the migratory structures. These pathways led to the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton through a PKC-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin. These results support the idea that the P2Y6 receptor represents a target of interest to modulate cell migration and revealed an intricate dialogue between two Gα-protein signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Girard
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steve Dagenais Bellefeuille
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Émilie Eiselt
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Brouillette
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Morgane Placet
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghali GZ, Ghali MGZ. Nafamostat mesylate attenuates the pathophysiologic sequelae of neurovascular ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2217-2234. [PMID: 32594033 PMCID: PMC7749469 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafamostat mesylate, an apparent soi-disant panacea of sorts, is widely used to anticoagulate patients undergoing hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass, mitigate the inflammatory response in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, and reverse the coagulopathy of patients experiencing the commonly preterminal disseminated intravascular coagulation in the Far East. The serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in the setting of neurovascular ischemia. Nafamostat mesylate generates neuroprotective effects by attenuating the enzymatic activity of serine proteases, neuroinflammatory signaling cascades, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, downregulating excitotoxic transient receptor membrane channel subfamily 7 cationic currents, modulating the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways, and supporting neuronal survival (brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB/ERK1/2/CREB, nuclear factor kappa B. The effects collectively reduce neuronal necrosis and apoptosis and prevent ischemia mediated disruption of blood-brain barrier microarchitecture. Investigational clinical applications of these compounds may mitigate ischemic reperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac, hepatic, renal, or intestinal transplant, preventing allograft rejection, and treating solid organ malignancies. Neuroprotective effects mediated by nafamostat mesylate support the wise conduct of randomized prospective controlled trials in Western countries to evaluate the clinical utility of this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Zaki Ghali
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA; Department of Toxicology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cooke M, Baker MJ, Kazanietz MG, Casado-Medrano V. PKCε regulates Rho GTPases and actin cytoskeleton reorganization in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Small GTPases 2019; 12:202-208. [PMID: 31648598 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1684785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) promotes the formation of membrane ruffles and motility in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We found that PKCε is down-regulated when NSCLC cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to TGF-β, thus becoming dispensable for migration and invasion in the mesenchymal state. PKCε silencing or inhibition leads to stress fibre formation, suggesting that this kinase negatively regulates RhoA activity. Ruffle formation induced by PKCε activation in the epithelial state is dependent on PI3K, but does not involve the PI3K-dependent Rac-GEFs Ect2, Trio, Vav2 or Tiam1, suggesting alternative Rac-GEFs as mediators of this response. In the proposed model, PKCε acts as a rheostat for Rho GTPases that differs in the epithelial and mesenchymal states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Juettner VV, Kruse K, Dan A, Vu VH, Khan Y, Le J, Leckband D, Komarova Y, Malik AB. VE-PTP stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions and the endothelial barrier via a phosphatase-independent mechanism. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1725-1742. [PMID: 30948425 PMCID: PMC6504901 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Juettner et al. describe a novel phosphatase-activity–independent mechanism by which the phosphatase VE-PTP restricts endothelial permeability. VE-PTP functions as a scaffold that binds and inhibits the RhoGEF GEF-H1, limiting RhoA-dependent tension across VE-cadherin junctions and decreasing VE-cadherin internalization to stabilize adherens junctions and reduce endothelial permeability. Vascular endothelial (VE) protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is an endothelial-specific phosphatase that stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions. Although studies have focused on the role of VE-PTP in dephosphorylating VE-cadherin in the activated endothelium, little is known of VE-PTP’s role in the quiescent endothelial monolayer. Here, we used the photoconvertible fluorescent protein VE-cadherin-Dendra2 to monitor VE-cadherin dynamics at adherens junctions (AJs) in confluent endothelial monolayers. We discovered that VE-PTP stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions by reducing the rate of VE-cadherin internalization independently of its phosphatase activity. VE-PTP serves as an adaptor protein that through binding and inhibiting the RhoGEF GEF-H1 modulates RhoA activity and tension across VE-cadherin junctions. Overexpression of the VE-PTP cytosolic domain mutant interacting with GEF-H1 in VE-PTP–depleted endothelial cells reduced GEF-H1 activity and restored VE-cadherin dynamics at AJs. Thus, VE-PTP stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions and restricts endothelial permeability by inhibiting GEF-H1, thereby limiting RhoA signaling at AJs and reducing the VE-cadherin internalization rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Juettner
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kevin Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Arkaprava Dan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Yousaf Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jonathan Le
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Yulia Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao H, Zhang K, Tang R, Meng H, Zou Y, Wu P, Hu R, Liu X, Feng H, Chen Y. TRPV4 Blockade Preserves the Blood-Brain Barrier by Inhibiting Stress Fiber Formation in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:97. [PMID: 29636662 PMCID: PMC5880899 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and subsequent brain edema play important roles in the secondary neuronal death and neurological dysfunction that are observed following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In previous studies, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a calcium-permeable mechanosensitive channel, was shown to induce cytotoxicity in many types of cells and to play a role in orchestrating barrier functions. In the present study, we explored the role of TRPV4 in ICH-induced brain injury, specifically investigating its effect on BBB disruption. Autologous arterial blood was injected into the basal ganglia of rats to mimic ICH. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham and experimental groups for studies on the time course of TRPV4 expression after ICH. The selective TRPV4 antagonist HC-067047 and TRPV4 siRNA were administered to evaluate the effects of TRPV4 inhibition. GSK1016790A, a TRPV4 agonist, was administered to naive rats to verify the involvement of TRPV4-induced BBB disruption. A PKC inhibitor, dihydrochloride (H7), and a selective RhoA inhibitor, C3 transferase, were administered to clarify the involvement of the PKCα/RhoA/MLC2 pathway following ICH. Post-ICH assessments including functional tests, brain edema measurements, Evans blue extravasation, western blotting and immunohistochemical assays were performed. TRPV4 inhibition remarkably ameliorated neurological symptoms, brain edema, and neuronal death, as well as BBB disruption, 24–72 h following ICH. Meanwhile, TRPV4 blockade preserved the expression of adherens and tight junction proteins, as well as BBB integrity, by inhibiting stress fiber formation, which might be correlated with the regulation of components of the PKCα/RhoA/MLC2 pathway. Furthermore, adherens and tight junction protein degradation induced by GSK1016790A treatment in naive rats was also related to PKCα/RhoA/MLC2-pathway-mediated stress fiber formation. Based on these findings, therapeutic interventions targeting TRPV4 may represent a novel approach to ameliorate secondary brain injury following ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongrui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjie Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abdelkawy KS, Lack K, Elbarbry F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Promising Arginase Inhibitors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:355-370. [PMID: 27734327 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation of arginase activity in several chronic disease conditions, including cancer and hypertension, may suggest new targets for treatment. Recently, the number of new arginase inhibitors with promising therapeutic effects for asthma, cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and erectile dysfunction has shown a remarkable increase. Arginase inhibitors may be chemical substances, such as boron-based amino acid derivatives, α-difluoromethylornithine (DMFO), and Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) or, of plant origin such as sauchinone, salvianolic acid B (SAB), piceatannol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (PG) and obacunone. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, little is known about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these agents. Several studies were conducted in different animal species and in vitro systems and reported significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors. Therefore, extra caution should be considered before extrapolating these studies to human. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of some effective arginase inhibitors make it challenging to formulate stable and effective formulation. In this article, existing literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors were reviewed and compared together with emphasis on possible drug interactions and solutions to overcome pharmacokinetics challenges and shortage of arginase inhibitors in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Lack
