1
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Lucienne M, Gerlini R, Rathkolb B, Calzada-Wack J, Forny P, Wueest S, Kaech A, Traversi F, Forny M, Bürer C, Aguilar-Pimentel A, Irmler M, Beckers J, Sauer S, Kölker S, Dewulf JP, Bommer GT, Hoces D, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Rozman J, Froese DS, Baumgartner MR, de Angelis MH. Insights into energy balance dysregulation from a mouse model of methylmalonic aciduria. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2717-2734. [PMID: 37369025 PMCID: PMC10460489 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited disorders of mitochondrial metabolism, including isolated methylmalonic aciduria, present unique challenges to energetic homeostasis by disrupting energy-producing pathways. To better understand global responses to energy shortage, we investigated a hemizygous mouse model of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (Mmut)-type methylmalonic aciduria. We found Mmut mutant mice to have reduced appetite, energy expenditure and body mass compared with littermate controls, along with a relative reduction in lean mass but increase in fat mass. Brown adipose tissue showed a process of whitening, in line with lower body surface temperature and lesser ability to cope with cold challenge. Mutant mice had dysregulated plasma glucose, delayed glucose clearance and a lesser ability to regulate energy sources when switching from the fed to fasted state, while liver investigations indicated metabolite accumulation and altered expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and Fgf21-controlled pathways. Together, these shed light on the mechanisms and adaptations behind energy imbalance in methylmalonic aciduria and provide insight into metabolic responses to chronic energy shortage, which may have important implications for disease understanding and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lucienne
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- radiz – Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Gerlini
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children’s Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Traversi
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merima Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Bürer
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Sauer
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph P Dewulf
- Department of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Department of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Hoces
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- radiz – Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- radiz – Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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2
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Chen T, Gao Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Sui C, Yang L. Methylmalonic acidemia: Neurodevelopment and neuroimaging. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1110942. [PMID: 36777632 PMCID: PMC9909197 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a genetic disease of abnormal organic acid metabolism, which is one of the important factors affecting the survival rate and quality of life of newborns or infants. Early detection and diagnosis are particularly important. The diagnosis of MMA mainly depends on clinical symptoms, newborn screening, biochemical detection, gene sequencing and neuroimaging diagnosis. The accumulation of methylmalonic acid and other metabolites in the body of patients causes brain tissue damage, which can manifest as various degrees of intellectual disability and severe neurological dysfunction. Neuroimaging examination has important clinical significance in the diagnosis and prognosis of MMA. This review mainly reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, and nervous system development, especially the neuroimaging features of MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yian Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengdong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Yinan People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chaofan Sui
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linfeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Linfeng Yang,
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3
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The Regulation and Characterization of Mitochondrial-Derived Methylmalonic Acid in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7043883. [PMID: 35656023 PMCID: PMC9155905 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7043883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) can act as a diagnosis of hereditary methylmalonic acidemia and assess the status of vitamin B12. Moreover, as a new potential biomarker, it has been widely reported to be associated with the progression and prognosis of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular events, renal insufficiency, cognitive impairment, and cancer. MMA accumulation may cause oxidative stress and impair mitochondrial function, disrupt cellular energy metabolism, and trigger cell death. This review primarily focuses on the mechanisms and epidemiology or progression in the clinical study on MMA.
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Han G, Zhen W, Dai Y, Yu H, Li D, Ma T. Dihuang-Yinzi Alleviates Cognition Deficits via Targeting Energy-Related Metabolism in an Alzheimer Mouse Model as Demonstrated by Integration of Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:873929. [PMID: 35431901 PMCID: PMC9011333 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.873929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism disturbance and the consequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction play a key and pathogenic role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Dihuang-Yinzi (DHYZ) is a traditional Chinese herbal prescription clinically applied to treat AD and other neurodegenerative diseases for a long time. However, the systematical metabolic mechanism of DHYZ against AD remains largely unclear. Here we aimed to explore the mechanism of DHYZ in the treatment of AD comprehensively in an in vivo metabolic context by performing metabolomics analysis coupled with network pharmacology study and experimental validation. The network pharmacology was applied to dig out the potential target of DHYZ against AD. The metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-HRMS was carried out to profile the urine of 2× Tg-AD mice treated with DHYZ. By integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics, we found DHYZ could ameliorate 4 key energy-related metabolic pathways, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Besides, we identified 5 potential anti-AD targets of DHYZ, including DAO, HIF1A, PARP1, ALDH3B2, and ACHE, and 14 key differential metabolites involved in the 4 key energy-related metabolic pathways. Furthermore, DHYZ depressed the mitochondrial dysfunction and the resultant ROS overproduction through ameliorating glycerophospholipid metabolism disturbance. Thereby DHYZ increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content and promoted glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and consequently improved oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism. In the present study, we provided a novel, comprehensive and systematic insight into investigating the therapeutic efficacy of DHYZ against AD via ameliorating energy-related metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Han
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhe Zhen
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongni Yu
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyue Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Ma,
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5
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Proctor EC, Turton N, Boan EJ, Bennett E, Philips S, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP. The Effect of Methylmalonic Acid Treatment on Human Neuronal Cell Coenzyme Q 10 Status and Mitochondrial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9137. [PMID: 33266298 PMCID: PMC7730949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia is an inborn metabolic disease of propionate catabolism, biochemically characterized by accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) to millimolar concentrations in tissues and body fluids. However, MMA's role in the pathophysiology of the disorder and its status as a "toxic intermediate" is unclear, despite evidence for its ability to compromise antioxidant defenses and induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a prominent electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and a lipid-soluble antioxidant which has been reported to be deficient in patient-derived fibroblasts and renal tissue from an animal model of the disease. However, at present, it is uncertain which factors are responsible for inducing this CoQ10 deficiency or the effect of this deficit in CoQ10 status on mitochondrial function. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential of MMA, the principal metabolite that accumulates in methylmalonic acidemia, to induce a cellular CoQ10 deficiency. In view of the severe neurological presentation of patients with this condition, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were used as a neuronal cell model for this investigation. Following treatment with pathological concentrations of MMA (>0.5 mM), we found a significant (p = 0.0087) ~75% reduction in neuronal cell CoQ10 status together with a significant (p = 0.0099) decrease in MRC complex II-III activity at higher concentrations (>2 mM). The deficits in neuronal CoQ10 status and MRC complex II-III activity were associated with a loss of cell viability. However, no significant impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detectable. These findings indicate the potential of pathological concentrations of MMA to induce a neuronal cell CoQ10 deficiency with an associated loss of MRC complex II-III activity. However, in the absence of an impairment of ΔΨm, the contribution this potential deficit in cellular CoQ10 status makes towards the disease pathophysiology methylmalonic acidemia has yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Proctor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (E.J.B.); (E.B.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Elle Jo Boan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (E.J.B.); (E.B.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Emily Bennett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (E.J.B.); (E.B.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Suzannah Philips
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen NHS Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK;
| | - Robert A. Heaton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (E.J.B.); (E.B.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (E.J.B.); (E.B.); (R.A.H.)
