1
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Godoy JA, Mira RG, Inestrosa NC. Intracellular effects of lithium in aging neurons. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102396. [PMID: 38942199 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Lithium therapy received approval during the 1970s, and it has been used for its antidepressant, antimanic, and anti-suicidal effects for acute and long-term prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorder (BPD). These properties have been well established; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms remain controversial. In the past few years, many studies demonstrated that at the cellular level, lithium acts as a regulator of neurogenesis, aging, and Ca2+ homeostasis. At the molecular level, lithium modulates aging by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and the phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle; latter, lithium specifically inhibits inositol production, acting as a non-competitive inhibitor of inositol monophosphatase (IMPase). Mitochondria and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) have been related to lithium activity, and its regulation is mediated by GSK-3β degradation and inhibition. Lithium also impacts Ca2+ homeostasis in the mitochondria modulating the function of the lithium-permeable mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+exchanger (NCLX), affecting Ca2+ efflux from the mitochondrial matrix to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A close relationship between the protease Omi, GSK-3β, and PGC-1α has also been established. The purpose of this review is to summarize some of the intracellular mechanisms related to lithium activity and how, through them, neuronal aging could be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Godoy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo G Mira
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Twyning MJ, Tufi R, Gleeson TP, Kolodziej KM, Campesan S, Terriente-Felix A, Collins L, De Lazzari F, Giorgini F, Whitworth AJ. Partial loss of MCU mitigates pathology in vivo across a diverse range of neurodegenerative disease models. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113681. [PMID: 38236772 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) uptake augments metabolic processes and buffers cytosolic Ca2+ levels; however, excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ can cause cell death. Disrupted mitochondrial function and Ca2+ homeostasis are linked to numerous neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), but the impact of mitochondrial Ca2+ disruption is not well understood. Here, we show that Drosophila models of multiple NDs (Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and frontotemporal dementia) reveal a consistent increase in neuronal mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, as well as reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering capacity, associated with increased mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MERCs). Importantly, loss of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake channel MCU or overexpression of the efflux channel NCLX robustly suppresses key pathological phenotypes across these ND models. Thus, mitochondrial Ca2+ imbalance is a common feature of diverse NDs in vivo and is an important contributor to the disease pathogenesis. The broad beneficial effects from partial loss of MCU across these models presents a common, druggable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Twyning
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Roberta Tufi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Thomas P Gleeson
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Kinga M Kolodziej
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Susanna Campesan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Ana Terriente-Felix
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lewis Collins
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Federica De Lazzari
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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3
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Garbincius JF, Salik O, Cohen HM, Choya-Foces C, Mangold AS, Makhoul AD, Schmidt AE, Khalil DY, Doolittle JJ, Wilkinson AS, Murray EK, Lazaropoulos MP, Hildebrand AN, Tomar D, Elrod JW. TMEM65 regulates NCLX-dependent mitochondrial calcium efflux. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561062. [PMID: 37873405 PMCID: PMC10592617 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The balance between mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) uptake and efflux regulates ATP production, but if perturbed causes energy starvation or mCa2+ overload and cell death. The mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger, NCLX, is a critical route of mCa2+ efflux in excitable tissues, such as the heart and brain, and animal models support NCLX as a promising therapeutic target to limit pathogenic mCa2+ overload. However, the mechanisms that regulate NCLX activity remain largely unknown. We used proximity biotinylation proteomic screening to identify the NCLX interactome and define novel regulators of NCLX function. Here, we discover the mitochondrial inner membrane protein, TMEM65, as an NCLX-proximal protein that potently enhances sodium (Na+)-dependent mCa2+ efflux. Mechanistically, acute pharmacologic NCLX inhibition or genetic deletion of NCLX ablates the TMEM65-dependent increase in mCa2+ efflux. Further, loss-of-function studies show that TMEM65 is required for Na+-dependent mCa2+ efflux. Co-fractionation and in silico structural modeling of TMEM65 and NCLX suggest these two proteins exist in a common macromolecular complex in which TMEM65 directly stimulates NCLX function. In line with these findings, knockdown of Tmem65 in mice promotes mCa2+ overload in the heart and skeletal muscle and impairs both cardiac and neuromuscular function. We further demonstrate that TMEM65 deletion causes excessive mitochondrial permeability transition, whereas TMEM65 overexpression protects against necrotic cell death during cellular Ca2+ stress. Collectively, our results show that loss of TMEM65 function in excitable tissue disrupts NCLX-dependent mCa2+ efflux, causing pathogenic mCa2+ overload, cell death and organ-level dysfunction, and that gain of TMEM65 function mitigates these effects. These findings demonstrate the essential role of TMEM65 in regulating NCLX-dependent mCa2+ efflux and suggest modulation of TMEM65 as a novel strategy for the therapeutic control of mCa2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F. Garbincius
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oniel Salik
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry M. Cohen
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carmen Choya-Foces
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adam S. Mangold
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angelina D. Makhoul
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna E. Schmidt
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dima Y. Khalil
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua J. Doolittle
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anya S. Wilkinson
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma K. Murray
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P. Lazaropoulos
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alycia N. Hildebrand
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John W. Elrod
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Kumari A, Nguyen DM, Garg V. Patch-clamp technique to study mitochondrial membrane biophysics. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313347. [PMID: 37347216 PMCID: PMC10287547 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles crucial for oxidative phosphorylation, enabling efficient ATP synthesis by eukaryotic cells. Both of the membranes, the highly selective inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and a relatively porous outer membrane (OMM), harbor a number of integral membrane proteins that help in the transport of biological molecules. These transporters are especially enriched in the IMM, where they help maintain transmembrane gradients for H+, K+, Ca2+, PO43-, and metabolites like ADP/ATP, citrate, etc. Impaired activity of these transporters can affect the efficiency of energy-transducing processes and can alter cellular redox state, leading to activation of cell-death pathways or metabolic syndromes in vivo. Although several methodologies are available to study ion flux through membrane proteins, the patch-clamp technique remains the gold standard for quantitatively analyzing electrogenic ion exchange across membranes. Direct patch-clamp recordings of mitoplasts (mitochondria devoid of outer membrane) in different modes, such as whole-mitoplast or excised-patch mode, allow researchers the opportunity to study the biophysics of mitochondrial transporters in the native membrane, in real time, in isolation from other fluxes or confounding factors due to changes in ion gradients, pH, or mitochondrial potential (ΔΨ). Here, we summarize the use of patch clamp to investigate several membrane proteins of mitochondria. We demonstrate how this technique can be reliably applied to record whole-mitoplast Ca2+ currents mediated via mitochondrial calcium uniporter or H+ currents mediated by uncoupling protein 1 and discuss critical considerations while recording currents from these small vesicles of the IMM (mitoplast diameter = 2-5 µm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Kumari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dung M. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Garg
