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Gong C, Chang L, Huang R, Sun X, Liu Y, Wu S, Wang L, Xu B, Wang L. LIM kinase 2 activates cardiac fibroblasts and exacerbates postinfarction left ventricular remodeling via crosstalk between the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107347. [PMID: 39153710 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic heart failure rates rise despite decreased acute myocardial infarction (MI) mortality. Excessive myofibroblast activation post-MI leads to adverse remodeling. LIM kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2) regulate cytoskeleton homeostasis and are pro-fibrotic markers in atrial fibrillation. However, their roles and mechanisms in postinfarction fibrosis and ventricular remodeling remain unclear. This study found that the expression of LIMKs elevated in the border zone (BZ) in mice MI models. LIMK1/2 double knockout (DKO) restrained pathological remodeling and reduced mortality by suppressing myofibroblast activation. By using adeno-associated virus (AAV) with a periostin promoter to overexpress LIMK1 or LIMK2, this study found that myofibroblast-specific LIMK2 overexpression diminished these effects in DKO mice, while LIMK1 did not. LIMK2 kinase activity was critical for myofibroblast proliferation by using AAV overexpressing mutant LIMK2 lack of kinase activity. According to phosphoproteome analysis, functional rescue experiments, co-immunoprecipitation, and protein-protein docking, LIMK2 led to the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser 552. LIMK2 nuclear translocation also played a role in myofibroblast proliferation after MI with the help of AAV overexpressing mutant LIMK2 without nuclear location signal. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing identified that LIMK2 bound to Lrp6 promoter region in TGF-β treated cardiac fibroblasts, positively regulating Wnt signaling via Wnt receptor internalization. This study demonstrated that LIMK2 promoted myofibroblast proliferation and adverse cardiac remodeling after MI, by enhancing phospho-β-catenin (Ser552) and Lrp6 signaling. This suggested that LIMK2 could be a target for the treatment of postinfarction injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China; Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yihai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.
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Chowdhury MAR, Haq MM, Lee JH, Jeong S. Multi-faceted regulation of CREB family transcription factors. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1408949. [PMID: 39165717 PMCID: PMC11333461 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1408949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear transcription factor, which can be constitutively activated regardless of external stimuli or be inducibly activated by external factors such as stressors, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. However, CREB controls diverse biological processes including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, survival, apoptosis in a cell-type-specific manner. The diverse functions of CREB appear to be due to CREB-mediated differential gene expression that depends on cAMP response elements and multi-faceted regulation of CREB activity. Indeed, the transcriptional activity of CREB is controlled at several levels including alternative splicing, post-translational modification, dimerization, specific transcriptional co-activators, non-coding small RNAs, and epigenetic regulation. In this review, we present versatile regulatory modes of CREB family transcription factors and discuss their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arifur Rahman Chowdhury
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Mazedul Haq
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Jeong
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Ripoli C, Dagliyan O, Renna P, Pastore F, Paciello F, Sollazzo R, Rinaudo M, Battistoni M, Martini S, Tramutola A, Sattin A, Barone E, Saneyoshi T, Fellin T, Hayashi Y, Grassi C. Engineering memory with an extrinsically disordered kinase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1110. [PMID: 37967196 PMCID: PMC10651130 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity plays a crucial role in memory formation by regulating the communication between neurons. Although actin polymerization has been linked to synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine stability, the causal link between actin polymerization and memory encoding has not been identified yet. It is not clear whether actin polymerization and structural changes in dendritic spines are a driver or a consequence of learning and memory. Using an extrinsically disordered form of the protein kinase LIMK1, which rapidly and precisely acts on ADF/cofilin, a direct modifier of actin, we induced long-term enlargement of dendritic spines and enhancement of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus on command. The activation of extrinsically disordered LIMK1 in vivo improved memory encoding and slowed cognitive decline in aged mice exhibiting reduced cofilin phosphorylation. The engineered memory by an extrinsically disordered LIMK1 supports a direct causal link between actin-mediated synaptic transmission and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ripoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Onur Dagliyan
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pietro Renna
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pastore
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paciello
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Raimondo Sollazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rinaudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Battistoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Martini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sattin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Takeo Saneyoshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Villalonga E, Mosrin C, Normand T, Girardin C, Serrano A, Žunar B, Doudeau M, Godin F, Bénédetti H, Vallée B. LIM Kinases, LIMK1 and LIMK2, Are Crucial Node Actors of the Cell Fate: Molecular to Pathological Features. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050805. [PMID: 36899941 PMCID: PMC10000741 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) are serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases and the only two members of the LIM kinase family. They play a crucial role in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics by controlling actin filaments and microtubule turnover, especially through the phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin depolymerising factor. Thus, they are involved in many biological processes, such as cell cycle, cell migration, and neuronal differentiation. Consequently, they are also part of numerous pathological mechanisms, especially in cancer, where their involvement has been reported for a few years and has led to the development of a wide range of inhibitors. LIMK1 and LIMK2 are known to be part of the Rho family GTPase signal transduction pathways, but many more partners have been discovered over the decades, and both LIMKs are suspected to be part of an extended and various range of regulation pathways. In this review, we propose to consider the different molecular mechanisms involving LIM kinases and their associated signalling pathways, and to offer a better understanding of their variety of actions within the physiology and physiopathology of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Villalonga
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Christine Mosrin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Thierry Normand
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Caroline Girardin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Amandine Serrano
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Bojan Žunar
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michel Doudeau
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Fabienne Godin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Hélène Bénédetti
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Béatrice Vallée
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-38-25-76-11
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Zhang H, Ben Zablah Y, Zhang H, Liu A, Gugustea R, Lee D, Luo X, Meng Y, Li S, Zhou C, Xin T, Jia Z. Inhibition of Rac1 in ventral hippocampal excitatory neurons improves social recognition memory and synaptic plasticity. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:914491. [PMID: 35936771 PMCID: PMC9354987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.914491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is critically involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, neuronal structure, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Rac1 overactivation is reported in human patients and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contributes to their spatial memory deficits, but whether Rac1 dysregulation is also important in other forms of memory deficits is unknown. In addition, the cell types and synaptic mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we used local injections of AAV virus containing a dominant-negative (DN) Rac1 under the control of CaMKIIα promoter and found that the reduction of Rac1 hyperactivity in ventral hippocampal excitatory neurons improves social recognition memory in APP/PS1 mice. Expression of DN Rac1 also improves long-term potentiation, a key synaptic mechanism for memory formation. Our results suggest that overactivation of Rac1 in hippocampal excitatory neurons contributes to social memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice and that manipulating Rac1 activity may provide a potential therapeutic strategy to treat social deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Youssif Ben Zablah
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - An Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Radu Gugustea
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongju Lee
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Luo
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanghong Meng
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Caoxian People’s Hospital, Caoxian, China
| | - Changxi Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Changxi Zhou,
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Tao Xin,
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Zhengping Jia,
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6