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Le Master E, Huang RT, Zhang C, Bogachkov Y, Coles C, Shentu TP, Sheng Y, Fancher IS, Ng C, Christoforidis T, Subbaiah PV, Berdyshev E, Qain Z, Eddington DT, Lee J, Cho M, Fang Y, Minshall RD, Levitan I. Proatherogenic Flow Increases Endothelial Stiffness via Enhanced CD36-Mediated Uptake of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:64-75. [PMID: 29025707 PMCID: PMC5746473 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbed flow (DF) is well-known to induce endothelial dysfunction and synergistically with plasma dyslipidemia facilitate plaque formation. Little is known, however, about the synergistic impact of DF and dyslipidemia on endothelial biomechanics. Our goal was to determine the impact of DF on endothelial stiffness and evaluate the role of dyslipidemia/oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) in this process. APPROACH AND RESULTS Endothelial elastic modulus of intact mouse aortas ex vivo and of human aortic endothelial cells exposed to laminar flow or DF was measured using atomic force microscopy. Endothelial monolayer of the aortic arch is found to be significantly stiffer than the descending aorta (4.2+1.1 versus 2.5+0.2 kPa for aortic arch versus descending aorta) in mice maintained on low-fat diet. This effect is significantly exacerbated by short-term high-fat diet (8.7+2.5 versus 4.5+1.2 kPa for aortic arch versus descending aorta). Exposure of human aortic endothelial cells to DF in vitro resulted in 50% increase in oxLDL uptake and significant endothelial stiffening in the presence but not in the absence of oxLDL. DF also increased the expression of oxLDL receptor CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), whereas downregulation of CD36 abrogated DF-induced endothelial oxLDL uptake and stiffening. Furthermore, genetic deficiency of CD36 abrogated endothelial stiffening in the aortic arch in vivo in mice fed either low-fat diet or high-fat diet. We also show that the loss of endothelial stiffening in CD36 knockout aortas is not mediated by the loss of CD36 in circulating cells. CONCLUSIONS DF facilitates endothelial CD36-dependent uptake of oxidized lipids resulting in local increase of endothelial stiffness in proatherogenic areas of the aorta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Le Master
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Ru-Ting Huang
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Chongxu Zhang
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Yedida Bogachkov
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Cassandre Coles
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Tzu-Pin Shentu
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Yue Sheng
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Carlos Ng
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Theodore Christoforidis
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Pappasani V Subbaiah
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Zhijian Qain
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - David T Eddington
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - James Lee
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Michael Cho
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Yun Fang
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Richard D Minshall
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Irena Levitan
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.).
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Catenins Steer Cell Migration via Stabilization of Front-Rear Polarity. Dev Cell 2017; 43:463-479.e5. [PMID: 29103954 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a pivotal role in morphogenetic and pathogenetic processes. To achieve directional migration, cells must establish a front-to-rear axis of polarity. Here we show that components of the cadherin-catenin complex function to stabilize this front-rear polarity. Neural crest and glioblastoma cells undergo directional migration in vivo or in vitro. During this process, αE-catenin accumulated at lamellipodial membranes and then moved toward the rear with the support of a tyrosine-phosphorylated β-catenin. This relocating αE-catenin bound to p115RhoGEF, leading to gathering of active RhoA in front of the nucleus where myosin-IIB arcs assemble. When catenins or p115RhoGEF were removed, cells lost the polarized myosin-IIB assembly, as well as the capability for directional movement. These results suggest that, apart from its well-known function in cell adhesion, the β-catenin/αE-catenin complex regulates directional cell migration by restricting active RhoA to perinuclear regions and controlling myosin-IIB dynamics at these sites.
Collapse
|
17
|
IP 3 receptor signaling and endothelial barrier function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4189-4207. [PMID: 28803370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells lining vessel walls, maintains tissue-fluid homeostasis by restricting the passage of the plasma proteins and blood cells into the interstitium. The ion Ca2+, a ubiquitous secondary messenger, initiates signal transduction events in endothelial cells that is critical to control of vascular tone and endothelial permeability. The ion Ca2+ is stored inside the intracellular organelles and released into the cytosol in response to environmental cues. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) messenger facilitates Ca2+ release through IP3 receptors which are Ca2+-selective intracellular channels located within the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Binding of IP3 to the IP3Rs initiates assembly of IP3R clusters, a key event responsible for amplification of Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells. This review discusses emerging concepts related to architecture and dynamics of IP3R clusters, and their specific role in propagation of Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang C, Adamos C, Oh MJ, Baruah J, Ayee MAA, Mehta D, Wary KK, Levitan I. oxLDL induces endothelial cell proliferation via Rho/ROCK/Akt/p27 kip1 signaling: opposite effects of oxLDL and cholesterol loading. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C340-C351. [PMID: 28701359 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00249.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized modifications of LDL (oxLDL) play a key role in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of oxLDL-mediated cellular behavior are not completely understood. Here, we compared the effects of two major types of oxLDL, copper-oxidized LDL (Cu2+-oxLDL) and lipoxygenase-oxidized LDL (LPO-oxLDL), on proliferation of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Cu2+-oxLDL enhanced HAECs' proliferation in a dose- and degree of oxidation-dependent manner. Similarly, LPO-oxLDL also enhanced HAEC proliferation. Mechanistically, both Cu2+-oxLDL and LPO-oxLDL enhance HAEC proliferation via activation of Rho, Akt phosphorylation, and a decrease in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27kip1). Both Cu2+-oxLDL or LPO-oxLDL significantly increased Akt phosphorylation, whereas an Akt inhibitor, MK2206, blocked oxLDL-induced increase in HAEC proliferation. Blocking Rho with C3 or its downstream target ROCK with Y27632 significantly inhibited oxLDL-induced Akt phosphorylation and proliferation mediated by both Cu2+- and LPO-oxLDL. Activation of RhoA was blocked by Rho-GDI-1, which also abrogated oxLDL-induced Akt phosphorylation and HAEC proliferation. In contrast, blocking Rac1 in these cells had no effect on oxLDL-induced Akt phosphorylation or cell proliferation. Moreover, oxLDL-induced Rho/Akt signaling downregulated cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 Preloading these cells with cholesterol, however, prevented oxLDL-induced Akt phosphorylation and HAEC proliferation. These findings provide a new understanding of the effects of oxLDL on endothelial proliferation, which is essential for developing new treatments against neovascularization and progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Crystal Adamos
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Myung-Jin Oh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Jugajyoti Baruah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manuela A A Ayee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kishore K Wary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The protective role of MLCP-mediated ERM dephosphorylation in endotoxin-induced lung injury in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39018. [PMID: 27976727 PMCID: PMC5157034 DOI: 10.1038/srep39018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the role of MLC phosphatase (MLCP) in a LPS model of acute lung injury (ALI). We demonstrate that ectopic expression of a constitutively-active (C/A) MLCP regulatory subunit (MYPT1) attenuates the ability of LPS to increase endothelial (EC) permeability. Down-regulation of MYPT1 exacerbates LPS-induced expression of ICAM1 suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of MLCP. To determine whether MLCP contributes to LPS-induced ALI in vivo, we utilized a nanoparticle DNA delivery method to specifically target lung EC. Expression of a C/A MYPT1 reduced LPS-induced lung inflammation and vascular permeability. Further, increased expression of the CS1β (MLCP catalytic subunit) also reduced LPS-induced lung inflammation, whereas the inactive CS1β mutant increased vascular leak. We next examined the role of the cytoskeletal targets of MLCP, the ERM proteins (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin), in mediating barrier dysfunction. LPS-induced increase in EC permeability was accompanied by PKC-mediated increase in ERM phosphorylation, which was more prominent in CS1β-depleted cells. Depletion of Moesin and Ezrin, but not Radixin attenuated LPS-induced increases in permeability. Further, delivery of a Moesin phospho-null mutant into murine lung endothelium attenuated LPS-induced lung inflammation and vascular leak suggesting that MLCP opposes LPS-induced ALI by mediating the dephosphorylation of Moesin and Ezrin.