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Lee GM, Weng F, Cranley J, Rajasekhar A, Stoeckel M, Kane T, Tisi R, Wang Y. The Ycx1 protein encoded by the yeast YDL206W gene plays a role in calcium and calcineurin signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104647. [PMID: 36965615 PMCID: PMC10126930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is ubiquitously present in all living cells and plays important regulatory roles in a wide variety of biological processes. In yeast, many effects of calcium are mediated via the action of calcineurin, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. Proper signaling of calcium and calcineurin is important in yeast, and the calcineurin pathway has emerged as a valuable target for developing novel antifungal drugs. Here, we report a role of YDL206W in calcium and calcineurin signaling in yeast. YDL206W is an uncharacterized gene in yeast, encoding a protein with two sodium/calcium exchange domains. Disrupting the YDL206W gene leads to a diminished level of calcium-induced activation of calcineurin and a reduced accumulation of cytosolic calcium. Consistent with a role of calcineurin in regulating pheromone and cell wall integrity signaling, the ydl206wΔ mutants display an enhanced growth arrest induced by pheromone treatment and poor growth at elevated temperature. Subcellular localization studies indicate that YDL206W is localized in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Together, our results reveal YDL206W as a new regulator for calcineurin signaling in yeast and suggest a role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in regulating cytosolic calcium in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lee
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fangli Weng
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Juliana Cranley
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Matthew Stoeckel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Kane
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Renata Tisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Carraro M, Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore in Ca 2+ homeostasis. Cell Calcium 2023; 111:102719. [PMID: 36963206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (PTP) can be defined as a Ca2+ activated mega-channel involved in mitochondrial damage and cell death, making its inhibition a hallmark for therapeutic purposes in many PTP-related paradigms. Although long-lasting PTP openings have been widely studied, the physiological implications of transient openings (also called "flickering" behavior) are still poorly understood. The flickering activity was suggested to play a role in the regulation of Ca2+ and ROS homeostasis, and yet this hypothesis did not reach general consensus. This state of affairs might arise from the lack of unquestionable experimental evidence, due to limitations of the available techniques for capturing transient PTP activity and to a still partial understanding of its molecular identity. In this review we will focus on possible implications of the PTP in physiology, in particular its role as a Ca2+ release pathway, discussing the consequences of its forced inhibition. We will also consider the recent hypothesis of the existence of more permeability pathways and their potential involvement in mitochondrial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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8
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Walters GC, Usachev YM. Mitochondrial calcium cycling in neuronal function and neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1094356. [PMID: 36760367 PMCID: PMC9902777 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for proper cellular function through their critical roles in ATP synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, calcium (Ca2+) buffering, and apoptotic signaling. In neurons, Ca2+ buffering is particularly important as it helps to shape Ca2+ signals and to regulate numerous Ca2+-dependent functions including neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, gene expression, and neuronal toxicity. Over the past decade, identification of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and other molecular components of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport has provided insight into the roles that mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation plays in neuronal function in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the many roles of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release mechanisms in normal neuronal function and highlight new insights into the Ca2+-dependent mechanisms that drive mitochondrial dysfunction in neurologic diseases including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also consider how targeting Ca2+ uptake and release mechanisms could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Walters
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yuriy M. Usachev
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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9
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Al-Khannaq M, Lytton J. Regulation of K +-Dependent Na +/Ca 2+-Exchangers (NCKX). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010598. [PMID: 36614039 PMCID: PMC9820825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchangers (NCKX) have emerged as key determinants of calcium (Ca2+) signaling and homeostasis, especially in environments where ion concentrations undergo large changes, such as excitatory cells and transport epithelia. The regulation of NCKX transporters enables them to respond to the changing cellular environment thereby helping to shape the extent and kinetics of Ca2+ signals. This review examines the current knowledge of the different ways in which NCKX activity can be modulated. These include (i) cellular and dynamic subcellular location (ii); changes in protein expression mediated at the gene, transcript, or protein level (iii); genetic changes resulting in altered protein structure or expression (iv); regulation via changes in substrate concentration (v); and post-translational modification, partner protein interactions, and allosteric regulation. Detailed mechanistic understanding of NCKX regulation is an emerging area of research with the potential to provide important new insights into transporter function, the control of Ca2+ signals, and possible interventions for dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis.
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10
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Takeuchi A, Matsuoka S. Spatial and Functional Crosstalk between the Mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger NCLX and the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Pump SERCA in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147948. [PMID: 35887296 PMCID: PMC9317594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, was reported to supply Ca2+ to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)/endoplasmic reticulum, thereby modulating various cellular functions such as the rhythmicity of cardiomyocytes, and cellular Ca2+ signaling upon antigen receptor stimulation and chemotaxis in B lymphocytes; however, there is little information on the spatial relationships of NCLX with SR Ca2+ handling proteins, and their physiological impact. Here we examined the issue, focusing on the interaction of NCLX with an SR Ca2+ pump SERCA in cardiomyocytes. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay using HEK293 cells revealed that the exogenously expressed NCLX was localized in close proximity to four exogenously expressed SERCA isoforms. Immunofluorescence analyses of isolated ventricular myocytes showed that the NCLX was localized to the edges of the mitochondria, forming a striped pattern. The co-localization coefficients in the super-resolution images were higher for NCLX–SERCA2, than for NCLX–ryanodine receptor and NCLX–Na+/K+ ATPase α-1 subunit, confirming the close localization of endogenous NCLX and SERCA2 in cardiomyocytes. The mathematical model implemented with the spatial and functional coupling of NCLX and SERCA well reproduced the NCLX inhibition-mediated modulations of SR Ca2+ reuptake in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these results indicated that NCLX and SERCA are spatially and functionally coupled in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Takeuchi
- Department of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-776-61-8311
| | - Satoshi Matsuoka
- Department of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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11
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The airway smooth muscle sodium/calcium exchanger NCLX is critical for airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness in asthma. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102259. [PMID: 35841929 PMCID: PMC9372629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural changes of airway smooth muscle (ASM) that characterize airway remodeling (AR) are crucial to the pathogenesis of asthma. During AR, ASM cells dedifferentiate from a quiescent to a proliferative, migratory, and secretory phenotype. Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates many cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, contraction, and metabolism. Furthermore, mitochondria have emerged as major Ca2+ signaling organelles that buffer Ca2+ through uptake by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter and extrude it through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX/Slc8b1). Here, we show using mitochondrial Ca2+-sensitive dyes that NCLX only partially contributes to mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion in ASM cells. Yet, NCLX is necessary for ASM cell proliferation and migration. Through cellular imaging, RNA-Seq, and biochemical assays, we demonstrate that NCLX regulates these processes by preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and supporting store-operated Ca2+ entry, activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. Using small animal respiratory mechanic measurements and immunohistochemistry, we show that smooth muscle-specific NCLX KO mice are protected against AR, fibrosis, and hyperresponsiveness in an experimental model of asthma. Our findings support NCLX as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of asthma.