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D’Incal C, Broos J, Torfs T, Kooy RF, Vanden Berghe W. Towards Kinase Inhibitor Therapies for Fragile X Syndrome: Tweaking Twists in the Autism Spectrum Kinase Signaling Network. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081325. [PMID: 35456004 PMCID: PMC9029738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) causes autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, commonly referred to as the Fragile X syndrome. FMRP is a negative regulator of protein translation and is essential for neuronal development and synapse formation. FMRP is a target for several post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and methylation, which tightly regulate its cellular functions. Studies have indicated the involvement of FMRP in a multitude of cellular pathways, and an absence of FMRP was shown to affect several neurotransmitter receptors, for example, the GABA receptor and intracellular signaling molecules such as Akt, ERK, mTOR, and GSK3. Interestingly, many of these molecules function as protein kinases or phosphatases and thus are potentially amendable by pharmacological treatment. Several treatments acting on these kinase-phosphatase systems have been shown to be successful in preclinical models; however, they have failed to convincingly show any improvements in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the different protein kinase and phosphatase studies that have been performed in the Fragile X syndrome. In our opinion, some of the paradoxical study conclusions are potentially due to the lack of insight into integrative kinase signaling networks in the disease. Quantitative proteome analyses have been performed in several models for the FXS to determine global molecular processes in FXS. However, only one phosphoproteomics study has been carried out in Fmr1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and it showed dysfunctional protein kinase and phosphatase signaling hubs in the brain. This suggests that the further use of phosphoproteomics approaches in Fragile X syndrome holds promise for identifying novel targets for kinase inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D’Incal
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jitse Broos
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - Thierry Torfs
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0032-(0)-32-652-657
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7
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Cui D, Jiang X, Chen M, Sheng H, Shao D, Yang L, Guo X, Wang Y, Lai B, Zheng P. Activation of Rac1 Has an Opposing Effect on Induction and Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampus by Acting on Different Kinases. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:720371. [PMID: 34531724 PMCID: PMC8438208 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.720371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small GTPase of the Rho family. A previous study showed that the activation of Rac1 had an opposing effect on induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this opposing effect remains to be addressed. In the present work, we find that the activation of Rac1 during the induction of LTP leads to an activation of PKCι/λ by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), whereas the activation of Rac1 during the maintenance of LTP leads to the inhibition of PKMζ by LIM_kinase (LIMK) in the hippocampus. This result suggests that during different stages of LTP, the activation of Rac1 can modulate different signaling pathways, which leads to an opposing effect on the induction and maintenance of LTP in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology of Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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8
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LIM-Kinases in Synaptic Plasticity, Memory, and Brain Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082079. [PMID: 34440848 PMCID: PMC8391678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory require structural and functional modifications of synaptic connections, and synaptic deficits are believed to underlie many brain disorders. The LIM-domain-containing protein kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton by affecting the actin-binding protein, cofilin. In addition, LIMK1 is implicated in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with the cAMP-response element-binding protein. Accumulating evidence indicates that LIMKs are critically involved in brain function and dysfunction. In this paper, we will review studies on the roles and underlying mechanisms of LIMKs in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), the most extensively studied forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity widely regarded as cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. We will also discuss the involvement of LIMKs in the regulation of the dendritic spine, the structural basis of synaptic plasticity, and memory formation. Finally, we will discuss recent progress on investigations of LIMKs in neurological and mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Williams–Beuren syndrome, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders.
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9
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Wang R, Wu Z, Liu M, Wu Y, Li Q, Ba Y, Zhang H, Cheng X, Zhou G, Huang H. Resveratrol reverses hippocampal synaptic markers injury and SIRT1 inhibition against developmental Pb exposure. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147567. [PMID: 34175265 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure damages synaptic structural plasticity that results in cognitive impairment. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, is one of the most potent agonists of silencing information regulator 1 (SIRT1) discovered to date. However, the effects of SIRT1 on synaptic functional plasticity in early life Pb exposure are not well studied. Herein, the purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of synaptic markers and SIRT1 in rats exposed to Pb and to evaluate the regulatory effect of resveratrol during this process. The Pb exposed male SD pups were treated with resveratrol (50 mg/kg/d) or EDTA (150 mg/kg/d) followed by hippocampal and blood sampling for analysis at postnatal day 21 (PND21). In the Morrris water maze test, resveratrol treatement protected the rats against Pb-induced impairment of learning and memory (P < 0.05). Resveratrol also enhanced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, P < 0.001 vs 0.2% Pb group), and reversed the effects of Pb exposure on SIRT1(P < 0.001 vs 0.2% Pb group). The DG, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus showed a considerable increase in the expression of pre- and postsynaptic proteins (P < 0.001 vs 0.2% Pb group). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that resveratrol, through the activation of SIRT1, played a protective role against Pb-induced defects in synaptic plasticity, and suggested a new potential adjuvant treatment for Pb poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Zuntao Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.
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10
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Qiao Y, Jin T, Guan S, Cheng S, Wen S, Zeng H, Zhao M, Yang L, Wan X, Qiu Y, Li Q, Liu M, Hou Y. Long non-coding RNA Lnc-408 promotes invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cell by regulating LIMK1. Oncogene 2021; 40:4198-4213. [PMID: 34079084 PMCID: PMC8211561 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the leading causes of death in patients with breast cancer (BC), and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) plays an essential role in this process. Here, we found that Lnc-408, a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), is significantly upregulated in BC cells undergoing EMT and in BC tumor with lymphatic metastases compared with those without lymphatic metastases. Lnc-408 can enhance BC invasion and metastasis by regulating the expression of LIMK1. Mechanistically, Lnc-408 serves as a sponge for miR-654-5p to relieve the suppression of miR-654-5p on its target LIMK1. Knockdown or knockout of Lnc-408 in invasive BC cells clearly decreased LIMK1 levels, and ectopic Lnc-408 in MCF-7 cells increased LIMK1 expression to promote cell invasion. Lnc-408-mediated enhancement of LIMK1 plays a key role in cytoskeletal stability and promotes invadopodium formation in BC cells via p-cofilin/F-actin. In addition, the increased LIMK1 also facilitates the expression of MMP2, ITGB1, and COL1A1 by phosphorylating CREB. In conclusion, our findings reveal that Lnc-408 promotes BC invasion and metastasis via the Lnc-408/miR-654-5p/LIMK1 axis, highlighting a novel promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengdong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaojie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maojia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueying Wan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Experimental Teaching & Lab Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Abstract
In the past few decades, the field of neuroepigenetics has investigated how the brain encodes information to form long-lasting memories that lead to stable changes in behaviour. Activity-dependent molecular mechanisms, including, but not limited to, histone modification, DNA methylation and nucleosome remodelling, dynamically regulate the gene expression required for memory formation. Recently, the field has begun to examine how a learning experience is integrated at the level of both chromatin structure and synaptic physiology. Here, we provide an overview of key established epigenetic mechanisms that are important for memory formation. We explore how epigenetic mechanisms give rise to stable alterations in neuronal function by modifying synaptic structure and function, and highlight studies that demonstrate how manipulating epigenetic mechanisms may push the boundaries of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne R Campbell
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Center for Addiction Neuroscience, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Center for Addiction Neuroscience, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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12