Collapse
|
20
|
Nafamostat mesilate protects against acute cerebral ischemia via blood-brain barrier protection. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:398-410. [PMID: 26861077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, such as thrombin, are contributors to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate brain damage during ischemic stroke, for which the current clinical therapy remains unsatisfactory. However, the effect of nafamostat mesilate (NM), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, on BBB disruption following cerebral ischemia is unknown. Here, we investigated the in vivo effect of NM on BBB integrity in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and explored the possible mechanism in an in vitro BBB model comprising rat brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in the presence of thrombin. The results showed that NM treatment remarkably attenuated transient MCAO-induced brain infarcts, brain oedema and motor dysfunction in addition to BBB disruption, which might be related to changes in tight junction protein expression and localization. Meanwhile, NM preserved BBB integrity and alleviated the changes in tight junction protein expression and localization and cytoskeleton rearrangement in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells via thrombin inhibition. Our findings suggest that NM treatment can preserve BBB integrity through the inhibition of thrombin, which might be correlated with the regulation of PKCα/RhoA/MLC2 pathway components.
Collapse
|
21
|
New insights in the control of vascular permeability: vascular endothelial-cadherin and other players. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 22:267-72. [PMID: 25767951 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The control of the endothelial barrier function is essential for vascular homeostasis and is mainly mediated by cell-to-cell junctions that tightly regulate permeability to plasma solutes and circulating cells such as leukocytes and tumor cells. While in some circumstances the transient dismantling of endothelial cell junctions might be beneficial, in pathological conditions, such as cancer, severe alterations of endothelial junction composition and function are detrimental, causing massive edema and increased interstitial pressure. Here, we aim to discuss the newly and most recently identified molecular mechanisms that cooperate in the control of vascular permeability. RECENT FINDINGS Although the involvement of vascular endothelial-cadherin in the regulation of vascular leakage is well known, recent findings shed light on additional molecules involved in the control of vascular endothelial-cadherin phosphorylation in physiological and pathological conditions, and identified new unknown regulators of the endothelial barrier function. SUMMARY In the past years, several studies explored the contribution of various signaling pathways in the regulation of vascular leakage. Despite encouraging results, a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process will define druggable targets for new therapeutic interventions to limit endothelial barrier dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bodiga VL, Kudle MR, Bodiga S. Silencing of PKC-α, TRPC1 or NF-κB expression attenuates cisplatin-induced ICAM-1 expression and endothelial dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:78-91. [PMID: 26300057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy has been associated with increased long-term cardiovascular events. Also noteworthy is the accumulating awareness of early vascular toxicity occurring at the time of chemotherapy or immediately thereafter. The objective of the study was to delineate the molecular mechanisms associated with the early vascular toxicity and test the molecular silencing approach towards attenuating the endothelial dysfunction during platinum-based chemotherapy. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with varying concentrations of cisplatin (1.0-10.0μg/ml) or vehicle control (0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide) for monitoring the changes in Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and protein expression viz. a viz. altered activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) 1 expression, Nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB), Store Operated Ca(2+) Entry (SOCE) in cisplatin-induced endothelial permeability and adherence of the activated endothelial cells to human monocyte-like U937 cells. Silencing of either PKC-α, TRPC1 or p65 subunit of NF-κB, all resulted in significant alleviation of cisplatin-induced endothelial dysfunction. At concentrations ≥8μg/ml, cisplatin induced a significant increase in the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA as well as protein. This was mediated by changes in PKC-α membrane translocation, NF-κB activation, increased expression as well as phosphorylation of TRPC1 and enhanced SOCE, leading to hyperpermeability and leakage of albumin. Increased adherence of U937 monocytes to cisplatin-activated endothelial cells was evident. Cisplatin challenge activates PKC-α, which in turn phosphorylated TRPC1 resulting in enhanced Ca(2+) entry. Increased Ca(2+) flux is required for activation of NF-κB and ICAM-1 expression. Enhanced ICAM-1 expression promotes monocyte binding to endothelial cells and increased endothelial hyperpermeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics & Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Begumpet, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500016, Telangana, India
| | - Madhukar Rao Kudle
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India
| | - Sreedhar Bodiga
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
van Buul JD, Geerts D, Huveneers S. Rho GAPs and GEFs: controling switches in endothelial cell adhesion. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:108-24. [PMID: 24622613 PMCID: PMC4049857 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within blood vessels, endothelial cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions are crucial to preserve barrier function, and these adhesions are tightly controlled during vascular development, angiogenesis, and transendothelial migration of inflammatory cells. Endothelial cellular signaling that occurs via the family of Rho GTPases coordinates these cell adhesion structures through cytoskeletal remodelling. In turn, Rho GTPases are regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). To understand how endothelial cells initiate changes in the activity of Rho GTPases, and thereby regulate cell adhesion, we will discuss the role of Rho GAPs and GEFs in vascular biology. Many potentially important Rho regulators have not been studied in detail in endothelial cells. We therefore will first overview which GAPs and GEFs are highly expressed in endothelium, based on comparative gene expression analysis of human endothelial cells compared with other tissue cell types. Subsequently, we discuss the relevance of Rho GAPs and GEFs for endothelial cell adhesion in vascular homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vaškovičová K, Szabadosová E, Čermák V, Gandalovičová A, Kasalová L, Rösel D, Brábek J. PKCα promotes the mesenchymal to amoeboid transition and increases cancer cell invasiveness. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:326. [PMID: 25924946 PMCID: PMC4423130 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The local invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissue is the first and most critical step of the metastatic cascade. Cells can invade either collectively, or individually. Individual cancer cell invasion can occur in the mesenchymal or amoeboid mode, which are mutually interchangeable. This plasticity of individual cancer cell invasiveness may represent an escape mechanism for invading cancer cells from anti-metastatic treatment. Methods To identify new signaling proteins involved in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness, we performed proteomic analysis of the amoeboid to mesenchymal transition with A375m2 melanoma cells in a 3D Matrigel matrix. Results In this screen we identified PKCα as an important protein for the maintenance of amoeboid morphology. We found that the activation of PKCα resulted in the mesenchymal-amoeboid transition of mesenchymal K2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Consistently, PKCα inhibition led to the amoeboid-mesenchymal transition of amoeboid A375m2 cells. Next, we showed that PKCα inhibition resulted in a considerable decrease in the invading abilities of all analyzed cancer cell lines. Conclusions Our results suggest that PKCα is an important protein for maintenance of the amoeboid morphology of cancer cells, and that downregulation of PKCα results in the amoeboid to mesenchymal transition. Our data also suggest that PKCα is important for both mesenchymal and amoeboid invasiveness, making it an attractive target for anti-metastatic therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1347-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Vaškovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Current affiliation: Microscopy Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Emilia Szabadosová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Čermák