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12
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Abstract
The uptake of calcium into and extrusion of calcium from the mitochondrial matrix is a fundamental biological process that has critical effects on cellular metabolism, signaling, and survival. Disruption of mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) cycling is implicated in numerous acquired diseases such as heart failure, stroke, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer, and is genetically linked to several inherited neuromuscular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for mCa2+ exchange therefore holds great promise for the treatment of these diseases. The past decade has seen the genetic identification of many of the key proteins that mediate mitochondrial calcium uptake and efflux. Here, we present an overview of the phenomenon of mCa2+ transport, and a comprehensive examination of the molecular machinery that mediates calcium flux across the inner mitochondrial membrane: the mitochondrial uniporter complex (consisting of MCU, EMRE, MICU1, MICU2, MICU3, MCUB, and MCUR1), NCLX, LETM1, the mitochondrial ryanodine receptor, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We then consider the physiological implications of mCa2+ flux and evaluate how alterations in mCa2+ homeostasis contribute to human disease. This review concludes by highlighting opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention in pathologies characterized by aberrant mCa2+ handling and by summarizing critical unanswered questions regarding the biology of mCa2+ flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Jurcau A, Simion A. Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease with Therapeutic Implications. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:94-108. [PMID: 32124703 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200303121016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The significant gain in life expectancy led to an increase in the incidence and prevalence of dementia. Although vascular risk factors have long and repeatedly been shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), translating these findings into effective preventive measures has failed. In addition, the finding that incident ischemic stroke approximately doubles the risk of a patient to develop AD has been recently reinforced. Current knowledge and pathogenetic hypotheses of AD are discussed. The implication of oxidative stress in the development of AD is reviewed, with special emphasis on its sudden burst in the setting of acute ischemic stroke and the possible link between this increase in oxidative stress and consequent cognitive impairment. Current knowledge and future directions in the prevention and treatment of AD are discussed outlining the hypothesis of a possible beneficial effect of antioxidant treatment in acute ischemic stroke in delaying the onset/progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410154 Oradea, Romania.,Clinical Municipal Hospital "Dr. G Curteanu", Neurology Ward, Oradea, Romania
| | - Aurel Simion
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410154 Oradea, Romania.,Clinical Municipal Hospital "Dr. G Curteanu", Neurological Rehabilitation Ward, Oradea, Romania
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14
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Rysted JE, Lin Z, Walters GC, Rauckhorst AJ, Noterman M, Liu G, Taylor EB, Strack S, Usachev YM. Distinct properties of Ca 2+ efflux from brain, heart and liver mitochondria: The effects of Na +, Li + and the mitochondrial Na +/Ca 2+ exchange inhibitor CGP37157. Cell Calcium 2021; 96:102382. [PMID: 33684833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ transport is essential for regulating cell bioenergetics, Ca2+ signaling and cell death. Mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), whereas Ca2+ is extruded by the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ (mtNCX) and H+/Ca2+ exchangers. The balance between these processes is essential for preventing toxic mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. Recent work demonstrated that MCU activity varies significantly among tissues, likely reflecting tissue-specific Ca2+ signaling and energy needs. It is less clear whether this diversity in MCU activity is matched by tissue-specific diversity in mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion. Here we compared properties of mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion in three tissues with prominent mitochondria function: brain, heart and liver. At the transcript level, expression of the Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX), which has been proposed to mediate mtNCX transport, was significantly greater in liver than in brain or heart. At the functional level, Na+ robustly activated Ca2+ efflux from brain and heart mitochondria, but not from liver mitochondria. The mtNCX inhibitor CGP37157 blocked Ca2+ efflux from brain and heart mitochondria but had no effect in liver mitochondria. Replacement of Na+ with Li+ to test the involvement of NCLX, resulted in a slowing of mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux by ∼70 %. Collectively, our findings suggest that mtNCX is responsible for Ca2+ extrusion from the mitochondria of the brain and heart, but plays only a small, if any, role in mitochondria of the liver. They also reveal that Li+ is significantly less effective than Na+ in driving mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Rysted
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Zhihong Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Grant C Walters
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Adam J Rauckhorst
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Maria Noterman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Guanghao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yuriy M Usachev
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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15
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Jurcau A. The Role of Natural Antioxidants in the Prevention of Dementia-Where Do We Stand and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:282. [PMID: 33498262 PMCID: PMC7909256 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia, and especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), puts significant burden on global healthcare expenditure through its increasing prevalence. Research has convincingly demonstrated the implication of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of dementia as well as of the conditions which increase the risk of developing dementia. However, drugs which target single pathways have so far failed in providing significant neuroprotection. Natural antioxidants, due to their effects in multiple pathways through which oxidative stress leads to neurodegeneration and triggers neuroinflammation, could prove valuable weapons in our fight against dementia. Although efficient in vitro and in animal models of AD, natural antioxidants in human trials have many drawbacks related to the limited bioavailability, unknown optimal dose, or proper timing of the treatment. Nonetheless, trials evaluating several of these natural compounds are ongoing, as are attempts to modify these compounds to achieve improved bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, nr 1 Universitatii Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Neurology Ward, Clinical Municipal Hospital “Dr. G. Curteanu”, nr 12 Corneliu Coposu Street, 410469 Oradea, Romania
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16
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Katoshevski T, Ben-Kasus Nissim T, Sekler I. Recent studies on NCLX in health and diseases. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102345. [PMID: 33508514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria is a major hub for cellular Ca 2+ signaling. The identification of MCU, the mitochondrial Ca 2+ influx mediator, and the mitochondrial Ca 2+ extruder NCLX, were major breakthroughs in this field. Their identification provided novel molecular tools and animal models to interrogate their physiological function and mode of regulation. Here we will focus on the mitochondrial Na + / Ca 2+ exchanger NCLX that plays a dual role in mitochondrial Na + and Ca 2+ signaling. We will discuss recent advances in NCLX mods of regulation by kinases and mitochondrial ΔΨ. We will also focus on the heterogeneity of its expression in distinct mitochondrial populations and the pathophysiological implication of its excessive degradation. We will describe the ongoing debate on the stoichiometry of Na + to Ca 2+ transport, mediated by NCLX, and its physiological implication. We will focus on the major effects of mitochondrial Na + signaling by NCLX on mitochondrial metabolism in health; and finally, we will discuss the role NCLX plays in a wide range of health disorders, from heart failure and cancer to Parkinson and Alzheimer disease, making it a prime candidate for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Katoshevski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Tsipi Ben-Kasus Nissim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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17
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Namekata I, Odaka R, Hamaguchi S, Tanaka H. KB-R7943 Inhibits the Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Uniporter but Not Na +-Ca 2+ Exchanger in Cardiomyocyte-Derived H9c2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1993-1996. [PMID: 33028749 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of KB-R7943, an inhibitor of the plasmalemmal Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, on mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters was examined with membrane-permeabilized cardiomyocyte-derived H9c2 cells expressing the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, yellow cameleon 3.1, in the mitochondria. KB-R7943, as well as ruthenium red, inhibited the rise in mitochondrial Ca2+ on increasing the extramitochondrial Ca2+ concentration from 0 nM to 300 nM. CGP-37157, but not KB-R7943, inhibited the decline in mitochondrial Ca2+on return to Ca2+ free extramitochondrial solution. These results indicated that KB-R7943 has inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, but not on the mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyuki Namekata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Ryosuke Odaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Shogo Hamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Hikaru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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18
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Yuan Y, Cao C, Wen M, Li M, Dong Y, Wu L, Wu J, Cui T, Li D, Chou JJ, OuYang B. Structural Characterization of the N-Terminal Domain of the Dictyostelium discoideum Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6452-6460. [PMID: 32258880 PMCID: PMC7114133 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) plays a critical role in mitochondrial calcium uptake into the matrix. In metazoans, the uniporter is a tightly regulated multicomponent system, including the pore-forming subunit MCU and several regulators (MICU1, MICU2, and Essential MCU REgulator, EMRE). The calcium-conducting activity of metazoan MCU requires the single-transmembrane protein EMRE. Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd), however, developed a simplified uniporter for which the pore-forming MCU (DdMCU) alone is necessary and sufficient for calcium influx. Here, we report a crystal structure of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of DdMCU at 1.7 Å resolution. The DdMCU-NTD contains four helices and two strands arranged in a fold that is completely different from the known structures of other MCU-NTD homologues. Biochemical and biophysical analyses of DdMCU-NTD in solution indicated that the domain exists as high-order oligomers. Mutagenesis showed that the acidic residues Asp60, Glu72, and Glu74, which appeared to mediate the interface II, as observed in the crystal structure, participated in the self-assembly of DdMCU-NTD. Intriguingly, the oligomeric complex was disrupted in the presence of calcium. We propose that the calcium-triggered dissociation of NTD regulates the channel activity of DdMCU by a yet unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chan Cao
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Maorong Wen
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical
Studies and iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Ninth People’s
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Tanxing Cui
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dianfan Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell
Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Molinaro P, Natale S, Serani A, Calabrese L, Secondo A, Tedeschi V, Valsecchi V, Pannaccione A, Scorziello A, Annunziato L. Genetically modified mice to unravel physiological and pathophysiological roles played by NCX isoforms. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102189. [PMID: 32199207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the three isoforms of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3 in 1990s, many studies have been devoted to identifying their specific roles in different tissues under several physiological or pathophysiological conditions. In particular, several seminal experimental works laid the foundation for better understanding gene and protein structures, tissue distribution, and regulatory functions of each antiporter isoform. On the other hand, despite the efforts in the development of specific compounds selectively targeting NCX1, NCX2 or NCX3 to test their physiological or pathophysiological roles, several drawbacks hampered the achievement of these goals. In fact, at present no isoform-specific compounds have been yet identified. Moreover, these compounds, despite their potency, possess some nonspecific actions against other ion antiporters, ion channels, and channel receptors. As a result, it is difficult to discriminate direct effects of inhibition/activation of NCX isoforms from the inhibitory or stimulatory effects exerted on other antiporters, channels, receptors, or enzymes. To overcome these difficulties, some research groups used transgenic, knock-out and knock-in mice for NCX isoforms as the most straightforward and fruitful strategy to characterize the biological role exerted by each antiporter isoform. The present review will survey the techniques used to study the roles of NCXs and the current knowledge obtained from these genetic modified mice focusing on the advantages obtained with these strategies in understanding the contribution exerted by each isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Natale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Calabrese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
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20
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Takeuchi A, Kim B, Matsuoka S. Physiological functions of mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, in lymphocytes. Cell Calcium 2020; 85:102114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Allosteric Regulation of NCLX by Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Links the Metabolic State and Ca 2+ Signaling in Mitochondria. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3465-3475.e4. [PMID: 30566870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a key regulator of mitochondrial function under both normal and pathological conditions. The mechanisms linking metabolic activity to mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling remain elusive, however. Here, by monitoring mitochondrial Ca2+ transients while manipulating mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), we found that mild fluctuations in ΔΨm, which do not affect Ca2+ influx, are sufficient to strongly regulate NCLX, the major efflux pathway of Ca2+ from the mitochondria. Phosphorylation of NCLX or expression of phosphomimicking mutant (S258D) rescued NCLX activity from ΔΨm-driven allosteric inhibition. By screening ΔΨm sensitivity of NCLX mutants, we also identified amino acid residues that, through functional interaction with Ser258, control NCLX regulation. Finally, we find that glucose-driven ΔΨm changes in pancreatic β-cells control mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling primarily via NCLX regulation. Our results identify a feedback control between metabolic activity and mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and the "safety valve" NCLX phosphorylation that can rescue Ca2+ efflux in depolarized mitochondria.