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6
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Turton N, Rutherford T, Thijssen D, Hargreaves IP. Putative adjunct therapies to target mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in phenylketonuria, lysosomal storage disorders and peroxisomal disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1850254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tricia Rutherford
- Department of research and development, Vitaflo International Ltd, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dick Thijssen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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7
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Gancheva S, Caspari D, Bierwagen A, Jelenik T, Caprio S, Santoro N, Rothe M, Markgraf DF, Herebian D, Hwang JH, Öner-Sieben S, Mennenga J, Pacini G, Thimm E, Schlune A, Meissner T, Vom Dahl S, Klee D, Mayatepek E, Roden M, Ensenauer R. Cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in patients with deficient branched-chain amino acid catabolism: A case-control study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:981-993. [PMID: 32118306 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Classical organic acidemias (OAs) result from defective mitochondrial catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Abnormal mitochondrial function relates to oxidative stress, ectopic lipids and insulin resistance (IR). We investigated whether genetically impaired function of mitochondrial BCAA catabolism associates with cardiometabolic risk factors, altered liver and muscle energy metabolism, and IR. In this case-control study, 31 children and young adults with propionic acidemia (PA), methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) or isovaleric acidemia (IVA) were compared with 30 healthy young humans using comprehensive metabolic phenotyping including in vivo 31 P/1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver and skeletal muscle. Among all OAs, patients with PA exhibited abdominal adiposity, IR, fasting hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridemia as well as increased liver fat accumulation, despite dietary energy intake within recommendations for age and sex. In contrast, patients with MMA more frequently featured higher energy intake than recommended and had a different phenotype including hepatomegaly and mildly lower skeletal muscle ATP content. In skeletal muscle of patients with PA, slightly lower inorganic phosphate levels were found. However, hepatic ATP and inorganic phosphate concentrations were not different between all OA patients and controls. In patients with IVA, no abnormalities were detected. Impaired BCAA catabolism in PA, but not in MMA or IVA, was associated with a previously unrecognised, metabolic syndrome-like phenotype with abdominal adiposity potentially resulting from ectopic lipid storage. These findings suggest the need for early cardiometabolic risk factor screening in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daria Caspari
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessandra Bierwagen
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, "V.Tiberio" University of Molise Via de Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maik Rothe
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel F Markgraf
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jong-Hee Hwang
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soner Öner-Sieben
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jasmin Mennenga
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Eva Thimm
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Schlune
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Vom Dahl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Klee
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Child Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Janssen JJE, Grefte S, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ. Mito-Nuclear Communication by Mitochondrial Metabolites and Its Regulation by B-Vitamins. Front Physiol 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30809153 PMCID: PMC6379835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that control metabolic homeostasis and ATP generation, but also play an important role in other processes, like cell death decisions and immune signaling. Mitochondria produce a diverse array of metabolites that act in the mitochondria itself, but also function as signaling molecules to other parts of the cell. Communication of mitochondria with the nucleus by metabolites that are produced by the mitochondria provides the cells with a dynamic regulatory system that is able to respond to changing metabolic conditions. Dysregulation of the interplay between mitochondrial metabolites and the nucleus has been shown to play a role in disease etiology, such as cancer and type II diabetes. Multiple recent studies emphasize the crucial role of nutritional cofactors in regulating these metabolic networks. Since B-vitamins directly regulate mitochondrial metabolism, understanding the role of B-vitamins in mito-nuclear communication is relevant for therapeutic applications and optimal dietary lifestyle. In this review, we will highlight emerging concepts in mito-nuclear communication and will describe the role of B-vitamins in mitochondrial metabolite-mediated nuclear signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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9
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Bowman CE, Wolfgang MJ. Role of the malonyl-CoA synthetase ACSF3 in mitochondrial metabolism. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 71:34-40. [PMID: 30201289 PMCID: PMC6347522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is a central metabolite in fatty acid biochemistry. It is the rate-determining intermediate in fatty acid synthesis but is also an allosteric inhibitor of the rate-setting step in mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation. While these canonical cytoplasmic roles of malonyl-CoA have been well described, malonyl-CoA can also be generated within the mitochondrial matrix by an alternative pathway: the ATP-dependent ligation of malonate to Coenzyme A by the malonyl-CoA synthetase ACSF3. Malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase of the TCA cycle, is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration. A major role for ACSF3 is to provide a metabolic pathway for the clearance of malonate by the generation of malonyl-CoA, which can then be decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. Additionally, ACSF3-derived malonyl-CoA can be used to malonylate lysine residues on proteins within the matrix of mitochondria, possibly adding another regulatory layer to post-translational control of mitochondrial metabolism. The discovery of ACSF3-mediated generation of malonyl-CoA defines a new mitochondrial metabolic pathway and raises new questions about how the metabolic fates of this multifunctional metabolite intersect with mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn E Bowman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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10
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Molema F, Jacobs EH, Onkenhout W, Schoonderwoerd GC, Langendonk JG, Williams M. Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a biomarker for long-term complications in organic acidemias. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1179-1187. [PMID: 30159853 PMCID: PMC6327009 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that long-term complications in organic acidemias are caused by impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Currently, there is no specific biomarker to monitor mitochondrial dysfunction in organic acidemias. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a biomarker for mitochondrial disease and could be a candidate to monitor mitochondrial function in the deleterious course of disease. METHODS Data of 17 patients with classical organic acidemias (11 propionic acidemia (PA), four methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and two isovaleric acidemia (IVA) patients) were included. The clinical course was evaluated; metabolic decompensations and long-term complications were correlated with plasma FGF-21 levels. Cardiomyopathy, prolonged QT interval, renal failure, and optic neuropathy were defined as long-term complications. RESULTS Patients ages ranged from 16 months up to 32 years. Serious long-term complications occurred in eight patients (five PA and three MMA patients). In MMA and PA patients plasma FGF-21 levels during stable metabolic periods were significantly higher in patients with long-term complications (Mdn = 2556.0 pg/ml) compared to patients without (Mdn = 287.0 pg/ml). A median plasma FGF-21 level above 1500 pg/ml during a stable metabolic period, measured before the occurrence of long-term complications, had a positive predictive value of 0.83 and a negative predictive value of 1.00 on long-term complications in MMA and PA patients. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential role of FGF-21 as a biomarker for long-term complications in classical organic acidemias, attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Molema
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2060, 3000, CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E H Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2060, 3000, CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Onkenhout
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2060, 3000, CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G C Schoonderwoerd
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2060, 3000, CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G Langendonk
- Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Williams
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2060, 3000, CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Stepien KM, Heaton R, Rankin S, Murphy A, Bentley J, Sexton D, Hargreaves IP. Evidence of Oxidative Stress and Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Disorders. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E71. [PMID: 28753922 PMCID: PMC5532579 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6070071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases and conditions. Oxidative stress occurs once the antioxidant defenses of the body become overwhelmed and are no longer able to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS can then go unchallenged and are able to cause oxidative damage to cellular lipids, DNA and proteins, which will eventually result in cellular and organ dysfunction. Although not always the primary cause of disease, mitochondrial dysfunction as a secondary consequence disease of pathophysiology can result in increased ROS generation together with an impairment in cellular energy status. Mitochondrial dysfunction may result from either free radical-induced oxidative damage or direct impairment by the toxic metabolites which accumulate in certain metabolic diseases. In view of the importance of cellular antioxidant status, a number of therapeutic strategies have been employed in disorders associated with oxidative stress with a view to neutralising the ROS and reactive nitrogen species implicated in disease pathophysiology. Although successful in some cases, these adjunct therapies have yet to be incorporated into the clinical management of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence of oxidative stress, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidant treatment efficacy in metabolic and non-metabolic diseases in which there is a current interest in these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Stepien
- The Mark Holland Metabolic Unit Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
| | - Robert Heaton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Scott Rankin
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Alex Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - James Bentley
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Darren Sexton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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12
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Park JS, Park D, Ko PW, Kang K, Lee HW. Serum methylmalonic acid correlates with neuropathic pain in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1799-1804. [PMID: 28726051 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a relatively higher prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). The hypothesis is that prolonged levodopa exposure causes vitamin B12 deficiency, which leads to peripheral neuropathy. The aim of our study was to find the relationship between vitamin B12 and its precursor methylmalonic acid (MMA) in IPD patients with neuropathic pain. We performed a cross-sectional study by enrolling consecutive 43 patients who were clinically tested positive for F-18 FP-CIT PET and 15 patients were diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy according to the Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS). The severity of neuropathic pain was evaluated using total neuropathy scale, revised (TNSr), and Korean Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (KNPQ). The correlations between age, IPD duration, levodopa equivalent dose (LED), UPDRS III, vitamin B12, MMA, and homocysteine levels were assessed. The prevalence rate of peripheral neuropathy in IPD patients was 35%. Among the serums assessed, MMA levels showed a positive correlation to TNSr and KNPQ in the IPD patients with peripheral neuropathy (TNSr r = 0.882, p < 0.001, KNPQ r = 0.710, p = 0.004), while Vitamin B12 and homocysteine showed no statistically significant correlation. Our study showed a prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in 35% of Korean IPD patients. The serum MMA positively correlated with the severity of neuropathic pain and this can be used as a useful marker in assessment of peripheral neuropathy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donghwi Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Pan-Woo Ko