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Kasalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aslam M, Tanislav C, Troidl C, Schulz R, Hamm C, Gündüz D. cAMP controls the restoration of endothelial barrier function after thrombin-induced hyperpermeability via Rac1 activation. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12175. [PMID: 25344477 PMCID: PMC4254100 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators like thrombin disrupt endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) and barrier integrity leading to oedema formation followed by resealing of AJs and a slow recovery of the barrier function. The molecular mechanisms of this process have not yet been fully delineated. The aim of the present study was to analyse the molecular mechanism of endothelial barrier recovery and thrombin was used as model inflammatory mediator. Thrombin caused a strong increase in endothelial permeability within 10 min accompanied by loss of Rac1 but not cdc42 activity, drop in cellular cAMP contents, and a strong activation of the endothelial contractile machinery mainly via RhoA/Rock signalling. Activation of RhoA/Rock signalling precedes and is dependent upon a rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Inhibition of cytosolic Ca2+ rise but not MLCK or Rock enhances the recovery of endothelial barrier function. The cellular cAMP contents increased gradually during the barrier recovery phase (30–60 min after thrombin challenge) accompanied by an increase in Rac1 activity. Inhibition of Rac1 activity using a specific pharmacological inhibitor (NSC23766) abrogated the endothelial barrier recovery process, suggesting a Rac1‐dependent phenomenon. Likewise, inhibition of either adenylyl cyclase or the cAMP‐effectors PKA and Epac (with PKI and ESI‐09, respectively) caused an abrogation of Rac1 activation, resealing of endothelial AJs and recovery of endothelial barrier function. The data demonstrate that endothelial barrier recovery after thrombin challenge is regulated by Rac1 GTPase activation. This Rac1 activation is due to increased levels of cellular cAMP and activation of downstream signalling during the barrier recovery phase. e12175 In the present study, we analysed the changes in the dynamic activities of members of the Rho family of GTPases and the role of endogenous cAMP signalling in the restoration of thrombin‐induced EC hyperpermeability. To imitate the in vivo conditions, the thrombin was present during whole experiments. The study demonstrates that challenging the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers with thrombin results in a prompt activation (within first 10 min) of RhoA/Rock signalling and inhibition of Rac1 activity accompanied by a reduction in cellular cAMP contents. During the recovery phase of EC barrier function (30–60 min), an activation of Rac1 but not cdc42 occurs which is accompanied by an increase in intracellular levels of cAMP. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) or downstream cAMP signalling abrogates Rac1 activation during the recovery phase and impedes the restoration of EC barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Hamm
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dursun Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang C, Wu Y, Xuan Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Hao Y, Wu J, Zhang S. p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC pathways are involved in influenza-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and hyperpermeability in PMVEC via phosphorylating ERM. Virus Res 2014; 192:6-15. [PMID: 25150189 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza infections are featured by acute lung injury, a syndrome of pulmonary microvascular leak. A growing number of evidences have shown that the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) are critical target of influenza virus, promoting microvascular leak. It is reported that there are multiple mechanisms by which influenza virus could elicit increased pulmonary endothelial permeability, in both direct and indirect manners. Ezrin/radixin/moesin family proteins, the linkers between plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton, have been reported to be involved in cell adhesion, motility and may modulate endothelial permeability. Studies have also shown that ERM is phosphorylated in response to various stimuli via p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK or PKC pathways. However, it is unclear that whether influenza infection could induce ERM phosphorylation and its relocalization. In the present study, we have found that there are cytoskeletal reorganization and permeability increases in the course of influenza virus infection, accompanied by upregulated levels of p-ERM. p-ERM's aggregation along the periphery of PMVEC upon influenza virus infection was detected via confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we sought to determine the role of p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC pathways in ERM phosphorylation as well as their involvement in influenza virus-induced endothelial malfunction. The activation of p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC pathways upon influenza virus stimulation were observed, as evidenced by the evaluation of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), phosphorylated MKK (p-MKK) in p38MAPK pathway, ROCK1 in Rho/ROCK pathway and phosphorylated PKC (p-PKC) in PKC pathway. We also showed that virus-induced ERM phosphorylation was reduced by using p38MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 (20 μM), Rho/ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 (20 μM), PKC inhibitor, LY317615 (10 μM). Additionally, influenza virus-induced F-actin reorganization and hyperpermeability were attenuated by pretreatment with SB203580, Y27632 and LY317615. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC are involved in influenza-induced cytoskeletal changes and permeability increases in PMVEC via phosphorylating ERM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zinan Xuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zaahkouk AMS, Abdel Aziz MT, Rezq AM, Atta HM, Fouad HH, Ahmed HH, Sabry D, Yehia MH. Efficacy of a novel water-soluble curcumin derivative versus sildenafil citrate in mediating erectile function. Int J Impot Res 2014; 27:9-15. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Abdel Aziz MT, Rezq AM, Atta HM, Fouad H, Zaahkouk AM, Ahmed HH, Sabry D, Yehia HM. Molecular signalling of a novel curcumin derivative versus Tadalafil in erectile dysfunction. Andrologia 2014; 47:616-25. [PMID: 25059462 DOI: 10.1111/and.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a novel curcumin derivative (NCD) versus tadalafil in erectile signalling was assessed. Ten control male rats and 50 diabetic male rats were used and divided into the following: diabetic (DM), curcumin (CURC), NCD, tadalafil and NCD combined with tadalafil rat groups. Cavernous tissue gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Nrf2, NF-B and p38, enzyme activities of heme oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cGMP and intracavernosal pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed. Results showed that 12 weeks after induction of diabetes, erectile dysfunction (ED) was confirmed by the significant decrease in ICP/MAP, a significant decrease in cGMP, NOS, HO enzyme activities, a significant decrease in HO-1 gene and a significant increase in NF-Ҡβ, p38 genes. Administration of all therapeutic interventions led to a significant increase in ICP/MAP, cGMP levels, a significant increase in HO-1 and NOS enzymes, a significant increase in HO-1, and Nrf2 gene expression, and a significant decrease in NF-Ҡβ, p38 gene expression. NCD or its combination with tadalafil showed significant superiority and more prolonged duration of action. In conclusion, a tendency was observed that CURC and NCD have high efficacy and more prolonged duration of action in enhancing erectile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Abdel Aziz
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M Rezq
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H M Atta
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Clinical Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - H Fouad
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M Zaahkouk
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H H Ahmed