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22
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Mohindra V, Dangi T, Tripathi RK, Kumar R, Singh RK, Jena JK, Mohapatra T. Draft genome assembly of Tenualosa ilisha, Hilsa shad, provides resource for osmoregulation studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16511. [PMID: 31712633 PMCID: PMC6848103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first high-quality draft genome assembly (762.5 Mb) of Tenualosa ilisha that is highly contiguous and nearly complete. We observed a total of 2,864 contigs, with 96.4% completeness with N50 of 2.65 Mbp and the largest contig length of 17.4 Mbp, along with a complete mitochondrial genome of 16,745 bases. A total number of 33,042 protein coding genes were predicted, among these, 512 genes were classified under 61 Gene Ontology (GO) terms, associated with various homeostasis processes. Highest number of genes belongs to cellular calcium ion homeostasis, followed by tissue homeostasis. A total of 97 genes were identified, with 16 GO terms related to water homeostasis. Claudins, Aquaporins, Connexins/Gap junctions, Adenylate cyclase, Solute carriers and Voltage gated potassium channel genes were observed to be higher in number in T. ilisha, as compared to that in other teleost species. Seven novel gene variants, in addition to claudin gene (CLDZ), were found in T. ilisha. The present study also identified two putative novel genes, NKAIN3 and L4AM1, for the first time in fish, for which further studies are required for pinpointing their functions in fish. In addition, 1.6 million simple sequence repeats were mined from draft genome assembly. The study provides a valuable genomic resource for the anadromous Hilsa. It will form a basis for future studies, pertaining to its adaptation mechanisms to different salinity levels during migration, which in turn would facilitate in its domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindhya Mohindra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226 002, India.
| | - Tanushree Dangi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226 002, India
| | - Ratnesh K Tripathi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226 002, India.,Imperial Life Sciences (P) Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226 002, India
| | - Rajeev K Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226 002, India
| | - J K Jena
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan - II, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - T Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan - II, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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23
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Cao JL, Adaniya SM, Cypress MW, Suzuki Y, Kusakari Y, Jhun BS, O-Uchi J. Role of mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis in cardiac muscles. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:276-287. [PMID: 30684463 PMCID: PMC6469710 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of the molecular identity of mitochondrial Ca2+ influx/efflux mechanisms have placed mitochondrial Ca2+ transport at center stage in views of cellular regulation in various cell-types/tissues. Indeed, mitochondria in cardiac muscles also possess the molecular components for efficient uptake and extraction of Ca2+. Over the last several years, multiple groups have taken advantage of newly available molecular information about these proteins and applied genetic tools to delineate the precise mechanisms for mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in cardiomyocytes and its contribution to excitation-contraction/metabolism coupling in the heart. Though mitochondrial Ca2+ has been proposed as one of the most crucial secondary messengers in controlling a cardiomyocyte's life and death, the detailed mechanisms of how mitochondrial Ca2+ regulates physiological mitochondrial and cellular functions in cardiac muscles, and how disorders of this mechanism lead to cardiac diseases remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the current controversies and discrepancies regarding cardiac mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling that remain in the field to provide a platform for future discussions and experiments to help close this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephanie M Adaniya
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael W Cypress
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yuta Suzuki
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yoichiro Kusakari
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bong Sook Jhun
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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24
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Mitochondrial calcium signalling and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20180061. [PMID: 32714593 PMCID: PMC7373239 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is utilised by cells in signalling and in regulating ATP production; it also contributes to cell survival and, when concentrations are unbalanced, triggers pathways for cell death. Mitochondria contribute to calcium buffering, meaning that mitochondrial calcium uptake and release is intimately related to cytosolic calcium concentrations. This review focuses on the proteins contributing to mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis, the roles of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and mitochondrial calcium-activated proteins, and their relevance in neurodegenerative pathologies. It also covers alterations to calcium homoeostasis in Friedreich ataxia (FA).