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyunghun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea. .,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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13
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Dong K, Yan Y, Wang P, Shi X, Zhang L, Wang K, Xing J, Dong Y. Biodegradable mixed MPEG-SS-2SA/TPGS micelles for triggered intracellular release of paclitaxel and reversing multidrug resistance. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5109-5123. [PMID: 27785018 PMCID: PMC5063596 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a type of multifunctional mixed micelles were prepared by a novel biodegradable amphiphilic polymer (MPEG-SS-2SA) and a multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent (d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate, TPGS). The mixed micelles could achieve rapid intracellular drug release and reversal of MDR. First, the amphiphilic polymer, MPEG-SS-2SA, was synthesized through disulfide bonds between poly (ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (MPEG) and stearic acid (SA). The structure of the obtained polymer was similar to poly (ethylene glycol)-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Then the mixed micelles, MPEG-SS-2SA/TPGS, were prepared by MPEG-SS-2SA and TPGS through the thin film hydration method and loaded paclitaxel (PTX) as the model drug. The in vitro release study revealed that the mixed micelles could rapidly release PTX within 24 h under a reductive environment because of the breaking of disulfide bonds. In cell experiments, the mixed micelles significantly inhibited the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complex II, also reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the content of adenosine triphosphate, thus effectively inhibiting the efflux of PTX from cells. Moreover, in the confocal laser scanning microscopy, cellular uptake and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assays, the MPEG-SS-2SA/TPGS micelles achieved faster release and more uptake of PTX in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7/PTX cells and showed better antitumor effects as compared with the insensitive control. In conclusion, the biodegradable mixed micelles, MPEG-SS-2SA/TPGS, could be potential vehicles for delivering hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs in MDR cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengchong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianpeng Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
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14
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Villani GRD, Gallo G, Scolamiero E, Salvatore F, Ruoppolo M. “Classical organic acidurias”: diagnosis and pathogenesis. Clin Exp Med 2016; 17:305-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-016-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Cudré-Cung HP, Zavadakova P, do Vale-Pereira S, Remacle N, Henry H, Ivanisevic J, Tavel D, Braissant O, Ballhausen D. Ammonium accumulation is a primary effect of 2-methylcitrate exposure in an in vitro model for brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:57-67. [PMID: 27599447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using 3D organotypic rat brain cell cultures in aggregates we recently identified 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) as the main toxic metabolite for developing brain cells in methylmalonic aciduria. Exposure to 2-MCA triggered morphological changes and apoptosis of brain cells. This was accompanied by increased ammonium and decreased glutamine levels. However, the sequence and causal relationship between these phenomena remained unclear. To understand the sequence and time course of pathogenic events, we exposed 3D rat brain cell aggregates to different concentrations of 2-MCA (0.1, 0.33 and 1.0mM) from day in vitro (DIV) 11 to 14. Aggregates were harvested at different time points from DIV 12 to 19. We compared the effects of a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA administered on DIV 11 to the effects of repeated doses of 1mM 2-MCA. Pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD FMK or Q-VD-OPh were used to block apoptosis. Ammonium accumulation in the culture medium started within few hours after the first 2-MCA exposure. Morphological changes of the developing brain cells were already visible after 17h. The highest rate of cleaved caspase-3 was observed after 72h. A dose-response relationship was observed for all effects. Surprisingly, a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA was sufficient to induce all of the biochemical and morphological changes in this model. 2-MCA-induced ammonium accumulation and morphological changes were not prevented by concomitant treatment of the cultures with pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD FMK or Q-VD-OPh: ammonium increased rapidly after a single 1mM 2-MCA administration even after apoptosis blockade. We conclude that following exposure to 2-MCA, ammonium production in brain cell cultures is an early phenomenon, preceding cell degeneration and apoptosis, and may actually be the cause of the other changes observed. The fact that a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA is sufficient to induce deleterious effects over several days highlights the potential damaging effects of even short-lasting metabolic decompensations in children affected by methylmalonic aciduria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Zavadakova
- Center of Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Noémie Remacle
- Center of Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- Biomedicine, Innovation & Development, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Research Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise Tavel
- Department of Physiology, Lausanne University, Switzerland
| | | | - Diana Ballhausen
- Center of Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
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16
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Forny P, Schumann A, Mustedanagic M, Mathis D, Wulf MA, Nägele N, Langhans CD, Zhakupova A, Heeren J, Scheja L, Fingerhut R, Peters HL, Hornemann T, Thony B, Kölker S, Burda P, Froese DS, Devuyst O, Baumgartner MR. Novel Mouse Models of Methylmalonic Aciduria Recapitulate Phenotypic Traits with a Genetic Dosage Effect. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20563-73. [PMID: 27519416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria (MMAuria), caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), usually presents in the newborn period with failure to thrive and metabolic crisis leading to coma or even death. Survivors remain at risk of metabolic decompensations and severe long term complications, notably renal failure and neurological impairment. We generated clinically relevant mouse models of MMAuria using a constitutive Mut knock-in (KI) allele based on the p.Met700Lys patient mutation, used homozygously (KI/KI) or combined with a knockout allele (KO/KI), to study biochemical and clinical MMAuria disease aspects. Transgenic Mut(ki/ki) and Mut(ko/ki) mice survive post-weaning, show failure to thrive, and show increased methylmalonic acid, propionylcarnitine, odd chain fatty acids, and sphingoid bases, a new potential biomarker of MMAuria. Consistent with genetic dosage, Mut(ko/ki) mice have lower Mut activity, are smaller, and show higher metabolite levels than Mut(ki/ki) mice. Further, Mut(ko/ki) mice exhibit manifestations of kidney and brain damage, including increased plasma urea, impaired diuresis, elevated biomarkers, and changes in brain weight. On a high protein diet, mutant mice display disease exacerbation, including elevated blood ammonia, and catastrophic weight loss, which, in Mut(ki/ki) mice, is rescued by hydroxocobalamin treatment. This study expands knowledge of MMAuria, introduces the discovery of new biomarkers, and constitutes the first in vivo proof of principle of cobalamin treatment in mut-type MMAuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Forny
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology
| | - Anke Schumann
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Déborah Mathis
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, and
| | | | - Nadine Nägele
- the Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus-Dieter Langhans
- the Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assem Zhakupova
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Heeren
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Ludger Scheja
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- the Children's Research Center, the Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heidi L Peters
- the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Metabolic Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thony
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center
| | - Stefan Kölker
- the Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricie Burda
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center
| | - D Sean Froese
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, the Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology,
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17
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Royes LFF, Gabbi P, Ribeiro LR, Della-Pace ID, Rodrigues FS, de Oliveira Ferreira AP, da Silveira Junior MEP, da Silva LRH, Grisólia ABA, Braga DV, Dobrachinski F, da Silva AMHO, Soares FAA, Marchesan S, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fighera MR. A neuronal disruption in redox homeostasis elicited by ammonia alters the glycine/glutamate (GABA) cycle and contributes to MMA-induced excitability. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1373-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Ruppert T, Schumann A, Gröne HJ, Okun JG, Kölker S, Morath MA, Sauer SW. Molecular and biochemical alterations in tubular epithelial cells of patients with isolated methylmalonic aciduria. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7049-59. [PMID: 26420839 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidurias (MMAurias) are a group of inherited disorders in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, odd-chain fatty acids and cholesterol caused by complete or partial deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (mut(0) and mut(-) subtype respectively) and by defects in the metabolism of its cofactor 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (cblA, cblB or cblD variant 2 type). A long-term complication found in patients with mut(0) and cblB variant is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. The underlying pathomechanism has remained unknown. We established an in vitro model of tubular epithelial cells from patient urine (hTEC; 9 controls, 5 mut(0), 1 cblB). In all human tubular epithelial cell (hTEC) lines we found specific tubular markers (AQP1, UMOD, AQP2). Patient cells showed disturbance of energy metabolism in glycolysis, mitochondrial respiratory chain and Krebs cycle in concert with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Electron micrographs indicated increased autophagosome production and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was supported by positive acridine orange staining and elevated levels of LC3 II, P62 and pIRE1. Screening mTOR signaling revealed a release of inhibition of autophagy. Patient hTEC produced and secreted elevated amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL8, which was highly correlated with the acridine orange staining. Summarizing, hTEC of MMAuria patients are characterized by disturbed energy metabolism and ROS production that lead to increased autophagy and IL8 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ruppert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Schumann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland, Institute of Physiology, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland and
| | - H J Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J G Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M A Morath
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S W Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
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19