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H M Yehia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ho KW, Lambert WS, Calkins DJ. Activation of the TRPV1 cation channel contributes to stress-induced astrocyte migration. Glia 2014; 62:1435-51. [PMID: 24838827 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide metabolic, structural, and synaptic support to neurons in normal physiology and also contribute widely to pathogenic processes in response to stress or injury. Reactive astrocytes can undergo cytoskeletal reorganization and increase migration through changes in intracellular Ca(2+) mediated by a variety of potential modulators. Here we tested whether migration of isolated retinal astrocytes following mechanical injury (scratch wound) involves the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel (TRPV1), which contributes to Ca(2+)-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement and migration in other systems. Application of the TRPV1-specific antagonists, capsazepine (CPZ) or 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX), slowed migration by as much as 44%, depending on concentration. In contrast, treatment with the TRPV1-specific agonists, capsaicin (CAP) or resiniferatoxin (RTX) produced only a slight acceleration over a range of concentrations. Chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) with EGTA (1 mM) slowed astrocyte migration by 35%. Ratiometric imaging indicated that scratch wound induced a sharp 20% rise in astrocyte Ca(2+) that dissipated with distance from the wound. Treatment with IRTX both slowed and dramatically reduced the scratch-induced Ca(2+) increase. Both CPZ and IRTX influenced astrocyte cytoskeletal organization, especially near the wound edge. Taken together, our results indicate that astrocyte mobilization in response to mechanical stress involves influx of extracellular Ca(2+) and cytoskeletal changes in part mediated by TRPV1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Ho
- Vanderbilt Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Human cytomegalovirus pUL37x1-induced calcium flux activates PKCα, inducing altered cell shape and accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1140-8. [PMID: 24616524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402515111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein pUL37x1 induces the release of Ca(2+) stores from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. This release causes reorganization of the cellular actin cytoskeleton with concomitant cell rounding. Here we demonstrate that pUL37x1 activates Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Both PKCα and Rho-associated protein kinases are required for actin reorganization and cell rounding; however, only PKCα is required for the efficient production of virus progeny, arguing that HCMV depends on the kinase for a second function. PKCα activation is also needed for the production of large (1-5 μm) cytoplasmic vesicles late after infection. The production of these vesicles is blocked by inhibition of fatty acid or phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthesis, and the failure to produce vesicles is correlated with substantially reduced production of enveloped virus capsids. These results connect earlier work identifying a requirement for lipid synthesis with specific morphological changes, and support the argument that the PKCα-induced large vesicles are either required for the efficient production of mature virus particles or serve as a marker for the process.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gong H, Gao X, Feng S, Siddiqui MR, Garcia A, Bonini MG, Komarova Y, Vogel SM, Mehta D, Malik AB. Evidence of a common mechanism of disassembly of adherens junctions through Gα13 targeting of VE-cadherin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:579-91. [PMID: 24590762 PMCID: PMC3949568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein Gα13 transduces signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to induce cell spreading, differentiation, migration, and cell polarity. Here, we describe a novel GPCR-independent function of Gα13 in regulating the stability of endothelial cell adherens junctions (AJs). We observed that the oxidant H2O2, which is released in response to multiple proinflammatory mediators, induced the interaction of Gα13 with VE-cadherin. Gα13 binding to VE-cadherin in turn induced Src activation and VE-cadherin phosphorylation at Tyr 658, the p120-catenin binding site thought to be responsible for VE-cadherin internalization. Inhibition of Gα13-VE-cadherin interaction using an interfering peptide derived from the Gα13 binding motif on VE-cadherin abrogated the disruption of AJs in response to inflammatory mediators. These studies identify a unique role of Gα13 binding to VE-cadherin in mediating VE-cadherin internalization and endothelial barrier disruption and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Il 60612
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sato K, Sugiyama T, Nagase T, Kitade Y, Ueda H. Threonine 680 phosphorylation of FLJ00018/PLEKHG2, a Rho family-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling regulates cell morphology of Neuro-2a cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10045-56. [PMID: 24554703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FLJ00018/PLEKHG2 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 and has been shown to mediate the signaling pathways leading to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. The function of FLJ00018 is regulated by the interaction of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gβγ subunits or cytosolic actin. However, the details underlying the molecular mechanisms of FLJ00018 activation have yet to be elucidated. In the present study we show that FLJ00018 is phosphorylated and activated by β1-adrenergic receptor stimulation-induced EGF receptor (EGFR) transactivation in addition to Gβγ signaling. FLJ00018 is also phosphorylated and activated by direct EGFR stimulation. The phosphorylation of FLJ00018 by EGFR stimulation is mediated by the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Through deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified Thr-680 as the major site of phosphorylation by EGFR stimulation. FLJ00018 T680A, in which the phosphorylation site is replaced by alanine, showed a limited response of the Neuro-2a cell morphology to EGF stimulation. Our results provide evidence that stimulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway by EGFR results in FLJ00018 phosphorylation at Thr-680, which in turn controls changes in cell shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sato
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mouawad F, Aoudjit L, Jiang R, Szaszi K, Takano T. Role of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 in complement-mediated RhoA activation in glomerular epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4206-18. [PMID: 24356971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.506816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral glomerular epithelial cells (GEC), also known as podocytes, are vital for the structural and functional integrity of the glomerulus. The actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in maintaining GEC morphology. In a rat model of experimental membranous nephropathy (passive Heymann nephritis (PHN)), complement C5b-9-induced proteinuria was associated with the activation of the actin regulator small GTPase, RhoA. The mechanisms of RhoA activation, however, remained unknown. In this study, we explored the role of the epithelial guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF-H1, in complement-induced RhoA activation. Using affinity precipitation to monitor GEF activity, we found that GEF-H1 was activated in glomeruli isolated from rats with PHN. Complement C5b-9 also induced parallel activation of GEF-H1 and RhoA in cultured GEC. In GEC in which GEF-H1 was knocked down, both basal and complement-induced RhoA activity was reduced. On the other hand, GEF-H1 knockdown augmented complement-mediated cytolysis, suggesting a role for GEF-H1 and RhoA in protecting GEC from cell death. The MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, and mutation of the ERK-dependent phosphorylation site (T678A) prevented complement-induced GEF-H1 activation, indicating a role for the ERK pathway. Further, complement induced GEF-H1 and microtubule accumulation in the perinuclear region. However, both the perinuclear accumulation and the activation of GEF-H1 were independent of microtubules and myosin-mediated contractility, as shown using drugs that interfere with microtubule dynamics and myosin II activity. In summary, we have identified complement-induced ERK-dependent GEF-H1 activation as the upstream mechanism of RhoA stimulation, and this pathway has a protective role against cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Mouawad
- From the Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