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25
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Valle-Solis M, Bolaños J, Orozco E, Huerta M, García-Rivera G, Salas-Casas A, Chávez-Munguía B, Rodríguez MA. A Calcium/Cation Exchanger Participates in the Programmed Cell Death and in vitro Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:342. [PMID: 30327757 PMCID: PMC6174217 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiologic agent of human amoebiasis, disease that causes 40,000 to 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. The cytopathic activity as well as the growth and differentiation of this microorganism is dependent on both, extracellular and free cytoplasmic calcium. However, few is known about the proteins that regulate the calcium flux in this parasite. In many cells, the calcium extrusion from the cytosol is performed by plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases and calcium/cation exchangers. The aim of this work was to identify a calcium/cation exchanger of E. histolytica and to analyze its possible role in some cellular processes triggered by calcium flux, such as the programmed cell death and in vitro virulence. By searching putative calcium/cation exchangers in the genome database of E. histolyica we identified a protein belonging to the CCX family (EhCCX). We generated a specific antibody against EhCCX, which showed that this protein was expressed in higher levels in E. histolytica than its orthologous in the non-pathogenic amoeba E. dispar. In addition, the expression of EhCCX was increased in trophozoites incubated with hydrogen peroxide. This E. histolytica exchanger was localized in the plasma membrane and in the membrane of some cytoplasmic vesicles. However, after 10 min of erythrophagocytosis, EhCCX was found predominantly in the plasma membrane of the trophozoites. On the other hand, the parasites that overexpress this exchanger contained higher cytosolic calcium levels than control, but the extrusion of calcium after the addition of hydrogen peroxide was more efficient in EhCCX-overexpressing trophozoites; consequently, the programmed cell death was retarded in these parasites. Interestingly, the overexpression of EhCCX increased the in vitro virulence of trophozoites. These results suggest that EhCCX plays important roles in the programmed cell death and in the in vitro virulence of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Valle-Solis
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeni Bolaños
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Huerta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Andrés Salas-Casas
- Área Académica de Gerontología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | | | - Mario A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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De La Fuente S, Lambert JP, Nichtova Z, Fernandez Sanz C, Elrod JW, Sheu SS, Csordás G. Spatial Separation of Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake and Extrusion for Energy-Efficient Mitochondrial Calcium Signaling in the Heart. Cell Rep 2018; 24:3099-3107.e4. [PMID: 30231993 PMCID: PMC6226263 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ elevations enhance ATP production, but uptake must be balanced by efflux to avoid overload. Uptake is mediated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter channel complex (MCUC), and extrusion is controlled largely by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), both driven electrogenically by the inner membrane potential (ΔΨm). MCUC forms hotspots at the cardiac mitochondria-junctional SR (jSR) association to locally receive Ca2+ signals; however, the distribution of NCLX is unknown. Our fractionation-based assays reveal that extensively jSR-associated mitochondrial segments contain a minor portion of NCLX and lack Na+-dependent Ca2+ extrusion. This pattern is retained upon in vivo NCLX overexpression, suggesting extensive targeting to non-jSR-associated submitochondrial domains and functional relevance. In cells with non-polarized MCUC distribution, upon NCLX overexpression the same given increase in matrix Ca2+ expends more ΔΨm. Thus, cardiac mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and extrusion are reciprocally polarized, likely to optimize the energy efficiency of local calcium signaling in the beating heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio De La Fuente
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lambert
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Zuzana Nichtova
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Celia Fernandez Sanz
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - György Csordás
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Sarasija S, Norman KR. Role of Presenilin in Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090111. [PMID: 30149498 PMCID: PMC6162450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are poised to become a global health crisis, and therefore understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies. Mutations in genes encoding presenilin (PSEN) occur in most familial Alzheimer’s disease but the role of PSEN in AD is not fully understood. In this review, the potential modes of pathogenesis of AD are discussed, focusing on calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Moreover, research using Caenorhabditis elegans to explore the effects of calcium dysregulation due to presenilin mutations on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaarika Sarasija
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Norman
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation is crucial for bioenergetics and cellular signaling. The mechanisms controlling mitochondrial calcium homeostasis have been recently unraveled with the discovery of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins that regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and extrusion. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake depends on a large complex of proteins centered around the Ca2+ channel protein, mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) in close interactions with several regulatory subunits (MCUb, EMRE, MICU1, MICU2). Mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion is mainly mediated by the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX). Here, we review the major players of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trayambak Pathak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.
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29
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Yang H, Ahn C, Shin EK, Lee JS, An BS, Jeung EB. NCKX3 was compensated by calcium transporting genes and bone resorption in a NCKX3 KO mouse model. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:93-102. [PMID: 28602864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene knockout is the most powerful tool for determination of gene function or permanent modification of the phenotypic characteristics of an animal. Existing methods for gene disruption are limited by their efficiency, time required for completion and potential for confounding off-target effects. In this study, a rapid single-step approach to knockout of a targeted gene in mice using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) was demonstrated for generation of mutant (knockout; KO) alleles. Specifically, ZFNs to target the sodium/calcium/potassium exchanger3 (NCKX3) gene in C57bl/6j were designed using the concept of this approach. NCKX3 KO mice were generated and the phenotypic characterization and molecular regulation of active calcium transporting genes was assessed when mice were fed different calcium diets during growth. General phenotypes such as body weight and plasma ion level showed no distinct abnormalities. Thus, the potassium/sodium/calcium exchanger of NCKX3 KO mice proceeded normally in this study. As a result, the compensatory molecular regulation of this mechanism was elucidated. Renal TRPV5 mRNA of NCKX3 KO mice increased in both male and female mice. Expression of TRPV6 mRNA was only down-regulated in the duodenum of male KO mice. Renal- and duodenal expression of PTHR and VDR were not changed; however, GR mRNA expression was increased in the kidney of NCKX3 KO mice. Depletion of the NCKX3 gene in a KO mouse model showed loss of bone mineral contents and increased plasma parathyroid hormone, suggesting that NCKX3 may play a role in regulating calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of National Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Moriguchi S, Kita S, Yabuki Y, Inagaki R, Izumi H, Sasaki Y, Tagashira H, Horie K, Takeda J, Iwamoto T, Fukunaga K. Reduced CaM Kinase II and CaM Kinase IV Activities Underlie Cognitive Deficits in NCKX2 Heterozygous Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3889-3900. [PMID: 28547530 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among five members of the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCKX) family (NCKX1-5), only NCKX2 is highly expressed in mouse brain. NCKX2 in plasma membranes mediates cytosolic calcium excretion through electrogenic exchange of 4 Na+ for 1 Ca2+ and 1 K+. Here, we observed significantly decreased levels of NCKX2 protein and mRNA in the CA1 region of APP23 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease. We also found that, like APP23 mice, heterozygous NCKX2-mutant mice exhibit mildly impaired hippocampal LTP and memory acquisition, the latter based on novel object recognition and passive avoidance tasks. When we addressed underlying mechanisms, we found that both CaMKII autophosphorylation and CaMKIV phosphorylation significantly decreased in CA1 regions of NCKX2+/- relative to control mice. Likewise, phosphorylation of GluA1 (Ser-831) and CREB (Ser-133), respective downstream targets of CaMKII and CaMKIV, also significantly decreased in the CA1 region. BDNF protein and mRNA levels significantly decreased in CA1 of NCKX2+/- relative to control mice. Finally, CaN activity increased in CA1 of NCKX2+/- mice. Our findings suggest that like APP23 mice, NCKX2+/- mice may exhibit impaired learning and hippocampal LTP due to decreased CaM kinase II and CaM kinase IV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Moriguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satomi Kita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hisanao Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tagashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kyoji Horie
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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Robertson SYT, Wen X, Yin K, Chen J, Smith CE, Paine ML. Multiple Calcium Export Exchangers and Pumps Are a Prominent Feature of Enamel Organ Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28588505 PMCID: PMC5440769 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium export is a key function for the enamel organ during all stages of amelogenesis. Expression of a number of ATPase calcium transporting, plasma membrane genes (ATP2B1-4/PMCA1-4), solute carrier SLC8A genes (sodium/calcium exchanger or NCX1-3), and SLC24A gene family members (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger or NCKX1-6) have been investigated in the developing enamel organ in earlier studies. This paper reviews the calcium export pathways that have been described and adds novel insights to the spatiotemporal expression patterns of PMCA1, PMCA4, and NCKX3 during amelogenesis. New data are presented to show the mRNA expression profiles for the four Atp2b1-4 gene family members (PMCA1-4) in secretory-stage and maturation-stage rat enamel organs. These data are compared to expression profiles for all Slc8a and Slc24a gene family members. PMCA1, PMCA4, and NCKX3 immunolocalization data is also presented. Gene expression profiles quantitated by real time PCR show that: (1) PMCA1, 3, and 4, and NCKX3 are most highly expressed during secretory-stage amelogenesis; (2) NCX1 and 3, and NCKX6 are expressed during secretory and maturation stages; (3) NCKX4 is most highly expressed during maturation-stage amelogenesis; and (4) expression levels of PMCA2, NCX2, NCKX1, NCKX2, and NCKX5 are negligible throughout amelogenesis. In the enamel organ PMCA1 localizes to the basolateral membrane of both secretory and maturation ameloblasts; PMCA4 expression is seen in the basolateral membrane of secretory and maturation ameloblasts, and also cells of the stratum intermedium and papillary layer; while NCKX3 expression is limited to Tomes' processes, and the apical membrane of maturation-stage ameloblasts. These new findings are discussed in the perspective of data already present in the literature, and highlight the multiplicity of calcium export systems in the enamel organ needed to regulate biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y T Robertson