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Tuncel AT, Ruppert T, Wang BT, Okun JG, Kölker S, Morath MA, Sauer SW. Maleic Acid--but Not Structurally Related Methylmalonic Acid--Interrupts Energy Metabolism by Impaired Calcium Homeostasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128770. [PMID: 26086473 PMCID: PMC4473014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleic acid (MA) has been shown to induce Fanconi syndrome via disturbance of renal energy homeostasis, though the underlying pathomechanism is still under debate. Our study aimed to examine the pathomechanism underlying maleic acid-induced nephrotoxicity. Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is structurally similar to MA and accumulates in patients affected with methymalonic aciduria, a defect in the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, odd-chain fatty acids and cholesterol, which is associated with the development of tubulointerstitial nephritis resulting in chronic renal failure. We therefore used MMA application as a control experiment in our study and stressed hPTECs with MA and MMA to further validate the specificity of our findings. MMA did not show any toxic effects on proximal tubule cells, whereas maleic acid induced concentration-dependent and time-dependent cell death shown by increased lactate dehydrogenase release as well as ethidium homodimer and calcein acetoxymethyl ester staining. The toxic effect of MA was blocked by administration of single amino acids, in particular L-alanine and L-glutamate. MA application further resulted in severe impairment of cellular energy homeostasis on the level of glycolysis, respiratory chain, and citric acid cycle resulting in ATP depletion. As underlying mechanism we could identify disturbance of calcium homeostasis. MA toxicity was critically dependent on calcium levels in culture medium and blocked by the extra- and intracellular calcium chelators EGTA and BAPTA-AM respectively. Moreover, MA-induced cell death was associated with activation of calcium-dependent calpain proteases. In summary, our study shows a comprehensive pathomechanistic concept for MA-induced dysfunction and damage of human proximal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tunç Tuncel
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thorsten Ruppert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bei-Tzu Wang
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Günther Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Alexandra Morath
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Wolfgang Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Nizon M, Ottolenghi C, Valayannopoulos V, Arnoux JB, Barbier V, Habarou F, Desguerre I, Boddaert N, Bonnefont JP, Acquaviva C, Benoist JF, Rabier D, Touati G, de Lonlay P. Long-term neurological outcome of a cohort of 80 patients with classical organic acidurias. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:148. [PMID: 24059531 PMCID: PMC4016503 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classical organic acidurias including methylmalonic aciduria (MMA), propionic aciduria (PA) and isovaleric aciduria (IVA) are severe inborn errors of the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids and odd-numbered chain fatty acids, presenting with severe complications. Methods This study investigated the long-term outcome of 80 patients with classical organic aciduria (38 with MMA, 24 with PA and 18 with IVA) by integrating clinical, radiological, biochemical and genetic data. Results Patients were followed-up for a mean of 14 years [age 3.3-46.3 years]. PA included a greater number of patients with abnormal neurological examination (37% in PA, 24% in MMA and 0% in IVA), lower psychometric scores (abnormal evaluation at age 3 years in 61% of patients with PA versus 26% in MMA and 18% in IVA) and more frequent basal ganglia lesions (56% of patients versus 36% in MMA and 17% in IVA). All patients with IVA presented a normal neurological examination and only 1/3 presented cognitive troubles. Prognosis for MMA was intermediate. Biochemical metabolite analysis excluding acute decompensations revealed significant progressive increases of glycine, alanine and glutamine particularly in PA and possibly in MMA but no correlation with neurological outcome. A significant increase of plasma methylmalonic acid was found in MMA patients with intellectual deficiency (mean level of 199 μmol/L versus 70 μmol/L, p < 0.05), with an estimated significant probability of severe outcome for average levels between birth and age 6 years above 167 μmol/L. Urinary 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) levels were significantly higher in PA patients with intellectual deficiency (mean level of 68.9 μmol/mmol of creatinine versus 34.6 μmol/mmol of creatinine, p < 0.01), with an estimated significant probability of severe outcome for average levels between birth and age 6 years above 55 μmol/mmol. As for molecular analysis, prognosis of MMA patients with mutations involving the MMAA gene was better compared to patients with mutations involving the MUT gene. Conclusion Propionic aciduria had the most severe neurological prognosis. Our radiological and biochemical data are consistent with a mitochondrial toxicity mechanism. Follow-up plasma MMA and urinary 3-HP levels may have prognostic significance calling for greater efforts to optimize long-term management in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Nizon
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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Affonso AC, Machado DG, Malgarin F, Fraga DB, Ghedim F, Zugno A, Streck EL, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC. Increased susceptibility of brain acetylcholinesterase activity to methylmalonate in young rats with renal failure. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:493-500. [PMID: 23475280 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation is the biochemical hallmark of methylmalonic acidemia. Clinically, the disease is characterized by progressive neurological deterioration and renal failure, whose pathophysiology is still undefined. In the present study we investigated the effect of acute MMA administration on some important parameters of brain neurotransmission in cerebral cortex of rats, namely Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, ouabain-insensitive ATPases and acetylcholinesterase activities, in the presence or absence of kidney injury induced by gentamicin administration. Initially, thirty-day old Wistar rats received one intraperitoneal injection of saline or gentamicin (70 mg/kg). One hour after, the animals received three consecutive subcutaneous injections of MMA (1.67 μmol/g) or saline, with an 11 h interval between each injection. One hour after the last injection the animals were killed and the cerebral cortex isolated. MMA administration by itself was not able to modify Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, ATPases ouabain-insensitive or acetylcholinesterase activities in cerebral cortex of young rats. In rats receiving gentamicin simultaneously with MMA, it was observed an increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex, without any alteration in the activity of the other studied enzymes. Therefore, it may be speculated that cholinergic imbalance may play a role in the pathogenesis of the brain damage. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of tissue damage cannot be exclusively attributed to MMA toxicity, and control of kidney function should be considered as a priority in the management of these patients, specifically during episodes of metabolic decompensation when MMA levels are higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Affonso
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Kölker S, Burgard P, Sauer SW, Okun JG. Current concepts in organic acidurias: understanding intra- and extracerebral disease manifestation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:635-44. [PMID: 23512157 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the pathophysiology of organic acidurias (OADs), in particular, OADs caused by deficient amino acid metabolism. OADs are termed classical if patients present with acute metabolic decompensation and multiorgan dysfunction or cerebral if patients predominantly present with neurological symptoms but without metabolic crises. In both groups, however, the brain is the major target. The high energy demand of the brain, the gate-keeping function of the blood-brain barrier, a high lipid content, vulnerable neuronal subpopulations, and glutamatergic neurotransmission all make the brain particularly vulnerable against mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. In fact, toxic metabolites in OADs are thought to cause secondary impairment of energy metabolism; some of these toxic metabolites are trapped in the brain. In contrast to cerebral OADs, patients with classical OADs have an increased risk of multiorgan dysfunction. The lack of the anaplerotic propionate pathway, synergistic inhibition of energy metabolism by toxic metabolites, and multiple oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency may best explain the involvement of organs with a high energy demand. Intriguingly, late-onset organ dysfunction may manifest even under metabolically stable conditions. This might be explained by chronic mitochondrial DNA depletion, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and altered gene expression due to histone modification. In conclusion, pathomechanisms underlying the acute disease manifestation in OADs, with a particular focus on the brain, are partially understood. More work is required to predict the risk and to elucidate the mechanism of late-onset organ dysfunction, extracerebral disease manifestation, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Clinic I, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jafari P, Braissant O, Zavadakova P, Henry H, Bonafé L, Ballhausen D. Brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria: 2-methylcitrate induces cerebral ammonium accumulation and apoptosis in 3D organotypic brain cell cultures. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:4. [PMID: 23298464 PMCID: PMC3567978 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by accumulation of methylmalonate (MMA), propionate and 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) in body fluids. Early diagnosis and current treatment strategies aimed at limiting the production of these metabolites are only partially effective in preventing neurological damage. METHODS To explore the metabolic consequences of methylmalonic aciduria on the brain, we used 3D organotypic brain cell cultures from rat embryos. We challenged the cultures at two different developmental stages with 1 mM MMA, propionate or 2-MCA applied 6 times every 12 h. In a dose-response experiment cultures were challenged with 0.01, 0.1, 0.33 and 1 mM 2-MCA. Immunohistochemical staining for different brain cell markers were used to assess cell viability, morphology and differentiation. Significant changes were validated by western blot analysis. Biochemical markers were analyzed in culture media. Apoptosis was studied by immunofluorescence staining and western blots for activated caspase-3. RESULTS Among the three metabolites tested, 2-MCA consistently produced the most pronounced effects. Exposure to 2-MCA caused morphological changes in neuronal and glial cells already at 0.01 mM. At the biochemical level the most striking result was a significant ammonium increase in culture media with a concomitant glutamine decrease. Dose-response studies showed significant and parallel changes of ammonium and glutamine starting from 0.1 mM 2-MCA. An increased apoptosis rate was observed by activation of caspase-3 after exposure to at least 0.1 mM 2-MCA. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, 2-MCA, and not MMA, seems to be the most toxic metabolite in our in vitro model leading to delayed axonal growth, apoptosis of glial cells and to unexpected ammonium increase. Morphological changes were already observed at 2-MCA concentrations as low as 0.01 mM. Increased apoptosis and ammonium accumulation started at 0.1 mM thus suggesting that ammonium accumulation is secondary to cell suffering and/or cell death. Local accumulation of ammonium in CNS, that may remain undetected in plasma and urine, may therefore play a key role in the neuropathogenesis of methylmalonic aciduria both during acute decompensations and in chronic phases. If confirmed in vivo, this finding might shift the current paradigm and result in novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jafari
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Goyenechea E, Andrade F, de Las Heras J, Lage S, Prieto JÁ, Ruiz N, Aldámiz-Echevarría L. Expression of proinflammatory factors in renal cortex induced by methylmalonic acid. Ren Fail 2012; 34:885-91. [PMID: 22583396 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.684554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism that causes renal failure and tubulointerstitial (TI) nephritis as complications. This study aimed to examine the levels of expression of several genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in the renal cortex of rats receiving methylmalonic acid (MMA). METHODS Rats received MMA subcutaneously for a month. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), nuclear factor-kappa B, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) genes were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We also examined transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) related to TI fibrosis, c-FOS, belonging to the immediate early gene family of transcription factors, and expression of SIRT1, related to energy production. RESULTS There was significantly higher expression of TNFα and a trend toward a higher level of TGF-β transcripts in the methylmalonic model group compared with the controls. However, SIRT1 expression was not different among the groups. Urinary MMA excretion correlated positively with mRNA level of TGF-β. The expression of COX-2 was positively associated with the expression of c-FOS and inversely related to the expression of IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS The higher levels of TNFα and TGF-β transcripts suggest inflammation and differentiation processes in the renal cortex in rats because of MMA. After 1 month of MMA injections, expression levels of SIRT1 were not affected, suggesting mitochondrial preservation in early stages of the disease.