This article examines the role of the endothelial cytoskeleton in the lung's ability to restrict fluid and protein to vascular space at normal vascular pressures and thereby to protect lung alveoli from lethal flooding. The barrier properties of microvascular endothelium are dependent on endothelial cell contact with other vessel-wall lining cells and with the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM). Focal adhesion complexes are essential for attachment of endothelium to ECM. In quiescent endothelial cells, the thick cortical actin rim helps determine cell shape and stabilize endothelial adherens junctions and focal adhesions through protein bridges to actin cytoskeleton. Permeability-increasing agonists signal activation of "small GTPases" of the Rho family to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton, leading to endothelial cell shape change, disassembly of cortical actin rim, and redistribution of actin into cytoplasmic stress fibers. In association with calcium- and Src-regulated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), stress fibers become actinomyosin-mediated contractile units. Permeability-increasing agonists stimulate calcium entry and induce tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin) and β-catenins to weaken or pull apart endothelial adherens junctions. Some permeability agonists cause latent activation of the small GTPases, Cdc42 and Rac1, which facilitate endothelial barrier recovery and eliminate interendothelial gaps. Under the influence of Cdc42 and Rac1, filopodia and lamellipodia are generated by rearrangements of actin cytoskeleton. These motile evaginations extend endothelial cell borders across interendothelial gaps, and may initiate reannealing of endothelial junctions. Endogenous barrier protective substances, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, play an important role in maintaining a restrictive endothelial barrier and counteracting the effects of permeability-increasing agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chow CR, Suzuki N, Kawamura T, Hamakubo T, Kozasa T. Modification of p115RhoGEF Ser(330) regulates its RhoGEF activity. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2085-92. [PMID: 23816534 PMCID: PMC4076829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
p115RhoGEF is a member of a family of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors that also contains a regulator of G protein signaling homology domain (RH-RhoGEFs) that serves as a link between Gα13 signaling and RhoA activation. While the mechanism of regulation of p115RhoGEF by Gα13 is becoming well-known, the role of other regulatory mechanisms, such as post-translational modification or autoinhibition, in mediating p115RhoGEF activity is less well-characterized. Here, putative phosphorylation sites on p115RhoGEF are identified and characterized. Mutation of Ser(330) leads to a decrease in serum response element-mediated transcription as well as decreased activation by Gα13 in vitro. Additionally, this study provides the first report of the binding kinetics between full-length p115RhoGEF and RhoA in its various nucleotide states and examines the binding kinetics of phospho-mutant p115RhoGEF to RhoA. These data, together with other recent reports on regulatory mechanisms of p115RhoGEF, suggest that this putative phosphorylation site serves as a means for initiation or relief of autoinhibition of p115RhoGEF, providing further insight into the regulation of its activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina R. Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue Room E403 (m/c 868), Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Nobuchika Suzuki
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tohru Kozasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue Room E403 (m/c 868), Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Loirand G, Sauzeau V, Pacaud P. Small G Proteins in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1659-720. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute the Ras superfamily comprising more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families that control a wide variety of cell and biological functions through highly coordinated regulation processes. Increasing evidence has accumulated to identify small G proteins and their regulators as key players of the cardiovascular physiology that control a large panel of cardiac (heart rhythm, contraction, hypertrophy) and vascular functions (angiogenesis, vascular permeability, vasoconstriction). Indeed, basal Ras protein activity is required for homeostatic functions in physiological conditions, but sustained overactivation of Ras proteins or spatiotemporal dysregulation of Ras signaling pathways has pathological consequences in the cardiovascular system. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress in our understanding of the role of small G proteins and their regulators in cardiovascular physiology and pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Pacaud
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mok KW, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Regulation of blood-testis barrier (BTB) dynamics during spermatogenesis via the "Yin" and "Yang" effects of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:291-358. [PMID: 23317821 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian testes, haploid spermatozoa are formed from diploid spermatogonia during spermatogenesis, which is a complicated cellular process. While these cellular events were reported in the 1960s and 1970s, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) that regulates these events remained unexplored until the past ∼10 years. For instance, adhesion proteins were shown to be integrated components at the Sertoli cell-cell interface and/or the Sertoli-spermatid interface in the late 1980s. But only until recently, studies have demonstrated that some of the adhesion proteins serve as the platform for signal transduction that regulates cell adhesion. In this chapter, a brief summary and critical discussion are provided on the latest findings regarding these cell-adhesion proteins in the testis and their relationship to spermatogenesis. Moreover, antagonistic effects of two mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes, known as mTORC1 and mTORC2, on cell-adhesion function in the testis are discussed. Finally, a hypothetic model is presented to depict how these two mTOR-signaling complexes having the "yin" and "yang" antagonistic effects on the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier can maintain the blood-testis barrier (BTB) integrity during the epithelial cycle while preleptotene spermatocytes are crossing the BTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wai Mok
- Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schmidt TT, Tauseef M, Yue L, Bonini MG, Gothert J, Shen TL, Guan JL, Predescu S, Sadikot R, Mehta D. Conditional deletion of FAK in mice endothelium disrupts lung vascular barrier function due to destabilization of RhoA and Rac1 activities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L291-300. [PMID: 23771883 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00094.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of lung-fluid homeostasis is the hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Association of catenins and actin cytoskeleton with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is generally considered the main mechanism for stabilizing adherens junctions (AJs), thereby preventing disruption of lung vascular barrier function. The present study identifies endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that canonically regulates focal adhesion turnover, as a novel AJ-stabilizing mechanism. In wild-type mice, induction of ALI by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide or cecal ligation and puncture markedly decreased FAK expression in lungs. Using a mouse model in which FAK was conditionally deleted only in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that loss of EC-FAK mimicked key features of ALI (diffuse lung hemorrhage, increased transvascular albumin influx, edema, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung). EC-FAK deletion disrupted AJs due to impairment of the fine balance between the activities of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases. Deletion of EC-FAK facilitated RhoA's interaction with p115-RhoA guanine exchange factor, leading to activation of RhoA. Activated RhoA antagonized Rac1 activity, destabilizing AJs. Inhibition of Rho kinase, a downstream effector of RhoA, reinstated normal endothelial barrier function in FAK-/- ECs and lung vascular integrity in EC-FAK-/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that EC-FAK plays an essential role in maintaining AJs and thereby lung vascular barrier function by establishing the normal balance between RhoA and Rac1 activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Thennes Schmidt