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xin Wen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kaifeng Yin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junjun Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Charles E Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael L Paine
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
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Roy S, Dey K, Hershfinkel M, Ohana E, Sekler I. Identification of residues that control Li + versus Na + dependent Ca 2+ exchange at the transport site of the mitochondrial NCLX. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:997-1008. [PMID: 28130126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX) is a member of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger family. NCLX is unique in its capacity to transport both Na+ and Li+, unlike other members, which are Na+ selective. The major aim of this study was twofold, i.e., to identify NCLX residues that confer Li+ or Na+ selective Ca2+ transport and map their putative location on NCLX cation transport site. METHOD We combined molecular modeling to map transport site of NCLX with euryarchaeal H+/Ca2+ exchanger, CAX_Af, and fluorescence analysis to monitor Li+ versus Na+ dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux of transport site mutants of NCLX in permeabilized cells. RESULT Mutation of Asn149, Pro152, Asp153, Gly176, Asn467, Ser468, Gly494 and Asn498 partially or strongly abolished mitochondrial Ca2+ exchange activity in intact cells. In permeabilized cells, N149A, P152A, D153A, N467Q, S468T and G494S demonstrated normal Li+/Ca2+ exchange activity but a reduced Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity. On the other hand, D471A showed dramatically reduced Li+/Ca2+ exchange, but Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity was unaffected. Finally, simultaneous mutation of four putative Ca2+ binding residues was required to completely abolish both Na+/Ca2+ and Li+/Ca2+ exchange activities. CONCLUSIONS We identified distinct Na+ and Li+ selective residues in the NCLX transport site. We propose that functional segregation in Li+ and Na+ sites reflects the functional properties of NCLX required for Ca2+ exchange under the unique membrane potential and ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study provide functional insights into the unique Li+ and Na+ selectivity of the mitochondrial exchanger. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Roy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Kuntal Dey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Taneja M, Tyagi S, Sharma S, Upadhyay SK. Ca 2+/Cation Antiporters (CaCA): Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiling in Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1775. [PMID: 27965686 PMCID: PMC5124604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+/cation antiporters (CaCA) superfamily proteins play vital function in Ca2+ ion homeostasis, which is an important event during development and defense response. Molecular characterization of these proteins has been performed in certain plants, but they are still not characterized in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat). Herein, we identified 34 TaCaCA superfamily proteins, which were classified into TaCAX, TaCCX, TaNCL, and TaMHX protein families based on their structural organization and evolutionary relation with earlier reported proteins. Since the T. aestivum comprises an allohexaploid genome, TaCaCA genes were derived from each A, B, and D subgenome and homeologous chromosome (HC), except chromosome-group 1. Majority of genes were derived from more than one HCs in each family that were considered as homeologous genes (HGs) due to their high similarity with each other. These HGs showed comparable gene and protein structures in terms of exon/intron organization and domain architecture. Majority of TaCaCA proteins comprised two Na_Ca_ex domains. However, TaNCLs consisted of an additional EF-hand domain with calcium binding motifs. Each TaCaCA protein family consisted of about 10 transmembrane and two α-repeat regions with specifically conserved signature motifs except TaNCL, which had single α-repeat. Variable expression of most of the TaCaCA genes during various developmental stages suggested their specified role in development. However, constitutively high expression of a few genes like TaCAX1-A and TaNCL1-B indicated their role throughout the plant growth and development. The modulated expression of certain genes during biotic (fungal infections) and abiotic stresses (heat, drought, salt) suggested their role in stress response. Majority of TaCCX and TaNCL family genes were found highly affected during various abiotic stresses. However, the role of individual gene needs to be established. The present study unfolded the opportunity for detail functional characterization of TaCaCA proteins and their utilization in future crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Taneja
- Department of Botany, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Shivi Tyagi
- Department of Botany, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
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Wang F, Chen ZH, Liu X, Colmer TD, Zhou M, Shabala S. Tissue-specific root ion profiling reveals essential roles of the CAX and ACA calcium transport systems in response to hypoxia in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3747-62. [PMID: 26889007 PMCID: PMC4896357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress that limits the growth of plants. The crucial role of Ca(2+) as a second messenger in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli has been widely recognized in plants. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Ca(2+) distribution within specific cell types in different root zones under hypoxia is poorly understood. In this work, whole-plant physiological and tissue-specific Ca(2+) changes were studied using several ACA (Ca(2+)-ATPase) and CAX (Ca(2+)/proton exchanger) knock-out Arabidopsis mutants subjected to waterlogging treatment. In the wild-type (WT) plants, several days of hypoxia decreased the expression of ACA8, CAX4, and CAX11 by 33% and 50% compared with the control. The hypoxic treatment also resulted in an up to 11-fold tissue-dependent increase in Ca(2+) accumulation in root tissues as revealed by confocal microscopy. The increase was much higher in stelar cells in the mature zone of Arabidopsis mutants with loss of function for ACA8, ACA11, CAX4, and CAX11 In addition, a significantly increased Ca(2+) concentration was found in the cytosol of stelar cells in the mature zone after hypoxic treatment. Three weeks of waterlogging resulted in dramatic loss of shoot biomass in cax11 plants (67% loss in shoot dry weight), while in the WT and other transport mutants this decline was only 14-22%. These results were also consistent with a decline in leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (F v/F m). It is suggested that CAX11 plays a key role in maintaining cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis and/or signalling in root cells under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW2751, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW2751, Australia School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Blomeyer CA, Bazil JN, Stowe DF, Dash RK, Camara AKS. Mg(2+) differentially regulates two modes of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in isolated cardiac mitochondria: implications for mitochondrial Ca(2+) sequestration. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:175-88. [PMID: 26815005 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The manner in which mitochondria take up and store Ca(2+) remains highly debated. Recent experimental and computational evidence has suggested the presence of at least two modes of Ca(2+) uptake and a complex Ca(2+) sequestration mechanism in mitochondria. But how Mg(2+) regulates these different modes of Ca(2+) uptake as well as mitochondrial Ca(2+) sequestration is not known. In this study, we investigated two different ways by which mitochondria take up and sequester Ca(2+) by using two different protocols. Isolated guinea pig cardiac mitochondria were exposed to varying concentrations of CaCl2 in the presence or absence of MgCl2. In the first protocol, A, CaCl2 was added to the respiration buffer containing isolated mitochondria, whereas in the second protocol, B, mitochondria were added to the respiration buffer with CaCl2 already present. Protocol A resulted first in a fast transitory uptake followed by a slow gradual uptake. In contrast, protocol B only revealed a slow and gradual Ca(2+) uptake, which was approximately 40 % of the slow uptake rate observed in protocol A. These two types of Ca(2+) uptake modes were differentially modulated by extra-matrix Mg(2+). That is, Mg(2+) markedly inhibited the slow mode of Ca(2+) uptake in both protocols in a concentration-dependent manner, but not the fast mode of uptake exhibited in protocol A. Mg(2+) also inhibited Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) extrusion. The general Ca(2+) binding properties of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) sequestration system were reaffirmed and shown to be independent of the mode of Ca(2+) uptake, i.e. through the fast or slow mode of uptake. In addition, extra-matrix Mg(2+) hindered Ca(2+) sequestration. Our results indicate that mitochondria exhibit different modes of Ca(2+) uptake depending on the nature of exposure to extra-matrix Ca(2+), which are differentially sensitive to Mg(2+). The implications of these findings in cardiomyocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Blomeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - David F Stowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.,Research Service, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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PKA Phosphorylation of NCLX Reverses Mitochondrial Calcium Overload and Depolarization, Promoting Survival of PINK1-Deficient Dopaminergic Neurons. Cell Rep 2015; 13:376-86. [PMID: 26440884 PMCID: PMC4709126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload is a critical, preceding event in neuronal damage encountered during neurodegenerative and ischemic insults. We found that loss of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) function, implicated in Parkinson disease, inhibits the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCLX), leading to impaired mitochondrial Ca(2+) extrusion. NCLX activity was, however, fully rescued by activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. We further show that PKA rescues NCLX activity by phosphorylating serine 258, a putative regulatory NCLX site. Remarkably, a constitutively active phosphomimetic mutant of NCLX (NCLX(S258D)) prevents mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and mitochondrial depolarization in PINK1 knockout neurons, thereby enhancing neuronal survival. Our results identify an mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport regulatory pathway that protects against mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload. Because mitochondrial Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis is a prominent feature of multiple disorders, the link between NCLX and PKA may offer a therapeutic target.