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Simpson K, Battersby I, Lowrie M. Suspected acquired hypocobalaminaemic encephalopathy in a cat: resolution of encephalopathic signs and MRI lesions subsequent to cobalamin supplementation. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:350-5. [PMID: 22511477 PMCID: PMC11132261 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12439358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PRESENTING SIGNS AND INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS: An 8-year-old female spayed British shorthair cat was presented with a history of waxing and waning neurological signs. Neuroanatomical localisation was consistent with a diffuse forebrain disease. Blood ammonia concentration was increased. Abdominal ultrasonography and a bile acid stimulation test were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hyperintense, bilaterally symmetrical, diffuse lesions on T2-weighted sequences, predominantly, but not exclusively, affecting the grey matter. Serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) concentration was low. Hypocobalaminaemia resulting in a urea cycle abnormality was considered a likely cause of the hyperammonaemia. TREATMENT Daily cobalamin injections resulted in a rapid clinical improvement. Eight weeks into treatment neurological examination was unremarkable and there was complete resolution of the MRI lesions. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This is the first reported case of acquired feline hypocobalaminaemia resulting in an encephalopathy. Additionally, this case is unique in describing reversible brain MRI abnormalities in a cobalamin-deficient companion animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Simpson
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin SG5 3HR, UK
| | - Ian Battersby
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin SG5 3HR, UK
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin SG5 3HR, UK
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Salvadori MGSS, Banderó CRR, Jesse AC, Gomes AT, Rambo LM, Bueno LM, Bortoluzzi VT, Oliveira MS, Mello CF. Prostaglandin E(2) potentiates methylmalonate-induced seizures. Epilepsia 2011; 53:189-98. [PMID: 22091840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methylmalonic acidemias are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by methylmalonate (MMA) accumulation and neurologic dysfunction, including seizures. It is known that metabolic crises in affected patients are precipitated by infections. Although growing evidence supports that inflammation facilitates seizures, it is not known whether inflammatory mediators facilitate MMA-induced seizures. Therefore, in this study we investigate the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in MMA-induced seizures. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were implanted with electrodes over the parietal cortex for electroencephalography (EEG) recording and a cannula in the right lateral ventricle. Animals were injected with PGE(2) (100 ng/2 μl, i.c.v.) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (2 μl, i.c.v.), 15 min before MMA (2.5 μmol/2.5 μl, i.c.v.) or NaCl (2.5 μmol/2.5 μl, i.c.v.). The anticonvulsant effect of celecoxib (0.2; 2 or 20 mg/kg, p.o., 60 min before MMA) on MMA-induced seizures, and whether PGE(2) (10 or 100 ng/2 μl, i.c.v.) prevented the anticonvulsant effect of celecoxib (2 mg/kg, p.o.) were also investigated. KEY FINDINGS PGE(2) decreased the latency to MMA-induced jerks and generalized seizures, and increased the amplitude of generalized seizure EEG recordings. The selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib at the dose 2 mg/kg, but not at the dose 20 mg/kg, completely prevented MMA-induced seizures. The protective effect of celecoxib (2 mg/kg) against MMA-induced seizures was prevented by PGE(2). SIGNIFICANCE These results support a role for PGE(2) in the seizures elicited by MMA, which is in agreement with the view that infections may precipitate and exacerbate neurologic dysfunction in patients with MMA acidemic.
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Mitochondrial energy metabolism in neurodegeneration associated with methylmalonic acidemia. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:39-46. [PMID: 21271280 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia is one of the most prevalent inherited metabolic disorders involving neurological deficits. In vitro experiments, animal model studies and tissue analyses from human patients suggest extensive impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism in this disease. This review summarizes changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism occurring in methylmalonic acidemia, focusing mainly on the effects of accumulated methylmalonic acid, and gives an overview of the results found in different experimental models. Overall, experiments to date suggest that mitochondrial impairment in this disease occurs through a combination of the inhibition of specific enzymes and transporters, limitation in the availability of substrates for mitochondrial metabolic pathways and oxidative damage.
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Watzke N, Diekert K, Obrdlik P. Electrophysiology of respiratory chain complexes and the ADP-ATP exchanger in native mitochondrial membranes. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10308-18. [PMID: 20958090 DOI: 10.1021/bi1011755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transport of protons and solutes across mitochondrial membranes is essential for many physiological processes. However, neither the proton-pumping respiratory chain complexes nor the mitochondrial secondary active solute transport proteins have been characterized electrophysiologically in their native environment. In this study, solid-supported membrane (SSM) technology was applied for electrical measurements of respiratory chain complexes CI, CII, CIII, and CIV, the F(O)F(1)-ATPase/synthase (CV), and the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) in inner membranes of pig heart mitochondria. Specific substrates and inhibitors were used to validate the different assays, and the corresponding K(0.5) and IC(50) values were in good agreement with previously published results obtained with other methods. In combined measurements of CI-CV, it was possible to detect oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to measure differential effects of the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on the respective protein activities, and to determine the corresponding IC(50) values. Moreover, the measurements revealed a tight functional coupling of CI and CIII. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) analogues decylubiquinone (DBQ) and idebenone (Ide) stimulated the CII- and CIII-specific electrical currents but had inverse effects on CI-CIII activity. In summary, the results describe the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of respiratory chain complexes, OXPHOS, and ANT in native mitochondrial membranes and demonstrate that SSM-based electrophysiology provides new insights into a complex molecular mechanism of the respiratory chain and the associated transport proteins. Besides, the SSM-based approach is suited for highly sensitive and specific testing of diverse respiratory chain modulators such as inhibitors, CoQ analogues, and uncoupling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Watzke
- IonGate Biosciences GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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Strathmann J, Klimo K, Sauer SW, Okun JG, Prehn JHM, Gerhäuser C. Xanthohumol‐induced transient superoxide anion radical formation triggers cancer cells into apoptosis
via
a mitochondria‐mediated mechanism. FASEB J 2010; 24:2938-50. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Klimo
- German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany
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30
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Bioenergetic pathways in tumor mitochondria as targets for cancer therapy and the importance of the ROS-induced apoptotic trigger. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:29-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin, and N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive decline. CNS Spectr 2010; 15:2-5; discussion 6. [PMID: 20397369 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900027589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory oxidative stress occurs early in AD pathology. Elevated blood Hcy is a useful marker for such neuroinflammation. Hcy contributes to pathological cascades involving AP and NFTs. In AD, Hcy should be lowered by B-vitamin supplements and NAC.