- Dept. of Pharmacology, The Univ. of Illinois, College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Adyshev DM, Dudek SM, Moldobaeva N, Kim KM, Ma SF, Kasa A, Garcia JGN, Verin AD. Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins differentially regulate endothelial hyperpermeability after thrombin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L240-55. [PMID: 23729486 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00355.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption induced by inflammatory agonists such as thrombin leads to potentially lethal physiological dysfunction such as alveolar flooding, hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema. Thrombin stimulates paracellular gap and F-actin stress fiber formation, triggers actomyosin contraction, and alters EC permeability through multiple mechanisms that include protein kinase C (PKC) activation. We previously have shown that the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) actin-binding proteins differentially participate in sphingosine-1 phosphate-induced EC barrier enhancement. Phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the COOH-terminus of ERM proteins causes conformational changes in ERM to unmask binding sites and is considered a hallmark of ERM activation. In the present study we test the hypothesis that ERM proteins are phosphorylated on this critical threonine residue by thrombin-induced signaling events and explore the role of the ERM family in modulating thrombin-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and EC barrier function. Thrombin promotes ERM phosphorylation at this threonine residue (ezrin Thr567, radixin Thr564, moesin Thr558) in a PKC-dependent fashion and induces translocation of phosphorylated ERM to the EC periphery. Thrombin-induced ERM threonine phosphorylation is likely synergistically mediated by protease-activated receptors PAR1 and PAR2. Using the siRNA approach, depletion of either moesin alone or of all three ERM proteins significantly attenuates thrombin-induced increase in EC barrier permeability (transendothelial electrical resistance), cytoskeletal rearrangements, paracellular gap formation, and accumulation of phospho-myosin light chain. In contrast, radixin depletion exerts opposing effects on these indexes. These data suggest that ERM proteins play important differential roles in the thrombin-induced modulation of EC permeability, with moesin promoting barrier dysfunction and radixin opposing it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djanybek M Adyshev
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, COMRB 3154, MC 719, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Siehler S. G12/13-dependent signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors: disease context and impact on drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1591-604. [PMID: 23488903 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.12.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit extracellular signals across the plasma membrane via intracellular activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. The signal transduction pathways of Gs, Gi and Gq protein families are widely studied, whereas signaling properties of G12 proteins are only emerging. Many GPCRs were found to couple to G12/13 proteins in addition to coupling to one or more other types of G proteins. G12/13 proteins couple GPCRs to activation of the small monomeric GTPase RhoA. Activation of RhoA modulates various downstream effector systems relevant to diseases such as hypertension, artherosclerosis, asthma and cancer. GPCR screening assays exist for Gs-, Gi- and Gq-linked pathways, whereas a drug-screening assay for the G12-Rho pathway was developed only recently. The review gives an overview of the present understanding of the G12/13-related biology of GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Siehler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, WSJ-88.2.05, 4002 Basel, Switzerland +41 61 324 8946 ; +41 61 324 2870 ;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abdel Aziz MT, Motawi T, Rezq A, Mostafa T, Fouad HH, Ahmed HH, Rashed L, Sabry D, Senbel A, Al-Malki A, El-Shafiey R. Effects of a water-soluble curcumin protein conjugate vs. pure curcumin in a diabetic model of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2012; 9:1815-33. [PMID: 22548787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Curcumin is involved in erectile signaling via elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). AIM Assessment of the effects of water-soluble curcumin in erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS One hundred twenty male white albino rats were divided into: 1st and 2nd control groups with or without administration of Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), 3rd and 4th diabetic groups with or without ZnPP, 5th diabetic group on single oral dose of pure curcumin, 6th diabetic group on pure curcumin administered daily for 12 weeks, 7th and 8th diabetic groups on single dose of water-soluble curcumin administered with or without ZnPP, 9th and 10th diabetic groups on water-soluble curcumin administered daily for 12 weeks with or without ZnPP. All curcumin dosage schedules were administered after induction of diabetes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quantitative gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear transcription factor-erythroid2 (Nrf2), NF-Кβ, and p38. Cavernous tissue levels of HO and NOS enzyme activities, cGMP and intracavernosal pressure (ICP). RESULTS Twelve weeks after induction of diabetes, ED was confirmed by the significant decrease in ICP. There was a significant decrease in cGMP, NOS, HO enzymes, a significant decrease in eNOS, nNOS, HO-1 genes and a significant elevation of NF-Кβ, p38, iNOS genes. Administration of pure curcumin or its water-soluble conjugate led to a significant elevation in ICP, cGMP levels, a significant increase in HO-1 and NOS enzymes, a significant increase in eNOS, nNOS, HO-1, and Nrf2 genes, and a significant decrease in NF-Кβ, p38, and iNOS genes. Water-soluble curcumin showed significant superiority and more prolonged duration of action. Repeated doses regimens were superior to single dose regimen. Administration of ZnPP significantly reduced HO enzyme, cGMP, ICP/ mean arterial pressure (MAP), HO-1 genes in diabetic groups. CONCLUSION Water-soluble curcumin could enhance erectile function with more effectiveness and with more prolonged duration of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Talaat Abdel Aziz
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ma X, Zhao Y, Daaka Y, Nie Z. Acute activation of β2-adrenergic receptor regulates focal adhesions through βArrestin2- and p115RhoGEF protein-mediated activation of RhoA. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18925-36. [PMID: 22500016 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.352260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
β(2)-Adrenergic receptors (β(2)ARs) regulate cellular functions through G protein-transduced and βArrestin-transduced signals. β(2)ARs have been shown to regulate cancer cell migration, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that β(2)AR regulates formation of focal adhesions, whose dynamic remodeling is critical for directed cell migration. β(2)ARs induce activation of RhoA, which is dependent on βArrestin2 but not G(s). βArrestin2 forms a complex with p115RhoGEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA that is well known to be activated by G(12/13)-coupled receptors. Our results show that βArrestin2 forms a complex with p115RhoGEF in the cytosol in resting cells. Upon β(2)AR activation, both βArrestin2 and p115RhoGEF translocate to the plasma membrane, with concomitant activation of RhoA and formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers. Activation of RhoA and focal adhesion remodeling may explain, at least in part, the role of β(2)ARs in cell migration. These results suggest that βArrestin2 may serve as a convergence point for non-G(12/13) and non-G(q) protein-coupled receptors to activate RhoA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Urology and Prostate Disease Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chandra S, Romero MJ, Shatanawi A, Alkilany AM, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Oxidative species increase arginase activity in endothelial cells through the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:506-19. [PMID: 21740411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NO produced by endothelial NOS is needed for normal vascular function. During diabetes, aging and hypertension, elevated levels of arginase can compete with NOS for available l-arginine, reducing NO and increasing superoxide (O(2) (.-)) production via NOS uncoupling. Elevated O(2) (.-) combines with NO to form peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), further reducing NO. Oxidative species increase arginase activity, but the mechanism(s) involved are not known. Our study determined the mechanism involved in peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide-induced enhancement in endothelial arginase activity. We hypothesized that oxidative species increase arginase activity through PKC-activated RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arginase activity/expression was analysed in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) treated with an ONOO(-) generator (SIN-1) or H(2) O(2). Pretreatment with inhibitors of Rho kinase (Y-27632) or PKC (Gö6976) was used to investigate the mechanism involved in arginase activation. KEY RESULTS Exposure to SIN-1 (25 µM, 24 h) or H(2) O(2) (25 µM, 8 h) increased arginase I expression and arginase activity (35% and 50%, respectively), which was prevented by ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, PKC inhibitor, Gö6976 or siRNA to p115-Rho GEF. There was an early activation of p115-Rho GEF (SIN-1, 2 h; H(2) O(2), 1 h) and Rho A (SIN-1, 4 h; H(2) O(2), 1 h) that was prevented by using the PKC inhibitor. Exposure to SIN-1 and H(2) O(2 ) also reduced NOS activity, which was blocked by pretreatment with p115-RhoGEF siRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that the oxidative species ONOO(-) and H(2) O(2) increase arginase activity/expression through PKC-mediated activation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ruiz-Loredo AY, López E, López-Colomé AM. Thrombin stimulates stress fiber assembly in RPE cells by PKC/CPI-17-mediated MLCP inactivation. Exp Eye Res 2012; 96:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