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Tastet J, Cuberos H, Vallée B, Toutain A, Raynaud M, Marouillat S, Thépault RA, Laumonnier F, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Vourc'h P, Andres CR, Bénédetti H. LIMK2-1 is a Hominidae-Specific Isoform of LIMK2 Expressed in Central Nervous System and Associated with Intellectual Disability. Neuroscience 2018; 399:199-210. [PMID: 30594563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LIMK2 is involved in neuronal functions by regulating actin dynamics. Different isoforms of LIMK2 are described in databanks. LIMK2a and LIMK2b are the most characterized. A few pieces of evidence suggest that LIMK2 isoforms might not have overlapping functions. In this study, we focused our attention on a less studied human LIMK2 isoform, LIMK2-1. Compared to the other LIMK2 isoforms, LIMK2-1 contains a supplementary C-terminal phosphatase 1 inhibitory domain (PP1i). We found out that this isoform was hominidae-specific and showed that it was expressed in human fetal brain and faintly in adult brain. Its coding sequence was sequenced in 173 patients with sporadic non-syndromic intellectual disability (ID), and we observed an association of a rare missense variant in the PP1i domain (rs151191437, p.S668P) with ID. Our results also suggest an implication of LIMK2-1 in neurite outgrowth and neurons arborization which appears to be affected by the p.S668P variation. Therefore our results suggest that LIMK2-1 plays a role in the developing brain, and that a rare variation of this isoform is a susceptibility factor in ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tastet
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hélène Cuberos
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France
| | | | - Annick Toutain
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - Christian R Andres
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
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13
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A quantitative proteomic analysis of cofilin phosphorylation in myeloid cells and its modulation using the LIM kinase inhibitor Pyr1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208979. [PMID: 30550596 PMCID: PMC6294390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM kinases are located at a strategic crossroad, downstream of several signaling pathways and upstream of effectors such as microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. Cofilin is the only LIM kinases substrate that is well described to date, and its phosphorylation on serine 3 by LIM kinases controls cofilin actin-severing activity. Consequently, LIM kinases inhibition leads to actin cytoskeleton disorganization and blockade of cell motility, which makes this strategy attractive in anticancer treatments. LIMK has also been reported to be involved in pathways that are deregulated in hematologic malignancies, with little information regarding cofilin phosphorylation status. We have used proteomic approaches to investigate quantitatively and in detail the phosphorylation status of cofilin in myeloid tumor cell lines of murine and human origin. Our results show that under standard conditions, only a small fraction (10 to 30% depending on the cell line) of cofilin is phosphorylated (including serine 3 phosphorylation). In addition, after a pharmacological inhibition of LIM kinases, a residual cofilin phosphorylation is observed on serine 3. Interestingly, this 2D gel based proteomic study identified new phosphorylation sites on cofilin, such as threonine 63, tyrosine 82 and serine 108.
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14
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Prunier C, Prudent R, Kapur R, Sadoul K, Lafanechère L. LIM kinases: cofilin and beyond. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41749-41763. [PMID: 28445157 PMCID: PMC5522193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM kinases are common downstream effectors of several signalization pathways and function as a signaling node that controls cytoskeleton dynamics through the phosphorylation of the cofilin family proteins. These last 10 years, several reports indicate that the functions of LIM kinases are more extended than initially described and, specifically, that LIM kinases also control microtubule dynamics, independently of their regulation of actin microfilament. In this review we analyze the data supporting these conclusions and the possible mechanisms that could be involved in the control of microtubules by LIM kinases. The demonstration that LIM kinases also control microtubule dynamics has pointed to new therapeutic opportunities. Consistently, several new LIM kinase inhibitors have been recently developed. We provide a comprehensive comparison of these inhibitors, of their chemical structure, their specificity, their cellular effects as well as their effects in animal models of various diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Prunier
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karin Sadoul
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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15
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Zeng L, Wang WH, Arrington J, Shao G, Geahlen RL, Hu CD, Tao WA. Identification of Upstream Kinases by Fluorescence Complementation Mass Spectrometry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1078-1085. [PMID: 29104924 PMCID: PMC5658758 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases and their substrates comprise extensive signaling networks that regulate many diverse cellular functions. However, methods and techniques to systematically identify kinases directly responsible for specific phosphorylation events have remained elusive. Here we describe a novel proteomic strategy termed fluorescence complementation mass spectrometry (FCMS) to identify kinase-substrate pairs in high throughput. The FCMS strategy employs a specific substrate and a kinase library, both of which are fused with fluorescence complemented protein fragments. Transient and weak kinase-substrate interactions in living cells are stabilized by the association of fluorescence protein fragments. These kinase-substrate pairs are then isolated with high specificity and are identified and quantified by LC-MS. FCMS was applied to the identification of both known and novel kinases of the transcription factor, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Novel CREB kinases were validated by in vitro kinase assays, and the phosphorylation sites were unambiguously located. These results uncovered possible new roles for CREB in multiple important signaling pathways and demonstrated the great potential of this new proteomic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zeng
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wen-Horng Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Justine Arrington
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Gengbao Shao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Robert L. Geahlen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chang-Deng Hu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - W. Andy Tao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- E-mail:
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16
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Jensen P, Myhre CL, Lassen PS, Metaxas A, Khan AM, Lambertsen KL, Babcock AA, Finsen B, Larsen MR, Kempf SJ. TNFα affects CREB-mediated neuroprotective signaling pathways of synaptic plasticity in neurons as revealed by proteomics and phospho-proteomics. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60223-60242. [PMID: 28947966 PMCID: PMC5601134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and TNFα as the main inducer of neuroinflammation has neurodegenerative but also pro-regenerative properties, however, the dose-dependent molecular changes on signaling pathway level are not fully understood. We performed quantitative proteomics and phospho-proteomics to target this point. In HT22 cells, we found that TNFα reduced mitochondrial signaling and inhibited mTOR protein translation signaling but also led to induction of neuroprotective MAPK-CREB signaling. Stimulation of human neurons with TNFα revealed similar cellular mechanisms. Moreover, a number of synaptic plasticity-associated genes were altered in their expression profile including CREB. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of CREB in human neurons prior to TNFα stimulation led to a reduced number of protein/phospho-protein hits compared to siRNA-mediated knockdown of CREB or TNFα stimulation alone and countermeasured the reduced CREB signaling. In vivo data of TNFα knockout mice showed that learning ability did not depend on TNFα per se but that TNFα was essential for preserving the learning ability after episodes of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. This may be based on modulation of CREB/CREB signaling as revealed by the in vitro / in vivo data. Our data show that several molecular targets and signaling pathways induced by TNFα in neurons resemble those seen in Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christa L Myhre
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille S Lassen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Asif M Khan
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Current address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE, Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alicia A Babcock
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE, Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan J Kempf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Be Tu PT, Nguyen BCQ, Tawata S, Yun CY, Kim EG, Maruta H. The serum/PDGF-dependent "melanogenic" role of the minute level of the oncogenic kinase PAK1 in melanoma cells proven by the highly sensitive kinase assay. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:314-322. [PMID: 27746419 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the oncogenic kinase PAK4, which both melanomas and normal melanocytes express at a very high level, is essential for their melanogenesis. In the present study, using the highly sensitive "Macaroni-Western" (IP-ATP-Glo) kinase assay, we investigated the melanogenic potential of another oncogenic kinase PAK1, which melanoma (B16F10) cells express only at a very minute level. After transfecting melanoma cells with PAK1-shRNA for silencing PAK1 gene, melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and kinase activity of PAK1 were compared between the wild-type and transfectants. We found that (i) PAK1 is significantly activated by melanogenic hormones such as IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine) and α-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), (ii) silencing the endogenous PAK1 gene in melanoma cells through PAK1-specific shRNA reduces both melanin content and tyrosinase activity in the presence of both serum and melanogenic hormones to the basal level, (iii) the exogenously added wild-type PAK1 in the melanoma cells boosts the α-MSH-inducible melanin level by several folds without affecting the basal, and (iv) α-MSH/IBMX-induced melanogenesis hardly takes place in the absence of either serum or PAK1, clearly indicating that PAK1 is essential mainly for serum- and α-MSH/IBMX-dependent melanogenesis, but not the basal, in melanoma cells. The outcome of this study might provide the first scientific basis for explaining why a wide variety of herbal PAK1-blockers such as CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester), curcumin and shikonin in cosmetics are useful for skin-whitening.