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Sauer SW, Opp S, Haarmann A, Okun JG, Kölker S, Morath MA. Long-term exposure of human proximal tubule cells to hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] as a possible model to study renal disease in methylmalonic acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:720-727. [PMID: 19816787 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of proximal tubules resulting in tubulointerstitial nephritis and chronic renal failure is a frequent long-term complication of methylmalonic acidurias. However, the underlying pathomechanisms have not yet been extensively studied owing to the lack of suitable in vitro and in vivo models. Application of hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of hydroxycobalamin and, thereby, to induce methylmalonic aciduria in rats, oligodendrocytes, and rat hepatocytes. Our study characterizes the biochemical and bioenergetic effects of long-term exposure of human proximal tubule cells to hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam], aiming to establish a novel in vitro model for the renal pathogenesis of methylmalonic acidurias. Incubation of human proximal tubule cells with hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] and propionic acid resulted in a strong, time-dependent intra- and extracellular accumulation of methylmalonic acid. Bioenergetic studies of respiratory chain enzyme complexes revealed an increase of complex II-IV activity after 2 weeks and an increase of complex I and IV activity as well as a decrease of complex II and III activity after 3 weeks of incubation. In addition, human proximal tubule cells displayed reduced glutathione content after the exposure to hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] and propionic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - S Opp
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Haarmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J G Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M A Morath
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shi L, Gao P, Yan XX, Liang DC. Crystal structure of a putative methylmalonyl-coenzyme a epimerase fromThermoanaerobacter tengcongensisat 2.0 Å resolution. Proteins 2009; 77:994-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Evidence for catabolic pathway of propionate metabolism in CNS: expression pattern of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha-subunit in developing and adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2009; 164:578-87. [PMID: 19699272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) and propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) are the key enzymes of the catabolic pathway of propionate metabolism and are mainly expressed in liver, kidney and heart. Deficiency of these enzymes leads to two classical organic acidurias: methylmalonic and propionic aciduria. Patients with these diseases suffer from a whole spectrum of neurological manifestations that are limiting their quality of life. Current treatment does not seem to effectively prevent neurological deterioration and pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. In this article we show evidence for the expression of the catabolic pathway of propionate metabolism in the developing and adult rat CNS. Both, MCM and PCC enzymes are co-expressed in neurons and found in all regions of the CNS. Disease-specific metabolites such as methylmalonate, propionyl-CoA and 2-methylcitrate could thus be formed autonomously in the CNS and contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurotoxicity. In rat embryos (E15.5 and E18.5), MCM and PCC show a much higher expression level in the entire CNS than in the liver, suggesting a different, but important function of this pathway during brain development.
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Haas D, Niklowitz P, Hörster F, Baumgartner ER, Prasad C, Rodenburg RJ, Hoffmann GF, Menke T, Okun JG. Coenzyme Q(10) is decreased in fibroblasts of patients with methylmalonic aciduria but not in mevalonic aciduria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:570-5. [PMID: 19504350 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The content of coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) was examined in skin fibroblasts of 10 patients with mevalonic aciduria (MVA) and of 22 patients with methylmalonic aciduria (MMA). Patients with these inborn errors of metabolism are thought to be at risk for CoQ(10) depletion either by direct inhibition of the proximal pathway of CoQ(10) synthesis (MVA) or indirectly by inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism (MMA). We demonstrated that CoQ(10) concentrations were not significantly different from controls in MVA patients, suggesting that there may be upregulatory effects. On the other hand the CoQ(10) content in fibroblasts of patients with MMA was significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haas
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Chandler RJ, Zerfas PM, Shanske S, Sloan J, Hoffmann V, DiMauro S, Venditti CP. Mitochondrial dysfunction in mut methylmalonic acidemia. FASEB J 2008; 23:1252-61. [PMID: 19088183 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by defective activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) that exhibits multiorgan system pathology. To examine whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of this organic acidemia, a background-modified Mut-knockout mouse model was constructed and used to examine mitochondrial ultrastructure and respiratory chain function in the tissues that manifest pathology in humans. In parallel, the liver from a patient with mut methylmalonic acidemia was studied in a similar fashion. Megamitochondria formed early in life in the hepatocytes of the Mut(-/-) animals and progressively enlarged. Liver extracts prepared from the mutants at multiple time points displayed respiratory chain dysfunction, with diminished cytochrome c oxidase activity and reduced intracellular glutathione compared to control littermates. Over time, the exocrine pancreas and proximal tubules of the kidney also exhibited megamitochondria, and older mutant mice eventually developed tubulointerstitial renal disease. The patient liver displayed similar morphological and enzymatic findings as observed in the murine tissues. These murine and human studies establish that megamitochondria formation with respiratory chain dysfunction occur in a tissue-specific fashion in methylmalonic acidemia and suggest treatment approaches based on improving mitochondrial function and ameliorating the effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy J Chandler
- Genetic Diseases Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ribeiro LR, Fighera MR, Oliveira MS, Furian AF, Rambo LM, Ferreira APDO, Saraiva ALL, Souza MA, Lima FD, Magni DV, Dezengrini R, Flores EF, Butterfield DA, Ferreira J, dos Santos ARS, Mello CF, Royes LFF. Methylmalonate-induced seizures are attenuated in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:157-63. [PMID: 19073247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemias consist of a group of inherited neurometabolic disorders caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity clinically and biochemically characterized by neurological dysfunction, methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation, mitochondrial failure and increased reactive species production. Although previous studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the neurotoxicity of MMA, the involvement of NO-induced nitrosative damage from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in MMA-induced seizures are poorly understood. In the present study, we showed a decrease of time spent convulsing induced by intracerebroventricular administration of MMA (2 micromol/2 microL; i.c.v.) in iNOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice when compared with wild-type (iNOS(+/+)) littermates. Visual analysis of electroencephalographic recordings (EEG) showed that MMA injection induced the appearance of high-voltage synchronic spike activity in the ipsilateral cortex which spreads to the contralateral cortex while quantitative electroencephalographic analysis showed larger wave amplitude during MMA-induced seizures in wild-type mice when compared with iNOS knockout mice. We also report that administration of MMA increases NOx (NO(2) plus NO(3) content) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in a greater extend in iNOS(+/+) mice than in iNOS(-/-) mice, indicating that NO overproduction and NO-mediated damage to proteins are attenuated in iNOS knockout mice. In addition, the MMA-induced decrease in Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, but not in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, was less pronounced in iNOS(-/-) when compared with iNOS(+/+) mice. These results reinforce the assumption that metabolic collapse contributes for the secondary toxicity elicited by MMA and suggest that oxidative attack by NO derived from iNOS on selected target such as Na(+), K(+)-ATPase enzyme might represent an important role in this excitotoxicity induced by MMA. Therefore, these results may be of value in understating the pathophysiology of the neurological features observed in patients with methylmalonic acidemia and in the development of new strategies for treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rodrigo Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Sauer SW, Okun JG, Hoffmann GF, Koelker S, Morath MA. Impact of short- and medium-chain organic acids, acylcarnitines, and acyl-CoAs on mitochondrial energy metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:1276-82. [PMID: 18582432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.05.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of organic acids as well as their CoA and carnitine esters in tissues and body fluids is a common finding in organic acidurias, beta-oxidation defects, Reye syndrome, and Jamaican vomiting sickness. Pathomechanistic approaches for these disorders have been often focused on the effect of accumulating organic acids on mitochondrial energy metabolism, whereas little is known about the pathophysiologic role of short- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs and acylcarnitines. Therefore, we investigated the impact of short- and medium-chain organic acids, acylcarnitines, and acyl-CoAs on central components of mitochondrial energy metabolism, namely alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and single enzyme complexes I-V of respiratory chain. Although at varying degree, all acyl-CoAs had an inhibitory effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity. Effect sizes were critically dependent on chain length and number of functional groups. Unexpectedly, octanoyl-CoA was shown to inhibit complex III. The inhibition was noncompetitive regarding reduced ubiquinone and uncompetitive regarding cytochrome c. In addition, octanoyl-CoA caused a blue shift in the gamma band of the absorption spectrum of reduced complex III. This effect may play a role in the pathogenesis of medium-chain and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Reye syndrome, and Jamaican vomiting sickness which are inherited and acquired conditions of intracellular accumulation of octanoyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wolfgang Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mirandola SR, Melo DR, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Wajner M, Castilho RF. Methylmalonate inhibits succinate-supported oxygen consumption by interfering with mitochondrial succinate uptake. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:44-54. [PMID: 18213522 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of methylmalonate (MMA) on mitochondrial succinate oxidation has received great attention since it could present an important role in energy metabolism impairment in methylmalonic acidaemia. In the present work, we show that while millimolar concentrations of MMA inhibit succinate-supported oxygen consumption by isolated rat brain or muscle mitochondria, there is no effect when either a pool of NADH-linked substrates or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamine (TMPD)/ascorbate were used as electron donors. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of MMA, but not of malonate, on succinate-supported brain mitochondrial oxygen consumption was minimized when nonselective permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes was induced by alamethicin. In addition, only a slight inhibitory effect of MMA was observed on succinate-supported oxygen consumption by inside-out submitochondrial particles. In agreement with these observations, brain mitochondrial swelling experiments indicate that MMA is an important inhibitor of succinate transport by the dicarboxylate carrier. Under our experimental conditions, there was no evidence of malonate production in MMA-treated mitochondria. We conclude that MMA inhibits succinate-supported mitochondrial oxygen consumption by interfering with the uptake of this substrate. Although succinate generated outside the mitochondria is probably not a sig-nificant contributor to mitochondrial energy generation, the physiopathological implications of MMA-induced inhibition of substrate transport by the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Mirandola