46
|
Wei C, Wang X, Zheng M, Cheng H. Calcium gradients underlying cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 24:254-61. [PMID: 22196933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The calcium ion is the simplest and most versatile second messenger in biology. Harboring a myriad of calcium effector proteins, migrating cells display an exquisite multiscaled and multilayered architecture of intracellular calcium dynamics. In motile fibroblasts, for instance, there are transient calcium microdomains ('calcium flickers') of ~5 μm in diameter and 10-2000 ms in duration, a rising flicker activity gradient along the rear-to-front axis, and a shallow background calcium concentration gradient in the opposite direction. When subjected to external gradients of guidance cues, local flicker gradients are created de novo in the leading edge, which steer cells to turn in new directions as defined by the asymmetry of the flicker activity, apparently by a stochastic decision-making mechanism. These recent findings provide a glimpse into how spatiotemporally coordinated calcium gradients orchestrate cellular behavior as complex as directional movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Life Sciences, the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
O'Neill AK, Gallegos LL, Justilien V, Garcia EL, Leitges M, Fields AP, Hall RA, Newton AC. Protein kinase Cα promotes cell migration through a PDZ-dependent interaction with its novel substrate discs large homolog 1 (DLG1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43559-68. [PMID: 22027822 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.294603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein scaffolds maintain precision in kinase signaling by coordinating kinases with components of specific signaling pathways. Such spatial segregation is particularly important in allowing specificity of signaling mediated by the 10-member family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Here we identified a novel interaction between PKCα and the Discs large homolog (DLG) family of scaffolds that is mediated by a class I C-terminal PDZ (PSD-95, disheveled, and ZO1) ligand unique to this PKC isozyme. Specifically, use of a proteomic array containing 96 purified PDZ domains identified the third PDZ domains of DLG1/SAP97 and DLG4/PSD95 as interaction partners for the PDZ binding motif of PKCα. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments verified that PKCα and DLG1 interact in cells by a mechanism dependent on an intact PDZ ligand. Functional assays revealed that the interaction of PKCα with DLG1 promotes wound healing; scratch assays using cells depleted of PKCα and/or DLG1 have impaired cellular migration that is no longer sensitive to PKC inhibition, and the ability of exogenous PKCα to rescue cellular migration is dependent on the presence of its PDZ ligand. Furthermore, we identified Thr-656 as a novel phosphorylation site in the SH3-Hook region of DLG1 that acts as a marker for PKCα activity at this scaffold. Increased phosphorylation of Thr-656 is correlated with increased invasiveness in non-small cell lung cancer lines from the NCI-60, consistent with this phosphorylation site serving as a marker of PKCα-mediated invasion. Taken together, these data establish the requirement of scaffolding to DLG1 for PKCα to promote cellular migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K O'Neill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang Y, Peng F, Gao B, Ingram AJ, Krepinsky JC. High glucose-induced RhoA activation requires caveolae and PKCβ1-mediated ROS generation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F159-72. [PMID: 21975875 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00749.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular matrix accumulation is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. We previously showed that RhoA activation by high glucose in mesangial cells (MC) leads to matrix upregulation (Peng F, Wu D, Gao B, Ingram AJ, Zhang B, Chorneyko K, McKenzie R, Krepinsky JC. Diabetes 57: 1683-1692, 2008). Here, we study the mechanism whereby RhoA is activated. In primary rat MC, RhoA activation required glucose entry and metabolism. Broad PKC inhibitors (PMA, bisindolylmaleimide, Gö6976), as well as specific PKCβ blockade with an inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA), prevented RhoA activation by glucose. PKCβ inhibition also abrogated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by glucose. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and DPI prevented glucose-induced RhoA activation. RhoA and some PKC isoforms localize to caveolae. Chemical disruption of these microdomains prevented RhoA and PKCβ1 activation by glucose. In caveolin-1 knockout cells, glucose did not induce RhoA and PKCβ1 activation; these responses were rescued by caveolin-1 reexpression. Furthermore, glucose-induced ROS generation was significantly attenuated by chemical disruption of caveolae and in knockout cells. Downstream of RhoA signaling, activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation was also inhibited by disrupting caveolae, was absent in caveolin-1 knockout MC and rescued by caveolin-1 reexpression. Finally, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 upregulation, mediated by AP-1, was prevented by RhoA signaling inhibition and by disruption or absence of caveolae. In conclusion, RhoA activation by glucose is dependent on PKCβ1-induced ROS generation, most likely through NADPH oxidase. The activation of PKCβ1 and its downstream effects, including upregulation of TGF-β1, requires caveolae. These microdomains are thus important mediators of the profibrogenic process associated with diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kozasa T, Hajicek N, Chow CR, Suzuki N. Signalling mechanisms of RhoGTPase regulation by the heterotrimeric G proteins G12 and G13. J Biochem 2011; 150:357-69. [PMID: 21873336 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-mediated signal transduction can transduce signals from a large variety of extracellular stimuli into cells and is the most widely used mechanism for cell communication at the membrane. The RhoGTPase family has been well established as key regulators of cell growth, differentiation and cell shape changes. Among G protein-mediated signal transduction, G12/13-mediated signalling is one mechanism to regulate RhoGTPase activity in response to extracellular stimuli. The alpha subunits of G12 or G13 have been shown to interact with members of the RH domain containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho (RH-RhoGEF) family of proteins to directly connect G protein-mediated signalling and RhoGTPase signalling. The G12/13-RH-RhoGEF signalling mechanism is well conserved over species and is involved in critical steps for cell physiology and disease conditions, including embryonic development, oncogenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we will summarize current progress on this important signalling mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kozasa
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yao L, Romero MJ, Toque HA, Yang G, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. The role of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in endothelial dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2011; 1:165-70. [PMID: 21264179 PMCID: PMC3023892 DOI: 10.4103/0975-3583.74258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the development of vascular disease, and it precedes clinically obvious vascular pathology. Abnormal activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway has been found to elevate vascular tone through unbalancing the production of vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances. Inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway can prevent endothelial dysfunction in a variety of pathological conditions. This review, based on recent molecular, cellular, and animal studies, focuses on the current understanding of the ROCK pathway and its roles in endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|