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18
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Hamill S, Lou HJ, Turk BE, Boggon TJ. Structural Basis for Noncanonical Substrate Recognition of Cofilin/ADF Proteins by LIM Kinases. Mol Cell 2016; 62:397-408. [PMID: 27153537 PMCID: PMC4860616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cofilin/actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) proteins are critical nodes that relay signals from protein kinase cascades to the actin cytoskeleton, in particular through site-specific phosphorylation at residue Ser3. This is important for regulation of the roles of cofilin in severing and stabilizing actin filaments. Consequently, cofilin/ADF Ser3 phosphorylation is tightly controlled as an almost exclusive substrate for LIM kinases. Here we determine the LIMK1:cofilin-1 co-crystal structure. We find an interface that is distinct from canonical kinase-substrate interactions. We validate this previously unobserved mechanism for high-fidelity kinase-substrate recognition by in vitro kinase assays, examination of cofilin phosphorylation in mammalian cells, and functional analysis in S. cerevisiae. The interface is conserved across all LIM kinases. Remarkably, we also observe both pre- and postphosphotransfer states in the same crystal lattice. This study therefore provides a molecular understanding of how kinase-substrate recognition acts as a gatekeeper to regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hamill
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Benjamin E. Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Titus J. Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,To who correspondence should be addressed:
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19
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Wang W, Townes-Anderson E. LIM Kinase, a Newly Identified Regulator of Presynaptic Remodeling by Rod Photoreceptors After Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7847-58. [PMID: 26658506 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rod photoreceptors retract their axon terminals and develop neuritic sprouts in response to retinal detachment and reattachment, respectively. This study examines the role of LIM kinase (LIMK), a component of RhoA and Rac pathways, in the presynaptic structural remodeling of rod photoreceptors. METHODS Phosphorylated LIMK (p-LIMK), the active form of LIMK, was examined in salamander retina with Western blot and confocal microscopy. Axon length within the first 7 hours and process growth after 3 days of culture were assessed in isolated rod photoreceptors treated with inhibitors of upstream regulators ROCK and p21-activated kinase (Pak) (Y27632 and IPA-3) and a direct LIMK inhibitor (BMS-5). Porcine retinal explants were also treated with BMS-5 and analyzed 24 hours after detachment. Because Ca2+ influx contributes to axonal retraction, L-type channels were blocked in some experiments with nicardipine. RESULTS Phosphorylated LIMK is present in rod terminals during retraction and in newly formed processes. Axonal retraction over 7 hours was significantly reduced by inhibition of LIMK or its regulators, ROCK and Pak. Process growth was reduced by LIMK or Pak inhibition especially at the basal (axon-bearing) region of the rod cells. Combining Ca2+ channel and LIMK inhibition had no additional effect on retraction but did further inhibit sprouting after 3 days. In detached porcine retina, LIMK inhibition reduced rod axonal retraction and improved retinal morphology. CONCLUSIONS Thus structural remodeling, in the form of either axonal retraction or neuritic growth, requires LIMK activity. LIM kinase inhibition may have therapeutic potential for reducing pathologic rod terminal plasticity after retinal injury.
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20
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Cuberos H, Vallée B, Vourc'h P, Tastet J, Andres CR, Bénédetti H. Roles of LIM kinases in central nervous system function and dysfunction. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3795-806. [PMID: 26545494 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) regulate actin dynamics by phosphorylating cofilin. In this review, we outline studies that have shown an involvement of LIMKs in neuronal function and we detail some of the pathways and molecular mechanisms involving LIMKs in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. We also review the involvement of LIMKs in neuronal diseases and emphasize the differences in the regulation of LIMKs expression and mode of action. We finally present the existence of a cofilin-independent pathway also involved in neuronal function. A better understanding of the differences between both LIMKs and of the precise molecular mechanisms involved in their mode of action and regulation is now required to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of the neuronal diseases associated with LIMKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cuberos
- CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France; UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - B Vallée
- CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France
| | - P Vourc'h
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - J Tastet
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C R Andres
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
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21
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Kaminskaya AN, Nikitina EA, Medvedeva AV, Gerasimenko MS, Chernikova DA, Savvateeva-Popova EV. The influence of the limk1 gene polymorphism on learning acquisition and memory formation, pCREB distribution and aggregate formation in neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila melanogaster. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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LIMK1 regulates long-term memory and synaptic plasticity via the transcriptional factor CREB. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1316-28. [PMID: 25645926 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01263-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the LIMK1 gene is associated with Williams syndrome, a unique neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe defects in visuospatial cognition and long-term memory (LTM). However, whether LIMK1 contributes to these deficits remains elusive. Here, we show that LIMK1-knockout (LIMK1(-/-)) mice are drastically impaired in LTM but not short-term memory (STM). In addition, LIMK1(-/-) mice are selectively defective in late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP), a form of long-lasting synaptic plasticity specifically required for the formation of LTM. Furthermore, we show that LIMK1 interacts and regulates the activity of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), an extensively studied transcriptional factor critical for LTM. Importantly, both L-LTP and LTM deficits in LIMK1(-/-) mice are rescued by increasing the activity of CREB. These results provide strong evidence that LIMK1 deletion is sufficient to lead to an LTM deficit and that this deficit is attributable to CREB hypofunction. Our study has identified a direct gene-phenotype link in mice and provides a potential strategy to restore LTM in patients with Williams syndrome through the enhancement of CREB activity in the adult brain.