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
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Morath MA, Okun JG, Müller IB, Sauer SW, Hörster F, Hoffmann GF, Kölker S. Neurodegeneration and chronic renal failure in methylmalonic aciduria--a pathophysiological approach. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:35-43. [PMID: 17846917 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades the survival of patients with methylmalonic aciduria has been improved. However, the overall outcome of affected patients remains disappointing. The disease course is often complicated by acute life-threatening metabolic crises, which can result in multiple organ failure or even death, resembling primary defects of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Biochemical abnormalities during metabolic derangement, such as metabolic acidosis, ketonaemia/ketonuria, lactic acidosis, hypoglycaemia and hyperammonaemia, suggest mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, long-term complications such as chronic renal failure and neurological disease are frequently found. Neuropathophysiological studies have focused on various effects caused by accumulation of putatively toxic organic acids, the so-called 'toxic metabolite' hypothesis. In previous studies, methylmalonate (MMA) has been considered as the major neurotoxin in methylmalonic aciduria, whereas more recent studies have highlighted a synergistic inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory chain, mitochondrial salvage pathway of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)) induced by propionyl-CoA, 2-methylcitrate and MMA as the key pathomechanism of inherited disorders of propionate metabolism. Intracerebral accumulation of toxic metabolites ('trapping' hypothesis') is considered a biochemical risk factor for neurodegeneration. Secondary effects of mitochondrial dysfunction, such as oxidative stress and impaired mtDNA homeostasis, contribute to pathogenesis of these disorders. The underlying pathomechanisms of chronic renal insufficiency in methylmalonic acidurias are not yet understood. We hypothesize that renal and cerebral pathomechanisms share some similarities, such as an involvement of dicarboxylic acid transport. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on recent pathomechanistic concepts for methylmalonic acidurias.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Morath
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wikoff WR, Gangoiti JA, Barshop BA, Siuzdak G. Metabolomics identifies perturbations in human disorders of propionate metabolism. Clin Chem 2007; 53:2169-76. [PMID: 17951291 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.089011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We applied untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to the diseases methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and propionic acidemia (PA). METHODS We used a screening platform that used untargeted, mass-based metabolomics of methanol-extracted plasma to find significantly different molecular features in human plasma samples from MMA and PA patients and from healthy individuals. Capillary reverse phase liquid chromatography (4 microL/min) was interfaced to a TOF mass spectrometer, and data were processed using nonlinear alignment software (XCMS) and an online database (METLIN) to find and identify metabolites differentially regulated in disease. RESULTS Of the approximately 3500 features measured, propionyl carnitine was easily identified as the best biomarker of disease (P value 1.3 x 10(-18)), demonstrating the proof-of-concept use of untargeted metabolomics in clinical chemistry discovery. Five additional acylcarnitine metabolites showed significant differentiation between plasma from patients and healthy individuals, and gamma-butyrobetaine was highly increased in a subset of patients. Two acylcarnitine metabolites and numerous unidentified species differentiate MMA and PA. Many metabolites that do not appear in any public database, and that remain unidentified, varied significantly between normal, MMA, and PA, underscoring the complex downstream metabolic effects resulting from the defect in a single enzyme. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that metabolomics can expand the range of metabolites associated with human disease and shows that this method may be useful for disease diagnosis and patient clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wikoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lubrano R, Elli M, Rossi M, Travasso E, Raggi C, Barsotti P, Carducci C, Berloco P. Renal transplant in methylmalonic acidemia: could it be the best option? Report on a case at 10 years and review of the literature. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1209-14. [PMID: 17401587 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an inborn error of organic acid metabolism. Patients with severe disease develop many complications despite treatment; often, the disease progresses to severe damage of the central nervous system or to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). When medical treatment is ineffective, liver, kidney, or combined liver and kidney transplantation is advocated. At present, there are no definite guidelines as for the organ to be transplanted, and results are inconsistent. We report on a 27-year-old woman with MMA MUT0. The clinical symptoms developed at age 4 months. She progressed to ESRD and received a kidney transplant in November 1996 at age 17 years. One hundred and twenty months after transplant, renal function is normal; although urinary levels of methylmalonic acid are above normal limits, no episodes of metabolic decompensation have been observed after transplantation. Although liver is the major site of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity, this case and similar ones in the literature suggest that the smaller mutase activity present in the transplanted kidney may be sufficient to ensure partial correction of the metabolism of organic acids sufficient to prevent the onset of episodes of metabolic decompensation. It is worth investigating whether kidney transplant can be a safer and more satisfactory alternative to liver transplantation in cases of MMA unresponsive to medical treatment although urine MMA excretion remains significantly elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lubrano
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Schurr A, Payne RS. Lactate, not pyruvate, is neuronal aerobic glycolysis end product: An in vitro electrophysiological study. Neuroscience 2007; 147:613-9. [PMID: 17560727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For over 60 years, a distinction has been made between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis based on their respective end products: pyruvate of the former, lactate of the latter. Recently we hypothesized that, in the brain, both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis terminate with the formation of lactate from pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). If this hypothesis is correct, lactate must be the mitochondrial substrate for oxidative energy metabolism via its oxidation to pyruvate, plausibly by a mitochondrial LDH. Here we employed electrophysiology of the rat hippocampal slice preparation to test and monitor the effects of malonate and oxamate, two different LDH inhibitors, and glutamate, a neuronal activator, in experiments, the results of which support the hypothesis that lactate, at least in this in vitro setting, is indeed the principal end product of neuronal aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schurr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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44
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Baumgartner D, Scholl-Bürgi S, Sass JO, Sperl W, Schweigmann U, Stein JI, Karall D. Prolonged QTc intervals and decreased left ventricular contractility in patients with propionic acidemia. J Pediatr 2007; 150:192-7, 197.e1. [PMID: 17236900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate electrophysiological and functional signs of myocardial damage in patients with propionic acidemia (PA), an inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC). STUDY DESIGN In an observational longitudinal study 10 patients with PA (6 boys and 4 girls) ranging between 2.5 and 20.2 (median 9.0) years of age at last follow-up were investigated over a period of up to 20 (mean 7.4) years using 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs), 24-hour continuous ECG recordings, bicycle exercise testings, and echocardiography with special focus on repolarization abnormalities such as corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation, ventricular dysrhythmias, and left ventricular systolic function. RESULTS QTc interval was prolonged (>440 ms) in 70% of patients beyond infanthood. Continuous ECG recordings revealed rhythm disturbances in 20% of patients. M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular function was reduced (fractional shortening [FS] <30%) in 40%. One patient showed signs of dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with PA (even in clinically stable situations) have disturbances in cardiac electrophysiology that can contribute to cardiac complications. Possible mechanisms include effects of toxic metabolites or deprivation of essential substrates. To avoid life-threatening complications, we recommend regular cardiological evaluations in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baumgartner
- Clinical Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Richard E, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Pérez B, Desviat LR, Ugarte M. Methylmalonic acidaemia leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species and induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial/caspase pathway. J Pathol 2007; 213:453-61. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McCracken C, Hudson P, Ellis R, McCaddon A. Methylmalonic acid and cognitive function in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:1406-11. [PMID: 17158424 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated blood concentration of homocysteine is an established risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia, but associations between cognition and methylmalonic acid (MMA), a related metabolic marker of vitamin B-12 deficiency, are less clear. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the utility of serum MMA and holotranscobalamin as markers of vitamin B-12 status in relation to cognitive function and to investigate their association with discrete cognitive domains. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional survey of 84 nondemented elderly participants (aged >69 y) from the Welsh cohort of the Medical Research Council's Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Cognitive status was determined by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cognitive Section of the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMCOG). RESULTS Nearly one-half (43%) of the persons selected had likely metabolically significant vitamin B-12 deficiency. Higher MMA concentrations were associated with lower MMSE scores independent of age and education (P = 0.007). MMA concentration correlated inversely with CAMCOG scores of ideational praxis (P < 0.05) and language comprehension (P < 0.05) and expression (P < 0.01). Serum folate correlated weakly but significantly with language (P < 0.05), remote memory (P < 0.05), and constructional and ideational praxis scores (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION The high prevalence of likely metabolically significant vitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly is associated with lower cognitive function scores and particularly with lower scores of language comprehension and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie McCracken