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Sekler I. Standing of giants shoulders the story of the mitochondrial Na(+)Ca(2+) exchanger. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:50-2. [PMID: 25998733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now the 40th anniversary of the Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology paper by Ernesto Carafoli and colleagues. This seminal study described for the first time mitochondrial Ca(2+) extrusion and its coupling to Na(+). This short review will describe the profound impact that this work had on mitochondrial signaling and the cross talk between the mitochondria, the ER, and the plasma membrane. It will further tell how the functional identification and in particular its unique cation selectivity to both Li(+) and Na(+) eventually contributed to the identification of the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger gene NCLX many years later. The last part will describe how molecular tools derived from NCLX identification are used to study the novel physiological aspects of Ca(2+) signaling.
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Han YE, Ryu SY, Park SH, Lee KH, Lee SH, Ho WK. Ca(2+) clearance by plasmalemmal NCLX, Li(+)-permeable Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, is required for the sustained exocytosis in rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2461-72. [PMID: 26100674 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers are key players for Ca(2+) clearance in pancreatic β-cells, but their molecular determinants and roles in insulin secretion are not fully understood. In the present study, we newly discovered that the Li(+)-permeable Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers (NCLX), which were known as mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, contributed to the Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) movement across the plasma membrane in rat INS-1 insulinoma cells. Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange activity by NCLX was comparable to that by the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, NCX. We also confirmed the presence of NCLX proteins on the plasma membrane using immunocytochemistry and cell surface biotinylation experiments. We further investigated the role of NCLX on exocytosis function by measuring the capacitance increase in response to repetitive depolarization. Small interfering (si)RNA-mediated downregulation of NCLX did not affect the initial exocytosis, but significantly suppressed sustained exocytosis and recovery of exocytosis. XIP (NCX inhibitory peptide) or Na(+) replacement for inhibiting Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) clearance also selectively suppressed sustained exocytosis. Consistent with the idea that sustained exocytosis requires ATP-dependent vesicle recruitment, mitochondrial function, assessed by mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), was impaired by siNCLX or XIP. However, depolarization-induced exocytosis was hardly affected by changes in intracellular Na(+) concentration, suggesting a negligible contribution of mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Taken together, our data indicate that Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger-mediated Ca(2+) clearance mediated by NCLX and NCX is crucial for optimizing mitochondrial function, which in turn contributes to vesicle recruitment for sustained exocytosis in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Han
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Ryu
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyun Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Ho
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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The mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger may reduce high glucose-induced oxidative stress and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor 3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2015; 12:270-8. [PMID: 26089852 PMCID: PMC4460171 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, plays an important role in the balance between Ca2+ influx and efflux across the mitochondrial inner membrane in endothelial cells. Mitochondrial metabolism is likely to be affected by the activity of NCLX because Ca2+ activates several enzymes of the Krebs cycle. It is currently believed that mitochondria are not only centers of energy production but are also important sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Methods & Results This study focused on NCLX function, in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs), induced by glucose. First, we detected an increase in NCLX expression in the endothelia of rats with diabetes mellitus, which was induced by an injection of streptozotocin. Next, colocalization of NCLX expression and mitochondria was detected using confocal analysis. Suppression of NCLX expression, using an siRNA construct (siNCLX), enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and blocked efflux induced by glucose. Unexpectedly, silencing of NCLX expression induced increased ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions These findings suggest that NCLX affects glucose-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling, thereby regulating ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high glucose conditions. In the early stages of high glucose stimulation, NCLX expression increases to compensate in order to self-protect mitochondrial maintenance, stability, and function in endothelial cells.
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Namekata I, Hamaguchi S, Tanaka H. Pharmacological Discrimination of Plasmalemmal and Mitochondrial Sodium–Calcium Exchanger in Cardiomyocyte-Derived H9c2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:147-50. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iyuki Namekata
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Shogo Hamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hikaru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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He C, O'Halloran DM. Analysis of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger gene family within the phylum Nematoda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112841. [PMID: 25397810 PMCID: PMC4232491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/Ca2+ exchangers are low affinity, high capacity transporters that rapidly transport calcium at the plasma membrane, mitochondrion, endoplasmic (and sarcoplasmic) reticulum, and the nucleus. Na+/Ca2+ exchangers are widely expressed in diverse cell types where they contribute homeostatic balance to calcium levels. In animals, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers are divided into three groups based upon stoichiometry: Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX), Na+/Ca2+/K+ exchangers (NCKX), and Ca2+/Cation exchangers (CCX). In mammals there are three NCX genes, five NCKX genes and one CCX (NCLX) gene. The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains ten Na+/Ca2+ exchanger genes: three NCX; five CCX; and two NCKX genes. Here we set out to characterize structural and taxonomic specializations within the family of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers across the phylum Nematoda. In this analysis we identify Na+/Ca2+ exchanger genes from twelve species of nematodes and reconstruct their phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. The most notable feature of the resulting phylogenies was the heterogeneous evolution observed within exchanger subtypes. Specifically, in the case of the CCX exchangers we did not detect members of this class in three Clade III nematodes. Within the Caenorhabditis and Pristionchus lineages we identify between three and five CCX representatives, whereas in other Clade V and also Clade IV nematode taxa we only observed a single CCX gene in each species, and in the Clade III nematode taxa that we sampled we identify NCX and NCKX encoding genes but no evidence of CCX representatives using our mining approach. We also provided re-annotation for predicted CCX gene structures from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Caenorhabditis japonica by RT-PCR and sequencing. Together, these findings reveal a complex picture of Na+/Ca2+ transporters in nematodes that suggest an incongruent evolutionary history of proteins that provide central control of calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Damien M. O'Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Early stress prevents the potentiation of muscarinic excitation by calcium release in adult prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:315-23. [PMID: 24315552 PMCID: PMC4640900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience of early stress contributes to the etiology of several psychiatric disorders and can lead to lasting deficits in working memory and attention. These executive functions require activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by muscarinic M1 acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. Such Gαq-protein coupled receptors trigger the release of calcium (Ca(2+)) from internal stores and elicit prolonged neuronal excitation. METHODS In brain slices of rat PFC, we employed multiphoton imaging simultaneously with whole-cell electrophysiological recordings to examine potential interactions between ACh-induced Ca(2+) release and excitatory currents in adulthood, across postnatal development, and following the early stress of repeated maternal separation, a rodent model for depression. We also investigated developmental changes in related genes in these groups. RESULTS Acetylcholine-induced Ca(2+) release potentiates ACh-elicited excitatory currents. In the healthy PFC, this potentiation of muscarinic excitation emerges in young adulthood, when executive function typically reaches maturity. However, the developmental consolidation of muscarinic ACh signaling is abolished in adults with a history of early stress, where ACh responses retain an adolescent phenotype. In prefrontal cortex, these rats show a disruption in the expression of multiple developmentally regulated genes associated with Gαq and Ca(2+) signaling. Pharmacologic and ionic manipulations reveal that the enhancement of muscarinic excitation in the healthy adult PFC arises via the electrogenic process of sodium/Ca(2+) exchange. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates a long-lasting disruption in ACh-mediated cortical excitation following early stress and raises the possibility that such cellular mechanisms may disrupt the maturation of executive function.