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Wolf M, Zimmermann AM, Görlich A, Gurniak CB, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Friauf E, Witke W, Rust MB. ADF/Cofilin Controls Synaptic Actin Dynamics and Regulates Synaptic Vesicle Mobilization and Exocytosis. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2863-75. [PMID: 24770705 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a regulator of synaptic vesicle mobilization and exocytosis, but little is known about the mechanisms that regulate actin at presynaptic terminals. Genetic data on LIMK1, a negative regulator of actin-depolymerizing proteins of the ADF/cofilin family, suggest a role for ADF/cofilin in presynaptic function. However, synapse physiology is fully preserved upon genetic ablation of ADF in mice, and n-cofilin mutant mice display defects in postsynaptic plasticity, but not in presynaptic function. One explanation for this phenomenon is overlapping functions of ADF and n-cofilin in presynaptic physiology. Here, we tested this hypothesis and genetically removed ADF together with n-cofilin from synapses. In double mutants for ADF and n-cofilin, synaptic actin dynamics was impaired and more severely affected than in single mutants. The resulting cytoskeletal defects heavily affected the organization, mobilization, and exocytosis of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses. Our data for the first time identify overlapping functions for ADF and n-cofilin in presynaptic physiology and vesicle trafficking. We conclude that n-cofilin is a limiting factor in postsynaptic plasticity, a function which cannot be substituted by ADF. On the presynaptic side, the presence of either ADF or n-cofilin is sufficient to control actin remodeling during vesicle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolf
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology/Neurophysiology Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Anika-Maria Zimmermann
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology/Neurophysiology Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Andreas Görlich
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology/Neurophysiology Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany Current address: Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Eckhard Friauf
- Animal Physiology Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Walter Witke
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Marco B Rust
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology/Neurophysiology Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory relies on synaptic plasticity as well as network adaptations provided by the addition of adult-born neurons. We have previously shown that activity-induced intracellular signaling through the Rho family small GTPase Rac1 is necessary in forebrain projection neurons for normal synaptic plasticity in vivo, and here we show that selective loss of neuronal Rac1 also impairs the learning-evoked increase in neurogenesis in the adult mouse hippocampus. Earlier work has indicated that experience elevates the abundance of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus primarily by enhancing the survival of neurons produced just before the learning event. Loss of Rac1 in mature projection neurons did reduce learning-evoked neurogenesis but, contrary to our expectations, these effects were not mediated by altering the survival of young neurons in the hippocampus. Instead, loss of neuronal Rac1 activation selectively impaired a learning-evoked increase in the proliferation and accumulation of neural precursors generated during the learning event itself. This indicates that experience-induced alterations in neurogenesis can be mechanistically resolved into two effects: (1) the well documented but Rac1-independent signaling cascade that enhances the survival of young postmitotic neurons; and (2) a previously unrecognized Rac1-dependent signaling cascade that stimulates the proliferative production and retention of new neurons generated during learning itself.
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Popovics P, Gray A, Arastoo M, Finelli DK, Tan AJL, Stewart AJ. Phospholipase C-η2 is required for retinoic acid-stimulated neurite growth. J Neurochem 2012; 124:632-44. [PMID: 23237262 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C-η2 is a recently identified phospholipase C (PLC) implicated in the regulation of neuronal differentiation/maturation. PLCη2 activity is triggered by intracellular calcium mobilization and likely serves to amplify Ca²⁺ signals by stimulating further Ca²⁺ release from Ins(1,4,5)P₃-sensitive stores. The role of PLCη2 in neuritogenesis was assessed during retinoic acid (RA)-induced Neuro2A cell differentiation. PLCη2 expression increased two-fold during a 4-day differentiation period. Stable expression of PLCη2-targetted shRNA led to a decrease in the number of differentiated cells and total length of neurites following RA-treatment. Furthermore, RA response element activation was perturbed by PLCη2 knockdown. Using a bacterial two-hybrid screen, we identified LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) as a putative interaction partner of PLCη2. Immunostaining of PLCη2 revealed significant co-localization with LIMK1 in the nucleus and growing neurites in Neuro2A cells. RA-induced phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein was reduced in PLCη2 knock-down cells. The phosphoinositide-binding properties of the PLCη2 PH domain, assessed using a FRET-based assay, revealed this domain to possess a high affinity toward PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃. Immunostaining of PLCη2 together with PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ in the Neuro2A cells revealed a high degree of co-localization, indicating that PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ levels in cellular compartments are likely to be important for the spatial control of PLCη2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Popovics
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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Signaling mechanisms and functional roles of cofilin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cell Signal 2012; 25:457-69. [PMID: 23153585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cofilin and actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) are actin-binding proteins that play an essential role in regulating actin filament dynamics and reorganization by stimulating the severance and depolymerization of actin filaments. Cofilin/ADF are inactivated by phosphorylation at the serine residue at position 3 by LIM-kinases (LIMKs) and testicular protein kinases (TESKs) and are reactivated by dephosphorylation by the slingshot (SSH) family of protein phosphatases and chronophin. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the signaling mechanisms regulating LIMKs and SSHs and the functional roles of cofilin phospho-regulation in cell migration, tumor invasion, mitosis, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the phospho-regulation of cofilin/ADF is a key convergence point of cell signaling networks that link extracellular stimuli to actin cytoskeletal dynamics and that spatiotemporal control of cofilin/ADF activity by LIMKs and SSHs plays a crucial role in a diverse array of cellular and physiological processes. Perturbations in the normal control of cofilin/ADF activity underlie many pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis and neurological and cardiovascular disorders.