- University Department of Psychiatry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Furian AF, Fighera MR, Oliveira MS, Ferreira APDO, Fiorenza NG, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Petry JC, Coelho RC, Mello CF, Royes LFF. Methylene blue prevents methylmalonate-induced seizures and oxidative damage in rat striatum. Neurochem Int 2006; 50:164-71. [PMID: 16963161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a thiazine dye with cationic and lipophilic properties that acts as an electron transfer mediator in the mitochondria. Due to this metabolic improving activity and free radicals scavenging effects, MB has been used in the treatment of methemoglobinemia and ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy. Considering that methylmalonic acidemia consists of a group of inherited metabolic disorders biochemically characterized by impaired mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and reactive species production, we decided to investigate whether MB, protects against the behavioral and neurochemical alterations elicited by the intrastriatal injection of methylmalonate (MMA). In the present study we showed that intrastriatal injection of MB (0.015-1.5nmol/0.5microl) protected against seizures (evidenced by electrographic recording), protein carbonylation and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition ex vivo induced by MMA (4.5micromol/1.5microl). Furthermore, we investigated whether convulsions elicited by intrastriatal MMA administration are accompanied by striatal protein carbonyl content increase and changes in Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in rat striatum. The effect of MB (0.015-1.5nmol/0.5microl) and MMA (4.5micromol/0.5microl) on striatal NO(x) (NO(2) plus NO(3)) content was also evaluated. Statistical analysis revealed that the MMA-induced NO(x) content increase was attenuated by intrastriatal injection of MB and the duration of convulsive episodes correlated with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition, but not with MMA-induced total protein carbonylation. In view of that MB decreases MMA-induced neurotoxicity assessed by behavioral and neurochemical parameters, the authors suggest that MB may be of value to attenuate neurological deficits of methylmalonic acidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Furian
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicidade e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Schwab M, Sauer S, Okun J, Nijtmans L, Rodenburg R, van den Heuvel L, Dröse S, Brandt U, Hoffmann G, Ter Laak H, Kölker S, Smeitink J. Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in propionic aciduria: a pathogenic role for endogenous mitochondrial toxins. Biochem J 2006; 398:107-12. [PMID: 16686602 PMCID: PMC1525008 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction during acute metabolic crises is considered an important pathomechanism in inherited disorders of propionate metabolism, i.e. propionic and methylmalonic acidurias. Biochemically, these disorders are characterized by accumulation of propionyl-CoA and metabolites of alternative propionate oxidation. In the present study, we demonstrate uncompetitive inhibition of PDHc (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) by propionyl-CoA in purified porcine enzyme and in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart being in the same range as the inhibition induced by acetyl-CoA, the physiological product and known inhibitor of PDHc. Evaluation of similar monocarboxylic CoA esters showed a chain-length specificity for PDHc inhibition. In contrast with CoA esters, non-esterified fatty acids did not inhibit PDHc activity. In addition to PDHc inhibition, analysis of respiratory chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes also revealed an inhibition by propionyl-CoA on respiratory chain complex III and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. To test whether impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of propionic aciduria, we performed a thorough bioenergetic analysis in muscle biopsy specimens of two patients. In line with the in vitro results, oxidative phosphorylation was severely compromised in both patients. Furthermore, expression of respiratory chain complexes I-IV and the amount of mitochondrial DNA were strongly decreased, and ultrastructural mitochondrial abnormalities were found, highlighting severe mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, our results favour the hypothesis that toxic metabolites, in particular propionyl-CoA, are involved in the pathogenesis of inherited disorders of propionate metabolism, sharing mechanistic similarities with propionate toxicity in micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Schwab
- *Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven W. Sauer
- *Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- *Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leo G. J. Nijtmans
- †Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center – NCMD (Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders), Geert Grooteplein 10, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. T. Rodenburg
- †Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center – NCMD (Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders), Geert Grooteplein 10, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert P. van den Heuvel
- †Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center – NCMD (Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders), Geert Grooteplein 10, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Dröse
- ‡Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Gustav-Embden-Zentrum der Biologischen Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- ‡Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Gustav-Embden-Zentrum der Biologischen Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Georg F. Hoffmann
- *Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henk Ter Laak
- †Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center – NCMD (Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders), Geert Grooteplein 10, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Kölker
- *Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| | - Jan A. M. Smeitink
- †Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center – NCMD (Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders), Geert Grooteplein 10, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pettenuzzo LF, Ferreira GDC, Schmidt AL, Dutra-Filho CS, Wyse ATS, Wajner M. Differential inhibitory effects of methylmalonic acid on respiratory chain complex activities in rat tissues. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006; 24:45-52. [PMID: 16324816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia is an inherited metabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and clinically by progressive neurological deterioration and kidney failure, whose pathophysiology is so far poorly established. Previous studies have shown that MMA inhibits complex II of the respiratory chain in rat cerebral cortex, although no inhibition of complexes I-V was found in bovine heart. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the in vitro effect of 2.5mM MMA on the activity of complexes I-III, II, II-III and IV in striatum, hippocampus, heart, liver and kidney homogenates from young rats. We observed that MMA caused a significant inhibition of complex II activity in striatum and hippocampus (15-20%) at low concentrations of succinate in the medium, but not in the peripheral tissues. We also verified that the inhibitory property of MMA only occurred after exposing brain homogenates for at least 10 min with the acid, suggesting that this inhibition was mediated by indirect mechanisms. Simultaneous preincubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and catalase (CAT) plus superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not prevent MMA-induced inhibition of complex II, suggesting that common reactive oxygen (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) and nitric (nitric oxide) species were not involved in this effect. In addition, complex II-III (20-35%) was also inhibited by MMA in all tissues tested, and complex I-III only in the kidney (53%) and liver (38%). In contrast, complex IV activity was not changed by MMA in all tissues studied. These results indicate that MMA differentially affects the activity of the respiratory chain pending on the tissues studied, being striatum and hippocampus more vulnerable to its effect. In case our in vitro data are confirmed in vivo in tissues from methylmalonic acidemic patients, it is feasible that that the present findings may be related to the pathophysiology of the tissue damage characteristic of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia F Pettenuzzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Deodato F, Boenzi S, Santorelli FM, Dionisi-Vici C. Methylmalonic and propionic aciduria. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 142C:104-12. [PMID: 16602092 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic and propionic aciduria (PA) are the most frequent forms of branched-chain organic acidurias. These autosomal recessive disorders result from deficient activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase, respectively. Clinically, acute or chronic neurologic signs are caused by the accumulation of toxic compounds proximal to the metabolic block. Phenotype varies from severe neonatal-onset forms with high mortality and poor outcome to milder forms with a later onset. In both cases the clinical course is dominated by the risk of relapses of life-threatening episodes of metabolic decompensation and of severe organ failure. Despite improvement of treatment, the overall outcome remains disappointing with no major differences between the two diseases. The diagnosis is based on the presence of characteristic compounds in body fluids as detected by organic acid analysis in urine and acylcarnitine profile in blood. Therapy is based on low-protein high-energy diet, carnitine supplementation, and metronidazole. Some patients with methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) respond to pharmacological doses of vitamin B12. Given the poor long-term prognosis, liver transplantation has been recently attempted as an alternative therapy to conventional medical treatment to cure the underlying metabolic defect. Nevertheless, the overall experience to date does not clearly demonstrate its effectiveness in preventing further deterioration or improving survival and quality of life. The recent implementation of neonatal screening by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry has decreased early mortality and improved the short-term outcome, without changing the detection rate of both diseases in the screening population compared to clinically detected cases. However, the limited number of patients and the short duration of their follow-up do not yet permit drawing final conclusions on its effect on the long-term outcome of methylmalonic and propionic acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Deodato
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, I-00165 Rome, Italy
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