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Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ is known to regulate diverse cellular functions, for example energy production and cell death, by modulating mitochondrial dehydrogenases, inducing production of reactive oxygen species, and opening mitochondrial permeability transition pores. In addition to the action of Ca2+ within mitochondria, Ca2+ released from mitochondria is also important in a variety of cellular functions. In the last 5 years, the molecules responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics have been identified: a mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), a mitochondrial Na+–Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), and a candidate for a mitochondrial H+–Ca2+ exchanger (Letm1). In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial Ca2+ release system, and discuss its physiological and pathophysiological significance. Accumulating evidence suggests that the mitochondrial Ca2+ release system is not only crucial in maintaining mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis but also participates in the Ca2+ crosstalk between mitochondria and the plasma membrane and between mitochondria and the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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CGP37157, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, protects neurons from excitotoxicity by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1156. [PMID: 24722281 PMCID: PMC5424111 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) by CGP37157 is protective in models of neuronal injury that involve disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the Ca2+ signaling pathways and stores underlying neuroprotection by that inhibitor are not well defined. In the present study, we analyzed how intracellular Ca2+ levels are modulated by CGP37157 (10 μM) during NMDA insults in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. We initially assessed the presence of NCLX in mitochondria of cultured neurons by immunolabeling, and subsequently, we analyzed the effects of CGP37157 on neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis using cameleon-based mitochondrial Ca2+ and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) live imaging. We observed that NCLX-driven mitochondrial Ca2+ exchange occurs in cortical neurons under basal conditions as CGP37157 induced a decrease in [Ca2]i concomitant with a Ca2+ accumulation inside the mitochondria. In turn, CGP37157 also inhibited mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux after the stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. In contrast, CGP37157 strongly prevented depolarization-induced [Ca2+]i increase by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), whereas it did not induce depletion of ER Ca2+ stores. Moreover, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload was reduced as a consequence of diminished Ca2+ entry through VGCCs. The decrease in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload by CGP37157 resulted in a reduction of excitotoxic mitochondrial damage, characterized here by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidative stress and calpain activation. In summary, our results provide evidence that during excitotoxicity CGP37157 modulates cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics that leads to attenuation of NMDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death by blocking VGCCs.
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Sharma V, O'Halloran DM. Recent structural and functional insights into the family of sodium calcium exchangers. Genesis 2013; 52:93-109. [PMID: 24376088 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of calcium homeostasis is necessary for the development and survival of all animals. Calcium ions modulate excitability and bind effectors capable of initiating many processes such as muscular contraction and neurotransmission. However, excessive amounts of calcium in the cytosol or within intracellular calcium stores can trigger apoptotic pathways in cells that have been implicated in cardiac and neuronal pathologies. Accordingly, it is critical for cells to rapidly and effectively regulate calcium levels. The Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchangers (NCX), Na(+) /Ca(2+) /K(+) exchangers (NCKX), and Ca(2+) /Cation exchangers (CCX) are the three classes of sodium calcium antiporters found in animals. These exchanger proteins utilize an electrochemical gradient to extrude calcium. Although they have been studied for decades, much is still unknown about these proteins. In this review, we examine current knowledge about the structure, function, and physiology and also discuss their implication in various developmental disorders. Finally, we highlight recent data characterizing the family of sodium calcium exchangers in the model system, Caenorhabditis elegans, and propose that C. elegans may be an ideal model to complement other systems and help fill gaps in our knowledge of sodium calcium exchange biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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The mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, regulates automaticity of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2766. [PMID: 24067497 PMCID: PMC3783885 DOI: 10.1038/srep02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ is known to change dynamically, regulating mitochondrial as well as cellular functions such as energy metabolism and apoptosis. The NCLX gene encodes the mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCXmit), a Ca2+ extrusion system in mitochondria. Here we report that the NCLX regulates automaticity of the HL-1 cardiomyocytes. NCLX knockdown using siRNA resulted in the marked prolongation of the cycle length of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation and action potential generation. The upstrokes of action potential and Ca2+ transient were markedly slower, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling were compromised in the NCLX knockdown cells. Analyses using a mathematical model of HL-1 cardiomyocytes demonstrated that blocking NCXmit reduced the SR Ca2+ content to slow spontaneous SR Ca2+ leak, which is a trigger of automaticity. We propose that NCLX is a novel molecule to regulate automaticity of cardiomyocytes via modulating SR Ca2+ handling.
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Abstract
Here we provide the first genome-wide in vivo analysis of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger family in the model system Caenorhabditis elegans. We source all members of this family within the Caenorhabditis genus and reconstruct their phylogeny across humans and Drosophila melanogaster. Next, we provide a description of the expression pattern for each exchanger gene in C. elegans, revealing a wide expression in a number of tissues and cell types including sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, muscle cells, and intestinal tissue. Finally, we conduct a series of behavioral and functional analyses through mutant characterization in C. elegans. From these data we demonstrate that, similar to mammalian systems, the expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in C. elegans is skewed toward excitable cells, and we propose that C. elegans may be an ideal model system for the study of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers.
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Boyman L, Williams GSB, Khananshvili D, Sekler I, Lederer WJ. NCLX: the mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 59:205-13. [PMID: 23538132 PMCID: PMC3951392 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The free Ca(2+) concentration within the mitochondrial matrix ([Ca(2+)]m) regulates the rate of ATP production and other [Ca(2+)]m sensitive processes. It is set by the balance between total Ca(2+) influx (through the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU) and any other influx pathways) and the total Ca(2+) efflux (by the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and any other efflux pathways). Here we review and analyze the experimental evidence reported over the past 40years which suggest that in the heart and many other mammalian tissues a putative Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger is the major pathway for Ca(2+) efflux from the mitochondrial matrix. We discuss those reports with respect to a recent discovery that the protein product of the human FLJ22233 gene mediates such Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Among its many functional similarities to other Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger proteins is a unique feature: it efficiently mediates Li(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (as well as Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange) and was therefore named NCLX. The discovery of NCLX provides both the identity of a novel protein and new molecular means of studying various unresolved quantitative aspects of mitochondrial Ca(2+) movement out of the matrix. Quantitative and qualitative features of NCLX are discussed as is the controversy regarding the stoichiometry of the NCLX Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, the electrogenicity of NCLX, the [Na(+)]i dependency of NCLX and the magnitude of NCLX Ca(2+) efflux. Metabolic features attributable to NCLX and the physiological implication of the Ca(2+) efflux rate via NCLX during systole and diastole are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Boyman
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Dept. Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - George S. B. Williams
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Dept. Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110
| | - Daniel Khananshvili
- Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Goldman Medical School, Dept. Biology & Neurobiology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - W. J. Lederer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Dept. Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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50
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Yang H, Choi KC, Jung EM, An BS, Hyun SH, Jeung EB. Expression and regulation of sodium/calcium exchangers, NCX and NCKX, in reproductive tissues: do they play a critical role in calcium transport for reproduction and development? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 961:109-21. [PMID: 23224874 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane sodium/calcium (Na(+)/Ca(2+)) exchangers are an important component of intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)](i) homeostasis and electrical conduction. Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, NCX and NCKX, play a critical role in the transport of one [Ca(2+)](i) and potassium ion across the cell membrane in exchange for four extracellular sodium ions [Na(+)](e). Mammalian plasma membrane Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange proteins are divided into two families: one in which Ca(2+) flux is dependent only on sodium (NCX1-3) and another in which Ca(2+) flux is also dependent on potassium (NCKX1-4). Both molecules are capable of forward- and reverse-mode exchange. In cells and tissues, Na(+)/Ca(2+) (and K(+)) gradients localize to the cell membrane; thus, the exchangers transport ions across a membrane potential. Uterine NCKX3 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of endometrial receptivity by [Ca(2+)](i). In the uterus and placenta, NCKX3 expression is regulated by the sex steroid hormone estrogen (E2) and hypoxia stress, respectively. In this chapter, we described the expression and regulation of these proteins for reproductive functions in various tissues including uterus, placenta, and kidney of humans and rodents. Evidence to date suggests that NCKX3 and NCX1 may be regulated in a tissue-specific manner. In addition, we focused on the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of NCKX3 and NCX1 in mammals, based upon our recent results and those of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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