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Conceptualizing neurodevelopmental disorders through a mechanistic understanding of fragile X syndrome and Williams syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 25:112-24. [PMID: 22395002 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e328351823c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The overarching goal of this review is to compare and contrast the cognitive-behavioral features of fragile X syndrome (FraX) and Williams syndrome and to review the putative neural and molecular underpinnings of these features. Information is presented in a framework that provides guiding principles for conceptualizing gene-brain-behavior associations in neurodevelopmental disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Abnormalities, in particular cognitive-behavioral domains with similarities in underlying neurodevelopmental correlates, occur in both FraX and Williams syndrome including aberrant frontostriatal pathways leading to executive function deficits, and magnocellular/dorsal visual stream, superior parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobe, and postcentral gyrus abnormalities contributing to deficits in visuospatial function. Compelling cognitive-behavioral and neurodevelopmental contrasts also exist in these two disorders, for example, aberrant amygdala and fusiform cortex structure and function occurring in the context of contrasting social behavioral phenotypes, and temporal cortical and cerebellar abnormalities potentially underlying differences in language function. Abnormal dendritic development is a shared neurodevelopmental morphologic feature between FraX and Williams syndrome. Commonalities in molecular machinery and processes across FraX and Williams syndrome occur as well - microRNAs involved in translational regulation of major synaptic proteins; scaffolding proteins in excitatory synapses; and proteins involved in axonal development. SUMMARY Although the genetic variations leading to FraX and Williams syndrome are different, important similarities and contrasts in the phenotype, neurocircuitry, molecular machinery, and cellular processes in these two disorders allow for a unique approach to conceptualizing gene-brain-behavior links occurring in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Manetti F. LIM kinases are attractive targets with many macromolecular partners and only a few small molecule regulators. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:968-98. [PMID: 22886629 DOI: 10.1002/med.20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The LIM kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are dual specificity (serine/threonine and tyrosine) kinases. Although they show significant structural similarity, LIMK1 and LIMK2 show different expression, subcellular localization, and functions. They are involved in many cellular functions, such as migration, cycle, and neuronal differentiation and also have a role in pathological processes, such as cancer cell invasion and metastatis, as well as in neurodevelopmental disorders (namely, the William's syndrome). LIM kinases have a relevant number of known partners that are able to induce or limit the ability of LIMK1 and LIMK2 to phosphorylate and inactivate their major substrate, cofilin. On the contrary, only a limited number of small molecules that interact with the two proteins to modulate their kinase activity have been identified. In this review, the most important partners of LIM kinases and their modulating activity toward LIMKs are described. The small compounds identified as LIMK1 and LIMK2 modulators are also reported, as well as their role as possible therapeutic agents for LIMK-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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Bernstein BW, Maloney MT, Bamburg JR. Actin and Diseases of the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 5:201-234. [PMID: 35547659 PMCID: PMC9088176 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7368-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton results in several pathological conditions affecting primarily the nervous system. Those of genetic origin arise during development, but others manifest later in life. Actin regulation is also affected profoundly by environmental factors that can have sustained consequences for the nervous system. Those consequences follow from the fact that the actin cytoskeleton is essential for a multitude of cell biological functions ranging from neuronal migration in cortical development and dendritic spine formation to NMDA receptor activity in learning and alcoholism. Improper regulation of actin, causing aggregation, can contribute to the neurodegeneration of amyloidopathies, such as Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Much progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara W Bernstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Michael T Maloney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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30
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CREB5 Computational Regulation Network Construction and Analysis Between Frontal Cortex of HIV Encephalitis (HIVE) and HIVE-Control Patients. Cell Biochem Biophys 2010; 60:199-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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MYBPC1 Computational Phosphoprotein Network Construction and Analysis between Frontal Cortex of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and HIVE-Control Patients. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Luciani P, Deledda C, Benvenuti S, Cellai I, Squecco R, Monici M, Cialdai F, Luciani G, Danza G, Di Stefano C, Francini F, Peri A. Differentiating effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exendin-4 in a human neuronal cell model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3711-23. [PMID: 20496097 PMCID: PMC11115565 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic peptide with neurotrophic properties, as assessed in animal cell models. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 analogue, has been recently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to morphologically, structurally, and functionally characterize the differentiating actions of exendin-4 using a human neuronal cell model (i.e., SH-SY5Y cells). We found that exendin-4 increased the number of neurites paralleled by dramatic changes in intracellular actin and tubulin distribution. Electrophysiological analyses showed an increase in cell membrane surface and in stretch-activated-channels sensitivity, an increased conductance of Na(+) channels and amplitude of Ca(++) currents (T- and L-type), typical of a more mature neuronal phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that exendin-4 promotes neuronal differentiation in human cells. Noteworthy, our data support the claimed favorable role of exendin-4 against diabetic neuropathy as well as against different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Luciani
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristiana Deledda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Susanna Benvenuti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Monici
- Joint Laboratory ASAcampus, ASA Research Division, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cialdai
- Joint Laboratory ASAcampus, ASA Research Division, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgia Luciani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Danza
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Stefano
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Francini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Hotulainen P, Llano O, Smirnov S, Tanhuanpää K, Faix J, Rivera C, Lappalainen P. Defining mechanisms of actin polymerization and depolymerization during dendritic spine morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:323-39. [PMID: 19380880 PMCID: PMC2700375 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200809046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites where the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses reside in the mature brain. Morphological changes in these actin-rich structures are associated with learning and memory formation. Despite the pivotal role of the actin cytoskeleton in spine morphogenesis, little is known about the mechanisms regulating actin filament polymerization and depolymerization in dendritic spines. We show that the filopodia-like precursors of dendritic spines elongate through actin polymerization at both the filopodia tip and root. The small GTPase Rif and its effector mDia2 formin play a central role in regulating actin dynamics during filopodia elongation. Actin filament nucleation through the Arp2/3 complex subsequently promotes spine head expansion, and ADF/cofilin-induced actin filament disassembly is required to maintain proper spine length and morphology. Finally, we show that perturbation of these key steps in actin dynamics results in altered synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirta Hotulainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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Hocking JC, Hehr CL, Bertolesi G, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T, McFarlane S. LIMK1 acts downstream of BMP signaling in developing retinal ganglion cell axons but not dendrites. Dev Biol 2009; 330:273-85. [PMID: 19361494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton inside extending axonal and dendritic processes must undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. Some extrinsic factors modulate actin turnover through controlling the activity of LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), which phosphorylates and inactivates the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin. Here, we for the first time examine the function and regulation of LIMK1 in vivo in the vertebrate nervous system. Upon expression of wildtype or kinase-dead forms of the protein, dendrite growth by Xenopus retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was unchanged. In contrast, maintaining a low, but significant level, of LIMK1 function in the RGC axon is critical for proper extension. Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPRII) is a major regulator of LIMK1 in extending RGC axons, as expression of a BMPRII lacking the LIMK1 binding region caused a dramatic shortening of the axons. Previously, we found that BMPRIIs stimulate dendrite initiation in vivo. Thus, the fact that manipulation of LIMK1 activity failed to alter dendrite growth suggests that BMPs may activate distinct signalling pathways in axons and dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Hocking
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Shin-young P, Koh YJ, Cho JH, Oh DY, Shin SA, Lee KS, Lee HB, Han JS. Nicotine inhibits bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth through suppression of NO synthesis in H19-7 cells. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:481-8. [PMID: 17268847 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
NO (Nitric oxide) has been known as a biological signaling molecule that can function as a beneficial agent in physiologically essential functions such as differentiation or neurotransmission. In this study, we elucidated how nicotine inhibits neuronal differentiation induced by the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in hippocampal cell line, H19-7 cells, because nicotine is one of the key neuroregulatory components. Treatment of H19-7 cells with bFGF increased NO production through upregulated iNOS/ nNOS expression, and also increased expressions of neuronal markers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and Neuro-D. Pretreatment of the cells with nicotine decreased iNOS promoter activity as well as iNOS/nNOS expression induced by bFGF, resulting in decreased NO production. Nicotine also suppressed expressions of BDNF, NT3 and Neuro-D, resulting in decreased bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth. These results indicate that nicotine inhibits bFGF-induced neuronal differentiation in H19-7 cells through inhibition of NO formation by suppressing iNOS/nNOS expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Park Shin-young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Xin W, Xiaohua N, Peilin C, Xin C, Yaqiong S, Qihan W. Primary function analysis of human mental retardation related gene CRBN. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:251-6. [PMID: 17380424 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mutation of human cereblon gene (CRBN) is revealed to be related with mild mental retardation. Since the molecular characteristics of CRBN have not been well presented, we investigated the general properties of CRBN. We analyzed its gene structure and protein homologues. The CRBN protein might belong to a family of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent Lon protease. We also found that CRBN was widely expressed in different tissues, and the expression level in testis is significantly higher than other tissues. This may suggested it could play some important roles in several other tissues besides brain. Transient transfection experiment in AD 293 cell lines suggested that both CRBN and CRBN mutant (nucleotide position 1,274(C > T)) are located in the whole cells. This may suggest new functions of CRBN in cell nucleolus besides its mitochondria protease activity in cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xin
- Laboratory of Gene Function, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
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Endo M, Ohashi K, Mizuno K. LIM kinase and slingshot are critical for neurite extension. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13692-702. [PMID: 17360713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin and its closely related protein, actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), are key regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics that have been implicated in growth cone motility and neurite extension. Cofilin/ADF are inactivated by LIM kinase (LIMK)-catalyzed phosphorylation and reactivated by Slingshot (SSH)-catalyzed dephosphorylation. Here we examined the roles of cofilin/ADF, LIMKs (LIMK1 and LIMK2), and SSHs (SSH1 and SSH2) in nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite extension. Knockdown of cofilin/ADF by RNA interference almost completely inhibited NGF-induced neurite extension from PC12 cells, and double knockdown of SSH1/SSH2 significantly suppressed both NGF-induced cofilin/ADF dephosphorylation and neurite extension from PC12 cells, thus indicating that cofilin/ADF and their activating phosphatases SSH1/SSH2 are critical for neurite extension. Interestingly, NGF stimulated the activities of both LIMK1 and LIMK2 in PC12 cells, and suppression of LIMK1/LIMK2 expression or activity significantly reduced NGF-induced neurite extension from PC12 cells or chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Inhibition of LIMK1/LIMK2 activity reduced actin filament assembly in the peripheral region of the growth cone of chick DRG neurons. These results suggest that proper regulation of cofilin/ADF activities through control of phosphorylation by LIMKs and SSHs is critical for neurite extension and that LIMKs regulate actin filament assembly at the tip of the growth cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Endo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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Tang F, Yan C, Wu S, Li F, Yu Y, Gao Y, Jin X, Shen X. Polychlorinated biphenyls disrupt the actin cytoskeleton in hippocampal neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 23:140-146. [PMID: 21783750 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could cause learning and memory deficits, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Actin cytoskeleton is directly involved in synaptic plasticity which is considered critical to learning and memory formation by LIM kinase 1 (LIMK-1)/cofilin pathway. To determine whether PCBs could alter actin cytoskeleton, we exposed the cultured hippocampal neurons to PCBs mixture Aroclor 1254 (A 1254). By biochemical measurement, fluorimetric assay and fluorescence microscopy, we found that A 1254 elicited a loss of filamentous actin, which preceded cytotoxicity. Western blots showed that a concentration-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of cofilin and a decrease in LIMK-1 were induced by A 1254. We concluded that PCBs induced actin depolymerization in hippocampal neurons, probably by inhibiting the LIMK-1/cofilin signaling pathway. The above findings offer new perspectives for the understanding of PCBs-induced learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feige Tang
- Department of Children's Environmental Health, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Scott RW, Olson MF. LIM kinases: function, regulation and association with human disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:555-68. [PMID: 17294230 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The LIM kinase family consists of just two members: LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2). With uniquely organised signalling domains, LIM kinases are regulated by several upstream signalling pathways, principally acting downstream of Rho GTPases to influence the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2 and destrin. Although the LIM kinases are very homologous, particularly when comparing kinase domains, there is emerging evidence that each may be subject to different regulatory pathways and may contribute to both distinct and overlapping cellular and developmental functions. Normal central nervous system development is reliant upon the presence of LIMK1, and its deletion has been implicated in the development of the human genetic disorder Williams syndrome. Normal testis development, on the other hand, is disrupted by the deletion of LIMK2. In addition, the possible involvement of each kinase in cardiovascular disorders as well as cancer has recently emerged. The LIM kinases have been proposed to play an important role in tumour-cell invasion and metastasis; fine-tuning the balance between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated cofilin may be a significant determinant of tumour-cell metastatic potential. In this review, we outline the structure, regulation and function of LIM kinases and their functions at cellular and organismal levels, as well as their possible contributions to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca W Scott
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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Oh DY, Park SY, Cho JH, Lee KS, Min DS, Han JS. Phospholipase D1 activation through Src and Ras is involved in basic fibroblast growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth of H19-7 cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:221-34. [PMID: 17146759 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is implicated in a variety of physiological processes that reveal it to be a member of the signal transducing phospholipases. We found that PLD1 is activated when basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates neurite outgrowth of an immortalized hippocampal cell line (H19-7). Overexpression of PLD1 in H19-7 cells dramatically elongated bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth and increased PLD activity. Transfection of DN-rPLD1 blocked bFGF-induced PLD activation and completely inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF, suggesting that PLD1 activation is important in bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth of H19-7 cells. PLD activation and neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF was dependent on phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma) and Ca2+, but not protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, inhibition of Src and Ras partially blocked bFGF-induced PLD activation and neurite outgrowth, respectively. Coinhibition of Src and Ras completely blocked bFGF-induced PLD activation, suggesting that Src and Ras independently regulate PLD1 activation. Interestingly, bFGF-induced PLD activation and neurite outgrowth did not require ERK1/2 activated by Ras. Taken together, this study demonstrates that bFGF activates PLD1 through PLC-gamma activation, which leads to neurite outgrowth in H19-7 cells. Furthermore, our results show that PLD1 activation by bFGF is regulated by Src and Ras independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Yi Oh
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-Dong, Sungdong-Ku, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Rhee HJ, Nam JS, Sun Y, Kim MJ, Choi HK, Han DH, Kim NH, Huh SO. Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates cAMP accumulation and cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation in immortalized hippocampal progenitor cells. Neuroreport 2006; 17:523-6. [PMID: 16543818 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000209011.16718.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) has been known to play a pivotal role in neuronal differentiation and neuronal plasticity. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was reported to activate CREB in Rat2 fibroblast cells. To study the roles of LPA in neuronal differentiation, we determined whether LPA activates CREB in H19-7, hippocampal progenitor cells. LPA induced three-fold increase in cAMP level in a pertussis toxin-independent manner. Moreover, LPA stimulated CREB phosphorylation, which was inhibited by not only H89 but also Rp-cAMP. In H19-7 cells, high-level expression of lpa1 and moderate-level expression of lpa4 were detected, whereas any detectible expression of lpa2 or lpa3 was not detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Together, these data suggested that LPA potentiates cAMP accumulation through activating Gs, and thereby, LPA can stimulate cAMP-CREB signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Rhee
- Hub University for National Industrial Collaboration Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do, Korea.
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Eaton BA, Davis GW. LIM Kinase1 controls synaptic stability downstream of the type II BMP receptor. Neuron 2005; 47:695-708. [PMID: 16129399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that the BMP receptor Wishful Thinking (Wit) is required for synapse stabilization. In the absence of BMP signaling, synapse disassembly and retraction ensue. Remarkably, downstream Smad-mediated signaling cannot fully account for the stabilizing activity of the BMP receptor. We identify LIM Kinase1 (DLIMK1)-dependent signaling as a second, parallel pathway that confers the added synapse-stabilizing activity of the BMP receptor. We show that DLIMK1 binds a region of the Wit receptor that is necessary for synaptic stability but is dispensable for Smad-mediated synaptic growth. A genetic analysis demonstrates that DLIMK1 is necessary, presynaptically, for synapse stabilization, but is not necessary for normal synaptic growth or function. Furthermore, presynaptic expression of DLIMK1 in a wit or mad mutant significantly rescues synaptic stability, growth, and function. DLIMK1 localizes near synaptic microtubules and functions independently of ADF/cofilin, highlighting a novel requirement for DLIMK1 during synapse stabilization rather than actin-dependent axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Oh JE, Karlmark KR, Shin JH, Pollak A, Freilinger A, Hengstschläger M, Lubec G. Differentiation of neuroblastoma cell line N1E-115 involves several signaling cascades. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:333-48. [PMID: 16018577 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-2607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
No systematic searches for differential expression of signaling proteins (SP) in undifferentiated vs. differentiated cell lineages were published and herein we used protein profiling for this purpose. The NIE-115 cell line was cultivated and an aliquot was differentiated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), that is known to lead to a neuronal phenotype. Cell lysates were prepared, run on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF-TOF identification of proteins and maps of identified SPs were generated. Seven SPs were comparable, 27 SPs: GTP-binding/Ras-related proteins, kinases, growth factors, calcium binding proteins, phosphatase-related proteins were observed in differentiated NIE-115 cells and eight SPs of the groups mentioned above were observed in undifferentiated cells only. Switching-on/off of several individual SPs from different signaling cascades during the differentiation process is a key to understand mechanisms involved. The findings reported herein are challenging in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm a functional role for deranged SPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-eun Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, A 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Higgins JJ, Pucilowska J, Lombardi RQ, Rooney JP. A mutation in a novel ATP-dependent Lon protease gene in a kindred with mild mental retardation. Neurology 2005; 63:1927-31. [PMID: 15557513 PMCID: PMC1201536 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000146196.01316.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the genetic factors that contribute to memory and learning is limited by the complexity of brain development and the lack of suitable human models for mild disorders of cognition. METHODS Previously, a disease locus was mapped for a mild type of nonsyndromic mental retardation (IQ between 50 and 70) to a 4.2-MB interval on chromosome 3p25-pter in a large kindred. The genes and transcripts within the candidate region were systematically analyzed for mutations by single-strand polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. RESULTS A nonsense mutation causing a premature stop codon in a novel gene (cereblon; CRBN) was identified that encodes for an ATP-dependent Lon protease. The predicted protein sequence is highly conserved across species, and it belongs to a family of proteins that selectively degrade short-lived polypeptides and regulate mitochondrial replication and transcription. One member of the Lon-containing protein family is regionally expressed in the human hippocampus, an important neuroanatomic region that is involved in long-term potentiation and learning. The mutation in the CRBN gene described interrupts an N-myristoylation site and eliminates a casein kinase II phosphorylation site at the C terminus. CONCLUSIONS A gene on chromosome 3p that is associated with mild mental retardation in a large kindred is reported. This finding implicates a role for the ATP-dependent degradation of proteins in memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Higgins
- Center for Human Genetics and Child Neurology, Mid-Hudson Family Health Institute, 279 Main St., Suite 203A, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA.
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Chen X, Lin G, Wei Y, Hexige S, Niu Y, Liu L, Yang C, Yu L. TSSK5, a novel member of the testis-specific serine/threonine kinase family, phosphorylates CREB at Ser-133, and stimulates the CRE/CREB responsive pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:742-9. [PMID: 15964553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Several protein kinases have been shown to be involved in spermatogenesis. Recently, a novel subfamily of serine/threonine kinases has been isolated whose expression is limited to testis. Here, we report the fifth family member, named TSSK5, which encodes a 328 amino acid protein. RT-PCR analysis showed that TSSK5 is exclusively expressed in human testis. We isolated cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), a TSSK5 interacting protein via yeast two-hybrid system. The in vitro kinase assay showed that TSSK5 phosphorylated CREB at Ser-133. Using a CRE reporter system, we found that TSSK5 could stimulate the CREB/CRE responsive pathway in Hek293 cells. These results suggest that this kinase may be involved in spermatogenesis through phosphorylating CREB and then stimulating the CREB/CRE responsive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Ranheim EA, Kwan HCK, Reya T, Wang YK, Weissman IL, Francke U. Frizzled 9 knock-out mice have abnormal B-cell development. Blood 2004; 105:2487-94. [PMID: 15572594 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of frizzled (Fzd) receptors by their Wnt ligands results in the inhibition of beta-catenin degradation and subsequent transcription of beta-catenin/LEF-inducible genes. The beta-catenin pathway is known to be involved in development, tumorigenesis, and stem cell self-renewal. In humans, the FZD9 gene lies in the region of chromosome 7q11.23 deleted in the neurodevelopmental disorder, Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). Fzd9-/- mice show no obvious features of WBS, but reveal a role for Fzd9 in lymphoid development and maturation. Fzd9-/- mice show pronounced splenomegaly, thymic atrophy, and lymphadenopathy with age, with accumulation of plasma cells in lymph nodes. There is a depletion of developing B cells in the bone marrow (BM), particularly in the pre-B stage where immunoglobulin heavy chains are expressed and the cells are undergoing clonal expansion prior to light chain rearrangement. The pre-B defect is partially intrinsic to the hematopoietic system; as in competitive BM reconstitution studies, Fzd9-/- -derived BM exhibits defective B-cell development when implanted into a wild-type host. Mature B cells are present in normal numbers in lymph node and spleen. These findings suggest a role for Fzd9 signaling in lymphoid development, particularly at points where B cells undergo self-renewal prior to further differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Ranheim
- Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Abstract
The transactivation domain of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) consists of two major domains. The glutamine-rich Q2 domain, which interacts with the general transcription factor TAFII130/135, is sufficient for the recruitment of a functional RNA polymerase II complex and allows basal transcriptional activity. The kinase-inducible domain, however, mediates signal-induced activation of CREB-mediated transcription. It is generally believed that recruitment of the coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 after signal-induced phosphorylation of this domain at serine-133 strongly enhances CREB-dependent transcription. Transcriptional activity of CREB can also be potentiated by phosphoserine-133-independent mechanisms, and not all stimuli that provoke phosphorylation of serine-133 stimulate CREB-dependent transcription. This review presents an overview of the diversity of stimuli that induce CREB phosphorylation at Ser-133, focuses on phosphoserine-133-dependent and -independent mechanisms that affect CREB-mediated transcription, and discusses different models that may explain the discrepancy between CREB Ser-133 phosphorylation and activation of CREB-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Johannessen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
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